the psychodynamic model main assumptions: human functioning is shaped by “dynamic(interacting)”...

The Psychodynamic Model

Main assumptions:Human Functioning is shaped by

“Dynamic(interacting)” psychological forces

Psychological disorders are caused by emotional problems in the unconscious mind

The causes of these emotional problems can usually be traced back to early childhood

The relationship between child and parents is a crucial determinant of mental health

The symptoms of a disorder have a hidden meaning that can be decoded

The Unconscious MindThe conscious. The small amount of mental activity we know about.

The preconscious. Things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried.

The unconscious. Things we are unaware of and can not become aware of.

ThoughtsPerceptions

MemoriesStored knowledge

FearsUnacceptable sexual desiresViolent motivesIrrational wishesImmoral urgesSelfish needsShameful experiencesTraumatic experiences

The Psyche

Id:

Instincts

Superego:

Morality

Ego:

Reality

Healthy Psyche

Id Superego

Ego

OK Guys – I’m in charge. Anything you want has to go

through me.

OK. OK.

Neurotic Psyche

Id

Superego

Ego

Listen up! I’m in charge, and you are not here to enjoy yourselves. Get ready for a double-size portion of anxiety with a side

order of guilt!

No fun.

>whimper<

Psychotic Psyche

Id

SuperegoEgo

Sex! Food! Drink! Drugs! NOW!

Who turned out the lights?

Psychopathic Psyche

OK. First, gimme food. Then I want sex – lots of it and I don’t particularly care whether it’s with a willing partner. Then I want to hurt

people. Badly. Probably be hungry again after that so…

OK then. Let’s go.

Defense MechanismsFunction: Used by ego to defend

against anxiety

Involves distortion of reality

Operate unconsciously

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Defense Mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms(contd)

Denial Refusal to accept external

realities because too threatening to enter awareness

Repression Internal impulses and

memories too threatening so bared from entering awareness

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Projection• Attribute unacceptable

thoughts or impulses onto others (project these inappropriate thoughts etc onto others)

Displacement• Shifting attention from one

target that is no longer available to a more acceptable or “safer” substitute


Sublimation Healthiest defense

mechanism Compromise Takes socially unacceptable

impulses and turns them into something positive & acceptable

Rationalization Explaining an unacceptable

behavior in a way that overlooks present shortcomings or failures 11

Reaction Formation

• Converting unacceptable and dangerous impulses into something positive to reduce anxiety

Regression• Reverting to behavior that is

characteristic to an earlier stage of development when confronted with stress or anxiety


Identification Affiliation oneself

psychologically with a person, group or institution.

Wearing T-Shirts or jackets with sports teams.

Undoing Trying to undo an

unacceptable act. To nullify a negative activity

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Intellectualization

• Also called isolation of affect

• T ponder topics such as death and separation without the negative emotions

Isolation• Refusing to deal with or

encounter unpleasant objects or situations.


Compensation Covering up weakness. Bald people wearing hats.

Fantasy Gratifying frustrated

desires. Such as day dreaming.

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Emotional Insulation

• Coping with stress by engaging in actions rather than reflecting on internal feelings.

Aim Inhibition• Accepting a modified form

of the original goal• Such as becoming a

basketball coach rather than a professional athlete.

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages STAGEOral (0-18 months)

Anal (18-36 months)

Phallic (3-6 years)

Latency (6 to puberty)

Genital (puberty on)

FOCUSPleasure centers on the mouth-

sucking, chewing, biting

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings. Oedipus and Electra Complex Zone.

Dormant sexual feeling

Maturation of sexual interest

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Therapeutic Techniques of Psychoanalysis

Free associationPatient says whatever comes to mindCatharsis: Expression of emotions

that is expected to lead to the reduction of disturbing symptoms

Slips of tongue (“Freudian slip”) Jokes

Freud believed that unconscious desires and unfulfilled wishes are expressed through jokes and slips of the tongue

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Freudian “Slip & Joke”

Therapeutic Techniques of Psychoanalysis

Dream analysis The royal road to the unconscious and

Guardian of Sleep

◦Manifest content (what it Appeared to be)

◦Latent content (repressed Thoughts Seeking Expression)

According to Freud’s(1955) dream symbolism theory, dreams contain objects that depict male and female sexuality 17

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The Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology

The Personal and the Collective Unconscious

Jung shared, yet rejected, many of Freud's beliefs

Jung believed in the importance of the unconscious and the power of dream analysis

Jung favored spirituality and the notion of psychosocial rather than psychosexual energy

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The Personal and the Collective Unconscious

Jung referred to the personal unconscious as a collection of personal experiences

Coined the term ‘complex’ to reflect personal tension

Referred to a collective unconscious to reflect spiritual influences, composed of various archetypes, that are inherited and universal


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Specific ArchetypesThe mandala refers to the goal of a

developing unified self that is a unique process (individuation)

The anima refers to the feminine side of males, whereas the animus refers to the masculine side of females

The shadow archetype refers to the dark side of humanity


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Introversion–ExtroversionJung was the first person to make the

extroversion–introversion distinction Jung viewed extroversion as energy

habitually directed outward and introversion as energy habitually directed inward

Jung viewed extroversion and introversion as different cognitive states that affect attention and objectivity


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Adler’s perspective views each person as unique, and he represents a movement called individual psychology

Adler refuted Freud’s notion that sexual urges motivate people

Adler believed that people try to overcome a sense of inferiority that arises from a biological weakness (organ inferiority) or from a psychological weakness

The Neo-Freudians:Alfred Adler

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Styles of Life and the Meaning of Life

Styles of life are unique patterns of life expression that are the result of early life experiences

Meanings that are “gravely mistaken” result from situations that involve organ inferiority, pampered children, and neglected children


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Styles of Life and the Meaning of LifeOrgan inferiority contributes to humiliation

and defensiveness from social comparisons, but can be overcomed

Pampered children feel prominent and may react when they no longer feel this way

Neglected children may become cold and hostile due to their mistrust of others


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Styles of Life and the Meaning of Life Adler’s focus in therapy was on

discovering prototypes (early memories) called old remembrances that determine adult styles of life

Adler outlined four styles of life:1. Ruling Type: desire for control2. Getting Type: dependent on others3. Avoiding Type: avoidant and isolated4. Socially Useful Type: self-control and social

interest


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Social InterestSocial interest develops in childhood and is

influenced by the interaction with the mother

Adler referred to the superiority complex to describe persons having more interest in personal goals than in social interest, and overcompensating for feelings of inferiority

Research has reported low intercorrelations among measures of social interest


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Birth OrderAdler supported a link between birth

order and personality and outlined several types:

Only children are pampered and lack social interest

First-born children are conservative and obedient

Second-born children are best adjusted


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The Importance of Culture and Social Interactions

Horney believed that cultural factors influence personality and individual differences

Horney identified three contradictions for all people:

1. Success vs. Love2. Idealism vs. Frustration3. Independence vs. Situational constraints

The Neo-Freudians:Karen Horney

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Basic Anxiety and Basic HostilityHorney asserted that behavior is

directed by basic anxiety (helplessness, fear of abandonment)

Horney asserted that children develop basic hostility as a result of parental neglect

Horney suggested that a basic conflict arises from contradictions and is central to neurosis


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Moving Toward, Against, and Away From People

For Horney, neurosis stems from opposing desires to move toward, against, and away from others which she called attitudes

The Neurotic NeedsHorney outlined ten neurotic needs that

reflect personal maladjustment in moving toward, against, and away from people


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The Rorschach Inkblot TestThe Rorschach Inkblot Test consists

of color and back-and-white inkblots of ambiguous stimuli

A participant is presented with 10 inkblots and required to state what is seen in each stimulus

Personality is thus projected onto the inkblot

Psychodynamic Assessment Techniques

Thank You

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