the ptolemy project: from an idea to a real experiment for ...€¦ · cocco, mangano, messina:...
TRANSCRIPT
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23 May 2018
Dr. Marcello Messina New York University Abu Dhabi
The PTOLEMY project:
from an idea to a real experiment for detecting Cosmological Relic Neutrinos
!1
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!2
Looking Back in Time
10 -36 seconds
after Big Bang era of primordial gravitational waves
1 seconds
after Big Bang CNB
380.000 years after Big Bang
CMB
neutrinos
photons
gravitational waves
today
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!2
Looking Back in Time
10 -36 seconds
after Big Bang era of primordial gravitational waves
1 seconds
after Big Bang CNB
380.000 years after Big Bang
CMB
neutrinos
photons
gravitational waves
today
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Cosmological Relic NeutrinosWhat we know that Cosmological Neutrino Background (CNB)
density per flavor
mean kinetic energy
temperature
p distribution without late-time small scale clustering and µ/ Tν<0.1
Date of birth
Wave function extension
Highest flow among known Components of the Universe
!3
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!4
An unstable nucleus is an optimal target
for very low energy neutrino detection
e±
νe(−)
(A, Z) (A, Z ± 1)
β decay
e±
νe(−)
Neutrino Capture on a Beta decaying nucleus
(NCB) (A, Z)(A, Z ± 1)
This process has no energy threshold !
W. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. 128 1962
A.G.Cocco, G.Mangano and M.Messina JCAP 06(2007) 015
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NCB signatureNeutrino masses ~ 0.5 eV are compatible with the present picture of our Universe.
The events induced by Neutrino Capture have a unique signature: there is a gap of 2mν between the NCB electron energy and the energy of beta decay electrons at the endpoint.
NCB
Beta decay
Qβ
mνTe
mν≠ 0
mν= 0
2mν
Eve
nts/
bin
!5
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!6
Signal to background ratio
Observing the last energy bins of width Δ
It works for Δ<mv
dn/dTe β
mν Te
2mν
where the last term is the probability for a beta decay electron at the endpoint to be measured beyond the 2mν gap
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!6
Signal to background ratio
Observing the last energy bins of width Δ
Δ
It works for Δ<mv
dn/dTe β
mν Te
2mν
where the last term is the probability for a beta decay electron at the endpoint to be measured beyond the 2mν gap
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!6
Signal to background ratio
Observing the last energy bins of width Δ
It works for Δ<mv
dn/dTe β
mν Te
2mν
where the last term is the probability for a beta decay electron at the endpoint to be measured beyond the 2mν gap
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!6
Signal to background ratio
Observing the last energy bins of width Δ
It works for Δ<mv
dn/dTe β
mν Te
2mν
Δ ΔΔ
where the last term is the probability for a beta decay electron at the endpoint to be measured beyond the 2mν gap
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NCB Cross Sectionas a function of Eν, Qβ for different nuclear spin transitions
allowed 1st unique forbidden 2nd unique forbidden 3rd unique forbidden
allowed 1st unique forbidden 2nd unique forbidden 3rd unique forbidden
β+ (bottom)
β− (top) Qβ = 1 keV Qβ = 100 keV Qβ = 10 MeV
A.G.Cocco, G.Mangano and M.Messina JCAP 06(2007) 015
!7
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NCB Cross Sectionresults achieved so far
• Exist a process (NCB) that allows in principle the detection of neutrinos of vanishing energy!
• The cross section (rate) does not vanish when the neutrino energy becomes negligible!
• NCB cross section can be evaluated by means of known quantities (t1/2) and the ratio of the nuclear shape factors.
!8
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Relic Neutrino Capture Rates
• Target mass: 100 grams of tritium (2 x 1025 nuclei) • Cross section σ(v/c)=(7.84±0.03)x10-45cm2 (known at <0.5 %) • Estimate of Relic Neutrino Capture Rate: (56 νe/cm3) (2 x 1025 nuclei) (10-44 cm2) (3 x 1010 cm/s) (3 x107s)= 10 events/yr
!9
Cocco, Mangano, Messina: JCAP 0706 (2007) 015
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Relic Neutrino Capture Rates
• Target mass: 100 grams of tritium (2 x 1025 nuclei) • Cross section σ(v/c)=(7.84±0.03)x10-45cm2 (known at <0.5 %) • Estimate of Relic Neutrino Capture Rate: (56 νe/cm3) (2 x 1025 nuclei) (10-44 cm2) (3 x 1010 cm/s) (3 x107s)= 10 events/yr
!9
Ringwald and Wong (2004)
Gravitational clumping could potentially increase the local number of relic neutrinos. For low masses ~0.15eV, the local enhancement is ~<10%
Villaescusa-Navarro et al (2011) PF de Salas, S Gariazzo, J Lesgourges, S. Pastor JCAP 09(2017)034
Cocco, Mangano, Messina: JCAP 0706 (2007) 015
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Relic Neutrino Capture Rates
• Target mass: 100 grams of tritium (2 x 1025 nuclei) • Cross section σ(v/c)=(7.84±0.03)x10-45cm2 (known at <0.5 %) • Estimate of Relic Neutrino Capture Rate: (56 νe/cm3) (2 x 1025 nuclei) (10-44 cm2) (3 x 1010 cm/s) (3 x107s)= 10 events/yr
!9
Ringwald and Wong (2004)
Gravitational clumping could potentially increase the local number of relic neutrinos. For low masses ~0.15eV, the local enhancement is ~<10%
Villaescusa-Navarro et al (2011) PF de Salas, S Gariazzo, J Lesgourges, S. Pastor JCAP 09(2017)034
Cocco, Mangano, Messina: JCAP 0706 (2007) 015
A. J. Long, C Lunardini and E Sabancilar JCAP 08(2014)038
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!10
The
PTOLEMY
PonTecorvoObservatoryforLight,Early-Universe, Massive Neutrino Yield
Experiment
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PTOLEMY Experimental Layout
!11
Princeton Tritium Observatory for Light, Early-universe, Massive-neutrino Yield
Tritium Storage Cell (Surface Deposition)
High Field Solenoid
Long High Uniformity Solenoid (~2T)
Accelerating Potential
MAC-E filter (De-accelerating
Potential)
Accelerating Potential
RF Tracking (38-46 GHz)
Time-of-Flight (De-accelerating
Potential)
Cryogenic Calorimeter (σ~0.15eV)
Low Field Region
e-
E0-18.4keV
0-1keV (~150eV)
E0
E0+30kV
~50-150eV below
Endpoint
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PTOLEMY Experimental Layout
!11
Princeton Tritium Observatory for Light, Early-universe, Massive-neutrino Yield
Tritium Storage Cell (Surface Deposition)
High Field Solenoid
Long High Uniformity Solenoid (~2T)
Accelerating Potential
MAC-E filter (De-accelerating
Potential)
Accelerating Potential
RF Tracking (38-46 GHz)
Time-of-Flight (De-accelerating
Potential)
Cryogenic Calorimeter (σ~0.15eV)
Low Field Region
e-
E0-18.4keV
0-1keV (~150eV)
E0
E0+30kV
~50-150eV below
Endpoint
e- from Tritium start here
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PTOLEMY Experimental Layout
!11
Princeton Tritium Observatory for Light, Early-universe, Massive-neutrino Yield
Tritium Storage Cell (Surface Deposition)
High Field Solenoid
Long High Uniformity Solenoid (~2T)
Accelerating Potential
MAC-E filter (De-accelerating
Potential)
Accelerating Potential
RF Tracking (38-46 GHz)
Time-of-Flight (De-accelerating
Potential)
Cryogenic Calorimeter (σ~0.15eV)
Low Field Region
e-
E0-18.4keV
0-1keV (~150eV)
E0
E0+30kV
~50-150eV below
Endpoint
e- from Tritium start here
Filter removes most low energy e-
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PTOLEMY Experimental Layout
!11
Princeton Tritium Observatory for Light, Early-universe, Massive-neutrino Yield
Tritium Storage Cell (Surface Deposition)
High Field Solenoid
Long High Uniformity Solenoid (~2T)
Accelerating Potential
MAC-E filter (De-accelerating
Potential)
Accelerating Potential
RF Tracking (38-46 GHz)
Time-of-Flight (De-accelerating
Potential)
Cryogenic Calorimeter (σ~0.15eV)
Low Field Region
e-
E0-18.4keV
0-1keV (~150eV)
E0
E0+30kV
~50-150eV below
Endpoint
e- from Tritium start here
Filter removes most low energy e-
Tracker identifies e-
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PTOLEMY Experimental Layout
!11
Princeton Tritium Observatory for Light, Early-universe, Massive-neutrino Yield
Tritium Storage Cell (Surface Deposition)
High Field Solenoid
Long High Uniformity Solenoid (~2T)
Accelerating Potential
MAC-E filter (De-accelerating
Potential)
Accelerating Potential
RF Tracking (38-46 GHz)
Time-of-Flight (De-accelerating
Potential)
Cryogenic Calorimeter (σ~0.15eV)
Low Field Region
e-
E0-18.4keV
0-1keV (~150eV)
E0
E0+30kV
~50-150eV below
Endpoint
e- from Tritium start here
Filter removes most low energy e-
Tracker identifies e-
Calorimeter measures e-
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!12
PTOLEMY
Robot Arm for Tritiated-Graphene Samples
R&D Prototype @ PPPL (August 2, 2016)
Supported by: The Simons Foundation The John Templeton Foundation
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!12
Dilution Refrigerator
Kelvinox MX400
StarCryo Microcalorimeter
PTOLEMY
Robot Arm for Tritiated-Graphene Samples
R&D Prototype @ PPPL (August 2, 2016)
Supported by: The Simons Foundation The John Templeton Foundation
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The PTOLEMY prototype
!13
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Major Challenges• Compress a 70m spectrometer length – KATRIN’s length – down to
~cm scale and replicate it ~x104-106 and reduce e flow by 1014
• Reduce molecular smearing
– New source (Tritiated-Graphene) • Measure the energy spectrum directly with a resolution comparable
to the neutrino mass
– High-resolution electron microcalorimeter
• New ExB filter concept
• RF trigger system
• Low 14C!14
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Molecular Broadening
!15
4.7eV~3eV He3 recoil
at endpoint
T-T ! (T-He3)*
Tritiated-Graphene - <3eV Binding Energy - Single-sided (loaded on substrate) - Planar (uniform bond length) - Semiconductor (Voltage Reference) - Polarized tritium(directionality?)
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Molecular Broadening
!15
4.7eV~3eV He3 recoil
at endpoint
T-T ! (T-He3)*
Graphene<3eV binding
energy
Tritiated-Graphene - <3eV Binding Energy - Single-sided (loaded on substrate) - Planar (uniform bond length) - Semiconductor (Voltage Reference) - Polarized tritium(directionality?)
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Cold Plasma Loading
!16
H Plasma
Below 1eV
Ehemann et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:198
Y. Raitses et al.
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Cold Plasma Loading at PPPL
!17
2009 Science DC plasma. H coverage 10%2009 ACS Nano Capacitive coupled RF plasma. H coverage 17%2010 APL RF hydrogen plasma. H coverage 9%2011, Carbon Oxford Plasmalab 1000. H coverage less than 10%
2011 Advance Material. STM hydrogen dose, Hydrogen coverage max 25.6%
2014, Applied materials &interfaces
RIE system. H coverage 33%
2015, ACS nano HPHT. H coverage 10%
XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) Analysis: sp2 is from unhydrogenated C atoms. sp3 is hydrogenated C atoms. The area ratio of sp2 and sp3 is used to calculate H coverage.
40% H Coverage
H coverage summary from the literature
New Results! ! BNL Center for Functional Nanomaterials ! Cryogenic Hydrogen loading and STM Analysis
Best results – aim to achieve saturation at 100% while preserving quality of Graphene
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Resolution of ~0.55eV at 1keV and ~0.15eV at 0.1keV operating at 70-100mK under investigation (Clarence Chang ANL, Moseley et. al. GSFC/NASA)
Magnetic fields of few tens of Gauss may be able to thread through normal regions
!18Bill Jones
Calorimetric measurement based on Transition Edges Sensors technology
TES sensitive to magnetic field
EC G
τ = C
SPIDER island TES example
100 eV electron can be stopped in a very small absorber absorber i.e. small C
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Microcal for IR Photons
IR TES achieve 0.12 eV resolution at 0.8 eV for single IR photons
Results from INRIM (Torino) - Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica
σE = 0.05eV
!19
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!20
Thread electron trajectories (magnetic field lines) through an array of Project-8 type antennas with wide bandwidth (few x10-5) to identify cyclotron RF signal in transit times of order 0.2 msec. The timing resolution expected is ~10ns depending on micro-calorimeter response.
RF tracking and time-of-flight
Norman Jarosik
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PTOLEMY multi-g
• Different geometries were investigated
!21
Kassiopeia VTK display
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PTOLEMY multi-g
• Different geometries were investigated
!21
Kassiopeia VTK display
B
E
e
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PTOLEMY multi-g
• Different geometries were investigated
!21
Kassiopeia VTK display
B
E
e
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!22
High Voltage System and Monitoring
σ = 0.03 V at 5 kV
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!23
LoI submitted to the LNGS Scientific Committee and to the INFN-Commissione II
The LoI proposes to install and run the PTOLEMY prototype underground at LNGS to accomplish the proof of principle of the PTOLEMY experimental concept.
Waiting for approval
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World Map of the PTOLEMY collaboration
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World Map of the PTOLEMY collaboration
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Summary
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What 10 years ago appeared to be challenging is presently
much closer to be feasable.
Although a big amount of work is needed in order to properly design the detector
Models and simulations have been partially setup
Many more studies need to be done (e.g. E-gun, RF signal)
Many more (smart) ideas are needed
Collaborators are very welcome !!