the qgp dynamics in relativistic heavy -ion collisions
TRANSCRIPT
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The QGP dynamics in relativistic The QGP dynamics in relativistic
heavyheavy--ion collisionsion collisions
EElenalena BratkovskayaBratkovskaya
Institut fInstitut füür Theoretische Physikr Theoretische Physik & FIAS, & FIAS,
Uni. FrankfurtUni. Frankfurt
Kruger2014: The International Workshop on Discovery Kruger2014: The International Workshop on Discovery
Physics at the LHCPhysics at the LHC, ,
ProteaProtea Hotel Kruger GateHotel Kruger Gate, S, Soouth Africauth Africa
11--5 December 20145 December 2014
The holy grail of heavyThe holy grail of heavy--ion physics:ion physics:
•• Study of the Study of the phase phase
transitiontransition from from
hadronic to partonic hadronic to partonic
matter matter ––
QuarkQuark--GluonGluon--PlasmaPlasma
•• Search for the Search for the critical pointcritical point
•• Study of the Study of the inin--mediummedium properties of hadrons at high baryon density properties of hadrons at high baryon density
and temperatureand temperature
The phase diagram of QCDThe phase diagram of QCD
3
Dynamical models for HICDynamical models for HIC
MacroscopicMacroscopic MicroscopicMicroscopic
‚‚HybridHybrid‘‘QGP phase: hydro with QGP EoS QGP phase: hydro with QGP EoS
hadronic freezehadronic freeze--out: after burner out: after burner --
hadronhadron--string transport modelstring transport model
((‚‚hybridhybrid‘‘--UrQMD, EPOS, UrQMD, EPOS, ……))
fireballfireball models:models: no explicit dynamics: no explicit dynamics:
parametrized time parametrized time
evolution evolution (TAMU)(TAMU)
idealideal(Jyv(Jyvääskylskylää,SHASTA,,SHASTA,
TAMU, TAMU, ……) )
NonNon--equilibrium microscopic transport modelsequilibrium microscopic transport models ––
based on manybased on many--body theorybody theory
HadronHadron--string string
modelsmodels(UrQMD, IQMD, HSD, (UrQMD, IQMD, HSD,
QGSM QGSM ……))
Partonic cascadesPartonic cascades
pQCD basedpQCD based(Duke, BAMPS, (Duke, BAMPS, ……))
PartonParton--hadron models:hadron models:
QGP: QGP: pQCDpQCD based cascadebased cascade
massless q, gmassless q, g
hadronization: coalescencehadronization: coalescence
(AMPT, (AMPT, HIJINGHIJING))
QGP: QGP: lQCD EoSlQCD EoS
massive quasimassive quasi--particlesparticles
(q and g with spectral functions) (q and g with spectral functions)
in selfin self--generated meangenerated mean--fieldfield
dynamical hadronizationdynamical hadronization
HG: offHG: off--shell dynamicsshell dynamics
(applicable for strongly interacting (applicable for strongly interacting
systems) systems)
viscousviscous(Romachkke,(2+1)D VISH2+1, (Romachkke,(2+1)D VISH2+1,
(3+1)D MUSIC,(3+1)D MUSIC,……))
hydrohydro--models:models: description of QGP and hadronic phasedescription of QGP and hadronic phase
by hydrodanamical equations for fluidby hydrodanamical equations for fluid
assumption of local equilibriumassumption of local equilibrium
EoS with phase transition from QGP to HGEoS with phase transition from QGP to HG
initial conditions (einitial conditions (e--bb--e, fluctuating)e, fluctuating)
4444
SemiSemi--classical BUU equationclassical BUU equation
coll
prrt
f)t,p,r(f)t,r(U)t,p,r(f
m
p)t,p,r(f
t
∂∂∂∂
∂∂∂∂====∇∇∇∇∇∇∇∇−−−−∇∇∇∇++++
∂∂∂∂
∂∂∂∂ rrrrrrrrr
rrrrr
BoltzmannBoltzmann--UehlingUehling--Uhlenbeck equation Uhlenbeck equation (non(non--relativistic formulation)relativistic formulation)
-- propagation of particles in the propagation of particles in the selfself--generated Hartreegenerated Hartree--Fock meanFock mean--field field
potential potential U(r,t)U(r,t) with an onwith an on--shellshell collision term:collision term:
)termFock()t,p,r(f)t,rr(Vpdrd)2(
1)t,r(U 33
3
occ
++++′′′′′′′′−−−−′′′′==== ∑∑∑∑∫∫∫∫rrrr
h
r
ββββππππ
)t,p,r(frr
is the is the single particle phasesingle particle phase--space distribution function space distribution function
-- probability to find the particle at position probability to find the particle at position rr with momentum with momentum pp at time at time tt
selfself--generated generated HartreeHartree--Fock meanFock mean--field potential:field potential:
Ludwig Boltzmann
collision term: collision term:
elastic and elastic and
inelastic reactionsinelastic reactions
P)4321(d
d)pppp(||dpdpd
)2(
4I 4321
3
123
3
2
3
3coll ⋅⋅⋅⋅++++→→→→++++⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−−−−−++++==== ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫ ΩΩΩΩ
σσσσδδδδυυυυΩΩΩΩ
ππππ
rrrr
Probability includingProbability including Pauli blocking of fermions:Pauli blocking of fermions:
)f1)(f1(ff)f1)(f1(ffP 43212143 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−====
Gain term: 3+4Gain term: 3+41+21+2 Loss term: 1+2Loss term: 1+23+43+4
Collision termCollision term for 1+2for 1+23+4 (let3+4 (let‘‘s consider fermions) s consider fermions) ::
1
2
3
4
t∆∆∆∆
12υυυυ
5555
Dynamical description of strongly interacting systemsDynamical description of strongly interacting systems
SemiSemi--classical onclassical on--shell BUU:shell BUU: appliesapplies for small collisional width, i.e. for a weakly for small collisional width, i.e. for a weakly
interacting systems of particlesinteracting systems of particles
Quantum field theory Quantum field theory
KadanoffKadanoff--Baym dynamicsBaym dynamics for resummed singlefor resummed single--particle Green functions Sparticle Green functions S<<
(1962)(1962)
Leo KadanoffLeo Kadanoff Gordon BaymGordon Baym
)M(S 2
0
x
x
1
x0 ++++∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂−−−−≡≡≡≡−−−−µµµµ
µµµµ
advancedSSSSS
retardedSSSSS
a
xyxyxy
c
xy
adv
xy
a
xyxyxy
c
xy
ret
xy
−−−−−−−−====−−−−====
−−−−−−−−====−−−−====
<<<<>>>>
>>>><<<<
anticausal)y(Φ)x(ΦTiS
causal)y(Φ)x(ΦTiS
)x(Φ)y(ΦiS
)x(Φ)y(ΦηiS
aa
xy
cc
xy
xy
xy
−−−−⟩⟩⟩⟩⟨⟨⟨⟨====
−−−−⟩⟩⟩⟩⟨⟨⟨⟨====
⟩⟩⟩⟩⟨⟨⟨⟨====
⟩⟩⟩⟩⟨⟨⟨⟨====
++++
++++
++++>>>>
++++<<<<
Green functions SGreen functions S< < / self/ self--energies energies ΣΣΣΣΣΣΣΣ::
operatororderingtime)anti()T(T
)fermions/bosons(1
ca −−−−−−−−−−−−
±±±±====ηηηη
Integration over the intermediate spacetimeIntegration over the intermediate spacetime
How to describeHow to describe strongly interacting systems?!strongly interacting systems?!
6666
From KadanoffFrom Kadanoff--Baym equations to Baym equations to
generalized transport equationsgeneralized transport equations
After the After the first order gradient expansion of the Wigner transformed first order gradient expansion of the Wigner transformed KadanoffKadanoff--Baym Baym
equations and separation into the real and imaginary parts one gequations and separation into the real and imaginary parts one gets:ets:
Backflow termBackflow term incorporates theincorporates the offoff--shellshell behavior in the particle propagationbehavior in the particle propagation
!! vanishes in the quasiparticle limitvanishes in the quasiparticle limit AAXPXP δδδδδδδδ(p(p22--MM22) )
Spectral function:Spectral function:
–– ‚‚widthwidth‘‘ of spectral functionof spectral function
= = reaction ratereaction rate of particle (at spaceof particle (at space--time position X)time position X)
44--dimentional generalizaton of the Poissondimentional generalizaton of the Poisson--bracket:bracket:
W. Cassing , S. Juchem, NPA 665 (2000) 377; 672 (2000) 417; 677 W. Cassing , S. Juchem, NPA 665 (2000) 377; 672 (2000) 417; 677 (2000) 445(2000) 445
GTE: GTE: Propagation of the GreenPropagation of the Green‘‘s functions function iiSS<<XPXP=A=AXPXPNNXPXP , , which carries which carries
information not only on the information not only on the number of particlesnumber of particles ((NNXPXP)), but also on their , but also on their properties,properties,
interactions and correlationsinteractions and correlations (via (via AAXPXP))
ΓΓΓΓΣΣΣΣΓΓΓΓ 0
ret
XPXP p2Im ====−−−−====
drift termdrift term Vlasov termVlasov term collision term =collision term = ‚‚gaingain‘‘ -- ‚‚lossloss‘‘ termtermbackflow termbackflow term
Generalized transport equations (GTE):Generalized transport equations (GTE):
ΓΓΓΓττττ
ch==== Life timeLife time
77
From SIS to LHC: from hadrons to partonsFrom SIS to LHC: from hadrons to partons
The goal:The goal: to to study of the phase transitionstudy of the phase transition from hadronic to partonic matter from hadronic to partonic matter
and properties of the Quarkand properties of the Quark--GluonGluon--Plasma from Plasma from microscopic originmicroscopic origin
need aneed a consistent nonconsistent non--equilibrium transport modelequilibrium transport model
with explicit with explicit partonparton--parton interactions parton interactions (i.e. between quarks and gluons)(i.e. between quarks and gluons)
explicit explicit phase transitionphase transition from hadronic to partonic degrees of freedomfrom hadronic to partonic degrees of freedom
lQCD EoS lQCD EoS for partonic phase (for partonic phase (‚‚crossovercrossover‘‘ at at µµµµµµµµqq=0)=0)
PPartonarton--HHadronadron--SStringtring--DDynamics (ynamics (PHSDPHSD))
QGP phase QGP phase described bydescribed by
DDynamical ynamical QQuasiuasiPParticle article MModel odel (DQPMDQPM)
Transport theoryTransport theory: off: off--shell Kadanoffshell Kadanoff--Baym equations Baym equations for the for the
GreenGreen--functions Sfunctions S<<hh(x,p) in phase(x,p) in phase--space representation for thespace representation for the
partonicpartonic and and hadronic phasehadronic phase
A. Peshier, W. Cassing, PRL 94 (2005) 172301;A. Peshier, W. Cassing, PRL 94 (2005) 172301;
Cassing, NPA 791 (2007) 365: NPA 793 (2007) Cassing, NPA 791 (2007) 365: NPA 793 (2007)
W. Cassing, E. Bratkovskaya, PRC 78 (2008) 034919;W. Cassing, E. Bratkovskaya, PRC 78 (2008) 034919;
NPA831 (2009) 215; NPA831 (2009) 215;
W. Cassing, W. Cassing, EEPJ ST PJ ST 168168 (2009) (2009) 33
88
DQPM DQPM describes describes QCDQCD properties in terms ofproperties in terms of ‚‚resummedresummed‘‘ singlesingle--particle particle
GreenGreen‘‘s functionss functions –– in the sense of a twoin the sense of a two--particle irreducible (particle irreducible (2PI2PI) approach:) approach:
A. Peshier, W. Cassing, PRL 94 (2005) 172301;A. Peshier, W. Cassing, PRL 94 (2005) 172301;
Cassing, NPA 791 (2007) 365: NPA 793 (2007) Cassing, NPA 791 (2007) 365: NPA 793 (2007)
Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM) Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM) -- Basic ideas:Basic ideas:
the the resummedresummed properties are specified by properties are specified by complex selfcomplex self--energiesenergies which depend which depend
on temperatureon temperature::
---- thethe real part of selfreal part of self--energies energies ((ΣΣqq,,ΠΠ)) describes a describes a dynamically generateddynamically generated massmass
((MMqq,M,Mgg));;
---- the the imaginary part imaginary part describes thedescribes the interaction widthinteraction width of of partonspartons ((ΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓqq,, ΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓgg))
spacespace--like part of energylike part of energy--momentum tensor momentum tensor TTµνµνµνµνµνµνµνµν defines the potential energy defines the potential energy
density and the density and the meanmean--field potentialfield potential (1PI) for quarks and gluons(1PI) for quarks and gluons (U(Uqq, U, Ugg))
2PI frame2PI framewwork ork guarantguarantiieses a consistent description of the systema consistent description of the system inin-- and outand out--ofoff f
equilibriumequilibrium on the basis ofon the basis of KadanoffKadanoff--BaymBaym equations equations with proper states in with proper states in
equilibriumequilibrium
Gluon propagator:Gluon propagator: ∆∆--11 =P=P22 -- ΠΠ gluon selfgluon self--energy:energy: ΠΠ=M=Mgg22--i2i2ΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓggωω
Quark propagator:Quark propagator: SSqq--11 = P= P22 -- ΣΣqq quark selfquark self--energy:energy: ΣΣqq=M=Mqq
22--i2i2ΓΓΓΓΓΓΓΓqqωω
99
The Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM)The Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM)
PropertiesProperties of of interacting quasiinteracting quasi--particles:particles:
massive quarks and gluonsmassive quarks and gluons (g, q, q(g, q, qbarbar))
withwith Lorentzian spectral functions :Lorentzian spectral functions :
DQPM: Peshier, Cassing, PRL 94 (2005) 172301;DQPM: Peshier, Cassing, PRL 94 (2005) 172301;
Cassing, NPA 791 (2007) 365: NPA 793 (2007) Cassing, NPA 791 (2007) 365: NPA 793 (2007)
with with 3 parameters:3 parameters: TTss/T/Tcc=0.46; =0.46; cc=28.8; =28.8; λλλλλλλλ=2.42=2.42(for pure glue N(for pure glue Nff=0)=0)
fit to lattice (lQCD) results fit to lattice (lQCD) results (e.g. entropy density)(e.g. entropy density)
(((( )))) (T)ω4(T)Mpω
(T)ω4)T,(A
2
i
222
i
22
ii
ΓΓΓΓ
ΓΓΓΓωωωω
++++−−−−−−−−====
v
)g,q,qi( ====
running couplingrunning coupling (pure glue):(pure glue):
NNcc = 3, N= 3, Nff=3=3
mass:mass:
width:width:
gluons:gluons: quarks:quarks:
lQCD: pure gluelQCD: pure glue
Modeling of the quark/gluon masses and widths Modeling of the quark/gluon masses and widths HTL limit at high THTL limit at high T
1010
The Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM)The Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM)
Peshier, Cassing, PRL 94 (2005) 172301; Cassing, NPA 791 (2007Peshier, Cassing, PRL 94 (2005) 172301; Cassing, NPA 791 (2007) 365: NPA 793 (2007) ) 365: NPA 793 (2007)
Quasiparticle properties:Quasiparticle properties:
large width and mass for gluons and quarks large width and mass for gluons and quarks
••DQPMDQPM matches well matches well lattice QCDlattice QCD
••DQPMDQPM provides provides meanmean--fields (1PI) for gluons and quarksfields (1PI) for gluons and quarks
as well as as well as effective 2effective 2--body interactions (2PI)body interactions (2PI)
••DQPMDQPM gives gives transition ratestransition rates for the formation of hadrons for the formation of hadrons PHSDPHSD
fit to lattice (lQCD) results fit to lattice (lQCD) results (e.g. entropy density)(e.g. entropy density)
* * BMW lQCD data S. Borsanyi et al., JHEP 1009 (2010) 073BMW lQCD data S. Borsanyi et al., JHEP 1009 (2010) 073
TTCC=158 MeV=158 MeV
εεεεεεεεCC=0.5 GeV/fm=0.5 GeV/fm33
10
1111
Initial A+A collisionsInitial A+A collisions::
-- stringstring formation in primary NN collisionsformation in primary NN collisions
-- strings decay to strings decay to prepre--hadronshadrons ((BB -- baryons, baryons, mm –– mesons)mesons)
Formation of QGP stage Formation of QGP stage by dissolution of preby dissolution of pre--hadronshadrons
intointo massive colored quarks + meanmassive colored quarks + mean--field energyfield energy
based on thebased on the Dynamical QuasiDynamical Quasi--Particle Model (DQPM)Particle Model (DQPM)
which defines which defines quark spectral functions, quark spectral functions, masses masses MMqq((εε)) and widths and widths ΓΓqq ((εε))
+ + meanmean--field potential field potential UUqq at givenat given εε –– local energy density local energy density
( related by ( related by lQCD EoSlQCD EoS to to T T -- temperature in the local cell)temperature in the local cell)
PartonParton Hadron String DynamicsHadron String Dynamics
I. I. From hadrons to QGP:From hadrons to QGP: QGP phase:QGP phase:
ε ε > > εεcriticalcritical
II. II. Partonic Partonic phasephase -- QGP:QGP:
quarks and gluons (= quarks and gluons (= ‚‚dynamical dynamical quasiparticlesquasiparticles‘‘))
withwith offoff--shell spectral functionsshell spectral functions (width, mass) defined by the DQPM(width, mass) defined by the DQPM
in in selfself--generated meangenerated mean--field potential field potential for quarks and gluonsfor quarks and gluons UUqq, , UUg g
EoSEoS of partonic phase: of partonic phase: ‚‚crossovercrossover‘‘ from lattice QCD from lattice QCD (fitted by DQPM)(fitted by DQPM)
(quasi(quasi--) elastic and inelastic ) elastic and inelastic partonparton--partonparton interactions:interactions:
using the effective cross sections from the DQPM using the effective cross sections from the DQPM
IV. IV. Hadronic phase:Hadronic phase: hadronhadron--string interactions string interactions –– offoff--shell HSDshell HSD
massive, offmassive, off--shell (antishell (anti--)quarks )quarks with broad spectral functions with broad spectral functions
hadronizehadronize toto offoff--shell mesons and baryons or color neutral excited states shell mesons and baryons or color neutral excited states --
‚‚stringsstrings‘‘ (strings act as (strings act as ‚‚doorway statesdoorway states‘‘ for hadrons) for hadrons)
III. III. Hadronization:Hadronization: based on DQPMbased on DQPM
W. Cassing, E. Bratkovskaya, PRC 78 (2008) 034919;W. Cassing, E. Bratkovskaya, PRC 78 (2008) 034919;
NPA831 (2009) 215; NPA831 (2009) 215; EEPJ ST PJ ST 168168 (2009) (2009) 33; ; NNPPA856A856 (2011) (2011) 162162..
1212
Properties of the QGP Properties of the QGP in equilibriumin equilibrium
using PHSDusing PHSD
1313
Properties of partonProperties of parton--hadron matter: shear viscosityhadron matter: shear viscosity
T=TT=TCC:: ηηηηηηηη/s/s showsshows a a minimumminimum (~0.1)(~0.1)
close to the critical temperatureclose to the critical temperature
T>TT>TCC :: QGP QGP -- pQCDpQCD limitlimit at higher at higher
temperaturestemperatures
T<TT<TCC:: fast increase of the ratio fast increase of the ratio
h/s forh/s for hadronic matterhadronic matter
lower interaction rate of hadronic lower interaction rate of hadronic
systemsystem
smaller number of degrees of freedom smaller number of degrees of freedom
(or entropy density)(or entropy density) for hadronic matter for hadronic matter
compared to the QGPcompared to the QGP
QGPQGP in PHSD in PHSD = = stronglystrongly--interacting liquidinteracting liquid
ηηηηηηηη/s/s using using Kubo formalismKubo formalism and the and the relaxation time approximationrelaxation time approximation ((‚‚kinetic theorykinetic theory‘‘))
Virial expansion: Virial expansion: S. S. MattielloMattiello, , W. W. CassingCassing, ,
EurEur. Phys. J. C 70, 243. Phys. J. C 70, 243 (2010)(2010)
V. Ozvenchuk et al., PRC 87 (2013) V. Ozvenchuk et al., PRC 87 (2013) 064903064903
QGPQGP
1414
Properties of partonProperties of parton--hadron matter: hadron matter:
electric conductivityelectric conductivity
the the QCDQCD mattermatter even at Teven at T~~ TTcc is is
a a much better electric conductor much better electric conductor
than Cu or Agthan Cu or Ag (at room (at room
temperature)temperature) by a factor of 500 !by a factor of 500 !
The response of the stronglyThe response of the strongly--interactinginteracting system in equilibrium to an system in equilibrium to an
external electric field external electric field eEeEzz defines the defines the electric conductivityelectric conductivity σσσσσσσσ00::
W. Cassing et al., PRL 110(2013)182301W. Cassing et al., PRL 110(2013)182301
Photon (dilepton) ratesPhoton (dilepton) rates at qat q000 are 0 are
related to electric related to electric conductivity conductivity σσσσσσσσ00
Probe of Probe of electric properties of the QGPelectric properties of the QGP
03
0q
340 σπ4
T
qdxd
dRq
0
====→→→→
1515
Charm spatial diffusion coefficient DCharm spatial diffusion coefficient Dss in the hot mediumin the hot medium
T T < T< Tcc :: hadronic hadronic DDss
L. L. Tolos Tolos , , J. M. TorresJ. M. Torres--Rincon, Rincon,
Phys. Rev. D 88Phys. Rev. D 88, , 074019 (2013)074019 (2013)
T T > T> Tc :c : QGPQGP DDss
••pQCD pQCD -- G. D. MooreG. D. Moore,, D. D. TeaneyTeaney,,
Phys. Rev. C 71, 064904Phys. Rev. C 71, 064904 (for (for ααααααααss=0.3) =0.3)
•• DQPMDQPM -- H. Berrehrah et al,H. Berrehrah et al,
arXiv:1406.5322 [heparXiv:1406.5322 [hep--phph]]
••lQCD lQCD -- BanerjeeBanerjee et al.et al.,,
PPhys. Rev. hys. Rev. D 85, 014510 (2012).D 85, 014510 (2012).
DDss for heavyfor heavy quarksquarks as a function ofas a function of T for T for µµµµµµµµqq=0=0
Continuous transitionContinuous transition !!
H. Berrehrah et al, PRC (2014), arXiv:1406.5322 [hepH. Berrehrah et al, PRC (2014), arXiv:1406.5322 [hep--ph]ph]
1616
‚‚BulkBulk‘‘ propertiesproperties
in Au+Auin Au+Au
1717
Time evolution of energy densityTime evolution of energy density
R. Marty et al, 2014R. Marty et al, 2014
PHSD: 1 event Au+Au, 200 GeV, b = 2 fmPHSD: 1 event Au+Au, 200 GeV, b = 2 fm
timetime
εεεεεεεε(x,y,z=0) (x,y,z=0)
εεεεεεεε(x=0,y,z) (x=0,y,z)
∆∆∆∆∆∆∆∆V: V: ∆∆∆∆∆∆∆∆x=x=∆∆∆∆∆∆∆∆y=1fm, y=1fm, ∆∆∆∆∆∆∆∆z=1/z=1/γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ fmfm
0 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
part
on
ic e
ner
gy
fra
ctio
n
Tkin
[A GeV]
10
20
40
80
160
Pb+Pb, b=1 fm
t [fm/c]
Partonic energy fraction in central A+APartonic energy fraction in central A+A
Strong Strong increase of partonic phase with energyincrease of partonic phase with energy from AGS to RHICfrom AGS to RHIC
SPS:SPS: Pb+Pb, 160 A GeV: only about Pb+Pb, 160 A GeV: only about 40%40% of the converted energy goes to of the converted energy goes to
partons; the rest is contained in thepartons; the rest is contained in the large hadronic corona and leading partonslarge hadronic corona and leading partons
RHICRHIC: Au+Au, 21.3 A TeV: up to : Au+Au, 21.3 A TeV: up to 90%90% -- QGPQGP
W. Cassing & E. Bratkovskaya, NPA 831 (2009) 215W. Cassing & E. Bratkovskaya, NPA 831 (2009) 215
V. Konchakovski et al., V. Konchakovski et al., Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 011902 Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 011902 18
Time evolution of the partonic energy fraction vs energyTime evolution of the partonic energy fraction vs energy
Transverse mass spectra from SPS to RHICTransverse mass spectra from SPS to RHIC
Central Pb + Pb at SPS energiesCentral Pb + Pb at SPS energies
PHSDPHSD gives gives harder mharder mTT spectraspectra and works better than HSD (wo QGP) at high and works better than HSD (wo QGP) at high
energies energies –– RHIC, SPS (and top FAIR, NICA) RHIC, SPS (and top FAIR, NICA)
however, at however, at low SPSlow SPS (and low FAIR, NICA) energies the (and low FAIR, NICA) energies the effect of the effect of the
partonic phase decreasespartonic phase decreases due to the decrease of the partonic fraction due to the decrease of the partonic fraction
Central Au+Au at RHICCentral Au+Au at RHIC
W. Cassing & E. Bratkovskaya, NPA 831 (2009) 215W. Cassing & E. Bratkovskaya, NPA 831 (2009) 215
E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Konchakovski, E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Konchakovski,
O. Linnyk, O. Linnyk, NPA856 (2011) 162NPA856 (2011) 162
2020
ppTT spectra at LHCspectra at LHC
Mean pMean pTT of charged hadrons vs Nof charged hadrons vs Nch ch
p+p at sp+p at s1/21/2=7 TeV=7 TeV
p+Pb at sp+Pb at s1/21/2=5.02 TeV, =5.02 TeV,
Pb+Pb at sPb+Pb at s1/21/2=2.76 TeV=2.76 TeV
V. Konchakovski, W. Cassing, V. Toneev, arXiv:1411.5534V. Konchakovski, W. Cassing, V. Toneev, arXiv:1411.5534
ppTT spectra of charged hadronsspectra of charged hadrons
and pionsand pions
central Pb+Pb at scentral Pb+Pb at s1/21/2=2.76 TeV=2.76 TeV
PHSD reproduces ALICE dataPHSD reproduces ALICE data
2121
Collective flow,Collective flow,
anisotropy coefficients (vanisotropy coefficients (v11, v, v2, ...2, ...))
in A+Ain A+A
x
z
2222
Anisotropy coefficientsAnisotropy coefficients
Non central Non central Au+Au Au+Au collisions : collisions : iinteractionnteraction between constituents between constituents leads to aleads to a pressure pressure gradientgradient spatial asymmetry spatial asymmetry is is converted converted toto ananasymmetry in momentum spaceasymmetry in momentum space collective flowcollective flow
vv2 2 > 0> 0 indicatesindicates inin--plane plane emission of particlesemission of particles
vv2 2 < 0 < 0 corresponds to acorresponds to a squeezesqueeze--out out perpendicularperpendicular
to the reaction plane (to the reaction plane (outout--ofof--planeplane emission)emission)
vv2 2 > 0> 0
from S. A. Voloshin, arXiv:1111.7241from S. A. Voloshin, arXiv:1111.7241
2323
Development of azimuthal anisotropies in timeDevelopment of azimuthal anisotropies in time
Flow coefficientsFlow coefficients reach their reach their asymptotic values by the time of 6asymptotic values by the time of 6––8 fm8 fm/c/c
after the beginning of the collisionafter the beginning of the collision
V. Konchakovski, E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Toneev, V. Konchakovski, E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Toneev,
V. Voronyuk, V. Voronyuk, Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 011902 Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 011902
Time evolution of Time evolution of vvnn for for b b = 8 fm= 8 fm Flow velocityFlow velocity for for b b = 2 fm = 2 fm
(x=0,y,z), t=0.5 fm/c(x=0,y,z), t=0.5 fm/c
Au + Au collisions at Au + Au collisions at s s 1/21/2 = 200 GeV= 200 GeV
(x=0,y,z), t=0.5 fm/c(x=0,y,z), t=0.5 fm/c
Elliptic flow vElliptic flow v22 vs. collision energy for Au+Auvs. collision energy for Au+Au
24
vv2 2 in PHSD is larger than in HSD in PHSD is larger than in HSD
due to the due to the repulsive scalar meanrepulsive scalar mean--
field potential Ufield potential Uss((ρρ)) for partonsfor partons
vv2 2 grows with bombarding energygrows with bombarding energy
due to the due to the increase of the parton increase of the parton
fractionfraction
V. Konchakovski, E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Toneev, V. Konchakovski, E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Toneev,
V. Voronyuk, V. Voronyuk, Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 011902 Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 011902
2525
Elliptic flow scaling at RHICElliptic flow scaling at RHIC
The The mass splitting at low pmass splitting at low pTT is approximately reproduced in PHSD as is approximately reproduced in PHSD as
well as the well as the mesonmeson--baryon splitting for pbaryon splitting for pTT > 2 GeV/c> 2 GeV/c
The The scaling of vscaling of v22 with the number of constituent quarks nwith the number of constituent quarks nqq is roughly in is roughly in
line with the data line with the data
E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Konchakovski, E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Konchakovski,
O. Linnyk, O. Linnyk, NPA856 (2011) 162NPA856 (2011) 162
Transverse momentum dependence of triangular Transverse momentum dependence of triangular
flow at RHICflow at RHIC
triangular flowtriangular flow
HSD (without QGP) shows a flat pHSD (without QGP) shows a flat pTT distributiondistribution
PHSD shows an PHSD shows an increase of increase of vv3 3 with pwith pTT
vv33 : : needsneeds partonic degrees of freedom !partonic degrees of freedom !
V. Konchakovski, E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Toneev, V. Konchakovski, E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, V. Toneev,
V. Voronyuk, V. Voronyuk, Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 044922 Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 044922
2727
VVnn (n=2,3,4,5) at LHC(n=2,3,4,5) at LHC
V. Konchakovski, W. Cassing, V. Toneev, arXiv:1411.5534V. Konchakovski, W. Cassing, V. Toneev, arXiv:1411.5534
PHSD: PHSD: increase of increase of vvn n (n=2,3,4,5) (n=2,3,4,5) with with ppTT
vv2 2 increases with decreasing centralityincreases with decreasing centrality
vvn n (n=3,4,5) (n=3,4,5) show weak centrality dependenceshow weak centrality dependence
symbols symbols –– ALICE ALICE
PRL 107 (2011) 032301PRL 107 (2011) 032301
lines lines –– PHSDPHSD
Messages from the study of spectra and collective flowMessages from the study of spectra and collective flow
Anisotropy coefficients vAnisotropy coefficients vnn as a signal of the QGP:as a signal of the QGP:
quark number scaling of vquark number scaling of v22 at ultrarelativistic energies at ultrarelativistic energies –– signal of signal of
deconfinement deconfinement
growing of vgrowing of v2 2 with energywith energy –– partonic interactions make a larger partonic interactions make a larger
pressure than the hadronic interactionspressure than the hadronic interactions
vvnn, n=3,.., n=3,.. –– sesitive to QGPsesitive to QGP
PHSDPHSD gives gives harder mharder mTT spectraspectra than HSD (without QGP) at high than HSD (without QGP) at high
energies energies –– LHC, RHIC, SPSLHC, RHIC, SPS
at at low SPSlow SPS (and low FAIR, NICA) energies the (and low FAIR, NICA) energies the effect of the partonic effect of the partonic
phase decreasesphase decreases
Direct photonDirect photonss
flow puzzleflow puzzle
Production sources of photons in p+p and A+AProduction sources of photons in p+p and A+A
Decay photonsDecay photons (in pp and AA): (in pp and AA):
m m γ γ + X, m = + X, m = ππ00, η, ω, η, η, ω, η‘‘, a, a11, , ……
Direct photons:Direct photons: (inclusive(=total) (inclusive(=total) –– decay) decay) –– measured measured
experimentallyexperimentally hard photonshard photons::
(large p(large pTT, ,
in pp and AA)in pp and AA)
thermal photonsthermal photons::
(low p(low pTT, in AA) , in AA)
jetjet--γγγγγγγγ--conversionconversion in plasmain plasma
(large p(large pTT, in AA), in AA)
jetjet--medium photonsmedium photons
(large p(large pTT, in AA) , in AA) -- scattering ofscattering of
hard partons with thermalizedhard partons with thermalized
partons qpartons qhardhard+g+gQGPQGPγγγγγγγγ+q+q ,,
qqhardhard++qbarQGPQGPγγγγγγγγ+q+q
•• QGPQGP
•• Hadron gasHadron gas
•• prompt prompt (pQCD; initial hard N+N scattering)(pQCD; initial hard N+N scattering)
•• jet fragmentationjet fragmentation (pQCD; qq, gq bremsstrahlung)(pQCD; qq, gq bremsstrahlung)
(in AA can be modified by parton energy loss in medium)(in AA can be modified by parton energy loss in medium)
hardhardsoftsoft
PHENIXPHENIX
Production sources of thermal photonsProduction sources of thermal photons
Thermal QGP:Thermal QGP:
Compton scatteringCompton scattering qq--qbar annihilationqbar annihilation
Hadronic sources:Hadronic sources:
(1) (1) secondary mesonic interactions:secondary mesonic interactions:
ππ++π π ρρ ++γ, ρ+π γ, ρ+π π+γ, π+γ, ππ+K+K ρρ ++γ, γ, ……
(2) (2) mesonmeson--meson and mesonmeson and meson--baryon baryon
bremsstrahlung: bremsstrahlung:
m+mm+m m+m+m+m+γ, γ, m+Bm+B m+B+m+B+γ , γ , m=m=π,η,ρ,ω,Κ,Κπ,η,ρ,ω,Κ,Κ*,*,…… , B=p,, B=p,∆∆,,……
HTL program (HTL program (KlimovKlimov (1981), Weldon (1982), (1981), Weldon (1982),
BraatenBraaten & & PisarskiPisarski (1990);(1990); FrenkelFrenkel & Taylor& Taylor (1990)(1990), , ……))
Models:Models: chiralchiral models, OBE, SPA models, OBE, SPA ……
in PHSDin PHSD -- rratesates beyond beyond pQCDpQCD: : offoff--shell massive q, g shell massive q, g O. O. LinnykLinnyk, JPG 38 (2011) 025105, JPG 38 (2011) 025105
+ soft + soft ……
PHENIX: Photon vPHENIX: Photon v22 puzzlepuzzle
PHENIXPHENIX (also now ALICE): (also now ALICE):
strong elliptic flow of photonsstrong elliptic flow of photons vv22((γγγγγγγγdirdir)~)~ vv22((ππππππππ) )
Result from a variety of Result from a variety of models:models: vv22((γγγγγγγγdirdir) << ) << vv22((ππππππππ) )
Problem:Problem: QGP radiation occurs at QGP radiation occurs at early timesearly times when when
elliptic flow is not yet developed elliptic flow is not yet developed expectedexpected vv22((γγγγγγγγQGPQGP) ) 00
vv22 = = weighted average weighted average a large QGP a large QGP
contribution gives smallcontribution gives small vv22((γγγγγγγγQGPQGP))
Linnyk et al., PRC 88 (2013) 034904Linnyk et al., PRC 88 (2013) 034904
PHENIXPHENIX
Challenge for theory Challenge for theory –– to describe spectra, vto describe spectra, v22, v, v3 3 simultaneouslysimultaneously !!
NEW NEW (QM(QM’’2014):2014): PHENIPHENIX, ALICE X, ALICE experiments experiments -- large photon vlarge photon v3 3 ! !
∑∑∑∑
∑∑∑∑ ⋅⋅⋅⋅
====
ι
ι
ι
ι
2
ι
2Ν
υΝ
υ
!!
! ! sizeable contribution sizeable contribution fromfrom hadronic hadronic
sourcessources
–– mesonmeson--meson (mm) and meson (mm) and
mesonmeson--Baryon (mB) bremsstrahlungBaryon (mB) bremsstrahlung
PHSD: photon spectra at RHIC: QGP vs. HG ?PHSD: photon spectra at RHIC: QGP vs. HG ?
DirectDirect photon spectrum (min. bias)photon spectrum (min. bias) Linnyk et al., PRC88 (2013) 034904; Linnyk et al., PRC88 (2013) 034904;
PRC 89 (2014) 034908PRC 89 (2014) 034908PHSD:PHSD:
QGPQGP gives up to ~50% of direct photon gives up to ~50% of direct photon
yield below 2 yield below 2 GeVGeV/c/c
m+mm+m m+m+m+m+γ, γ,
m+Bm+B m+B+m+B+γ , γ ,
m=m=π,η,ρ,ω,Κ,Κπ,η,ρ,ω,Κ,Κ*,*,……
B=B=pp
!!! !!! mm and mB bremsstrahlung channels mm and mB bremsstrahlung channels
can not be subtracted experimentallycan not be subtracted experimentally !!
Measured Measured Teff > Teff > ‚‚truetrue‘‘ T T ,blue shift,blue shift‘‘ due to the due to the radial flowradial flow!! Cf. Hydro: Shen et al., PRC89 Cf. Hydro: Shen et al., PRC89
(2014) 044910(2014) 044910
1)1) vv22((γγγγγγγγinclincl) = ) = vv22((ππππππππ0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 )) -- inclusive photonsinclusive photons mainly come from mainly come from ππππππππ0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
decaysdecays
HSD (without QGP) underestimates HSD (without QGP) underestimates vv22 of hadronsof hadrons and and
inclusive photons by a factor of 2, wheras the PHSD model inclusive photons by a factor of 2, wheras the PHSD model
with QGP is consistent with exp. datawith QGP is consistent with exp. data
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
, PHENIX
v2
dir= ΣΣΣΣ
i v
2
i N
i(γγγγ)/N
tot(γγγγ)
PHSD
pT [GeV/c]
direct photon v2 in PHSD
Au+Au, sNN
1/2=200 GeV, MB, |y|<0.35
v2
Are the direct photons a barometer of the QGP?Are the direct photons a barometer of the QGP?
PHSD: Linnyk et al., PHSD: Linnyk et al.,
PRC88 (2013) 034904; PRC88 (2013) 034904;
PRC 89 (2014) 034908PRC 89 (2014) 034908
2)2) vv22((γγγγγγγγdirdir)) of of direct photonsdirect photons in PHSD underestimates the in PHSD underestimates the
PHENIX data :PHENIX data :
vv22((γγγγγγγγQGPQGP) is very small) is very small, but QGP contribution is up to 50% of , but QGP contribution is up to 50% of
total yield total yield lowering flow lowering flow
Do we see the Do we see the QGPQGP pressurepressure in vin v22((γγγγγγγγ) if the photon productions is ) if the photon productions is dominated dominated
by hadronic sources?by hadronic sources?
HSD(no QGP)HSD(no QGP)
PHSD:PHSD: vv22((γγγγγγγγdirdir) comes from) comes from mm and mB bremsstrahlung !mm and mB bremsstrahlung !
Direct photons Direct photons (inclusive(=total) (inclusive(=total) –– decay)decay)::
The The QGP causes the strong ellipticQGP causes the strong elliptic flow of photons flow of photons
indirectly,indirectly, by enhancing the vby enhancing the v22 of final hadrons due to of final hadrons due to
the partonic interactions the partonic interactions
Photons from PHSD at LHCPhotons from PHSD at LHC
Is the considerable Is the considerable elliptic flowelliptic flow of direct of direct
photons at the LHC also of photons at the LHC also of hadronic origin hadronic origin as as
for RHIC?!for RHIC?!
The photon elliptic flow at LHC is lower than at The photon elliptic flow at LHC is lower than at
RHIC due to RHIC due to a larger relative QGP contribution / a larger relative QGP contribution /
longer QGP phase. longer QGP phase.
PHSD: PHSD: vv22 of inclusive photonsof inclusive photons
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
PHSDPHSD-- preliminary: Olena Linnyk preliminary: Olena Linnyk
PHSD: PHSD: direct photonsdirect photons
LHC (similar to RHIC): LHC (similar to RHIC):
hadronic photons dhadronic photons dominate spectra and vominate spectra and v22
36
MessagesMessages from the photon studyfrom the photon study
sizeable contribution sizeable contribution fromfrom hadronic sourceshadronic sources -- at RHIC and at RHIC and LHCLHC
hadronic photons dhadronic photons dominate spectra and vominate spectra and v22
mesonmeson--meson (mm) and mesonmeson (mm) and meson--Baryon (mB) bremsstrahlung Baryon (mB) bremsstrahlung are are
important sources of direct photonsimportant sources of direct photons
mm and mB bremsstrahlung channels mm and mB bremsstrahlung channels can not be subtracted can not be subtracted
experimentallyexperimentally !!
The The QGP causes the strong ellipticQGP causes the strong elliptic flow of photons indirectly,flow of photons indirectly, by by
enhancing the venhancing the v22 of final hadrons due to the partonic interactionsof final hadrons due to the partonic interactions
Photons Photons –– one of the most sensitive probes for the dynamics of HIC!one of the most sensitive probes for the dynamics of HIC!
3737
DileptonsDileptons
3838
Dilepton sourcesDilepton sources
from the QGP from the QGP via partonic (q,qbar, g) interactions:via partonic (q,qbar, g) interactions:
from hadronic sources:from hadronic sources:
••direct decay direct decay of vector of vector
mesonsmesons ((ρ,ω,φ,ρ,ω,φ,ρ,ω,φ,ρ,ω,φ,ρ,ω,φ,ρ,ω,φ,ρ,ω,φ,ρ,ω,φ,JJ/Ψ,Ψ/Ψ,Ψ/Ψ,Ψ/Ψ,Ψ/Ψ,Ψ/Ψ,Ψ/Ψ,Ψ/Ψ,Ψ‘‘))
••Dalitz decay Dalitz decay of mesons of mesons
and baryonsand baryons ((ππππππππ00,,ηηηηηηηη, , ∆∆∆∆∆∆∆∆,,……))
••correlated D+Dbar pairscorrelated D+Dbar pairs
••radiation fromradiation from multimulti--meson reactionsmeson reactions
((ππππππππ++ππππππππ, , ππππππππ++ρρρρρρρρ, , ππππππππ++ωωωωωωωω, , ρρρρρρρρ++ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ , , ππππππππ+a+a11) ) -- ‚‚44ππππππππ‘‘
•• hadronic bremsstrahlunghadronic bremsstrahlung
γγγγγγγγ**
gg γγγγγγγγ**
γγγγγγγγ**
qq l+
l--
γγγγγγγγ**
qqqq
gggg
cc
0DK −−−−
++++llll νννν
llll
0D
K ++++ −−−−llll
ννννllll
cc
0DK −−−−
++++llll νννν
llll
0D
K ++++ −−−−llll
ννννllll
In-medium workshop, Giessen Joachim Stroth 5
Dilepton sources in HI collisionsDilepton sources in HI collisions
+qq+qq
Plot from A. DreesPlot from A. Drees
‚‚thermal QGPthermal QGP‘‘
3939
Lessons from SPS: NA60Lessons from SPS: NA60
PHSD:PHSD:
Linnyk et al, PRC 84 (2011) Linnyk et al, PRC 84 (2011) 054917054917 Dilepton invariant mass spectra:Dilepton invariant mass spectra:
Fireball model Fireball model –– Renk/Ruppert Renk/Ruppert
Fireball model Fireball model –– Rapp/vanHees Rapp/vanHees
Ideal hydro model Ideal hydro model –– Dusling/ZahedDusling/Zahed
HybridHybrid--UrQMD:UrQMD:
Santini et al., Santini et al., PRC84 (2011) 014901 PRC84 (2011) 014901
Message from SPS: (based on NA60 and CERES data)Message from SPS: (based on NA60 and CERES data)
1) 1) Low mass spectraLow mass spectra -- evidence for the evidence for the inin--medium broadening of medium broadening of ρρρρρρρρ--mesonsmesons
2) 2) Intermediate mass Intermediate mass spectra above 1 spectra above 1 GeVGeV -- dominated by dominated by partonic radiationpartonic radiation
3) 3) The rise and fall of The rise and fall of TTeffeff –– evidence for the thermal evidence for the thermal QGP radiationQGP radiation
4) 4) Isotropic angular distributionIsotropic angular distribution –– indication for a indication for a thermal origin of dimuonsthermal origin of dimuons
Inverse slope parameter TInverse slope parameter Teffeff: : spectrum from QGP is softer than from hadronic phase since the Qspectrum from QGP is softer than from hadronic phase since the QGP GP
emission occurs dominantly before the collective radial flow hasemission occurs dominantly before the collective radial flow has developed developed
NA60:NA60: Eur. Phys. J. C 59 (2009) 607Eur. Phys. J. C 59 (2009) 607
QGPQGP
PRL 102 (2009) 222301PRL 102 (2009) 222301
4040
cococcktailktail
HSDHSDIdeal hydro Ideal hydro
Dusling/ZahedDusling/Zahed
Fireball model Fireball model
Rapp/vanHees Rapp/vanHees cococcktailktail
HSDHSDIdeal hydro Ideal hydro
Dusling/ZahedDusling/Zahed
Fireball model Fireball model
Rapp/vanHees Rapp/vanHees
Dileptons at RHIC: PHENIXDileptons at RHIC: PHENIX
Message:Message:
•• ModelsModels provide a provide a good description of pp data good description of pp data andand peripheral peripheral
Au+AuAu+Au data, however, data, however, fail in describing the excess for central fail in describing the excess for central
collisionscollisions even with even with inin--medium scenariosmedium scenarios for the vector meson for the vector meson
spectral functionspectral function
••The The ‘‘missing sourcemissing source’’(?)(?) is located at is located at low low ppTT
•• Intermediate mass spectra Intermediate mass spectra –– dominant QGP contributiondominant QGP contribution
PHENIX: PHENIX: PRC81PRC81 (2010) (2010) 034911034911
Linnyk et al., PRC 85 (2012) 024910Linnyk et al., PRC 85 (2012) 024910
4141
Dileptons at RHIC: STAR data vs model predictionsDileptons at RHIC: STAR data vs model predictions
Centrality dependence of dilepton yieldCentrality dependence of dilepton yield(STAR: (STAR: arXivarXiv:1407.6788:1407.6788 ))
Message: Message: STAR dataSTAR data are described by models within a are described by models within a collisional broadeningcollisional broadening scenario scenario
for the vector meson spectral function + for the vector meson spectral function + QGPQGP
Excess in low mass region, min. biasExcess in low mass region, min. bias
Models (predictions):Models (predictions):
Fireball modelFireball model –– R. RappR. Rapp
PHSDPHSD
Low masses:Low masses:
collisional broadening of collisional broadening of ρρρρρρρρIntermediate masses: Intermediate masses:
QGP dominantQGP dominant
4242
Dileptons at LHCDileptons at LHC
Message:Message:
low masses low masses -- hadronic sources: hadronic sources: inin--medium effects for medium effects for ρρρρρρρρ mesons are smallmesons are small
intermediate masses:intermediate masses: QGP + D/QGP + D/Dbar Dbar
charm charm ‘‘backgroundbackground’’ is smaller than thermal QGP yieldis smaller than thermal QGP yield
QGP(QGP(qbarqbar--q)q) dominates at M>1.2 dominates at M>1.2 GeVGeV clean signal of QGP at LHC!clean signal of QGP at LHC!
O. Linnyk, W. Cassing, J. Manninen, E.B., P.B. O. Linnyk, W. Cassing, J. Manninen, E.B., P.B.
Gossiaux, J. Aichelin, T. Song, C.Gossiaux, J. Aichelin, T. Song, C.--M. Ko, M. Ko,
Phys.Rev. C87 (2013) 014905Phys.Rev. C87 (2013) 014905; arXiv:1208.1279; arXiv:1208.1279
QGPQGP
Messages from dilepton dataMessages from dilepton data
Low dilepton masses:Low dilepton masses:
Dilepton spectraDilepton spectra showshow sizeable changes due to the insizeable changes due to the in--medium effects medium effects
–– modification of the properties of vector mesonsmodification of the properties of vector mesons (as collisional (as collisional
broadening) broadening) -- which are observed experimentallywhich are observed experimentally
InIn--medium effects medium effects can be observed at can be observed at all energies from SIS to LHCall energies from SIS to LHC
Intermediate dilepton masses:Intermediate dilepton masses:
TThe he QGP QGP ((qbarqbar--q) dominates for M>1.2 q) dominates for M>1.2 GeVGeV
Fraction of QGP Fraction of QGP growsgrows with increasing energy; with increasing energy;
at the LHC it is dominant at the LHC it is dominant
In-medium workshop, Giessen Joachim Stroth 5
Dilepton sources in HI collisionsDilepton sources in HI collisions
+qq+qq
Outlook:Outlook:
* * experimental experimental energy scanenergy scan
* e* experimental measurements of dileptonxperimental measurements of dilepton’’ss
higher flow harmonics higher flow harmonics vvnn
4444
FIAS & Frankfurt UniversityFIAS & Frankfurt University
Elena Bratkovskaya Elena Bratkovskaya
Rudy MartyRudy Marty
Hamza BerrehrahHamza Berrehrah
Daniel Cabrera Daniel Cabrera
Taesoo SongTaesoo Song
Andrej IlnerAndrej Ilner
Giessen UniversityGiessen University
Wolfgang CassingWolfgang Cassing
Olena LinnykOlena Linnyk
Volodya KonchakovskiVolodya Konchakovski
Thorsten SteinertThorsten Steinert
Alessia PalmeseAlessia Palmese
Eduard SeifertEduard Seifert
External CollaborationsExternal Collaborations
SUBATECH, Nantes University:SUBATECH, Nantes University:
JJöörg Aichelin rg Aichelin
Christoph HartnackChristoph Hartnack
PolPol--Bernard GossiauxBernard Gossiaux
Vitalii OzvenchukVitalii Ozvenchuk
Texas A&M University:Texas A&M University:
CheChe--Ming KoMing Ko
JINR, Dubna:JINR, Dubna:
Viacheslav ToneevViacheslav Toneev
Vadim VoronyukVadim Voronyuk
BITP, Kiev University:BITP, Kiev University:
Mark GorensteinMark Gorenstein
Barcelona University:Barcelona University:
Laura TolosLaura Tolos
Angel RamosAngel Ramos
PHSD groupPHSD group
4545
Thank you !Thank you !