THE PROVIDE NCE PASSOVER JOURNAL 1

THE HIST ADRUT A Quarter of a Century of Achievement

In the past twenty-five years the pioneers of Palestine have turned dreams into plans, plans into realities. From the handful of 4,433 in 1920 they have grown to a labor community of 218,000 men , women and children, or about 40 per cent of the total Jewish population. They have re-claimed the land from the neglect of man and the resultant ravages of nature . They have reunited a people with its land . They have given the world new methods in land colonization, new forms of social and economic expression.

Applying the principles of cooperation and mutual aid, the Histadrut has developed a comprehensive social securi ty program . To a greater extent than in most other countries , the worker in Palestine enjoys freedom from fear of un -employment and occupational disability. As a member of the Histadrut, he receives medical attention , clinical treat-ment, hospitalization and convalescent care through his own Workers' Sick Fund (Kupat Holim). During periods of un-employment and other crises he can look to his Invalids Fund, Assistance Fund and Families Security Fund, to sus-tain him. Most recently, the Histadrut set up an Old Age Pension Fund.

The men and women of the Histadrut, however , have al-ways looked beyond themselves to the nation that is to come. Thus the Histadrut has gone far beyond the usual func tions of a labor movement and has established agricultura l and industrial enterprises of nationa l- scope and goaL Today the men and women of the Histadrut account for 70 per cent of the total agricultural production of Jewish Pa lestine; 70 per cent of its transportation facilities; 66 per cent of its building industry; 18 per cent of its industry's annual turn-over. If it is true that a land can absorb as many people as can find work and livelihood in it, then the Histadrut, as the largest single job-creating and . employment-procuring insti-tution in Palestine, is indeed a vital factor in the future growth of Jewish Palestine.

The reunion of the Jewish nation with its homeland carries with it the revival of Jewish culture. That is axiomatic. And Palestine, gathering in variegated Jewries each bringing its own ancient and new Jewish values . and -modes . of expression, is the crucible in which are being fashioned the new Jewish cultural forms . The fou _nders of the · Histadrut · did not break with the past as the first step toward the forgin g of the future. Through the Hebrew language the patterns of thought and expression which constitute the · distinctive "spirit" of a natio ·n are being preserved, revitalized. What now seems to be a confusion of Jewish "cultures" is fast being fused into the new living creative Jewish culture of the future based upon the tried and tested forms and values of the past.

To the task of rearing a Jewry rooted in its-OWD· culture and carrying it ever forward the Histadrut · brings a la~ network of educational and cultural instituti'one......: kind~ gartens, elementary and secondary schools, adult extension courses, forums, lectures, traveling libraries, a working youth movement (Hanoar Haoved) now numbering 10,000, a sports organization (Hapoel) to assure healthy bodies for · sound minds, three occupational training schools in · Tel Avi~, Jeru-salem and Safed to assure a steady stream of ' txained man-power so vital to the growth of a pioneering • country; a labor theater (Ohel), a daily newspaper (Davar), an exten-sive periodical literature, and a publishing house··(:Am o.ed-) which is ·the largest in the country ;

"The Festival of Liberation A Lesson in Jewish Nationalism"

by DR. ISRAEL M. GOLDMAN Rabbi Temple Emanu-El

Passover is a festival of lib eration. The Jewish people have observed it throughout the ages and under all condi-tions because it is not only religious and national but also human in character. The liberation of the oppressed and downtrodden is always a great general human event. In observing Passover, we are celebrating the anniversary of our first national liberation, and we attached to the celebration more ceremonies and greater solemnity than to any other holiday because in our long and checkered national history oppression was the rule and freedom the exception. Our ·observance of Passover indicates the strength of our yeaminQ.- for national freedom. Even those who observe Passo ver only as ·a matter of form merely conceal their longing for national freedom. Being otherwise thoroughly de-Judaized, they lack courage to admit the true significance of their position. The fact that they sti ll cling to Passover signifies that deep in their heart s th ere is still some longing for a change of status, from that of a tolerated minority in the Diaspora to a hoped -for majority in the Land of Israel.

All Jews who observe the feast of Passover , whether orthodox or not, wlietlier nationali s·t or assimilationist Jews, understand that Passover is expressive of a great symbo l which is described in the Bible with that simplicity remi -niscent of the grandeur of classical ·antiquity. The story culminating in the · liberation of the J ews from Egypt is not only a story of the past; a recital of events of dim antiquity, but it is at the same time a history of the present and of the future. It is the greatest piece · of h_istorical writing of all times because it describes not only what actually has happened but also wha t will and must happen to a people under given conditions . It is a most illuminating and satisfactory answer to the old question as to whether human history, too, represents th e realm of cause and effect. The writer of the story · of the liberation of the Jews from bondage answered that que stio n in the affirmative and he answered it in the most positiv e t erms. A gifted minority must meet difficulties everywh ere. It cannot hope to enjoy freedom and happiness becau se it is always bound to arouse suspicion, envy and hatr ed, leading to persecution. The writer of the story has furnished the most effective refutation of the argument of all assimilati onists that Jewish minori-ties in countries of the Diaspora can be free and happy and that persecution and oppression aare only temporary in character. The writer of the story established that quite the reverse is true. We may at intervals enjoy freedom and happiness, but the rule is oppression and persecution. The story · he tells is simple and · yet so symbolic of other similar occurrences.

What happened to our forefathers in Egypt has hap-pened to us time and again in different forms and under diiferent conditions. We come to a country as immigrants seeking opportunities and freedom. At first, we are well received and · are given an opportunity to work. As we grow from . strength to strength and progress in all fields of"·en-deavor, and while doing so also enrich the country of' our adoption, making great contributions to its civilization and culture, the majority sheltering us suddenly discovers that we grow too fast and too strong, that we are too rich and too p~werful and occupy too exalted a position. The majority soon ·embarbs upon a policy of oppression and persecution. Since the appetite of th e oppressor grows with his op-pressive deeds, hi s policies become in the end unbearable

2 THE PROVIDENCE PASS OVER JOURNAL

A NATION HAS ARISEN «» «» (( » by D . FREE MAN The true nature of the Jewish National Home is probab ly

not yet properly understood by the outside world . The struc-ture is not yet complete, but a new nation has already arisen on the shores of the Mediterranean: a vigorous and deter-mined community, proud of its achievements and consc ious of its responsibilities. In its advanced social and economic life, its agriculture and industries , defense forces , science , culture and art, Jewish Palestine possesses the entire range of attributes necessary for independent statehood . In fact , if not in name, it is already the nucleus of the Jewish Com-mon~ealth. The basic framework of the Jewish State has already been erected and it is ready for development to it s full stature if Jewish immigration and settlement activities are not impeded. This growth can be retarded but it canno t be stopped without evoking a bitter and tenacious strugg le to which the National Home is in a position to br ing sub-stantial resources of manpower, economic strength and fight-ing capacity.

Young Nation

Jewish Palestine today is a young and virile commun ity with a relatively large agricultural population, progress ive industries , a strong and well organized working class and high standards of democratic civilization . In the words of th e Palestine Royal Commission which in 1937 made the most searching and authoritative enquiry on record into Pa lesti ne conditions, "the Jewish National Home is a highly educa t ed, highly democratic, very politically minded and unusua lly young community ." The preponderance of the young and active age groups forms indeed one of the most striki ng features of Jewish Palestine's make up, deriving from its immigration origin. Almost half of t he Jewish popula tion consists of men and women in their prime (20 to 44 years of age), as compared with the proportion of over a third amo ng the Arab population of Palestine, which is also the usu al figure in other countries. The Jewish population wit h some 570,000 represents today 32 per cent of the total number of inhabitants , but if the active and productive ages alone ar e

to the oppressed . The satisfied minority of yesterday be-comes dissatisfied, unhappy, dejected and confused, and thus develops suicidal plans-assimilation. It tries to escape fro m • itself to save itself from its tragic situation; and in thi s confusion and chaos there appears the tower ing pers onality of a powerful national leader who attempts to resto r e the morale of the dejected and despairing minority and t o im-prove its condition either by negotiating with the leaders of the oppressing majority or by trying to find for the vi~-tims of oppression a place of ·refuge in some other _ country .

The Passover story as told in the ·Bible is a pro t otyp e of all similar stories that could be told in describing th e destinies of an oppressed minority and its final liberatio n . The story of liberation as related in the Pentateuch is not only great literature but a great political formula , an d should serve as a reminder to the oppressed minority not to give us hope, not to seek any national self-destruction as the way out of a terrible dilemma , but to wait for . th e day of liberation, for that day is bound to come. It is bound to become because the realm of history is a realm of moral purposes and not of physical laws , and in such a rea lm all guilt must find its retribution. The oppre ssor is bound t o suffer in the end and the victim of oppression will be lib-P.rated,

considered, the Jewi sh proportion is seen at prese nt to ac -count for no les s than 40 per cent.

The J ewish community of Pal est ine is r emarka ble for its low inf ant mortality and gen eral mortalit y rates . It shows high rate s of birth and of natu ra l incre ase which compare favorably with any other Europ ean people, although the y ar e lower than that of the polyg am ous Oriental population. Jewish Pale stine's infant mortal ity r a t es were 58 per thou-sand which, according to the League of Nations ' lates t Sta -tistical Yearbook, was somewhat lower than the average for England and much lower than th e figu re for France , I tal y (105) and for some Continental coun tri es. The birth r ate in Jewish Palestine of 22 per thou sand was similar to that in New Zealand and compared with 23 in It a ly, 15 in the Unite d Kingdom, and 14 in France. The r at e of natural _increase among the Jewish population (18-20 per t housand ) t hough lower than among the Moslem s is high as compared with European communities . It was ah ead of Poland and Rou-mania, not to speak of the United Kingd om, Germany , and France. As to its compo sition by sex, t he J ewish popula t ion is evenly balanced . Its high birth ra te is not c,nly due to the fact that a large proportion of the f emale populati on is of child bearing age, as is usual in immi gration countries , but also to the fact that the rate s of repr oduction in Palestin e are themselves high . To sum up, J ewish Palestine may be · said . to form a populat ion unit of gr eat vitality , showing all the signs of successful rooting under new conditions and every prospect of full national flower ing. In the foreword t o the Report on the second Pale st ine Census , Mr. Eric Mills , the Commissioner for Migrati on commented: "The Jewish community is remarkably well bala nced in the association of age and sex . Given favorable cir cums tances , the Je wish com-munity by age and sex as it is at :presen t, is a lmost ideally constructed to fulfill social purpos es ."

Workers and Farmers

An analysis of the social struct ure of J ewish Palestine re-veals a high proportion of wag e earners , numerous manua l workers, and a substantial fa rming class. Over half of the total active population (earn ers ) in Jewish Palestine belong to the wage earning laboring class. Although in this respect Jewish Palestine is behind highly ,industrialized countries , such as Great Britain and Belgium - where wage earners r epre sent 60 per cent to 80 per cent of the tota l active popu -lati on, it was ah ead of Fran ce and Italy, for instance , where the proportion wa s 60 per cent. Manual workers form a high percentage of the total numb er of J ewish wage earners, 78 per cent .

A notable a spect of th e occupati onal structure of Jewish Pal estine is th e r elativ ely high proportion of population en-gag ed in agri cultur e which here forms a higher percentage than am ong any J ewi sh comm uni ty in the world. The Jewish rural popul ation reac hed in 1942, according to official esti -mat es, over 116,000 (compared with , 46,000 in 1931), and r epr esented 23.8 -per cent of the total Jewish population . Wh erea s in oth er count ries a marked trend is evident away fro m agri cultu ra l and ru r_al life , it is perhaps a unique £ea- . tur e of Pal es tin e'.s socia l evolution that the Jewish rural per-.centage in Pal es tin e ha s been continually on the upgrade , ri sing fr om 2 per cent in 1882 (when the total number was 480) to 15 per cent in 1921 and 23.8 per cent at present. The new J ewish society reconstructed on the soil of the Home-land ha s thus been ful filling for the Jewish people a vital

THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL 3

function of social normalization and rectification of the un-balanced Diaspora structure, through a return t o agriculture and manual labor.

Jewish Palestine is a nation of workers and farmers. This revo lutionary transformation in the structure of the nation is a measure of the success of the Zionist idea .

Pioneers of Reconstruction

A fundamental aspect of Jewish Palestine which may not be readily apparent to the outside observer visiting the flourishing Jewish settlements and towns is that this is pre-eminently a pioneering community. Its cities and sett lements , its industries and modern agriculture have been brought into be ing out of former wastes and desolation at the price of hard pioneering exertions and in the teeth of seemingly unsur-passable obstacles. opposition and hostility . Blood and tears, sweat and toil have gone into the making of these thriving settlements and busy cities.

It is an exceptional aspect of Palestine's development that all this great work of reconstruction has not been done by Government or paid for out of state budgets or international loans. Palestine's reclamation has been brought about by the investment of Jewish labor and of Jewish capital supp lied by the settlers themselves, or collected from the penny contri-butions of the Jewish people all over the world, through the Jewish public funds (Keren Hayesod and the Jewish National Fund) relying on a unique system of voluntary self -taxation. The influx of Jewish capital invested in irrigation and drain-age schemes , development of industries and agric ulture, housing, transport, etc., exceeded in the course ·of the last twenty-five years LP. 110,000,000. Of this over LP . 20,000,000 was provided by Jewish public funds and the remainder by private Jewish capital.

Over and above the vast initial outlays involved in pioneer settlement, exorbitant prices of land, the creation of the whole machinery of a new society, Jewish contributions have pro-vided high annual revenues to the Government Exchequer. These revenues have been mostly used to provide services and amenit ies for the non-Jewish population. In return for Jewish contributions estimated at over 70 per cent of the total revenue, the Jewish community has received only a small fraction , about 10 per cent, as its share in Government bud -gets on such essential public services as education and health. The Jewish population had to pay itself for almost the entire cost of its schools, hospitals, etc. The revenues raised in Palestine have also been used by Government for many financial purposes, such as the repayment to the British Exchequer of the outlays incurred by the military adminis tra -tion after the first World War; for the purchase of the out-worn rolling stock and installations of the Palestine Railways; the repayment , mainly to British creditors, of the Ottoman debt which Palestine was the only country to do fully and promptly. The construction of the Haifa Harbor, an invalu-able asset to imperial strategy and communications , has been financed from a loan based on the high Government re venues ma .inly derived from Jewish immigrants.

High Potential

The contribution made by the Jewish Nationa l Home to the country's advance and it s share in the country's activities is out of all proportion to the Jewish numerical strength. Al -though as yet forming only a third of the population the Jewish community is the predominating factor in the creative life and economic activity of the country. It accounts for 70 per cent of the country's imports and 60 per cent of its ex-ports. It is responsible for over 90 per cent of the total capital inflow and new investments and supplies 70 per cent

of the Government's entire revenue. Although cultivating only 6 per cent of Palestine' s area, Jewish agriculture ac-counts already for half of Palestine's citrus crop , the main agricultural export, 60 per cent of the potato crop, about half of the total supply of milk. It provides 40 per cent of the country's total marketed agr icultural produce, including cereals. As regards industry, the bulk of Palestine's output is produced by Jewish facto ries which account for over 80 per cent of the total.

No other community in the Middl e East can show such intensive economic activity as Jewi sh Palestine . Its economic , cultural and military potential cannot be gauged from mere figures of population. In prod uction and consumption , to say nothing of standards of educat ion, knowledge and technical skill, the half million Jews of Palestine are probably the equal of a million or more of the surrounding primitive popu -lations of the Middle East, leading the isolated life of native villages . The total value of Jewish Pa lestine's exports as well as imports almost equals that of Syria with a population of over three million. The same holds true of revenue con-tributed to the Government Exchequer. In the volume and variety of industrial output, Jewish Palestine has far out -stripped most of it s neighb ors. Jewish farms using modern methods produce wheat yields more than double those usual in native farming .... Th is high economic potential explains why when the war came th e progressive and developed Jewish community of Palestine proved not only the most de-pendable stronghold of Democracy in the Middle East but also the most valuable asset to its war effort. The war services of the Jewish units raised in Palestine reflected the qualities of the pioneering community from which they sprang. An instinct for quick decision and action, intensity of purpose , courage, persistence and tenacity, bred under pioneering con-ditions made the Jewi sh units from Palestine eminently suit-able for responsible tasks and gave them high fighting qualities.

A Unique Anniver sary

This February 14, past 50 years since the publication in Vienna of Dr . Theodor Herzl's "The Jewish State," the book that laid the found ation of modem Zionism and ushered in a new epoch in J ewish history.

Dr. Herzl began writing his monumental work, ''The Jewish State," late in the summer of 1895 in Paris , where he served as correspondent of the leading Vienna newspaper, the "N eue Freie Presse. " It was inspired by the emotions and reflections aroused in him by the Drey-fus trial, which at that tim e stirred up the entire civil• ized world . Herzl personally witnessed the attempt made to - rob the Jews of their rights in a country where a century ago the French Revolution had given the Jews civil equality as part of th e program of "liberty, equality and fraternity ." Herzl, who himself was brought up in an environment distant from Jewish life, realized that the only solution of the J ewish problem is the establish-ment of Palestine as a J ewish state.

We publish below some of the prophetic passages in Herzl's "Jewish State," which retain an immortal fresh-ness despite the fact that they were written ·half a cen-tury ago. •

4 THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL

The Most Remarkable Jew I ever Met =============== by RABBI WILLIAM G. BRAUDE ===============

At the closing banquet of a great convention, it was an-nounced that Dr. Zelman Grinberg, the President of the Council of Jewish Survivors in the American Zone of Occu-pation, was to address the gathering. I was but moderate ly interested in what he was going to say. Had I not read all the stories of Nazi cruelty and degradation? What more wa s there to tell?

But I did want to see the face and hear the voice of a man who could say: Mine eyes have seen affliction. The -Toast-master was doing his bit: The customary after -dinner quips. Suddenly, he began talking of the guest speaker and to tell a remarkable tale. Dr . Grinberg, a survivor in Dachau, in the last days of the war, was taken up, so the story ran, with a contingent of Jews· to be shipped to the Tyrol and there to be done to death. En route an American bomb hit the train killing some of the SS guards and scattering the rest. The Jewish prisoners were left nominally free. Dr. Grinberg then took charge. He marched at the head of his ragged column to a nearby German town entered Gestapo headquarters, bluntly informed them that American army authorities had appointed him as their special Red Cross representative. He requisitioned the local hospital, evacuated the Nazi sick and moved the Jews into their empty beds. For two weeks, until the American troops came, he held the hospital as a Jewish island in a sea of Nazi vermin .

This tale of courage and presence of mind brought me up sharp. I was most eager to see and hear Grinberg. He stood up! A lithe, bird -like being, pallid face, coal-black hair, piercing eyes, and a noble Semitic nose. He read his speech from a manuscript, now and then he hesitated over · a word; yet he gripped his audience as in a vise. ·

In the main, it was a restrained almost detached account of the systematic bullying, starving, killing and expulsion of the 60,000 Jews of Kovno. Only as Zalman Grinberg ut -tered now and again the phrase the "broken remnant of Israel", and you heard the suppressed groan in his voice, were you made aware of the many agonies and terrors which

· his tale left untold. Once in his talk, he alluded to Dachau. When he came

there, he said, he found a pair of Tefillin which he had not laid in many years . He began putting them on again every morning . And as he did he felt that he answered the national roll call of his people . Those Tefillin, he said, saved his life .

Another time his words bore decisively on the new Pity the Germans campaign. He cried out: It is. still better to be a conquered German than a liberated Jew.

. And again he paid his respects to the anti-Zionists. He cried in restrained indignation: "98o/o of those of us left alive want to go to Palestine . Do not put stones in our way."

Listening to Grinberg was a deeply moving experience . As I left, I felt that that alone made the long and weary trip to Cincinnati worth while.

After he got through, I went to the railroad station to board the train for New York. At the·depot, I was told by a friend that Zalman Grinberg was there with his uncle, a distinguished Jewish scholar, whom I knew slightly. I came over, was introduced and discovered to my great delight that not only were both of us headed for New York but that we were · even to be berthed in the same car. It was an ~a-ordinary privilege . I was to sit with Grinberg that evening and the next day and talk

0

freely of all manner of things. . I learned that his wife and child were saved. He had ~ven

a sleeping serum to his one year old child, put him in a sack, and turned him over to the Lithuanian manager - a Moslem - of the factory where he worked. Wh en he and his wife were driven out of Kovno, he had no hope of seeing his boy again. Later he was to be separated from his wife who pleaded with him to commit suicide together. Yet within a few years, the three of them were to be reunited. He sur -vived Dachau; she was restored to health in a Soviet military hospital; and their child was brought back to them by his Moslem Lithuanian guardian. But this reunion took place only after he believed himself to be the sole survivor of his family. The first n~ws he received from the outside world was that his father who has been in Pales tin e grieved himself to death .

He spoke a little more of himself, with that extraordinary detachment which is so rarely found among younger men. Zalman Grinberg is only thirty -three. He said: "You know, if six years ago, when I was finishing my medical studies in Switzerland, some one had come and told me: Zalman , you will go some day to America, ~onfer at length with Herbert Lehman and General Hilldring, and discuss Jewish hopes with Rabbis Wise and Silver, my ego would have expanded enor-mously. But after I saw what I did, after I saw men of com-parable dignity and prestige stripped of their belongings, reduced to wretched poverty, and go around with tin mugs in their hands begging for a little water, I have come to know the essential equality of men. I have come to know the meaning of Vanity of Vanities and my ego is in no way affected by pomp and circumstance ."

He led me to see something of the life in Dachau. He told me of the discussions as to wh ether the daily small slice of bread should be eaten all at once or bitten into every hour. He told me of a Yiddish poet by the name of Burstein who used to say to him: "Ah, Zalman, Zalman, None of us knew how to live. If I should ever come out alive from here, I will know better. I will know how to savor life. Why, I did not know even how to eat an appl e. Zalman, think of the universe of apples. There are so many varieties of them! There are green and red and yellow apple s. There are round ones and long ones. There are little ones and big ones. One should pick up an apple, admire its shape and its color, and only then bite delicately into it, piercing its skin and then p·enetrating its flesh. And what did I use to do? Take an apple and swallow it down like a pig."

As Zalman was repeating Burstein's monologue, I inter-jected that the whole complex of blessings to be recited be-fore partaking of all manner of pleasures of life was intended to induce the kind contemplation which Burstein spoke of; and Zalman agreed with that.

He fell to speculating about his deliverance: "Why was I saved? My wife? My child? We were no better, no wiser than the others who went down before the fury of the devils. What is the meaning of my survival? It can only be this: I must do all I can to make certain this shall not recur in the lif e of my child ·or my grandchild. I must go to Palestine with my little family and build there my home as a Jew. I could · ·remain here. There is need for men with my medical specialty. But after what we have gone through, I cannot bear- the thought of beginning to speak another alien tongue witli -my boy. No, I shall be content with a meagre home and a modest living . So long as it is a place which I, the son of Jewsi can claim as my own.

THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL 5

Welcome, Histadrutr I

• by

JOSEPH GALKIN Executive Director

General Jewish Com-mittee of Providence

• On behalf of the Officers and Directors of the General

Jewish Committee of Providence, I want to take this means through the "Passover Journal" to welcome the National Committee for Labor Palestine as the newest partner in the General Jewish Committee Campaign. With a full ·recogni-tion and appreciation of the vital work that the Histadrut is doing in Palestine, the Board of Directors and_ the Execu-tive Committee, after full discussion, responded favorably when an application for inclusion was made by the national office at the suggestion of the local Providence Histadrut group. This is another indication of the possibility through the General Jewish Committee of bringing together all groups and forces in the community for the common good and the betterment of the lot of our people throughout the world. The participation of the Histadrut as a beneficiary of the General Jewish Committee Campaign offers many ad-vantages, but at the same time it also carries with it many responsibilities . In eliminating one of the major independent campaigns in our community, it means that there _can then

I asked him: "Tell me, were there any men in Germany , in Lithuania, who sought to help, who showed a spark of human feeling?" He thought a while. "There was one in Dachau . There were a few in Kovno. But the people in Lithuania by and large were glad to be rid of us." He thought a little more and he said: "You know, one of the great satisfactions of my life was to act as chief witness at the trial of the 40 SS rulers of Dachau. After I identified one of those men - one who took delight in booting my stomach - the American judge said to me: If you recognize him, go over and lay your right hand upon this man's left shoulder. I turned to the tribunal and said: 'After what I have gone through I cannot lay my clean hands upon that swinish flesh'; and the judge apologized to me ."

And then he stopped himself, with that wholesome Jewish blend of mercy and justice. "Ah, that we should live in such brutal times."

Our train was pulling in New York. With tears in my eyes, I took leave of Zalman whom in my heart I called: . My master and my teacher.

I came away buoyed by hope: The losses of Israel were frightful. But the Zalman Grinbergs, though few of them si,irvived, know how to heal our wounds, and how to lift up the fallen tents of our people.

be a real concentration of energy, manpower, and generosity toward the success of the over-all campaign of the General -Jewish Committee. At the same time the Histadrut · group will lose none of its autonomy. With the continuation of the Annual Third Seder , which has become a beautiful tra -dition here in Providence, it will have an excellent means of interpreting its work and telling the thrilling story of the accomplishments of the workers in Palestine. It is very important though for all to realize that in order to raise the large sum that will be allotted to the National Com-mittee for Labor Palestine, that every worker for previous Histadrut Campaigns should really put his shoulder to the wheel as a worker in the forthcoming campaign of the Gen-eral Jewish Committee. In addition, an increased amount over that formerly given to the Gewerkshaften Campaign should be added to contributions to the 1946 Campaign of the General Jewish Committe e.

The General Jewish Committee is a new organization -just about to celebrate its first anniversary. However, its significant achievement in its first year of op_eration has earned for it the confidence of the entire Jewish community. With the addition of several new agencies, it has become more and more inclusive in scope, and 54 agencies now benefit as a result of our 1945 Drive. In the 1945 Campaign, $365,000 was raised, an amount far and above that raised in any previous overseas and national campaign. In 1946 the campaign goal for Providence will have to be a record one if Providence is to meet its fair share of the National goal of $100,000,000, which has been set for the United Jewish Appeal.

The process of community organization represents a developing technique in human relationships. Successful com-munity organization emphasi zes everything that brings peo-ples and groups together and minimizes everything that· draws peoples and groups apart. It is extremely important for all groups in the community to have mutual under-standing, mutual respect, and mutual confidence . In central community organizations throughout the country, the leaders have come to learn that progress is often made not only by those of the same point of view getting together, out also by those with . divergent points of view conferring on common problems. Leaders who have been in community work for any length of time realize that there is no one who has all of the answers or who has a priority on. thinking.

In the General Jewish Committee we have a democrati-cally organized body representing a cross section of com-munity leadership. It provides a medium whereby persons of ability and import from all groups - the Orthodox, _ the Reformed, and the Conservative-from all professions and walks of life can be drawn upon to serve total Jewish needs1 The Board of Directors of the General Jewish Committee meets regularly throughout the year to give careful thought to matters of general concern to the entire Jewish com-munity. The membership in the General Jewish Committee is broad, consisting of every contributor to the Annual Campaign who is over eighteen years of age. The officers and Board of Directors are duly elected by the total cor -porate body and represents a true cross section of our Jewish community. At the foundation of it all, there must be a · deep conviction of the richness of Jewish values, the valiaity and necessity of preserving them, and a desire to build up a strong framewotk of Jewish community life which will enable every Jew to live with a sense of dignity and a sense of destiny. It is on cornerstones such as these that the General Jewish Committee has been founded. It holds i.eal promise in further development as a valuable instrument in the service of our co=unity and our people.

6 THE PROVIDENCE PASS OVER JOURNAL

+ ·Israel Friedlaender + JEWISH CITIZEN PAR EXCELLENCE

On His Twenty -fifth Yah.rzeit by RABBI MORRIS SCHUSSHEIM

It is hardly an exaggeration to state that from · out of the impact of World War II, a new world will enlarge. Many considerations combine to make this not only a prob-able conclusion but an inevitable one. The mere extent and scope of the physical and material destruction involved would make such a result inevitable. The development of atomic power and its implications for the future world certain ly indicate that a new and different world confronts mankind .

Toward this new world men and nations are feverishly working; even thp' its implications are but barely glimpsed. If properly understood and intelligently planned for , the new atomic age may well usher in the millenium of univer sal brotherhood and peace, long the dream of every prophet.

For Jews, too, a new world becomes inevitable. The fury of the world, periodically and sporadically visited upon him for . centuries, suddenly bursts forth in all its uncontro lled violence with the re sult that fully one third, the stronges t spiritual one third, has been annihilated. So enormous is this tragedy that mere resentment. or hatred is simp ly impossible. The vastness of the tragedy could only merci-fully stun the sensibilities even as unbearable pain prod uces its own narcotic effect .

But as the · Jewish world is coming out of its pain ..and anguish it, too·, sees clearly that a new world with new horizons must open up . Just what the new world shall be is still undetermined. A feverish activity, however, is manifest in all quarters. Is this activity mere noise and confusion or is it the birth pangs of a new and finer Jewish world? What standard or guide may one seek? It is at this ·time that one recalls the verse of the Bible, Exodus 0 :3, - By those who are near me will I be sanctified ,

Such a one, who was near to God and sanctified Him by suffering martyrdom in the service o,f his people , was Israel Friedlaender, whose 25th Yahrzeit has just bee n ob-served . By his life and death Friedlaende; serves as a model upon which we may pattern a vital Jewish life for · the future. Martyrdom is by no means unique in Jewish history, and in the light of the - mass martyrdom of recent experience, the loss of one life may not be so significant . Friedlaender, how-ever, combined in his life and death those qualities and virtues which may well guide us in our search far a· new Jewish world. His death only confirmed and glorified an ex-emplary Jewish life ·.

Who was Israel' Friedlaender? To the American Jew of a generation ago he was the symbol of the successfu r amalgamation of Judaism ·of the old world with the promise of the new. · Professor of Bible and Philosophy at the Jewish· Theological Seminary, Friedlaender was primarily a scholar. -His learning, however , was not of the dry and dusty variety. The Bible in his mouth became-Ca living book. When he quoted from--the Bible it was not ·merely a display of erudition,. but the flaming, living ··speech of the propliets · themselves. · Friedlaender was --so thoroughly steeped -in the' Bible that; he quoted spontaneously from. its pages as· part · of-_the natural . sequence of his ·own speech. He 'did not quote · chapter and,averse- but moved·. naturally and· easily "bom · hli;· own phrase- to that · of the prophet: Those who had the privilege . to .hear him on the lecture platform were -often . awe-stricken wh~ in . a -mighty peroration it seemed · that

not Friedlaender was on the platform but Jeremiah or Isaiah himself come to life and addressing his J ewish people.

Of all the prophets, Friedlaend er seemed to love Jeremiah the most . This man of woes who lived in the midst of his people's tragedy and yet could purcha se a parcel of land in his broken country and file a deed for the purc hase, so strong was his faith that Israel was an eternal people that would some day be restored to it s homeland. Enraptured with the personality of Jeremiah, Friedlaender did not be-come merely a dreamer of future glories, he also became a disciple of the great Jewi sh philosopher of his own day, Ahad Ha Am, father of spiritual Zionism. The spirit had to be given body and tangible reality. For the sake of Judaism, the Jewish people would hav e to be preserved. Friedlaender thus became one of the earliest, most articulate and ardent Zionists in America . He wa s one of the founders of the Z.0.A. and organizer of Young Judea and its firs t president.

Was it possible to bring these ideals to practica,l rea l-ization or were their fulfillment to be relegated to some hazy and distant millenium ? Friedlaend er believed in the possi-bilities of the practical realization of what he stood for. America offered peculiar opportuniti es , he felt, for each people, and hence for Is:r;ael, to dev:elop its richest treasures. And so, Friedlaender - the gift ed and inspiring scholar -spent his strength in practical planning f or the future of American Judaism. Charming and gifted -as an orator, he was in constant demand to speak before hundreds of audi -ences. Always his message was one of serene conviction that genuine scholarship, true piety, and a sense of destiny would be fulfilled in a rich and creative Jewish life. He or-ganized and was one of the "Big Three" of the ·Jewish Kehillah in New York, an organi zation which profoundly affected the future of _Jewish developm ents in America. He was not afraid of the arena of Jewish conflict and was an ardent advocate of his policies, even though he had to pay severe penalties for his convictions . What he lost, however, in material achievements, he more than repaid in the spiritual glories he achieved.

We might well imagine that such a man would be somewhat queer and out of touch with the requirements of social life. That, however, was decidedly not the case with Friedlaender. Essentially he was an aristocrat both in bear-ing and achievement. .He was distinguished by his . personal charm, .. by his meticulous and well groomed figure-and mindLand by his innate sense of noblesse oblige toward all less favored . His . personal lif e formed one of those idylls which we often associate with fiction or poetry rather than with reality. Few homes are distinguished by such rar.e felicity and affection. as existed between himself and his loved ones. -

Great man that he was, he yet moved with .ease among the masses. A striking manif estation of this was his eager participation in Cha sidic gath erings even to the extent. of sitting at the Rebbe' s table. Perhaps it was this Chasidic characteristic of his which wa s the dominant note · of his , life . Because of it he so loved his _ people that he ; spent . hiniie!f · completeiy in thi s service. At the call' of the J.D.C: in 1919, 'F'riedlaender went to Europe as a special emissary to bring · -relief to Poli sh and Russian Jewry. H_efe he met a martyr's ' death while on ~ errand of mercy . '

Today, twenty -five years later, there is again much agi-tation in J ewish lif e. Many causes and many proponents clamor for · recognition. A complete, overall and all in-clusive program is not yet _ proposed. Perhaps Friedlaender's life might well serve · as · th e model for those who are seek -ing today. Fnedlaend er loved and taught Maimonides' "Moreh Nebukim:" His own lif e might well be ·the Guide fu the Perplexed of today.

THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL 7

AS I SAW IT • by DR. JOSEPH SMITH

It was my privilege to be among the first to visit the Nazi concentration camps upon their liberation . It gave me an opportunity to see what our brethren had to suffer from the mad men of Europe, and to study their reactions at first hand.

The first reaction was that of exaltation on the rebirth of their freedom. Even our hard-boiled doughboy could not withhold his tears as those poor unfortunate remnants of humanity, many with their last ounce of strength and ~ife, rose to their knees and kissed the "U S" on the mud stamed and blood stained uniforms.

The American Army brought in food and medical care for the surv ivor s. That was how I came into the picture. I spoke with these remnants. I answered their questions as best I could and then asked a few myself.

Time passed. In September 1945, I was back in Providence . I read the papers with interest. And then I read how our brethren were forgotten; that they were still in the same old concentration camps. How could that be? I myself saw them leave. I saw them in their new surroundings. I wrote and got the answer. In part we are to blame. Why?? How?? Do you really want to know? Then listen carefully to their story.

"We were Germans, Austrians, Czechs, Poles, Frenchmen, Russians, - . We were free. Some of us were even Goyim. But did that help us? No. Hitler claimed we were st ill Jews. To the camps we must go. To the gas chambers and what was in some respects much much worse, to the living graves. And did our friends and neighbors help or intercede? No. So we have taken our vows, - so we have finally realized the truth. We are Jews, and as Jews there is only one place for us - Eretz Isreal."

"Now they are trying to return us to our homes, the Poles to Poland; the Czechs to Czechoslovakia; the Austrians to Au stria, the Russians to Russia. But we feel that since our crime was that we were Jews, and since we were punished for being Jews, we now want to be able to live as Jews, and as Jews in our own Jewish Home."

"The Americans, the Russians, the British liberated us from the camps, from slavery. Life once more was good. Our living conditions are fine, the flesh-pots are giving forth a beautiful aroma. But hold - the flesh -pots, - Was it not the flesh-pots of Egypt that nearly ruined our forefathers at Sinai? No-I must not forget my anguish,-! must re-member my vow. I need strength."

So my friends that is what happened . To strengthe n their weakening spirit, our brethren returned to the scenes of their torture, to the place where they had a rebirth of their old Hebrew conscience , and there they renew their vows and determination that the only place where they will now live is Eretz Isreal. They have no other ties. They have lost their families and friends. They only have there Jewishness left them. They look to us for help and· moral support. Help' to' get them to th e Promised Land.

Even General Morgan said, "I do not blame them, If I were a Jew I would do the same. It is as though they are being led by some unseen organization."

Wha t does the Haggadah say? "And God led our fore-fathers forth from Egypt."

Have you your answer? .

A LEITER TO A FRIEND

Dear Friends,

You were told that we have in our community in the last year campaigns for Synagogues, Temples, Hebrew Schools. You are also interested to know if in our community was a real religious revival and a deeper National feeling towards Palestine as a Jewish commonwealth. You are stating that you have read in the newspapers and magazines, articles about religious revivals among the boys in the service and at the present, you are interested to know if it is genuine or merely talk, which doesn't count, when it comes to realization . I shall try to answer in brief as usual. I question if my answer will satisfy you because in a way they are contradictory to what you were told.

Inasmu ch it is true that we had several campaigns for Synagogues , Temples and Hebrew Schools and they were

· successful. Furthermore, inasmuch the Treasury are getting fuller every day, the attendance in the Synagogues and in the Temples get lesser and lesser every day. If a Rabbi wants to have good attendance he must scheme and bring attractions and if not, you will find one Friday night several hundred people in the Temple and the following Friday night, less than 50. And so goes in the Orthodox Synagogues.

What we do have in the last few years, is an entirely new type of a Jew. I will try to describe to you, several of them.

1. A new Zionist, who speaks enthusiastically by the Halu-tizen. They are good boys, is his opinion, but he will tell you that he hates the Histadrut. They are a bunch -of trouble makers, Bolsheviks. He also speaks enthusiastically about the Hebrew language and the Hebrew literature, but if you ask him if he gives his 12 year old son Hebrew lessons, his answer is, No, No, it is not for American children. Sunday schoo l is good enough for them. If he will have to become BarMitzvab I will get him a Rabbe, "teacher" and he will teach him the tricks and I will give a party which will be the talk of the town.

2. A former Yeshiva Bochuor, a former lefty, a former Zionist at the present time a comfortably storekeeper which works a seven day week, including the Sabbath. You will find him on a Sabbath noon standing in his store with a chicken sandwich in one hand, ( if there is no chicken, ham is allright too) and in the other hand a glass of milk, between a bite of the sandwich and a sip of the milk, he discusses religion, he criticizes the Rabbis, they are not religious enough, even the modern Orthodox Rabbi is not good enough for him, give him a Rabbi of the old type, whom he could trust with religion. His conversation goes on so long as the sandwich and the glass of milk lasts.

3. A very fine young woman, who interests herself with religious - activities ( and orthodox religious activities,) she believes they are the right ones and when you meet her Saturday afternoon, she is always busy and when you try to stop her · to talk to her, she tells you that she is sorry, this is ·the ·only day she has for doing her shopping and that is why she can 't talk to you too much.

4. · A young man who goes around collecting for Jewish culture. He believes we must help the poor Yid.dis!\ writers, but he himself never buys a Hebrew book or reads a Yiddish paper; Everything is needed, but not for himself, only for the others.

6. One, who is a member in a reform Temple, conservative

10 THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL

AL VIN _FURNITURE MFG. CO., Inc. MAKERS OF

COLONIAL and EARLY AMERICAN FURNITURE

MAX KASSO N

MAPLE and MAHOGANY

• 338 - 340 EAST 31st STREET

NEW YORK CITY

MURRAY HILL 3-9355-6-7

COMPLIMEN TS OF

THE JAMES HANLEY COMPANY BREWERS 'OF ·

·. "

HANLEY'S EXTRA PALE ALE and PORTER

QUALITY GUF~D SINCE 1876

PATRONIZE Gu& ADVERTISERS .. ______ ,

THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL

COMPLIMENTS

of

AUTOCRAT TEA and COFFEE For 3 Generatio ns New England Fin est

for New England Ta ste

BROWNEL'L. FIELD CO.

PROV IDENCE, RHODE IS:CAND

• BUY MORE GOVERNMENT BONDS

PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS

11

12 THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL

COMPLIME NTS OF

COSTELLO BROS. Inc. PROVIDENCE, R. I. .. y.; - ·PA WTlJCn:-t, R. I •

·;· -Telephone: DExter 6000

. ~.. - . ........ :

- : - '\ ~} T T /;, , ' ,. t •. ' =cx5MPlJMENTs· . -

of

"SEALTESTH

General Ice Cream . Company

PROVIDENCE DIVISION

Providence ., R I. . \ ·

THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL

D. W. Brayton Company

FRUITS and VEGETABLES

MODUCE BLDG. PROVIDENCE, R. I.

DEX'PER 7411 - 7115 L. D . GASPEE 7420

M. LONGO Ql SONS WHOLESALE FRUIT and PRODUCE

PACKERS OP' THE

Famous VEG-MIX Products

43 HEMLOCK STREET

ANTHONY LONGO

PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND

JOHN LONGO

COMPLI MENTS OF

Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Rakatansky

PAT&ONIZE OUK ADVERTISERS

13

14 THE PROVIDENCE PASS OVER JOURNAL

FAMOUS READING ANTHRACITE COAL

STOKER BUKWHEAT - STOKER RICE PROV1D ENCE DOMESTIC COKE

BECKLEY SEAM and BEACON NEW RIVER

"The Cream of th e Bituminous Fields "

METERED FUEL OIL SERVICE KEROSENE - RANGE - FURNACE OILS

D A VID KORN fA SON DExter 7730 DEx ter 7731

NATHA N WARREN & SONS

FRUITS and VEGETABLES

12 - 14 PRODUCE BLDG. PROVIDENCE,RH ODE ISLAND

l Ii j •

PA~O~ oua ADVERTI SERS

THE PROVID ENCE PA SSOVER JOURNAL 15

COMPL IM EN TS OF

A. F.

For the Fines t in Foods

Look For These Bra nd s

B. F. C.

L G. A.

and

Stockley's

Passover Gr ee tin gs !

CHARLE S FRADIN, lnc.

Wh olesa le

LIQUOR DISTRIBUTORS

.-389 CHARLE S STREET

PROVID ENCE , R. I.

Telephone GAspee 1961

COMPLIM ENTS OF

GENERAL WINE COMPANY

Wh olesale

LIQUOR DE.ALERS

• 115 MAIN STREET

PAWTUCKET - - - - - - RHODE ISLAND

PATRONIZE · OUK ADVJ:RTISERS

--·--·------ - --

16 THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL

COMPLIMENTS

OF ...

Mr. and Mrs.

Samuel Wintman

COMPLIMENTS OF

CITY COAL COMPANY

INCORPORATED

• "Good Coal Mak es Warm Friends"

• A. S . . GALKIN - - - President

JACK LEAVITT - - - Treasurer

THE PROVIDENC E PASSOVER JOURNAL 17

KING & SCHIELEIN COMPANY

Engraved Business Letterheads

and Business Cards

• ENGRAVED WEDDING INVITATIONS

ANNOUNCEMENTS, AT HOME

AND VISITING CARDS

• 63 WASHINGTON STREET

GAspee 1733

C_QMPLIMEJNTS

OF

RED FOX GINGER ALE CO.

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Drink and Enjoy ...

SHILOH CLUB BEVERAGES "THE TASTE TELLS THE TALE "

• Its Superior Quality Will Appeal -

To You

• SIDI.OH BOm.ING CO., Inc.

MAKE RS OF

LaSALLE GINGER ALE

PROVID ENCE, R. I.

COMPLIMBNTS OF . . .

STANDARD WHOLESALE COMPANY

IN CORPORATED

WINE and LIQUOR DEPAR1MENT

•

15 HARRISON A VENUE

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

18 THE PROVIDE NCE PASSOVER JOURNAL

"We Cater to the Trade Exclusively"

The Oscar Arnold Paint & Vamish ··eo. WHOLESALE ONLY

Paints, Hardware , Housewares

Cor. Washington and Bat tery Sts. Provdence , R. I.

GAspee 4431 - 4432 FREE DELIVERY

BETl'ER HOMES WALL PAPER CO. Economy

One Coat Covers - NU-ENAMEL - No Brush Marks Payson Paints - Venetian Blinds and Shades

Serving Rhode Island for Over One-Quarter Century

Distributors TRIMZ READY PASTED WALL PAPER 322-324 WEYBOSSET ST. PROVIDENCE, R. I .

COMPLJMFJNTS OF

WALTER ARNOLD

Compliments of

H. BAXT

Representing COLONIAL Launders

Cleansers - Fur Storage

HOpkins 340,0 - PErry 3400 - E~t~rppse 3600 . . -- . ... .1 ..

DExter 8131

i~O~~·jt, ,,,,v,~ 1,N 1~~,, ,c,~ TI'tl9'l. iUlJ

lPT,,,111 pi=i:i;i,',,:i ,~ ~J 1'11( t:)t:)1i'~J

BERRY . LIQUOR - STORE · 83 GAY STREET

Corner Willard Avenue

Telephone MA. 6078 FREE DELIVERY

- -=--~-·- ---- ~-- - -- .

COMPLIMBNTS OF

Mr. and Mrs.

CHARLES BRESLER

Compliments of

BRIDGE CLUB GINGER ALE

NICHOL KOLA

PUNCH 92

Tel. MAnning 9102

BRODY 1 S BAKERY

Hi DOUGLAS A ViENUE

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL 19

ADLER HARDWARE & PAINT CO. Electrical Supplies - Wall Paper

198 PRAIRIE A VENUE DExter 8135

Compliments of

BA N KS SH OE STORE 75 RICHMOND STREET

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

COMPLI M ENTS OF

Dr. C. P.

Compliments of

DI MAIO BROS. SERVICE STATIONS 734 EDDY ST REET 324 PRAIRIE A VE.

PROVIDENCE, RHOOE ISLAND

Telephone MA. 0644

Gladstone's Fine Food Shoppe VEGETABLE S - FRUITS - DELICATESSE N

Fruit Baskets our Spec ialty

785 HOPE STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Tel. PLantations 1847 Over Woolw orth' s

DR. SAMUEL GORFINE DR. I . SYDNEY GORFINE

DR. H. LEWIS GORFINE DR. H. A. GOLDSTEIN

Associate s in DENTISTRY

277 Atwells Avenue Provi dence, R. L Office Hours : 9 a . m. to 8 p. m .

S I GMU N D G REBSTEIN GENERAL HOUSE PAINTING

Paper Hanging - Decorat ing

260 VERMONT A VENUE PROVID ENCE, R. I.

Compliments of

Mr. and Mrs. William Gree nfield

Complim ent s of

A FRIE N D K.

Complim ent s of

KATZ MEAT MARKET 223 WIL LARD A VENUE

PR OVIDENCE , R. I. Tel. DE . 9675

Compliments of

Dr. and Mrs. Nathaniel J. Malinou and FAMI LY

Phone DExter 2278

MANDELL BROS. REUPHOLSTERING

New Parlor Sets Made to Order We Sell New Furniture

Exp ert Wor kmanship Guaranteed

132 DOUGLAS A VE. PROVIDENCE , R. 1.

Complim ent s of

CHA VER and CHA VERA .

NATHAN OSTROV

Tel . DExt er 0759 Wholesale and Retail

THE MODERN PAINT & WALL PAPER CO.

J. ULOFF , Manager

Jobber for Keystone Paints and Varnishes Wall Paper an d Painter s' Supplies

112-114 SOUTH MAIN ST. PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Compl im ent s of

MR. and MRS. IRVING SCHMUGER

and DAUGHTER

SIEGAL KOSHER MEAT MARKET "'\ Ul J

746 HOPE STREET

PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS

20 THE PROVIDENC E PASSOVER JOURNAL

DISTINGUI SHED FURNITURE

JOSEPH MARCUS & COMP ANY, Inc. lSt -194 NORTH MAIN STREET

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

MARCU S FINE FURNITURE is easily within your reach - for you will find one of the largest collections ever

assembled in Providence.

For Future or Immediate Delivery, Visit Us Now!

PLantations 6279

MAX FISH

Plumb ing and Heating

» - «

17 BOGMAN STREET PROVIDE NCE, R. I.

S. MELAMUT & SON

General Painting

I. MELAM!UT

148 JEWETT STREET

Compliments of

GERALD C. McOSKER

INSURANCE

29 WEYBOSSET STREET

PROVIDENCE RHODE ISLAND

Phone GAspee 4754

MELROSE FURNITURE CO.

Complete Hom e Furnishers

» - «

Represented by WILLIAM WEXLER

574 CHARLES STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I.·

MILFORD BOX COMPANY INC.

MILFORD, MASS .

Tel. DExter 2330

Modem Floor Surfacing Company

WOOD FLOORS SURFACING

FINISHING and WAXING

557 CHARLES STREET PiROVIDENCE, R. I .

Rep. by ARTHUR COPPOLA

64 - 66 FULTON STREET

BOSTON, MASS.

PATRONIZE 0~ • .ADVERTISERS

I i

f i '

THE PROVIDENCE Pf\SSOVER JOURNAL 21

Compliments of

Compliments of

A FRIEND

P. G.

PERLER and SONS

BAKERY

207 WILLARD A VENUE Telephone MA. 5570

POULACK ·'S MARKET

230 Willard Av enue

MA. 2834

OPW ALL DAY SUNDAY

Compliments of

PROVIDENCE SEA FOOD CO.

INC.

121 SOUTH WATER STREET

Compliments of

Dr. and Mrs.

BENJAMIN ROUSLIN

21 EAMES STREET

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Compliments of

MR. and MRS. B. SCHUSTER

Tel. WI Hiams 0315

SHERMAN'S BAKERY SUPPLY

Distributors of

CAPITOL YEAST

26 CALLA STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Tel. GAspee 3074

WILBER'S

LUGGAGE, LEATHER GOODS

and GIFTS

40 RICHMOND S'l'KEET PROVIDENCE, IL I.

( Loew's State Block )

PAT&ONIZB OUK ADWBTI&Eas

22 THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL

Compliments of

BARLEY'S CREAMERY Incorporated

BETTER DAIRY PRODUCTS

» - « WE ARE PREPARED TO DELIVER

Kosher Milk and Cream for Passover TI"09'2 lUlJ

Telephone GAspee 4748

MAnning 7073 GAspee 9572

Max Botvin

COLONIAL MOTOR SALES Product of General Motors

Oldsmobile Six and Eight Diamond T Trucks

1246 NO. MAIN STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I .

COMPLIMENTS OF

NA THAN DW ARES

COMPLIMENTS OF

HAI\m.TONMILLS

Army and Navy Store

· '· '283 WEYBOSSET STREET

MILL END SHOP, Inc.

Home Decorators

DECORATIVE FABRICS - DRAPERIES

UPHOLSTERY - CURTAINS

Affiliated Stores from Maine to Florid a

204 NO. MAIN STREET Telephone GA. 8850

Compliment s of

PROVIDENCE PAPER COMPANY

Stationery and Gift Store

76 WEYBOSSET STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I .

Main Office, Showrooms, and Warehou se

160 DORRANCE STREET

Phone: GAspee 7600 - All Depts.

Tel. GAspee 3120

EDWIN S. SOFORENKO

Repre sentin g

Insurance Underwriters Inc. INSURANCE of Every Description

73 WEYBOSSET STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Compliments oj

SUPERIOR UPHOLSTERING CO.

695 BROAD STREET

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS

THE PRO VIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL

Telephone DExter 5446 HARR Y STUTMAN

Wiring for Ligh ts and Po wer

H & H ELECTRIC COMPANY

Electrical Contractors

628 BR OAD STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Tel. WI lliams 9861

SAMUEL P. BLACK

Groceries, Fruits and Vegetab les

Creamery - Delicatesse n

1033 BROAD STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Compli ments of

Compliments_ of

JOSEPH MITTI.EMAN & SON

Kosher Mea t Marke t

• 406 NO. MAIN STR EET

Tel. MAnn ing 7272

Phones: DExter 4473 - 4

TOLCHINSKY'S Fur Shop

The Hou se of Tolini ze

• 466 WESTMINSTER STREET

PROVIDENCE, R. I .

Telephone DExter 5446

23

SAMUEL WEINBERG

FURRIER

A. L. KELMAN CONSTRUCTION CO.

Repairing, Remodeling, Cleaning an d Storage

236 WESTMINS TER STREET

ALICE BLDG. GAspee 6783

Comp liments of

CANADIAN FUR SHOP FURRIERS

for over a quarter of a cen tury

Remodeling, Storage, Repa irin g

427 WESTMINSTER ST. GAspee 0525

INC .

Formerly as KELMAN & KEL MAN

Contractors and Builders

SIX TWENTY EIGHT BROAD STREET

PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND

COMPLIMENTS OF .. .

AMERICAN

WHOLESALE GROCERY CO.

Flour and Bakery Supplies » -«

FALL RIVER, MAS S.

PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS

24 THE PROVIDENCE PASS OVER JOURNAL

Compliments of the

Star Restaurant Equipmen t Co.

222 NORTH MAIN STREET

Tel. GAspee 2727

COMPLIMEJNTS OF

TEXTILE CO NV ER T E RS

. COMPLIMENTS OF

SUPERIOR COAL COMPANY

Telephone DExter 1482

JOSEPH K-ESSLE R Wholesale Dealer in

BUTTER and CHEESE A full line of ·Fancy Cheese, Smoked White Fish

and Salmon

180 CAMP STREET PROVIDENCE, R. I.

ANNA'S REMNANT SHOP

SLIP COVERS - DRAPES

Spread s made to order

All kinds of Yard Goods at Lowest Prices

116 ORMS STREET DE. 0261

KRASNOFF'S CREAMERY PRODUCT S

Kosher for Passover BUTl'ER - CREAM CHEESE - SWEET CREAM

CREAM COTrA GE CHEESE

» - « It's KOSHER if it 's KRASNOFF'S

Obtainable at your Gr ocer or Market

Phone DExter 6144 - - - for Service Delivery

Tel. SOU. B. 0250 - 0251 - - Connecting All Departments

The Mayflower Creame ry Co. Inc .

Mak ers of the Famous

"HEIFER" BRAND DAIRY PRODUCTS

76 - 82 MIDWAY STREET

BOSTON, MASS.

Compliment s of

B. ROSO FF

PICKLING WORKS

WILL BE BACK IN BUSINESS SOON

PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISER S

THE PROVIDENCE PASSOVER JOURNAL 25

Compliments of

MR. and MRS. BARNEY BUCKLER

and FAMILY

11 HIGGINS AVE. PROVIDENCE , R. I.

Compliments of

Dr. LEON G. BURT

Optometrist

Compliments of

Mr. and Mrs. MAX CURRAN

Capitol Wholesale Grocery Co.

55 ACORN STREET

PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND

Compliments of

CHARLES LIQUOR SHOPPE

545 CHALKSTONE A VENUE

PL. 9188 .

Passover Win es and Brandies

Compliment s of

NATHAN DAVIS

Butter - Cheese - Smoked Fish

• 339 NORTH MAIN STREET

DExter 4239

Compliments of

LOUIS DIVINSKY

WHOLESALE DELICATESSEN

• GLENHAM STREET

EAGLE FLOOR SURF ACING CO. NEW and OLD FLOORS

Resurfaced and Refinished

Dustless High Speed Sanders and Polishing Equipment for a Smoother Job - REASONABLE PRICES.

Waxing and Polishing

JOHN CIOLLI & SON 25 HAWKINS STREET PLantations 0952

Compliments of

JAMES FARRELL

Electro-Plating and Coloring

152 PINE STREET

PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND

PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS

-26 THE PROVIDENCE PASSO VER JOURNAL

Compliments of

A FRIEND

G.G.

Compliments of

MR. and MRS. JOSEPH GINSBURG

and FAMILY

22 TAFT A VENUE PROVIDENCE , R. I.

GOLD SEAL BEDDING COMPANY Manufacturing of all kinds

Mattresses - Studio Couches - Upholstered Box Springs Living Room Sets - Divanolla Sets and Pillows

Jobbers All Types of Springs

101-109 NORTH MAIN STREET

PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Compliments of

MR. and MRS. JACOB HAZMAN

HAROLD HOLT & CO:MP ANY, Inc.

INSURAN CE

STOCK and MUTU AL

171 WESTMINSTER ST. PROVIDENCE , R. I.

Sta.ff Representative - SAMUEL COHEN RESS

Tel . MAnning 4262

The Independent Uphol stering Co.

FURNITURE EXPER TLY REP AIRED and RECOVE RED

"PARLOR SUITES MADE TO ORDER"

199 CRANSTON STREET PROVIDENCE , R. I.

Compliments of

. KAGAN & SHAWCROSS

INSURANCE

1408 INDU STRIAL TRUST BLDG.

Telephone GAspee 6700 PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Enjoy ...

LIBERTY CL~ SPARKING BEVERAGES

• BOTI'LED BY

Supreme Mineral Water Co., Inc.

PROVIDENCE, R. I. DExter 9671

PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS

THE PROVIDENCE PASSO VER JOURNAL 27

QUALITY-SERVICE

Largest Co-operaitve Grocery Association of New England

17;,:tc w:,,T Clt7 it::=',t7ii 1,.N ,-~/' ~~,1:1,,it7!:ltc"tc1' .:,il:ICI,"! '~-'tte'tl-' ,, ',~:~'e't7:,, it1~~, Clt7"! -it7!!:iN ,cii~l:ICI ',,,1:1,-, tl'e''"!'M 150 ,,, itn= U1Cl~;!t' ·t1, it1i~,=ttit1!:l~·te1' ,111:1ci11,.:: it1, i'N w=~'~tm~ ,,T ~:, ,"ciitc== ,, N . R. 0. G . ,1!1~~: Cll7"! -it:l:lm< l:IClitoeii~: T•M C11ttii 1"!:~', l'M l:IJ:,~!M~T -it7~ ,~: l:l!I~ Cl~"! jiN - "!:~; 71-i:7:,M Cl-i~l:ICI 201000 1:1,,,-: t7:,',~ii j'IM - jt1l:lj::i"'\~.,!:I t1-i11·•T W!:1',1'.,~!:I i':l "=-,~== ,, '~-'ltt='ltl-'11 ,, ,l'i:, ,,,,t7~

.jt1T"-i!:I t7l:IC1;,,',,: •"! itci:, - Cl•!:i•',.Mii/' t7l:IC1t,'!: ,,

S. SHPRECHER 222 Willard Avenue

Tel. DExter 9490

D. LERNER 100 Randall Street

Tel. GAspee 8067

ORDERS DELIVERED TO ALL PARTS OF THE CITY

PROVIDENCE

FOOD & SPECIALTY COMPANY

Rhode Island Distributors of

Manischewitz's Kosher Food Products

Matzhos, Meal, Farfel, Tasty Wafers, Coffee, Beans ,

Tomato Soup , Vegetable Soup , Tomato Catsup,

Mustard, Salmon - Blue Back , Egg Noodles

and Egg Products

» - «

109 - 111 CHARLES STREET

DExter 2079 PROVIDENCE

Compliments of

PROVIDENCE TEXTILE

Office: DExter 5129 - 5130 Res., GAspee 4891

AMERICAN UPHOLSTERY CO. Manufacturers

UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE

J . K. Stallman 136 Hospital St., Providence, R. I.

Compliments of

LOUIS· SILVERMAN

Dealer in JEWISH NEWSPAPERS and

JEWISH RELIGIOU S ARTICLES

31 DOUGLAS A VENUE Tel. DExter 6466

PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS

1946

,KP'1'C~ }"l~J 1J):l'K li1:l'W' 1J)l001)11tQ J)7':l J)1 'K '11 ,Oal)1'1i~1S j'K i1:l'W' 1J)Wl0'11~:l1'7 '1 . . J)71tQ JtSto j)W'1'K )1K j)J"Cj)J7~ ,j)l1 i)1tSC ~ T' K

11K1 j1:l l0:l'T:l'1K 1j,'1 1j,'l0l1K , 11)1 j,'? 71p0 P'7 :l~S j1:l tolj,'1j,'7j,'J jj,'1j,'11 Cl'11C'7 :t)J" Oj,'J7~ ' 1 j,'JJ)1~!)1j,' j1N J)J'i1J)!) j1!) l0Jj,'1j,'7j,'J jj,'1 j,'11 Cl' 11C'7 j,'W'1'N ,, jN!ti'"P1'1V ms 11KtS:l !0"!00 1JK7"N .,v,v, l)!ti''7:i,':l 111':f !O'l ,l,''~'1~1!0 j1N 11!071p 13)W'1'K j1:l t:lO"J j'N j3)J'1~1j) j3)1J)11 1l,'1l ' P ' 1 TVJiv, to•c ,~J .,~o~ 71:i iVJJ1iv":i :i,110-c,, ji:i 1vm,--~,v, 71N .ov,JVJV' vw, , ,c,n ,1V7'i1WVC -,,,io ,jj,'.::'~1~i'T ~ !O'C j1K , 1J)JJ•!) jj,':l~1J T'lO'C tS1CJ to~?:l ~ jl)J1j,'7S~ , 'W"1 !O't::l wc,n i'TtQ1!l ~

. . - . . ,~iv, j1J' J iVJ'1V -~ito 1J)W'1'N 13)!07~ 1j,'1 !0'17 ,j:l1N jl)7~01 ~J ,jj,':J'71'lO~l ~ l:]'1K l01j,''':ll)J JJ)1j,'11 C':l1to-C1' '1

.jl)t::l~1J~1!l j1K jj,'l013)~J~p 11 11 !O' l j1K ,3)'~'1 i'Ttoin i''P l:]'11j,'1 to~i'T 1'K j1K ,Jl1K'~1 J) J)!ti''1 'K- nCK ~ i"7~ !O~i'TJ)J totSi1 1'K :l ' 1K ! jj,'1j,'l07j) l01l0 OJ) j1N Jl1K'~1j,' 3)W'1'N l,''liON ~ Jl)O'J J).:i 1~ j"7~ li1:JT CJ)1 to~i1J)J !O'l totSi'T 1'K :l'1K ;t::l'J

- JJ~:i, 1"K .• ::_;I. ! M~ _tr · -,!1?:'?::I ,,,~~,,r, -,11, 7'M .,,,:•j.l 11-,ll"M ?:Ii''?:' 7~,

:il,'il'P ,, 1l,' lil,'? 1l,'~i~.ril,'il'i' 1'N . ,v,•, op,tS!) vw,,•K

n,,•cT j1N c•,•tQ j,'TJ)'J'7J)1 j1N j,'!ti''N3)1:ll)i1 }"JJ)to J)W'1 'N

1J)1l'P ,~!) C'J'1 l)to:J'tQJ;J 1J)tQ'1'K j1:l O'i1W:l,' t::l

• ,1::. · -,.---~~ ·= cr".:1~-c,, · vw•,,N

:i1~'tt/' il,'i 1'N 1l,'lil,'? il,' il'i' ,, O~ii ,,po p,r,:i,tSe iv, 11:i c•,,c,, v,~

1~1!ltQ j,'W'Nl)1:1,j,'i'T 1~1!ltQ J)W'1'N '"!ti'1 to•c wc ,n

J)'1tSl00'i1 l)W'1'N l"\1!)011"\ to•c N1CJ Cl'Ji1Jt::l j1K Cl' l ' i

(mi ;,,:ic•1K ,wc, ~i ~::i) n, , ,c,c i,,n,tQ

:iT:i,'tQ'. j1!l O'!lt:! jl)J'7"11!0"~ CJ/1 1~ 1' .T l03i1Jj,'11 J)'~~C 1~!lJ'N 1~!) .N .1 ,OJ'.l)1'11tS1!l ,to•itoc OC1tS 47

1946

1:1111 .Cl~1Jl$19 1J/D'11J 1'K f1!l J.l11'!l:l111 1.111 i'K f!l?J/i1 f1K t:ll/t:lW .11,~ r,n n,,;,; ,,:i,p 1.111 t:l'.l :i,,K nn1mr;1 '1 1.111 PK DJ/ t:l"1J f.110.llll 1~!) rm ?Cl"i1 1.llt:l?~ 1)11 f'K lK?tlJ/t:l t:7 11K llll$?O"i1 .lliJ/1.llK 1~:i t:l'.l :i,,K ,DJl''J'!l$9 ll".l m,1mm '1 1.ll"l ll$1 PK DJ/ ?1.111'1:l - f1K 1.llt:lDJ/llt:7 .J/t:li''.l"9JIJ f1K l' ·K DJ/ .!:' tl"l 1.11.ll/' !l!l l.l1K 1'J l 'l t:l.lt;t1tl J/:l?J/11 l/t:l'tlt:7 '1 f1!l "! f.lllll/t:l~1 1'J l.l1K t:l!l11 1.ll:l?J/11 "117.l/J 1ll"l ll$1 f?l$! "l 1K11 ,?K117' i'1K i"i' "l fl/.l.l"1:l f1K 1l/1.ll/? ilt:l'nt:7 1.ll"l fll".l~:l ?1;!0~1.111'11 PK i''tlD".l f1K W'P!l 11.1111 t:l.ll!.l/.l

.)'.l.lltlD'li'.ll Jl:l'?W.ll/1.:1 f1K .l/W'1'K ;i:i1wn J/D':l?'i1 '1 1l/t.:11Di''11'J 11!:l "117.ll.l Cl.l/1 t:ll$ ;'J'1K -, y1 771]11 i,O - !l]O!UJ1 i1!Ul]J :Cl1tl.l1'K i.ll.l~i''1l/t.:I~ f1!l ;'J?'i1 1.110 ll$.l 1\Y-'\11\U'il 1.l/1 f::ll/.l J?J/11 1'!:l !:im i l)!J1K 77,!) JJ/11 tl'.l f?J/11 1'0 .1J/'1!l PK DJ/ f.l/11 '11 .l.l1.l'tl101J/1 PK 1l/1 1~!l 11!111 t:l.l.!ll/J/.l ·J?l/11 ?K1~' i'1K f1!l f1J/'1t:l '1 P:l -n ,,K t:ll/11 ?K1W' i'1K P:l PK i'?l$!l ft:7'1'K P.!l i1t:l'?9i1 n'1KW ,1W1' f1K i'1'J J1!l t:lD".l f'K i1:J1?0 JIW'1'K ~ '11 f1J/11 tl'l::lll.l

.1\\"Y"\1\U'il "\'Ill \\S \'.lU"l \ '~ fi''1Jl,-25 Cll/1 11::l:l? l'I ;'J'1K fl/1.:1.ll.l 1'0l$? ,il.l/1:lt:7 '1 t:ll$

\ 1\\Y\1\U'il iJ/1.lJ/!lO.lli' f1K 1.111.ll/'1::l tl/1 !l!l ?:11'

,1.111.111,w 1,o 1.111.111,w 1,0 ,f.ll1ll llt:7 1,o , fl/1J/1t:l f1!l PK t:ll?:l fl!l il.l/1:JW ~

, !Jl1J/i1 t.l1K ?l$1 11)1 PK ?JIO' i1 I~ < .fl/1.l/t:lW lli''t:l::l'? '1 n11JI flK

.fllill11W 1'0 ,fllill11W i'O ,fllil/11 1:!' i'O

,fllill11W f1K i11!0 fll.l.l/i' t:l.llli1 '1 fll:l' 1i1 1'0 - 1ill ill.l'?"i1 i'K ":l ,fl$!l j1K ,P''J ":l

,fl/ill 1'0 .l'?"i1 Dl$11 ,1ll"tl Dl$11 DJI?~ ":l .1i ll11W Clll.lll::ll;!i:JW D.lll1?J/i1 J/illl.l1K " ::l

n~-n "\\~) , fl/1"? !'1W .ll.lll.l , 1Jlt:lDJl11W PK il/1'1::l

;rll:i,,,:i,~El 11 m,.i f'K f'lt:!' .i1.iJ1.i ,p1w .i1.iJ1.i ,t:l"i1"1.!l 1Jl1 i~!l ;"Jtl~i' f'K ,.l't:l10 ,.l't:l10

! ;"\t:l~i' 1ll.l'?"i1 Cll'J ,J't:l10 ,.l'tl10

?DJ/1" ::lll.l PK fll0"i1 ,f tl~tlt:lli'i.1111 PK 1i''i::l~!l ,1Jl!l1il1 f1K ,!Jl"il/W'!l ,"il/'1::l -!l'W ,tll/ :li~-f!l~i1 t:l'J'K tl?lli''11tl.ll/ 1.1111 ::l'1K DJI t:)1t:) 1!111 ?J.l1J'1''tl i~!) J/W'1'K rm ," i ll'? !l-t)!l15 1\\"\11\U'il 1Jl1 1111 PK 1.ll:l?J/11 i.l/t:IJ/::l1~ 1ll t:7'1'K 1l/1 t:1'.l f'K PK t:l~t:IW fW'1'K f1!l 1Jl'1::l Cll/1 f'K 111$11.ll.l t:l?1.l~ 11i~!l

?i101K 1J/t:7'1'K 1Jl1 !l!l 1l/tlll1 Cll/1 -Jl.l t:l1J/11 l/:l?J/11 ,j.l1.l'1" t:l1~!l f1K JJ1t:ll/1 f1:l t:l:l'?:l ,, l'I ;'J'1K fl/01.lll.l t:ll$i1 ,J.l11'.l.l/1 il/1 1111 t:l1'!lJl.lD'1K lK;.l"11 t:l?J/t:IWJl.ll'J t:ll$i1 'l .t:l!)~W1Jlt:IJ/::l1~ l/W'i'K J/I:l1'P.l~.l11$ '1 J/:l?l/11 f1~.l'1YD!lO~D ' 1 f'K 1!11'?.lt:1'0 J/1' K f1!l 1l/t:l.ll'1t:l t:lD'Wll.l. t:lt;ti1 t:lt;ti1 'I .Cll'1Jl?t:l'i1 PK ClPW~!l Dl/1 t:l.l'l ~::l j::lt;ti1 -.l"K f::lt;ti1 .l/:l?l/11 ftlD't:11W~1~9 j1K fll.l~l'tl1~.9 J/i''t::110 l/1'K .l.lltll/1 1J/1 t:1'0 t:l1'!lll.l.ll$ f::ll$i1 PK DDJI? l/1.ll"I tl ?J/t:IWJ/.l DJI fl/.l"l tl'J'K .Dt;tt:lJ/.l '1 f'K i:JO~i' fW'1?J/i1 ClJ/1 t:l'O f1K - ,K ClJ/1 11'!) Jl:J?l/11 1\\"\11\U'il 1.111 j1!l Cl'1::li1 '1 ; i;:r.,~ 1.l/1'11 '1 1'J Cl'K fl/.l.l"1::l PK i1W::l' PK Cl't:l' 1111 1J/1J/1.l~11 11:1'1 -;Jl:J'K fill$ f.lli''O .n1J::JO JI?~ l't;t1t:l ?Kit:7' 1'1K fl!) j.ll/1.:l \'.ll~"fi"'\~S "'\ll)"l'll\\. il"l~':1 1:l'lll \~ 1'~ 1'\~\\ :f.ll;!! J.l1::l"1t:l "U'llil \\R \il''O\U ~1~ \'.l'"fi .l'll'O:l'll\'.l \\~ \'1 'll"1\'.l'll1 ll)"lllW

\ \"'\~1"'\~S \'.l'1 l1\1S~'il "\\JU\~ I'~ ,l"'\~lJ~\\~ \'lll1'1l9 f1K J/?~.ll;!''J~J ll".l ;'J'1K ?K1W' )'1K t:l'1::l 1\\"\11\U'il '1 -.i~ ,J/''J~1J/9t;tt;ti' 11.!l .ll/11 1.111 PK .ll/11 1 'K .n111D' Jl?~''Jl;!D -1Jltl.l 1K t:l~t:lt:!'J~ - t:l"i'1ll ::l'l f1K t:l"i1"1!l .)'JJl11i'Jt;tD t:l~t:lW 1\\T\1\U'il '1 1l$El t:l'JJII f'I Cl.l/1 f'K ."1Jl!l~?DW f1K .l.l1i''11 JJ/.l"I Jl:J?l/11 ,J/tl::l'WJl.l 1.llt:!''1',K 1.111 p !l f!:l''JJ•19 JIW't:lll '1 PK i1'J1::li' '1 .1JID?J/El JI?~ 1~!l 1J/t"1i-Jll11 ~ .ll):t:lWt:l.l"i1 lt:t.l lli''t:l::l'11 1t;t.l t:i'.l fll.l"I ?K1W' 1'1K f'K 11't:l~1Jl9t;tt;ti' -,.J/1 -t;t''J~J p!:l f?~11D 1'1K fll.l"I "I - ft:1.ll/0'1Jl9DDJ/ l/?~''Jt;tD fll.l"I "I .t:l!:l~1i'-DD1!l~W i.ll't:!''1'K f1!:i f1K J/'.l1J/JJI 1Jl?~.l !JIO"i1 Jl:Jl/?i''?.l '1 !ll.l"I "I .1Jli.l/1.l~11 CJl".l 1'18.!:l f1Jlt:lJJ/'J -~J f'K P'Wil/1 "I fil/11 t;t1 .1:1/1.l' i' J/t:lJ/11Jlt:l~1J/J '1 1~.!l 1ll::l?J/11 111 ~ i:p1K t:lDi'~11 t;t1 .t:ID,..,.l f::l.l/?Wt:l.ll/0 f1K f?~.ll;!''J f"I 1'1:!'0r.l tll/11 ,f1J/tl?ll '1 ' P!l ll''J'1~it:l '1 f'JJl!it;t!:l t:ll/11 1~!l tl.ll/0~1J1!) i.llt)DJ/!l ~ '11 fll.l'1 t:ll/11 f1K ,Cl1'i' fW'1'K Cll/1

.t:l!:l~~?Jl!Jl.l il/11't:l~ill9t;tt;ti' 1Jl"J 1J/T.l1K -J11'911.l j1K \\'.l1'1lUlli'll lli~ Cl11K11 ,11,!?D 1ll::l'1J/1 PK DJ/ 1\\"'\11\U'il ill-1 t:l'O W'i~1' ?l$C f" t:lt:!' f!:li~1 f::ll/? fW'1'K f'K fll.l

1946

.?i'J'11 fW'Di'l;t11;(t:lll;( Cl,'1 l'K

l,'J"!l lt .t:li''Wl,'J l'JltJ t:ll,':ntt '1 !I;! t:ll'!l i'1?1;!J .K :llil 0'119 l,'J"!l lt ,f't:ll,'?1:l P'?t:lltJl;!O lt ,?1DD 'l,'1JKD ,illH1 1105r, -l,'ll,'t:ll'K l,':l'?t:ll,' fl,'11),'J ll/OJ'11 Pl1l jl,'J"l DJ,' .JJ1;>l,'t:lWl1$!l ll,'t:lJ"1WlltEl ll,'1 lltEl t:l'1l,'li' ll,''lJttJ ll,'1 f1K ,Dl,'''li?Y? 1-'0JltD

.f' 1?1;!J .K :llil t:l01i? t:lY:lllt

* * .f'11Y?W .D ,t:lJl/1'll,'l9 : T1'l:l 'J::l

- tt::i t:l'J 5•!l1":t l'O l'K ll$t:ll,'J!:1'1K 11$' Pl11 P1$il "l 01$11 .!Jttl YD'11J llt!l l'l lt:l"lJ "l llt l'O t:lJ1$T'o lY:!1$ ,t:lJKD Pl$il ,0"11 l'K t:l"11 '11 ;i•1K .D'1K t:l' "l Pl$! oi;n ?01$11 ... !1'K YW'K"91$l"K '1 llt!l lY1"?i' llt!l 11"11 ~ t:l~ilYJ "l CY1 f10!l'1K i?Y11 "l Dl\!11 !ilYT f1K ft:lllt111'; f'1W l'O f?Y11

.11;!' 11Jl,'01i'

* * * .

ll,'t:ll,':lllt _ ll,'TJ\K f'K fl;!l'D lY1 fl,'11YJ l'K ft:ll:!"1YJ t:l'J lt:U ll,'t:lD::llt11W ll,'1 fl,'11),'J Dl;!l l'K ,i'JV1YJ l'K t:lJ'I .Wt:lJYl:l JJ'l !YJ"l ft:l:l'ID'1K '1 01;!11 l'K lYJlY ll;!J f1K ;t:i"i''t:ll,'t:l l'K !l:;ll'D ,ll,' :ltt11W ,lll05V t:lll,'11 !YO ? V:lttll1K '1 .lJY'lJY?J t:l•: t:l"11 -1tt!l ll,'D'11J lt T10K:l Dl:;11 l'K .D'1K l'l t:l9l,'W DY 11K ,lYl'O llll t:ll/11 !Kl'D li''1Jll01i' Clll llt f!ll$il 1'01;!? ll,'::ll;! ,0111

.f::lY?!l'1K lY1'11 Wt:lJYl::1

* * * - ,JltJll;! -Jll'1l!l llllllJ1K fllJ"l YJtt5 lYlllDll:l lltD lt f'K fllJ"l "l ."ilDlil,, ,"11illllt:lD'D,, ,"1"K D'l"?,, '11 ,Dl,'''l~l l'JttJ lt lY?i''11t:lJll 1":t 11;! l'l t:l:l'1il "l lt:l f1K , 11't:li'lt l'JttJ ll?lt -,,1 lt:l f!llllt:l l'K t:lJYi' t:l!ll;! l'JltJ .t:lJYPY?ll lYlllll'!l lYJ"!l - 11:l lt lll:l'K i''?:llY:l'K lt flllilD'iK !Yl::l ?l;!l JJ't:l'O lt fll,' lt q,1J1'l t:l::l"?i' f1K )'J1i' lt 1'0 t:ll"11lt:l ,Ult .W'?JJl,' f'K l,''!Jll":tlll lt !lllilD'1K f?l/11 ?l;!l 01;!11 t:lJ!IOll?ll llllll/1",-W 'l'K ll/'1l!l '1 ll/:ll;! ... lY:l?':l l'K ?i'Kl'9 ?11:l fW'l'K lt lY:l'K

.... ft:l"i'W'lltl V:l?l/llt t:l'O P't:l!lllWlt::l W I;!' l'l !l/JiJllt!l

* * * Cl/1 f1!l t:ll/DKt:lK9 f1!l Dll"J l/'lJltJ '1 l"K l'K t:ll;!il t:ll;!

, .f ll/11 W t:li'111l/J t:ll'll~El l/::l?l/11 ,11;!' Ol/Jl/JJttJllt!l P'?"l!l lt l"K ft.e'J'11 f1K l"K !D'll/J !1'K ll/t:ll/i'Kt:lK9

.nos

,lY"K ,,M~ C"M- j:

llt:l":tll? '1 1111 t:l"J -11;!')1' ll/i':V:l :VW'l'K l/i'J'J"?i:) lY lJ1K l'K t:lll:llt( .(fll11llJ t:l"°:t f'1W). !ll::lll? J;il1l ?•OW lt 11;!' ll;!B -,;,Jl::J. '1 f1K ;fllt:l:V:lllt 1":t n:i ?'!l '1Tlt !:V::ll;!il ll;!J ?I;!~ ,1;!1 f1K "Dl1Wli"11,, !ll?l;!":t 1":t t:lJlll:V?:VJD'1K l'l fll::J.l;!il 0'T1:l t:l'll,'li' CY1 W ll/:ll;! ."Dt:l1Ki'lt?,, t:l'P t:l'J l!IO !'1W ll/Wltlt:lD t:l'J fllEllttl "l wt:>i;in llt ,llll:Vn t:lJl;!t:VJ 1$1 51;t1 tl;!'J1' ll/1 !1!l f1!l fl/:lYJ "l lV:11$ ,OH"?:11.9 01'; l:Vl'?llBlt ?1$0 l/?lt t:i"i'K ll?lt f'K ?''t:iJlt flt ll/tll/J f1K OJKW"Jl;!l llll/"l t:l"'i.1'J""t:)"":t

.llt.e''l'K t:l•J '11 lle?'l'K ,DJ"BClti' :VW't:ll;!t:lle' fl/l Jl/11 !!1110 l' l ll/11 !ll?ltn "l :l'1K · llt ,l:VEll$i1 l'l t:l?'11'D 1111:vn t:li'J"lllJ lll?ll11 ,ll":t't:lW 11:!J 01i,,;,:11e O:VJ''OllJ?tt 01-; 1?'!lK ,IYt:l'~ ll?lt l'K l:V1t:l "l l/:1?!111 ,0':l1t:l O'Wl/0 l/lY''l 11:!J 01i,,,:i.,e 01-; ll/1Jl111 t:l'J 1•1 lll!.l'ltri · "l r:vn t:i5t;eol/l

.l:\?'il

: "ott5 :i.-noe,, . f1!l 1Kt:li'lt1l/l 1v'::i1wn

DP't:lJ"il 1•::i nos li''ll:l'ttltt!l ltt!l 1"Wll/OJ1K tt ltt!l oi:m t:l'O cntt t:l') !Y"J l~ JYO .t:l'i'K ll/::l'?"l!l 10 tt ! li''ll;!' -,,1 f'l lll't:llli'Kt:lK9 Ylll!J1K' ll?lt t:lllO::I . lll 10'J9 l/t:lJll;(lllt!l lllll1)lt f1K r,rnr,n t:lY11ltl9 !:VO - J'li' l1!l 1Y01i'l/Ji''l1'; ll/J

.fll\C'ltltt!l ,11 w1v1Jtt ll;!rll;!J ,:;t' .mnow l'K 0"11 ,t:llli'Kt:lK9 f1!l DJ,'") t:l'O f1t:l 1'l t:ll;!il 01;!1 01;!11 l'K ,:lJlt ) .t:l::ll,'?W t:l'J 01;!1 l'K ll;!!ll"llt llt lltEl lll:lt;C ;t:ittl1i'lt t:l'J J"t:l Dl/ llt t:li'l"1 l'K :l'1K .1Kt:li'~1l,'l 'llt9 ,1' 1t:l 9~ D't:l•K

( .. . f1t:l l:\lltl !YO Dt;C11 ll\!1 l'K t:lD"11 l'K ,t:l'J 1'; l"?J l"J1'l f1K ilOli'il '1 lll' 'l0'1K t:l'J ?Y11 l'K ,??::lil f1'K lllDJl/1'111;!19 '1 '11 0"11 l'K ?"11 ,t:llli'Kt:lK9 f1!l Dll"J '1

-l'l t:l1t:l ll1K lt:l Dt;C11 llYil 1'; f::ll,'? f'K Dl/ t)"J

* * * fl/11llJ l'K lJ1K lt:l DY"J l/t:lDi''t:l:1'11 '1 l~ ,l'l t:l::111 l•O

."11"11,, ll/11;! ,"5•e~ "K "Wll 1',, llll t:l?l,'OltlllJ l'K ,)'llt11W 'lllil f1!l .9'~JKOll/Wt:l ll,'1 ll/OJ1K -Kl t:llllf'1t) 45 f1!l llt:110 l/W't:lD~t:lllt!l t:l'J ,t:l'J ll,''W ,!ll;!11JIJ f1N .l,'010 lli''l'l lt l'?i'l'11 Dt;Cl l'K t:l!;tt:lW ll/lJ1K llt!l .ll/? Cl/JV' lY t:::l~O ll;!J t:l'J ,l'lK11W .il W t:l'lllli' lll1 t:l01i' lll1'11 ,t:llltil lllt:l"l:l lt t:l'O l'1K lli'ltt:l t:l'J l"?lt lY ll;!J ,t:l:illJ f::ll/J W

.( •. -.Dl$11 ,C'l9lt ,t:lt;eil) t:lt;Cil ,t:l?l,'J '1 f?"t:l fY01Jl,'J t:ll;til JIO'Ol;!i' fKW"i'K?K '1 ll/11 ! fltle'll'::l l;!l'::l ,l'?OllJ ;mK ~::l l~l ll"J lt lt;CJ t:llltle'l/J1'l l'l '1 llt!l ! ll/?Kl t:llY1J1il 15 01llt t:l?"t:ll/J1'; "l t:ll;til'O•· f1K t:lJllD lt - 1;!11'K llll llt!l ! t:lJlll'1t:l "11'; lt;CJ - ft:l!lltWi'lY11l/J Pll110Dll1)1!l l1K ! ll'K l,':l?Yllt D'1K t:lJl/:Jl,'l t:l"J ,1J ! t:l'J ?l'l lt .fWt:lJl,'O ll?'1K11 l:;trlt;CJ f1'K ll,'t:llli'Kt:lK9 llJ''O fllJ"l

! t:l'J Dl;!l - lllt:llli'Kt:lK.9 llJ''O ft:l" :!0'1 ~ lll:ll;! ,I;!' fKt:l

* * * '1 - ll''i~l'JltJll;! l/"l lt lJ1K lt:l t:ll/lJ'lJllJ l'l t:ll;!il Dll -,,1 Dl;!l ." fl;!t:lDJ'11-i'lt:l'l,, !YOl;Cl !'!l'1K ,fYJltlYt:ll/11 YW'1'K · ll,'"l l'K DY f1K ;J'li' f'K lll01i'l,'J01K fYJ"l l,':J?l,'11 "1W '1 tllJ .c,11n::i "11":t ,, f1!l lllOYJ ,, li'':l"K llt!l 1'; t:l"I lll"I f1!l l"W 1lt!l "l .ftti:!l?llEl .D · llt;C11llJ 0?"11ll/1 l'K llllJ:VOKi' D?lt 't:l'J1'0t;Ci' lt lll'1:l 1-; !llJ'l f'K Pl$il ,D'11J lV"l l'l !:VOJIJ .f!l?llil t:lt;CJ "l ?t;CI ,1) .fl/JJ10lllll/OJ1K YlV1Jlt f1K ,ll/t:lll/D -tt::i 01J !lll"l fl/JJ't:l'tl lllV"l .ll/l'?Jt:l'O 100 C1llt Pl$il "l -015!:l°J"K '1 !"I t:ll,'11 l/''iltl'J~Jlt;C '1 llt t:l:l11 l'O f1K ,t:l:l1l

.il?ill' ll/W'l'K llllJ1K f'K llt:lD::l"l

* * * - t;er.i ft:l'lll? .l/11-ltP'Wt:l lt;CJ Cll.9l/ t•K ,on n5•oJ llltJ1K t:l'O t•K t:lt;C f1K ,JJ't:l'O lll:l'?l:V' ll/1 flt;C11llJ ft:l?ltilllJ9t;C l'K t:lltJ 01$1 5t;et .t:lJlll'1t:l 14 01llt ,?Kt:l'Blti' ;4 ,DJKl;C? :t:llt;C93/l l:Vl ll;CJ l'O !t:l?ltil -W~K ?t:l"? J.'0'11$ !"I' t:l'J Pl:!il l'O llt !"I ... ? lt;Ct:lPltl:Vl 'Jlt.9 ,l'K t:lJl;tl 01$11 ,1J .. . ? ::i•n 1?1:J lt:l ll"J lt !?"111!11 lll01JllJ t:lt;Cil'O ll/11 llt , !PlllOlt:l 1'l :V11ltl''Wt:l -1 !11 t•K t:lJl/l'llllB D?lt llt !YP1PllJD'1 llt l'K ,ll''iltlt:lD'J'Ollt -i,ll l'l 1:\1$ llKl;t:l ;!'PK:l .il ,llll1Wtl/lt:l ;!'PK::l ., !lt;C11llJ t:l?"11

· :V'JJ.'?'11'19 lt t:ll;til t:lllll'llllB ll/1 ~ l'PK:l .5 ,f'PK:l .D :Dl t;Ct:l t:lt.e'ltlllO'K t:l'J t:l"l 1t:l ,Dll;Ct:li'l/1'1 1:\1\C llKt;C:l "11'i ft:ll'l;C9lt 1'; .,, 1:\1\C 11Kt;C::l fllJ"I D'J'PK:l "11"i 11:!J llt fll/il t:ll/11 i'K !!111 01$11 l'K .f:V0ltl1'l :v5tt CP:Vt ,.il ., - ,on n5•r.iJ f'K !ll;Ct:li'l/l :V?lt 11:!i lllJ"l "I ..• il ?i•K t:lJlll!l ,t:lD~11lti''Wt:l '1 t;el ' l'K

! ! ! llll'l:l .lt;Ct:li'ltll/1 'Jtl:9 ,l"K llt!l lll:l'K l'K 11$? lli:tt:lJ!IOKP

* • •

1946

- ,1~1t:l CJ11 l'K 11$.l jJl::1'1;>.l JIJ?Jl11 j1K ,JJl!:l;>Jli1 j1!:l 111$i'Jli -.i,K,, cJ11 JJ1.1.i~.1J1D111 JJl.l"T ,"1no::i rno,, 11!:l w11 JJl?Jl.l1$'"' 1111 t:lJl::11~ ?'!l 111 ]"i' !Jl::ll$i1 t:l'.l !1!:l "O'l'ii' !Jl?Jl.ll$''i1t:l't:l0 t:110 T~ ,lJ1iJ111 t:l.ll$TJl.l 5:;;r noK 1J11 1J1::ii;t ,1Jli1$' i1on5o ,, t:l~i1Jl.l 11$.l !Jl::ll;ti1 "! .[JIDJITJl.l t:l'.l "! lJl.l"I u.lJli1 J/u.1"?1~!:l ~ l'l'lK 1Jl!:l?l$i1Jll0'11~ !Jl::l1$i1 "! JIJ?Jl11 DJl'?'O~!:l Jli''J"K 01$11 01$1 !~ ,1Jl1Jl11 u.ll;tlJl.l !Jli' t:l11Jl1i' 1JI"! 1'i . .lJl11 OJl.l" II' -Jl.l ~ IJl:lJl.lJll "I t:ll$i1 ,t:lJl:l1~ Jl5~;:,:;;5 u:iJl!:lJIJ0'1K "! t:l1$i1'0 J1K 1Jl1'1::l Jl1JIT.lrn i~!:l t:lJl::11~ 1Jl1 j'K 1Jl!:l?Jli1 W t:l"i1.lJllJI? 11 l'1K 111 1"K 11$'.l1' 0 11"? 11 '~0 .Jl91$1"K )'K 1Jlt:l0Jl11117 Jlt:l'iJI? ,, JJ/u?~i1J1.101 1K 1Jl::l1$i1 ,1"K o,,,,, o.iJ111 11i;:1s orno -.i,.:, 1Jl1 )'K ?Jl''i.l~.l'!:l 1Jl!:l?1$i1Jl.l 1Jl::ll;ti1 )1K 1Jl1.l'i' 11$1 11$9

.t:lJl:li~ O.l.l1t:lJl1 1J/1

,, t:1~i1J1.l u'.l c,,on-n, 10.1 Jl1"::l 1ll:l1$i1 t:1J1:i1~ 51!:l 1'i l"i' - ,59~ ?1$'i ,, l'l lJl::l1$i1 t:l'~ Jlt:l'iJI? ,, 1Jl:l1$ ,11$' Jl:l'?t:lJI Jlt:l'iJI? t:l'O !~ ,l' l t:l"t:ll!/1~!:l ,)1K ;t:iiJIDJli.li~!:l "O.JKl;t?,, i~!:l OJl''i~i' J/u'iJI? 11 "OJl.l! 1:l,, Jl.l"?i' ?1$'i Jl0 111.l ~ )1!:l .l.l11Jl0Jlil1~!:l il/1 il/1 !1!:l ll/01i'llli''11'i lll.l"! ll::l?l/11 ,, )1!:l ?ll' .'il/90 ,t:l"'i )1!:l n1K1?i1 ?l;t'i J/il/OJli.l ~ lll1l/11 t:liJl11$!:lJl.l lJl?J/11 ,i1r.ln?O "! r~ ,lJl1Jl11 t:l.l1$TJl.l :ii;:1 t:l'1Jlii' 1Jl"I 1~ .c,,on n5 10.1 ,, 1 1 1K 111 ,D.JJ11111i;:1s ;ii;: , .on n5 10.i 1y1 ,~o - Jl1"::l lJl.l"T JI?~ 1J15101y1 1~ t:l"i.l - ,on n,,0.1 D.JJl1'111$19 t:i1~0 1y1 l'l'1K 1Jl!:l?Jli11>0'1i~ '1 :l ,"9'Jlt:l 1J/1,, i''.l"11 t:l'O OJl''i~;:,,59~ 1Jl1ll/11 l'l 1Jl?Jl11 01$11 JI?~ '1 .ll/11 1Jl::l1?Wt:l.ll/O CJ/.l"W ~

n,,,,,~~ 1,N ,,v~,v,, ~'Nwn,,, ,, "o,,,,,,o

."! w

'1 ll/.lKii'l/.l t:l1$i1 1! rn ,1Jl.l1$T 't:lJl"01$0 '1 1Jli' t:l::lJli t:l't:l 1'K 1~!:l ,1Jl1'K t:l'.l )1!:l l'lK '11 1J/1'K !1!:l '~0 ,.l.l1.lJID1Jl.l~ .lJlt:l' ::lJl.l l/?Jl'!:l l'l11K t:lJl::li~ illW't:ltttlJlt:l0 10 1Jl1~::lil/1.l1K11 111 Jl0'11$ 11!:l 1~0 1ll'1it:lW CJl1 lJl.lKii'J/ .l t:l1$i1 't:ll/"01$0 '1 -Jll.l~ ?Jl'!:l l'K n1'iJI 1~!:l i'K 1~ 1JI01i' l/::l?J/11, ,Jl::l"1 11:l l'1K 1ll11$11Jll !'K "1Jl1.l'i' 1Jl1 1t:l!l~1~,, j1!:l t:ll/::11~ '1 .fJlt:l"i1.lJ/.lJ/? -~o J/i''~.l"K '1 117!:lK l'K 10 .t:ll/::l1~ >'K 11!:l ?"t:l il/0 11i.l ~ "OJKW".l1$1,, jJIJKii'J/.l.l"1~ t:l1$i1 01$11 t:ll;tt:lW l'K T.llK 1$::l 't:ll/"0 1J/1 il$!:l i'.l~1 1$ O?~ ,"010 1.ll;t.l~,, ill?K1 il/uiJ/1 ·.l1i1 l'l'lK - i;:1t:l.l~?'!:l 1J/W'1'K-0'.l 1J/i )'K -lll ::ll/.ll/l t:l1$i1 11 01$11 l'l?1i1 -1$0 l/::l'?t:lil$110.l~i~!:l ~ O?~ t:l.ll/i'il/.ll$ 11 l'K t:l?J/11 illl!l'B 11 !1K ,t:lJl:l1~ J/t:l0D't:l:l '11 11 1ll'1it:l.JK· 1J/D10 il/::l?J/11 , 't:ll/"0 -ol/J )1K ll/00.ll/W CJ/1 l'l'1K ll/1l/11 t:li'!:ll/l::li11 t:ll/11 t:ll/::liij

.1!l1K lllt:l

-1;tt:111;t ,, 1Yw,1w ,J/t:ll/El il/::l"i 1J11 T'K noK · 5w ,on il/1 -yt:l0'0 ~ l'l'1K ll/t:l!:ll/WJ/.l 11 t:li'!l )1K ,0 1t:ll/"01;t0 J/W'0i'l$, Kilo l"D ill t:ll;ti1 11$!lil/1 rn ,0 11K t:l!"ll'O . .ll/11. ll/W'tl~ -1$::l ~ 1ll::ll/.l9l$ )1K ii$' 1ll1J/' .l.l't:l'O ll/ ::l'?il/' ~ ll/!:lli· W t:l'.l CJ/?::11$19 J/il/111!1 ~ 1ll::ll;ti1· J/t:lt:l~J/::l '1 !~ ,1? 1!:lK t:l.li;t!'O .tl::l'i ?"11 ;t:i?l/.l ?ll'!l 11m t:l't:l )lt:l 1~ Ol;t11 t::l'.l ll/0"11 "! :1 11 i~!:l t:i'.l ,"t:l !:l~t:lDJ/.l,, t:li;ti1 i1t:in5o ,, oi;tn·olfi t:lll,ti1 "DllJT1::i,, l/ill"T -1t:l't:l0.l'K J/i''t:l ::l'11 1l/!:l?l/i10111~ ?l;tO~ ll/.ll/?!:l "! .t:l1~WJ/l 1ll:l l;ti1 "! Ol;t11 il/?K1 t:l.lll!'1t:l )1!) J/t:l~.l0 11K 1~ t:l'O t:l.l"i1 ,Oll'~ ,l"SO~i' CJ/1 i~!:l "llt:l'Ol;ti' W1K1WT1 ?~il/.ll/WT1,, il/1 ll/:lll.ll/.l , lll !:ll;ti1 l'l t:l?'1110 ." Dllll':l 1?t:li''it:l0,, "! ~:i IJ/il$11l/l l'K - i11nl ~ !'K'O !~ ,lllt:l:l~it:lil/1 1'110 ').:, 1'110 l'I !ll?l/11 "I I~ '1 i~!:l ll/.lil$1 W - :i,n ~ l/i'l$t:l 1~ ,i11~T.l ~ 11$.l t:l'.l 11K -J/l t:ll/11 .l.llil/1.ll/ '1 )1K ,J/t:l1m 11 i1$El '11 t:li'llB lli''1l/:ll,'?

.iJ/?J/lW 01$11 !J.'il/11 t:l:l~O

v,vm,l,,l ,v~',l,,l ,,~~ez· ~ v~,e~,~J~,,~ v~,,,,l,,l

OV'':l,~'~OJ'N O~?'i1 JiN 'i'K~ j~ \\':l

!1K J/W'!ll;tit:l.l~?'!l lli''.l"K ~:l JJ/11l/.l l'K 11$' J/t:l'il/? Dl;t1 t:l'O !J/Dl/TJ/l t:ll/0::l l'K'O .11;t' 0'!'1D ~ DJ/1~1t:l 1t:l0.l'K O!:l?'i1 ~ ,~D J/''il$D'?9~ 1~ llllil/1 t:l1$i1'o 11 ::i ,u.ll/i1 J1t:1.l"?1~.i 0J/''i1t:l't:l0.l'K Jli''.l"K IJ/:ll;ti1 1~!l1J/1 31?' i1 1~!l 1J/11$ "!Kl$?,, 1J15J111 110 rn ,l'T t:l"t:1W1~D .'t:l'1J/!lOl$1El )1!:l 11$' ~ t:1~i1J1.1

.0J/''i1t:l't:l0l'K 't:l'1J/901$1El '1 W ll$-!ll:l'1K CJ/1 ll/:ll/l91$

-Jl.l t:l'.l l'K'O .?1!:l 1Jl11J/.l "oHi:i1,, 11 l'K 11$' J/t:l'iJI? 01$1 l/1J/u?J/ )1!:l ll/t:l.l~i''?9~ i''?1t.ll/'i il;tB '1 1~£l !'1$?9 l"P ll/11 1~ JJ/01.ll/l.l"1~ t:li''t:l::ll/11$:l ll/.l"I J/::l?l/11 ,1ll'11£l !1K il/.ll/1:l t•K'O ?"11 ,ll/1:ll/.l.l"i~ t:l.ll/i'J/.l t:l'.l "I t:l1$i111:l 1J/:l1$ ,JJ/il/11 1J/1 ll/il/11 W t:lD'i.l~:l t:lil/11 l'K 1~£lil/i .)'~?El i"D l$t:l'.l ,!Jlt:ll/::l 35 t:)ll:) 0 1.li'T :iw,o Cl/1 1J/il/OJ/ilil$£l 11:::i 01?1'.'1$:l

.J/.11$? ,, 1Jl1J/l.l'1li~!:l 11$' J/::l'?t:ll/ 1~£) t:ll/11 01$11 t:l1~11J/.l .l.l~? '1!~ t:ll;ti1'0 ll/ ::l?l/11 l'l'lK ,"11$t:l"11J/?J/,, il/1 ~ ,IJ/'11::l '1 i'.l~1 ~ ,l'K ,i''t:l'1.l 1 1!~ 1l/11J/.l !'K 1J/:l?J/11 )1K 11!~ 111 ,t:l::ll/1 tl 10 )1K ,t:l~'K l'I t:lll/1!:l'o !1K ;t:i"i'::l'?i'i'11 .11$t:l"11ll?J/ 1$ 11\t l".ll$:l t:l"~ J/l.l~? ~!~ t:l.ll/i'J/.l l'I !l/0 t:ll;ti1 pK ,,,,,,,, ~ t:ie~n'o - t:l:ll/?ll.l!:l'1K wr-ir-i !J/Ji;ti1 t:l"? J/t:l?~ ,, 111 1l/t:ll/9W il/OJ/:l ,ll/1:l t:l.ll;tl 111 .t:lil/t:l~l:li~£l t:l'.l t:l1J/11'1:l

.?1$0.l"D

0J/ 1~1t:l1tl0 .l'K '1 !1!l ll/1W.l l'lK l'K ?Kt:l'901$i1 0 110 1J/1 !1!l t:l"'i J/u0J/1l '1 ."'t:l'il/901;ti9,, J/0'11.l ~ 1:ll;ti1 Ol;t11 -i~ 11 t:lllOJ/.l t:ll;ti1'0 11K ,ll/01 .li~!l ll/11J/.l JJ/t:ll/::l JI?~ lll.l"I 1l$' ~ ll/.l'ii' t:lll/i'l/.l t:ll;ti1'0 !':l - ll/::ll;t11 ?1$0~ !1K - .ll/u ll/0 l'l ll/1:ll/.l 1'i J/t:l'01$i' .l.l'1?'::l 1J/1 =J'lK ::lln ~ l'K'O .t:ll/:l Wt:li;tn )1K .?Kt:l1901;ti1 CJl".l Cl/1 !J/'1:l )1::i OJ/Ji~ 1J/1 W ll/!l~WJ/l lll.l"I Ol;t11 1J/?K1 1.ll/111t:l 750 '1 11$ l'l t:11"1110 11$ ,il/::11$ 1'0 ll/0"11 ,l1.ll/l t:l' l t:l"11. 1"1 ll/?J/11 ,!llil;t11J/l '11 ?J/.lW 1 1!~ I~ ,il/::l'I !'K'O )1K ,"C'.ln1.l1 C'll:lil.l ?K1W',, 1.l'i1K W !J/1.ll/11 1)1 t:ll/11'0 I~ l'K ,1ll'1::l lJ/?J/t:lW l'I OJ/11'0 1J/::ll;ti1 "I 111 t:lD.ll!l ,1'111 CJ/1 ll/il/::lt:l.ll/ "I JJ/?J/11 ?K1W' '.l::l 111:l ?Kt:l1901;ti1 1Jl".l 1J/1 ?"11 ,?1$~ Jlt:lW1J/ Ol;t1 t:l1J/!lt:l.ll/J/l l/t:IOJ/il 11 !Jll.l"1:l ?1$1 OJ/ ClK , !Jlt:l::l'l.l'i1 JI?~ l'K l/.lil/11;t0 1"1 )l!l !J/1'K 11 1~ 11:l::l ~ 1"1 f1K ll/Wt:l.ll/1:l J/D.l~iD 11 1~1.l

.t:l"t:l0 J1K t:ll;tt:lW 1J/T.l1K

.OJ11.ll;ti9 0 11il t:l::l~OJ/.l 11$' ll/t:l~J/? t:ll;ti1 "'il;tWT,, 91:ll/i'

.1J/1'i!lW 1J/l.ll$ll/li'J/11~ ,J/01$.lO'lK 11$ ,ll?~ lll.l"I 1J/1.l'D '1 ~ !~ ,90J/i' Cl/1 ll/il/OJ/i.li~!:l 111 1J/.ll/?9 t:l::l~l:l J/t:l'Ol;tD '1 )1!:l 0~1.11$19 '1 ,ll/:l:$11 "11~ '11 1J/0 l"t:lW lll.ll/i' ?1$1 1.l'D ,t:l1lli'l:l 111 !1K ,1.lJ/?l/t:ll!'ll/1'1!:lW 11$' ll/u~J/? jl/11J/l l'K 91:ll/i' -;:,~ )l!l C~i.l1$i9 J/t:lil/OJ/1.li~!:l ~ 1~ il;t' Ol;t1 l'l ll/0 t:l"1l il;tl - C~1.ll;ti9 1$ t:l~?l t:l'.l !1K .il/1.l'D '1 i~!:: !llt:ll/t:l'11't:l '1 i~!:l i''t:l'1.l ill"! !'K J/::l?J/11 ,C~1ll;ti!l \llll'l''t< ~ J/Dl$t:l

.il/1.l'D

oJv,,,,~,s ~,~o ,, 1,N ,,,N i~'J,, o,,,,, ,, i"N j~'