the question of r&d specialisation: perspectives and policy implications (eng)/ la cuestión de la...

8/2/2019 The Question of R&D Specialisation: Perspectives and policy implications (Eng)/ La cuestin de la especializacin en

1/105

CSV 62>1

Xlc ]scrxage gj V*H R~cbamiarmxage0^cvr~cbxazcr meh ~giabq ao~iabmxager

Chaxgvr0Haoaxvagr ^gexakmkar) Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs meh Vce zme Fmzci

Msxlgvr0Mehvcm Fgembbgvra) Mexmemr ceqr) Dcgvdc Blgvmjmkar) ^lai Bggkc) Hgoaea}sc Jgvmq)

Memrxmragr Dameeaxrar) Omvk Lmvvarge) Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs) Haoaxvagr ^gexakmkar mehKcaxl Roaxl


2/105

Csvg~cme Bgooarrage@gaex Vcrcmvbl Bcexvc / Aerxaxsxc jgv vgr~cbxazc Xcblegigdabmi RxshacrHavcbxgvmxc Dcecvmi Vcrcmvbl

Bgexmbx aejgvomxageMhhvcrr0 Chajabag C|~g% b' Aebm Dmvbaimrg) 2% C/8=>16 Rczaiic ,R~mae!C/omai0 vb/a~xr/rcbvcxmvamxNcb%csvg~m%cs

Xci%0 +28 1388 > : 4 < 1 => ==

,*! Bcvxmae ogfaic xcic~lgec g~cvmxgvr hg egx miigt mbbcrr xg >> > esofcvr gv xlcrc bmiir omq fc faiich%

M dvcmx hcmi gj mhhaxagemi aejgvomxage ge xlc Csvg~cme Seage ar mzmaimfic ge xlc Aexcvecx%Ax bme fc mbbcrrch xlvgsdl xlc Csvg~m rcvzcv lxx~0''csvg~m%cs'

@VB 3=::3

CSV 62


3/105

Xlc ]scrxage gj V*H

R~cbamiarmxage0^cvr~cbxazcr meh ~giabq

ao~iabmxager

Chaxgvr0Haoaxvagr ^gexakmkar) Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs meh Vce zme Fmzci

Msxlgvr0Mehvcm Fgembbgvra) Mexmemr ceqr) Dcgvdc Blgvmjmkar) ^lai Bggkc)

Hgoaea}sc Jgvmq) Memrxmragr Dameeaxrar) Omvk Lmvvarge)

Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs) Haoaxvagr ^gexakmkar meh Kcaxl Roaxl


4/105

Mbkegtichdcocexr

Xlar vc~gvx lmr fcce ~vghsbch fq Haoaxvagr ^gexakmkar) Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs meh Vce zme

Fmzci mx xlc Kegtichdc jgv Dvgtxl Seax ,Lcmh gj Seax0 \mfacv Dgcemdm!) @gaex VcrcmvblBcexvc ,@VB!/ Aerxaxsxc jgv ^vgr~cbxazc Xcblegigdabmi Rxshacr ,A^XR!% Ax ar ~mvx gj gedgaedtgvk ge V*H r~cbamiarmxage ae xlc jvmoc gj xlc CVMTMXBL ~vg`cbx) sehcvxmkce aebgiimfgvmxage taxl Havcbxgvmxc Dcecvmi jgv Vcrcmvbl ,HD VXH/B) Havcbxgv0 Ara Rmvmdgrra!%Xlc vc~gvx ar me chaxch bgiicbxage gj bgexvafsxager fq ~mvxaba~mexr xg m tgvkrlg~ gevcrcmvbl meh hczcig~ocex ,V*H! r~cbamiarmxage xlmx xggk ~imbc ae Fmvbcigem ge 2> @sec6>>


5/105

Xmfic gj Bgexcexr

C|cbsxazc Rsoomvq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=

Aexvghsbxage%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8

Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs

Sehcvrxmehaed &Romvx R~cbamiarmxage& %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=8

Hgoaea}sc Jgvmq

Xlc Kegtichdc Cbgegoq) R~aiigzcvr) ^vg|aoaxq meh R~cbamiarmxage%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%64

^lai Bggkc

R~cbamiarmxage meh Csvg~c$r V*H ~cvjgvomebc0 M egxc%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8=

Kcaxl Roaxl

Iaekaed aehsrxvami bgo~cxaxazcecrr) V*H r~cbamiarmxage meh xlc hqemoabr gj kegtichdc aerbacebc0 M iggk mx vcogxc aejiscebcr %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8:

Mehvcm Fgembbgvra

Hgcr Ladl/]smiaxq Vcrcmvbl Vc}savc &Bvaxabmi Omrr&7%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%34

Omvk Lmvvarge

V*H R~cbamiarmxage meh xlc Iarfge Rxvmxcdq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:>

Mexmemrceqr

Xgtmvhr me m~~vg~vamxc ~giabq oa| jgv r~cbamiarmxage%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%4>

Memrxmragr Dameeaxrar

V*H R~cbamiarmxage ae xlc CS0 Jvgo rxqiarch gfrcvzmxager xg czahcebc/fmrch ~giabq%%%%%%%%

Haoaxvagr ^gexakmkar) Dcgvdc Blgvmjmkar meh Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs

Iarx gj Mbvgeqor %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%14

Meec| Iarx gj ~mvxaba~mexr xg xlc Fmvbcigem tgvkrlg~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%11


6/105

Xlc ]scrxage gj V*H R~cbamiarmxage0 ^cvr~cbxazcr meh ~giabq ao~iabmxager

^mdc = gj 11

C|cbsxazc Rsoomvq

Czahcebc rsddcrxr xlmx xlc rxvsbxsvmi bgo~graxage gj Csvg~cme aehsrxvq ar xlc vcmrgefclaeh omeq gj xlc blmiicedcr jmbch fq vcrcmvbl ~giabq ae Csvg~c% Xlc V*H rlgvxjmii aeCsvg~c vcimxazc xg kcq xvmhaed ~mvxecvr) jgv c|mo~ic) ar imvdciq hsc xg Csvg~c lmzaed mromiicv rlmvc gj axr cbgegoq bgo~grch gj ladl V*H/aexcerazc rcbxgvr ,bgo~mvch xg xlcSR gv @m~me!%

Raoaimv rxvsbxsvmiiq/hc~cehcex mvdsocexr lmzc fcce omhc mfgsx xlc harba~iaemvqr~cbamiarmxage gj vcrcmvbl cjjgvxr ae Csvg~cme seazcvraxacr meh ~sfiab vcrcmvbl aerxaxsxcr0cjjgvxr rcco xg fc r~vcmh gsx mbvgrr osixa~ic mvcmr jmaiaed xg vcmbl bvaxabmi omrr%

Mr m vcrsix) xlc }scrxage gj &V*H r~cbamiarmxage& lmr cocvdch mr me arrsc gj hcfmxc ge

xlc vcrcmvbl ~giabq mdcehm% Fsx tlmx ar xlar }scrxage meh tlq rlgsih tc fgxlcv taxl ax7

Xg c|~igvc xlar }scrxage meh c|moaec axr ao~iabmxager jgv ~giabq) xlc @gaex Vcrcmvbl Bcexvc,@VB! / Aerxaxsxc jgv ^vgr~cbxazc Xcblegigdabmi Rxshacr ,A^XR!) xgdcxlcv taxl HavcbxgvmxcDcecvmi jgv Vcrcmvbl ,HD VXH!) gvdmearch m tgvkrlg~ ae Fmvbcigem ge 2> @sec 6>>


7/105

^mdc 6 gj 11

Egx mii xlcomxab mvcmr mvc c}smiiq &jcvxaic&0 rgoc ,cr~cbamiiq egzci gecr rsbl mrAejgvomxage meh Bgooseabmxage Xcblegigdacr ,ABX! meh fagxcblegigdq! ~vcrcex omeqogvc g~~gvxseaxacr jgv omkaed radeajabmex harbgzcvacr xlme gxlcvr%

Ceimvdaed xlc rapc gj m omvkcx ,rsbl mr xlc omvkcx jgv kegtichdc ae me aexcdvmxch

Csvg~cme Vcrcmvbl Mvcm ,CVM!! bme icmh xg aebvcmrch r~cbamiarmxage ~vgzahch xlcvc arsevcrxvabxch c|blmedc gj kegtichdc meh xlcvc mvc gxlcvr tlg taii ~abk s~ vcomaeaedbgo~icocexmvq xmrkr%

M imvdcv omvkcx bme mirg icmh xg dvcmxcv bgo~cxaxage ae me mvcm% Xlc rxmkcr mvc osblimvdcv meh ogvc mxxvmbxazc meh blmiicedcvr xg meq raedic mdcex &ogeg~giaraed& m bcvxmaembxazaxq bme cocvdc%

Ar xlcvc m vgic jgv ~giabq ae xlar rcxxaed7

Taxlgsx lmvh czahcebc) harbsrrage taii aeczaxmfiq fc bgerxvmaech xg r~cbsimxage xlgsdl

rgoc fvgmh bgexgsvr bme fc ahcexajach%

Mrrsoaed xlc harra~mxage gj Csvg~cme vcrcmvbl cjjgvxr ar xvsc) r~cbamiaraed ae mehvcmiigbmxaed vcrgsvbcr xg m iaoaxch esofcv gj xlcomxab mvcmr tgsih ,m! jvcc s~ jsehr jvgorsf/g~xaomi mvcmr meh ,f! dazc rgoc xlcomxab mvcmr m fcxxcv blmebc gj fcbgoaed digfmiiqbgo~cxaxazc%

Fsx egx mii vcrcmvbl mbxgvr mvc bm~mfic gj rlajxaed xlcav xlcomxab jgbsr xg xlc ogrx&~vghsbxazc& mvcmr) hsc xg m esofcv gj jmbxgvr% Rg r~cbamiaraed ae m jct xlcomxab mvcmrtgsih fcecjax rgoc vcrcmvbl mbxgvr ,meh fq c|xcerage ~imbcr! ogvc xlme gxlcvr%

Xgg iaxxic r~cbamiarmxage omq r~vcmh vcrgsvbcr ogvc czceiq mvgseh Csvg~c fsx jmii rlgvx gjmblaczaed m rxvged ao~mbx% Xgg osbl r~cbamiarmxage oadlx icmh xg rxvgedcv ao~mbx) fsxbgsih lmzc ecdmxazc ao~iabmxager ae xcvor gj mexa/bgo~cxaxazc gsxbgocr) dvgtxlxvm`cbxgvacr) cxb% Jgv gec) ~giabacr jmzgsvaed r~cbamiarmxage tgsih vchsbc zmvacxq m~vaeba~mi rgsvbc gj rbacexajab egzcixq meh kcq iged/xcvo hcxcvoaemex gj rbacexajab mehxcblegigdabmi icmhcvrla~%

Mirg) r~cbamiaraed ae m iaoaxch esofcv gj mvcmr omq icmh m vcrcmvbl rqrxco xg fcbgocigbkch ae m r~cbajab xvm`cbxgvq meh tgsih mjjcbx axr iged/xcvo vcraiacebc) a%c% axr mfaiaxq xgvcr~geh xg c|gdcegsr blmedcr%

Xlc blmiicedc jgv ~giabq) xlcvcjgvc) ar xg jaeh xlc vadlx fmimebc fcxtcce xgg osbl meh xggiaxxic r~cbamiarmxage) ae xlc bgexc|x gj xlc CVM zarage meh xlc Iarfge Rxvmxcdq gf`cbxazcr%

Fsx lgt rsbl me g~xaomi fmimebc omq fc mxxmaech ar xlc kcq }scrxage xlc ~vcbarc emxsvcgj ~giabq aexcvzcexager) aj meq) ar jmv jvgo bicmv%

Hajjcvcex xmkcr ge r~cbamiarmxage

Xlc bgexvafsxager fq xlc ~mvxaba~mexr mx xlc Fmvbcigem tgvkrlg~ mhhvcrr omeq gj xlcarrscr vmarch fq xlc }scrxage gj r~cbamiarmxage% Ae hgaed rg) xlcq bgexvafsxc egzci aeradlxr

xg xlc hcfmxc%


8/105

^mdc 2 gj 11

Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs ,@VB/A^XR! bmsxager xlmx ~giabq m~~vgmblcr hc~cehaed gzcvtlcioaediqge m jct rcicbx jacihr gv rcbxgvr mvc ~mvxabsimviq zsiecvmfic xg rqrxcoab vark) tlabl ar miazcmeh tcii mr xlc bsvvcex cbgegoab bvarar lmr rlgte%

Hgoaea}sc Jgvmq ,Cbgic ^giqxcblea}sc Jhvmic hc Imsrmeec! ~vcrcexr xlc arrsc gj

r~cbamiarmxage jvgo m vcdagemi ~cvr~cbxazc% Lc mvdscr xlmx xlc jvcc c|blmedc gj kegtichdcae Csvg~c bme icmh xg m raxsmxage ae tlabl m jct &taeecv& vcdager r~cbamiarc ae m jct xg~abr)icmhaed xg &hcrcvxajabmxage& gj V*H mbxazaxacr circtlcvc% Tlmx bme vcdager hg rg xlcq hge$xceh s~ fcaed icjx fclaeh7 &Romvx r~cbamiarmxage& ae xlcomxab mvcmr xlmx omkc xlc ogrx gj mvcdage$r bsvvcex kegtichdc fmrc ar xlc m~~vg~vamxc vcr~gerc) ax ar mvdsch) mr osbl jgvBmofvahdc mr ax ar jgv Mehmisbm%

^lai Bggkc ,Seazcvraxq gj Bmvhajj! mhhvcrrcr xlc xvmhc/gjj fcxtcce xgg osbl meh xgg iaxxicr~cbamiarmxage% R~cbamiarc xgg osbl meh qgs oadlx ceh s~ igraed gsx ge fcecjaxr xlmx tgsihlmzc fcce ~vghsbch fq V*H ae mvcmr xlmx mvc fcaed ecdicbxch) mr qgs eczcv kegt tlcvcxlc ec|x fvadlx aeegzmxage taii bgoc jvgo% Rg ax ar ecbcrrmvq xg omaexmae m bcvxmae mogsex

gj vcimxch zmvacxq%

Fsx lgt hg tc kegt aj xlc raxsmxage ae Csvg~c ar gec gj lcmixlq vcimxch zmvacxq gv mraxsmxage tlcvc V*H ar jvmdocexch meh hs~iabmxch) icmhaed xg rsfg~xaomi vcrsixr7 KcaxlRoaxl ,Seazcvraxq gj Xmromeam! mvdscr xlmx xg mertcv xlar }scrxage tc ecch xg dg fcqgehxvmhaxagemi rxmxarxabr meh hcizc jsvxlcv aexg harmddvcdmxch hmxm%

Xlc mvdsocex jgv r~cbamiarmxage laedcr ge xlc }smiaxq gj V*H% Fsx xlar mrrsocr xlmx xlcvcar m }smiaxq rbacebc fmrc xg fcdae taxl) meh xlmx jsvxlcv r~cbamiarmxage tgsih xvq xg omkc xlcogrx gj ax% Mehvcm Fgembbgvra ,Seazcvraxq gj ^arm! mvdscr xlmx xlcvc ar m rxvged iaekfcxtcce cbgegoab bgo~cxaxazcecrr meh m rxvged rbacebc fmrc%

Omvk Lmvvarge ,Seazcvraxq gj Tmvtabk! bmsxager xlmx xlc czahcebc ge xlc iaek fcxtcce ladl/}smiaxq vcrcmvbl meh bvaxabmi omrr ar tcmk meh) hvmtaed c|mo~icr jvgo xlc cbgegoablarxgvq gj Rgzacx V*H) mvdscr xlmx ~giabq/aehsbch bgebcexvmxage ae V*H ar se~vghsbxazc aexlc iged/vse% Ar xlc bsvvcex hcfmxc ocvciq ~mvx gj me aerxaxsxagemi bqbic7

Mr lmr fcce rlgte) xlc }scrxage gj r~cbamiarmxage lmr m esofcv gj ~giabq ao~iabmxager% Axbme icmh xlc tmq xgtmvhr m ogvc vadgvgsr meh czahcebc/fmrch miigbmxage gj vcrcmvbljsehaed% Ax bme mirg lci~ sehcvrxmeh tlq Csvg~c ar imddaed fclaeh ae V*H aezcrxocex%Mexmemr ceqr ,Zaieasr Dchaoaemr Xcbleabmi Seazcvraxq) Iaxlsmeam! ~vcrcexr me gzcvzact

gj jmbxgvr xlmx mbbgsex jgv xlar hcjabax zactch jvgo xlc ~cvr~cbxazc gj r~cbamiarmxage%

Fsx xlc }scrxage gj r~cbamiarmxage) tlaic jvsaxjsi meh ~gxcexamiiq aeradlxjsi) taii egx omkc xlcfsraecrr gj bvcmxaed me V*H ~giabq oa| meq cmracv% Aj meqxlaed) ax taii omkc ax ogvcbgo~iabmxch% Memrxmragr Dameeaxrar ,Seazcvraxq gj Mxlcer! rlgtr ~giabacr jgv rxvcedxlceaedr~cbamiarmxage osrx fc ~imbch ae xlcav ~vg~cv bgexc|x) meh gsxiaecr bgo~icocexmvqaexcvzcexager xlmx bme rs~~gvx fgxl r~cbamiarmxage meh iged/xcvo jic|afaiaxq%

Jaemiiq) Haoaxvagr ^gexakmkar ,@VB/A^XR!) Dcgvdc Blgvmjmkar ,HD/VXH M2! meh HaoaxvagrKqvamkgs ,@VB/A^XR! ~vcrcex rgoc rxqiarch c|~cbxmxager mxxmblch xg r~cbamiarmxage) fgxl~graxazc meh ecdmxazc% Lgt bme ~giabq gzcvbgoc xlc haicoomr7 M bmrc ar omhc jgv ~giabq

m~~vgmblcr xlmx mvc bgebcvech ogvc taxl xlc iged/xcvo rlajxaed bm~mbaxq gj vcrcmvblrqrxcor meh icrr taxl oabvgomemdaed xlc havcbxage gj vcrcmvbl%


9/105

^mdc 8 gj 11

Aexvghsbxage

Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs

Aerxaxsxc jgv ^vgr~cbxazc Xcblegigdabmi Rxshacr

@gaex Vcrcmvbl Bcexvc) Csvg~cme Bgooarrage

Omeq zgabcr vmarc bgebcve xlmx Csvg~cme vcrcmvbl cjjgvxr mvc r~vcmh xgg xlaeiq% Rgcxc,6>>3! mxxvafsxcr xlc miicdch imbk gj c|bciicebc ae Csvg~cme seazcvraxacr) zar//zar xlcavbgsexcv~mvxr ae xlc Seaxch Rxmxcr) ~mvxiq xg xlc harra~mxage gj vcrcmvbl cjjgvxr% Jgvmq mehZme Mvk ,6>>4! mvdsc xlmx rgoc vcrcmvbl r~cbamiarmxage mx xlc iczci gj vcdager gv bgsexvacr

tgsih rxvcedxlce xlc aexcvemxagemi bgo~cxaxazcecrr gj Csvg~cme vcrcmvbl meh lci~ omkcCsvg~c m ogvc mxxvmbxazc hcrxaemxage jgv V*H aezcrxocex% Gxlcvr rxaii) rcc xlc ~giabq hvazcxgtmvhr r~cbamiarmxage mr me g~~gvxseaxq jgv m rlajx xgtmvhr oarrage/gvacexch vcrcmvbl xlmxbgsih bgexvafsxc xgtmvhr xmbkiaed xlc Dvmeh Blmiicedcr ,Dcgvdlags) 6>>

Fcxtcce xlc rsoocv gj 6>>< tlce tc lcih m tgvkrlg~ ge r~cbamiarmxage ae V*H mehcmviq 6>>1) tlce ~mvxaba~mexr$ ~m~cvr tcvc vcbcazch jgv xlar zgisoc) rgocxlaed zcvqao~gvxmex lm~~cech0 xlc jaemebami bvarar cexcvch axr &eg/~imsrafic/hceamfaiaxq& ~lmrc meh xlcgedgaed ~vgjgseh cbgegoab hgtexsve fcbmoc ~maejsi czahcex% Ax tgsih fc tvged egx xg

xmkc xlar hczcig~ocex aexg mbbgsex fcbmsrc ae omeq tmqr osbl gj xlc ao~cxsr jgv omeqmvdsocexr ae jmzgsv gj gec ~giabq gv megxlcv bmoc jvgo xlc m~~mvcex rqrxcoab vchsbxagegj vark ae ~vczagsr qcmvr% Rsbl m vchsbxage gj vark ~vgzch m jadocex gj xlc aomdaemxage mehtarljsi xlaekaed/ gj omeq memiqrxr meh omvkcx ~mvxaba~mexr%

M rqrxcoab vchsbxage gj vark tgsih omkc ax hcjcerafic jgv fmekcvr) memiqrxr meh~giabqomkcvr xg ~imbc omeq gv mii cddr ae gec fmrkcx% Ax tgsih `srxajq bgebcexvmxaedvcrgsvbcr tlcvc m~~mvcexiq vcxsver tcvc ladlcrx meh egxlaed rccoch xg xlvcmxce xlco%Xlmx bgsih fc gai xcblegigdq meh c|~igvmxage) jaemebami cedaeccvaed) xcicbgor) rgjxtmvc)cxb% Ogegbsixsvc) gv ecmv/ogegbsixsvc cbgegoacr rccoch mxxvmbxazc% Gec gj czcvq xce

~gsehr vcbcazch ae xlc Seaxch Kaedhgo ,SK! ae 6>>: tcvc ae fmekaed; xlc vmxc ae EctQgvk tmr gec gj czcvq xlvcc% Lsdc bgo~cermxage ae jmzgsvch ogegbsixsvc aehsrxvacrmxxvmbxch vcrcmvblcvr meh ect xmicex% @seagv mrrgbamxcr$ mzcvmdc bgo~cermxage tmrmvgseh (SR68>)>>> ,fgxxgoaed gsx mx mvgseh (SR=3>>>> ! ae 6>>> xva~ic tlmx ax tgsihfc jgv Omrxcv$r) OFM gv ^lH lgihcvr ae gxlcv rcbxgvr ,Jvccome cx mi% 6>>=!% Qgsed fvadlxoaehr ~mah mxxcexage0 mr ocexagech fq Jcvdsrge ,6>> 3# gj Lmvzmvh$rdvmhsmxaed bimrr tcex aexg jaemebc) =3# fq =11>) meh ogvc xlme 6># fq 6>>4% Qmic lmhLmvzmvh fcmx ax lmh ladlcv ~cvbcexmdcr mivcmhq ae xlc cadlxacr%

Hazcvrajabmxage ar xlc m~~vg~vamxc vcr~gerc tlce jmbch taxl vark% Xlc rsbbcrrazc fsfficrgj xlc imrx 6>+ qcmvr) xlc ecmviq/bgexaesgsr dvgtxl ae xlc Seaxch Rxmxcr ,SR! taxl romiifiao~r ae xlc cmviq =11>r meh cmviq 6>>>r) xlc m~~mvcex rs~cvmeesmxage gj aejimxage) cxb%


10/105

^mdc 3 gj 11

omhc rcvagsr rqrxcoab vark rcco zcvq romii% ^gvxjgiag oghcir hczcig~ch raebc xlcrczcexacr tcvc xgsxch xg ~vgzahc jaemebami hazcvraxq xg rsfrxaxsxc jgv xlc vcmi hazcvraxq xlmxtmr fcbgoaed aebvcmraediq gsx gj jmrlage%

Xlc jaemebami bvarar rlggk xlar co~lmrar ge bgebcexvmxaed vcrgsvbcr tlcvc mx ~vcrcex qgsrcc imvdcrx vctmvhr ae xtg tmqr0 ax rlgtch xlmx ~vgjgseh) rqrxcoab vark ar rxaii miazc mehtcii; meh ax rlgtch xlmx tlce omvkcxr bgiim~rc jaemebami hazcvraxq meh lchdaed bmeegx~vgzahc xlc bgzcv qgs lg~ch xlcq tgsih imvdciq fcbmsrc qgsv bgsexcv~mvxr ae xlcrclchdaed xvmermbxager mvc semfic'setaiiaed xg lgih xlcav rahc gj xlc hcmi%

Ae xlc iadlx gj xlc gedgaed bvarar) gec ecchr ~mvxabsimviq lcvgab mrrso~xager xg ~vgogxcaebvcmrch bgebcexvmxage jgv meq mbxazaxq c|~cbxch xg dcecvmxc cbgegoab fcecjaxr% XlcFmvbcigem tgvkrlg~ meh xlc bgexvafsxager xg xlar zgisoc ~vgzahch m vabl ~vc/bvarar hcfmxc%Xlmekjsiiq xlcvc mvc ao~gvxmex mvdsocexr ae xlar hcfmxc xlmx crbm~c xlc avvmxagemi

c|sfcvmebc gj oaeaomi/vark cezavgeocexr; xg xlcrc tc xsve ec|x) kcc~aed mitmqr ae oaehxlc ~gtcvjsi bmzcmx co~xgv tgvih omvkcxr lmzc hciazcvch ae xlc imrx jct ogexlr%

Xlcvc mvc }saxc tcii/kegte mvdsocexr) ae mii mbxazaxacr) aebishaed vcrcmvbl) ae jmzgsv gjbgebcexvmxaed cjjgvxr meh vcrgsvbcr ae me mvcm gj r~cbamiarmxage) ~vcrsomfiq ae xlc mvcm aetlabl me cbgegoab mdcex'dvgs~'vcdage'bgsexvq lmr xlc ogrx rxciimv'c|bciicex vcbgvh% Xlcahcm hmxcr mx icmrx xg Mhmo Roaxl) meh tmr s~hmxch fq Vabmvhg ae xlc bgexc|x gjc|blmedaed xlc jvsaxr gj hazcvrc r~cbamiarmxager moged mdcexr) meh xlvgsdl jgbsraed egxge tlmx ar fcrx mx hgaed) fsx ge tlmx gec ar icmrx fmh mx hgaed%

Xlc m~~cmi) meh xlc mvdsocexr) gj jgbsraed ge dcxxaed xlc ogrx fmed/jgv/xlc/fsbk mvcrxvmadlxjgvtmvh% Xlcq vc}savc lgtczcv m bcvxmae rcx gj mrrso~xager ae gvhcv xg tgvk) rsblmr jvcc meh sejcxxcvch c|blmedc) meh xlc mfrcebc gj ~gtcvjsi rxgblmrxab rlgbkr mdmaerxxlc mbxazaxq ae tlabl gec lmr r~cbamiarch) gv xlc mfaiaxq xg src jaemebami aerxvsocexr mraersvmebc mdmaerx rsbl rlgbkr% Xlar ae xsve vc}savcr caxlcv xlc mfrcebc gj osixa~icaehazahsmi rgzcvcade rxmxcr) gv xlc ao~grrafaiaxq gj meq rgzcvcade rxmxc c|cvbaraed axrrgzcvcadexq ae se~vchabxmfic tmqr ,c%d% vcdmvhaed ao~chaed bm~axmi jigtr) c|~vg~vamxager)tmvr) cxb%!% Taxlae aehazahsmi bgsexvacr r~cbamiarmxage moged vcdager'bgooseaxacr armbbgo~meach fq rxvged bcexvmi fshdcxr tlabl xlvgsdl xm|/meh/xvmerjcv rblcocr) xmvdcxchhczcig~ocex mrrarxmebc ~vgdvmoocr) meh aejvmrxvsbxsvmi aezcrxocex harxvafsxc fcecjaxr

meh roggxl gsx xlc hajjcvcexami dmaer dcecvmxch fq xlc hajjcvcex mbxazaxacr ae tlabl hajjcvcexvcdager lmzc r~cbamiarch%

Ae xlc mfrcebc gj xlc mfgzc xlc r~cbamiarmxage'bgebcexvmxage m~~vgmbl fcbgocr lmvh xgjmxlgo; aehcch ogrx bgsexvacr hg egx r~cbamiarc gzcvtlcioaediq ae xlc mbxazaxq ae tlablxlcq tgsih dcx xlc ogrx fmed/jgv/xlc/fsbk% Xlc jct xlmx lmzc xvach ax ,c%d% ogeg/bsixazmxagemdvabsixsvmi cbgegoacr jgbsraed ge bgjjcc) bgbgm ae Mjvabm! ~mah hcmviq jgv ax tlce xlc javrxecdmxazc rlgbk lax% Xlcav bgsexcv~mvxr ae xcvor gj vcdager taxlae bgsexvacr ,c%d% oaeaedmvcmr ae aehsrxvamiarch bgsexvacr! lmzc mirg rsjjcvch hgtexsver tlce xlcav &ogeg/~vghsbx&cbgegoq tmr lax; isbkaiq jgv xlco) lgtczcv) m rxvged bcexvmi fshdcx tmr srsmiiq xlcvc xg

lci~ oaxadmxc xlc c|xcex gj xlcav aebgoc hvg~%


11/105

^mdc : gj 11

Gec rlgsih egxc xlmx xlcvc mvc mirg mvdsocexr mdmaerx gzcvr~cbamiarmxage egx rao~iqfmrch ge harxvafsxagemi'bglcrage arrscr) meh xlc mfrcebc gj xlc ecbcrrmvq mbbgo~meqaedaerxaxsxager) fsx czce ae xcvor gj ~svc cjjabacebq% Rsbl mvdsocexr sehcvrbgvc xlcao~gvxmebc gj jic|afic vcr~gercr) rlajxaed bm~mbaxq) meh hqemoab mrradeocex gj vcrgsvbcr%Xlcq m~~iq ae hcmiaed taxl m hqemoab rcxxaed ae tlabl tlmx omq rcco g~xaomi xghmq omqegx fc rg xgogvvgt) mr tcii mr tlce jmbch taxl xlc cocvdcebc gjogeg~giacr'ogeg~rgeacr jmzgsvch fq czcv/ladlcv bgebcexvmxage% Egxc mirg xlmx lchdaedrxvmxcdacr hczcig~ch ae meh jgv jaemebami omvkcxr ae vcbcex hcbmhcr) xg ~vgxcbx gec mdmaerxxlc varkr gj bgebcexvmxage lmzc vcbcazch }saxc m fcmxaed ae xlc bsvvcex jaemebami bvarar)bmrxaed rlmhgt ge gec xggi tlabl bgsih fc srch xgtmvhr lchdch bgebcexvmxage rxvmxcdacr xlcvc ar egx cegsdl r~mbc xg hg `srxabc xg xlar arrsc lcvc fq c|~igvaed ax jsvxlcv%

Mr m rxmvxaed ~gaex omhc jgv meq ~giabq/vciczmex memiqrar gec rlgsih egx dcecvabmiiqvcbgooceh caxlcv ogvc gv icrr bcexvmiarmxage; vmxlcv gec rlgsih xmkc aexg mbbgsex xlc rgvxgj aerxaxsxager xlmx tgsih fc bmiich s~ge xg ao~icocex ~giabacr% Megxlcv ~gaex tgvxlrxvcrraed ar xlmx osbl gj xlc xlcgvaraed mfgsx omkaed ogvc cjjabacex xlc ~vghsbxage mehhajjsrage gj kegtichdc meh aeegzmxage ar c|~vcrrch ae xcvor gj bgvvcbxaed omvkcx jmaisvcr)tlaic mrrsoaed xlmx rsbl omvkcxr cebgo~mrraed mii mr~cbxr gj xlc ~vghsbxage mehhajjsrage ~vgbcrr mvc ae g~cvmxage% Lcvc mdmae xlc bsvvcex bvarar taxl xlc hvqaed s~ gjomvkcxr jgv kcq xvmermbxager ax lmr ~vgzgkch rlgsih dazc sr ~msrc) tlce tc mrrsocomvkcxr taii c|arx xg roggxl gsx xlc cjjcbx gj rlgbkr%

Mr ocexagech mfgzc xlcvc ar m imvdc sehcviqaed bgebcve mfgsx xlc c|arxcebc gj cjjcbxazcocblmearor ,omvkcxr) jarbmi rblcocr) roggxl hajjsrage'mfrgv~xage) cxb! jgv xlc harxvafsxagegj meq tcijmvc dmaer cocvdaed jvgo V*H bgebcexvmxage) fcqgeh xlc vcdage'rxmxc tlabl arxlc rcmx gj rsbl bgebcexvmxage% ^cvlm~r ax tgsih fc srcjsi xg harbsrr xlar ogvc c|~iabaxiq%Bgebcexvmxaed vcrcmvbl tlcvc xlc vcxsve ge cmbl csvg r~cex ar xlc ladlcrx) omq omkcrlgvx vse rcerc jgv m ~vgjax/om|aoaraed javo ,xlgsdl ~grrafiq aecjjabacex ae xlc ochaso xgiged vse!% Lgtczcv) ax ar }saxc iakciq ~giaxabmiiq aejcmrafic meh aecjjabacex) egx icmrx fcbmsrcdgzcveocexr jgbsr ge tcijmvc ae xlcav rxmxc javrx meh jgvcogrx% Rsbl tcijmvc omq hc~cehge xlc tmqr tcijmvc dmaer mvc harxvafsxch) ge igbmi c|xcvemiaxacr jvgo V*H) ge xlcrxabkaecrr gj kegtichdc meh vcrcmvblcv jigtr% Ax mirg hc~cehr ge gzcvmii lsome bm~axmiiczcir ae m bgsexvq) meh tlabl hc~ceh) ae xsve) ge xlc bgsexvq$r harxmebc jvgo xlcxcblegigdabmi jvgexacv%

Xlc bgrxr meh fcecjaxr gj jsvxlcv bgebcexvmxage gj vcrgsvbcr rlgsih fc tcadlch zcvqbmvcjsiiq) ae m bgexc|x tlcvc dgzcveocexr lmzc fcce vc~cmxchiq xgih fq c|~cvxr xlmx V*Hmeh lsome bm~axmi hczcig~ocex mvc kcq hvazcvr gj cbgegoab tcijmvc; tlcvc kegtichdchajjsrage'mfrgv~xage ar zcvq rigt tlce V*H meh lsome bm~axmi mvc tcmk; meh tlcvc xlcvcar eg harxvafsxage gj tcijmvc dmaer rsbl mr c|arxr ae m jchcvmi rxmxc% Xlar ar czce ogvc rgtlce mixcvemxazc m~~vgmblcr c|arx) co~lmraraed jic|afic mrradeocex gj vcrgsvbcr mehrlajxaed bm~mbaxq) tlaic mzgahaed ogegbsixsvc m~~vgmblcr) tlabl fcbgoc c|bcchaediqzsiecvmfic ae m hcc~ hgtexsve) rsbl mr xlc bsvvcex gec%


12/105

^mdc 4 gj 11

Ax ar egx mr gjxce rxvcrrch fsx) eczcvxlcicrr) ogeg~rgeq bme fc ~cveabagsr) `srx mr osblmr ogeg~giq% Vcrcmvbl bcexvcr xceh xg lmzc ogvc msxgegoq tlce xlcq hg egx hc~ceh gem raedic msxlgvaxq ,raoaimviq vcrcmvblcvr ae m vcrcmvbl jacih mvc ogvc msxgegogsr tlcexlcq hg egx hc~ceh ge gec jsehaed rgsvbc) gv gec ocdm/bcexvc gj vcrcmvbl ae xlmx jacih!%Bgebcexvmxage gj ~gtcv vcdmvhaed jsehaed hcbarager ae me mvcm gj rbacebc ae gec bcexvc

rsf`cbxr rbacexarxr xg xlc c|gvfaxmex ~gtcv gj xlmx raedic fsqcv'jsehcv gj xlcav ahcmr'xmicexr%

Xlc SR rqrxco tgvkr xg xlc c|xcex ax hgcr xlvgsdl xlc mzmaimfaiaxq gj m osixaxshc gjjsehaed rgsvbcr mx zmvagsr hajjcvcex iczcir) dazaed ~vg~grmir omeq hajjcvcex g~~gvxseaxacr xgfc bgerahcvch meh jsehch% Xlar ar tlmx me cmviacv occxaed gj xlc Kegtihcdc/jgv/Dvgtxl,KjD=! dvgs~) mhzaraed Bgooarragecv ^gxgbeak) zazahiq xcvoch &xlc mvx gj bvcmxaed~vghsbxazc blmgr&) blmvmbxcvaraed xlc SR rqrxco% Ge xlc gxlcv lmeh) ae xlc SR xlcdgzcveocex$r vgic ar ao~gvxmex egx geiq ae xcvor gj r~vcmhaed xlc fcecjaxr jvgo xcbleabmimhzmebcr bgebcexvmxch ae Raiabge Zmiicq) gv Vgsxc =6


13/105

^mdc < gj 11

Ogvcgzcv) vchsbaed zmvacxq ar egx m hcravmfic dgmi% Bgebcexvmxage meh vchsbxager ae zmvacxqbme sehcvoaec xlc ~gxcexami jgv ect aeegzmxager xg cocvdc ,Ogiimr/Dmiimvx meh Rmixcv)6>>6!% Zmvacxq meh vchsehmebq g~ce xlc hggv jgv ect cexvmexr aexg xlc rqrxco) meh xlsrect bgo~cxaxgvr) tlabl bme dsmvmexcc aebsofcexr taii egx ricc~ ge xlcav imsvcir% Aerbacebc) xlcrc ect cexvmexr gjxce rax ge xlc omvdaer gj xvmhaxagemi harba~iaecr meh `gsvemir)meh hg egx lmzc rxciimv vcbgvhr; rxmvzaed xlco gj m oghabso gj vcrgsvbcr xlmx tgsih miigtxlco xg xaekcv ge meh taxl xlc omvdaer omq hg rbacebc m harrcvzabc ae xlc ochaso xg igedvse%

Rgjxtmvc cedaeccvr) fq tmq gj c|mo~ic tcvc gjxce zactch mr igt/dvmhc xcbleabamer fqxvmhaxagemi cicbxvabmi cedaeccvaed hc~mvxocexr) meh xlcq lmh xg bgehsbx xlcav vcrcmvbl aercbgeh/xacv seazcvraxacr% Ax tmr geiq xlvgsdl xaoc meh xlc vm~ah c|~merage gj xlc rgjxtmvcaehsrxvq xlmx xlcav tgvk tmr jsiiq m~~vcbamxch ,Ogiimr/Dmiimvx meh Rmixcv) 6>>6!% Xlar~mxxcve lmr gbbsvvch vc~cmxchiq ae xlc larxgvq gj xlc rbacebcr% Vgfcvx Omq ,=11

Gec iaoaxmxage gj rxciimv/vcbgvh/fmrch bgebcexvmxage oghcir ar xlmx xlcq xceh egx xg~vgogxc xlc kaeh gj hazcvraxq xlmx omq fc ecbcrrmvq xg jgrxcv aeegzmxage) fsx vmxlcv icmh xgmexa/bgo~cxaxazc bgebcexvmxager gj rgsvbcr gj jsehaed mr tcii mr gj vcba~acexr gj jsehr% Mrocexagech mfgzc gec gj xlc kcq blmvmbxcvarxabr gj xlc SR rqrxco gj vcrcmvbl ar xlmx xlcvcmvc m esofcv gj gzcvim~~aed meh bgo~cxaed jsehaed/rgsvbcr gj vcrcmvbl% Xlar bgo~cxaxagemoged jsehaed/rgsvbcr bvcmxcr g~~gvxseaxacr jgv ect cexvmexr xg tae vcrgsvbcr mehcemficr ect mvcmr gj vcrcmvbl xg cocvdc% Ae bgo~mvarge xg xlc SR rqrxco gj osixa~ic mehgzcvim~~aed rgsvbcr gj jaehaed) Csvg~cme vcrcmvblcvr lmzc jctcv rgsvbcr xg mbbcrr tlcexlcq rcmvbl jgv jsehaed%

Jsvxlcvogvc) mr ocexagech ae KjD hcfmxcr meh mirg ae xlc Fmvbcigem tgvkrlg~) tcijmvcomq hc~ceh ge lsome bm~axmi mzmaimfaiaxq) tlabl ae xsve hc~cehr ge vcrcmvbl meh ge m

vcdage'rxmxc$r harxmebc jvgo xlc xcblegigdabmi jvgexacv% Vcrcmvbl ~imqr hajjcvcex vgicr,aebishaed xvmaeaed!; ogvcgzcv) vcrcmvbl meh aeegzmxage aexcvmbx ae m zmvacxq gj tmqr meh xlcgsx~sxr gj mbmhcoab vcrcmvbl dg tcii fcqgeh xlc dcecvmxage gj ect kegtichdc mrcofghach ae rbacexajab ~m~cvr% M kcq fcecjax gj ~sfiabiq jsehch vcrcmvbl xg aeegzmxage ar xlchczcig~ocex gj xvmaech ~vgfico/rgizcvr%

C|bishaed sehcv/~cvjgvoaed gvdmearmxager taii vchsbc ~grrafaiaxacr jgv bgexmbx fcxtccerxshcexr meh xlc vcrcmvbl ~vgbcrr) xlsr ~grrafiq vcrxvabxaed xlc rs~~iq gj jsxsvcvcrcmvblcvr mr tcii mr ~vgfico/rgizcvr%


14/105

^mdc 1 gj 11

Dazce xlc ao~gvxmebc gj bsosimxazc mhzmexmdc ae rbacebc) icjx xg axrcij vcrcmvbl jsehaedxcehr xg fc ladliq bgebcexvmxch ae m romii esofcv gj vcdager% ^giabq ocmrsvcr lmzc fccemhg~xch xg oaxadmxc xlc tcadlx gj larxgvq ae ~vg~mdmxaed rsbl bgebcexvmxage% Ae xlc SR) jgvaerxmebc) xlc Emxagemi Rbacebc Jgsehmxage$r Gjjabc gj C|~cvaocexmi ^vgdvmo xg RxaosimxcBgo~cxaxazc Vcrcmvbl ,C^RBgV!6 lmr fcce rcx s~ xg rs~~gvx ~vg~grmir jvgo icrr

jmzgsvch SR Rxmxcr% Xlc Romii Fsraecrr Aeegzmxage Vcrcmvbl ~vgdvmooc ,RFAV!2

mirgr~vcmhr vcrcmvbl jsehaed xg omeq romii javor) meh lmr m bgsexcv/mddigocvmxage ao~mbx%

Xlc ~vgfico jmbch fq jsehaed gvdmearmxager ar xg hcxcvoaec m ~vagva tlmx taii fc c|bciicexvcrcmvbl% Rxciimv ~cvjgvomebc ~mxxcver mvc egx ecbcrrmvaiq c|bciicex ~vchabxgvr gj jsxsvcvcrcmvbl ~cvjgvomebc) cr~cbamiiq ae ect mvcmr) meh cr~cbamiiq mr &aebsofcex& vcrcmvbldvgs~r fcbgoc bgo~imbcex ,Ogiimr/Dmiimvx meh Rmixcv) 6>>6!% Sehcv lq~gxlcxabmibgehaxager gj jsii aejgvomxage meh bcvxmaexq) gec bgsih vcmbl me g~xaomi rgisxage m~~iqaedrxmehmvh vcrgsvbc miigbmxage midgvaxlor% Lgtczcv) mr iged mr rcvceha~axgsr harbgzcvq ar~mvx gj rbacebc) ax ar zcvq hajjabsix jgv ~ccv vczact ~mecir xg kegt tlce gv tlcvc c|bciicebc

taii cocvdc ,Ogiimr/Dmiimvx meh Rmixcv) 6>>6!% Xlc ao~grrafaiaxq gj ahcexajqaed m ~vagvarsbbcrrjsi vcrcmvbl) meh xlc ogeg~giarxab'ogeg~rgearxab harxgvxager xlmxgzcvbgebcexvmxage bme dcecvmxc omq `srxajq ~svrsaed osixa/xvmbk ~giabacr) tlcvc fq xlclmehrgoc vcxsver jvgo m jct rsbbcrr rxgvacr taii ogvc xlme bgo~cermxc jgv xlc bgrx gjxlgrc icrr rsbbcrrjsi sehcvxmkaedr ,Ogiimr/Dmiimvx meh Rmixcv) 6>>6!%

Aexcvcrxaediq) mr ocexagech ae KjD hcfmxcr meh mirg ae xlc Fmvbcigem tgvkrlg~) czcevcdager xlmx mvc bsvvcexiq mx xlc xcblegigdabmi jvgexacv omq fcecjax ae xlc iged vse jvgo mem~~vgmbl tlabl mzgahr jsvxlcv dcgdvm~lab mddigocvmxage% Fq egx fcaed ogeg~giarxr gjaeegzmxage meh ogeg~rgearxr gj V*H xmicex ae m vcrcmvbl mvcm) vcdager bme dmae egx geiq

xlvgsdl bgo~cxaxage) a%c% fq mzgahaed xlc bgo~imbcebq mrrgbamxch taxl egx lmzaed xgsdlbgo~cxaxgvr) fsx mirg xlvgsdl ogvc bgo~ic|'hazcvrc r~cbamiarmxage ~mxxcve) mzgahaed xlcraedic/bvg~) mii/cddr/ae/gec/fmrkcx ocdm/r~cbamiarmxage ae gec mvcm% Xlar ~gaex bme fcrcce ae bge`sebxage taxl megxlcv gec) vcdmvhaed bggvhaemxage xlvgsdl bcexvmi aeaxamxazcr~vghsbaed miadeocex gj emxagemi meh vcdagemi ~vgdvmoocr ae xcvor gj r~cbajab ~vagvaxacr)bmicehmvr) aerxvsocexr% Xlcrc ecmx meh harba~iaech miadeocexr omq fc m~~vg~vamxc jgvrbacexajab mbxazaxacr ae &omxsvc& jacihr'mvcmr) fsx egx ecbcrrmvaiq jgv ect ~mxl/fvcmkaed V*Hecchr% Xlc imxxcv mvc omvkch fq jmrx/~mbch blmedc) ladl ~vgdvmooc hazcvraxq) mehsejgvcrcce omvvamdcr mbvgrr harba~iaecr meh xcblegigdacr% Ae meq bmrc fcxxcv bggvhaemxagegj V*H rlgsih fc rcce ae bge`sebxage taxl ladlcv chsbmxage rxvsbxsvmi vcjgvor) meh taxlbgsexvacr g~ceaed s~ xg bgo~cxaxage) fsx mx xlc rmoc xaoc) mirg igbmiiq aezcrxaed ae xlar~vgbcrr%

Xlar hsmi m~~vgmbl gj g~ceaed/s~ meh igbmi aezcrxocex ar tgvxl jsvxlcv memiqrar) meh xlcvcrsixaed vcrcmvblcv jigtr tgsih mirg fc tgvxl c|~igvaed% Xlcq rlgsih fc osixa/havcbxagemi;seahavcbxagemi gecr icmh xg fvmae/hvmae ,taxl xlc mii/xgg/bgooge ogzc xg xlc SR mr xlcsixaomxc rxc~ ae xlc fvmae/hvmae jigtr!% Aehcch) xlcvc ar me memigdgsr bgebcve vcdmvhaed xlccocvdcebc'~cv~cxsmxage gj ogeg~giacr gj R*X ,meh ogeg~rgearxr gj vcrcmvblcv xmicex!taxlae romiicv cebimzcr ,mx xlc iczci gj vcdage gv rxmxc!% Xlar rlgsih egx fc xmkce iadlxiq%

6

lxx~0''ttt%erj%dgz'gh'gam'~vgdvmor'c~rbgv'mfgsx%`r~2lxx~0''dvmexr%eal%dgz'dvmexr'jsehaed'rfavrxxvW~vgdvmor%lxo


15/105

^mdc => gj 11

Mzgahaed imvdc/mvcm ogeg~giacr hgcr egx ocme bgehgeaed igbmi gecr% Me mexahgxc xg igbmihaegrmsvr bme fc jgseh ae g~ceaed s~ bgo~cxaxage ae rsbl igbmi cebimzcr) tlaic lgtczcvxmkaed bmvc xg lmzc jigtr gj lsome meh gxlcv vcrgsvbcr fc fa/havcbxagemi) meh aehcchosixahavcbxagemi% Mjxcv mii gebc m vcrcmvblcv lmr icjx lar lgoc ae Fsidmvam xg dg xg Dcvomeqgv xlc SK) xlcvc ar iaxxic xg ~vczcex xlc ec|x igdabmi rxc~ xmkaed lao tlcvc ravcer raed

igshcrx) meh rbacexajab'cbgegoab vcxsver mvc ~gvxvmqch cehicrr) a%c% xlc SR%

Vcdmvhaed xlc igdabmi bgebisrage gj bgebcexvmxage) tlabl esvxsvcr ogeg~giacr) gec omqgjxce mrk tlq bme$x tc iaoax xlc esofcv xg m romii omemdcmfic esofcv gj bgo~cxaedcexaxacr) rmq 3 gv => gv =37 Javrx gj mii xlar dcecvmxcr giadg~giarxab fclmzagsv) tlabl lmr axrgte rlmvc gj ~vgficor) fsx fcjgvc g~ceaed xlmx ^mehgvm$r fg|) xlc jgiigtaed xtg bvsbami}scrxager rlgsih fc mertcvch7 Lgt meh tlg hcbahcr ge tlmx xlc omdab esofcv rlgsihfc7 Meh tlcvc rlgsih xlgrc isbkq jct fc igbmxch7

Jsvxlcvogvc) rlsxxaed xg xlc hggv xg xlc javrx vseecv/s~,r! ar lmvh xg `srxajq meh ~giaxabmiiqse~mimxmfic% Xg src m zcvq dvm~lab c|mo~ic gj xlc &hsmi& gj xlar ~vgfico me c|mo~ic}saxc ae xsec taxl tlmx tc mvc taxecrraed ae xlc gedgaed cbgegoab bvarar0 rlsxxaed xlc hggvxg vseecv/s~r tgsih fc iakc rlsxxaed xlc hggv xg rgoc gj xlc rxmxcr bigrc xg fmekvs~xbq%

Fcjgvc tc ogzc ge xg fvacj rsoomvacr gj xlc ~m~cvr xlmx omkc s~ xlar zgisoc ax ar tgvxlvcaxcvmxaed m kcq &rcij/bgerbagsr& xq~c gj gfrcvzmxage a%c% xlc kaeh srsmiiq mzgahch0 Mriged mr ~giabqomkcvr mvc bgezaebch /~mvxiq fq xlc aeegzmxage/rxshacr bgooseaxq$r~cvrsmrazc mvdsocexr gzcv xlc qcmvr/ xlmx R*X ar gec gj xlc zcvq jct iczcvr xlcq lmzc xgxvq xg xsve xlcav bgsexvq gexg m ladlcv rxmehmvh/gj/iazaed ~mxl) xlcq taii tmex xg fc moged

xlgrc rxvazaed jgv meh ae xlc ogrx ~vgoaraed R*X jacihr%

Hgoaea}sc Jgvmq$r vc~gvx hcjaecr meh cehcmzgsvr xg g~cvmxagemiarc xlc bgebc~x gj &romvxr~cbamiarmxage&% Ax ar mvdsch xlmx r~cbamiarmxage bme geiq gbbsv ae m imvdc vcrcmvbl mehaeegzmxage mvcm xlmx miigtr jgv sevcrxvabxch bgo~cxaxage% Jgvmq ~vchabxr xlmx xlc vcmiarmxagegj xlc Csvg~cme Vcrcmvbl Mvcm ,CVM! taii fvaed Csvg~c bigrcv xg rsbl m vcmiaxq% Vcdagerbme xlce cedmdc ae me &cexvc~vcecsvami ~vgbcrr& gj omxblaed igbmi kegtichdc ~vghsbxagexg xlc &~cvxaecex r~cbamiarmxager& gj xlc vcdage% ^cvxaecebc ae xlar harbgzcvq ~vgbcrr) ax armvdsch) taii fc hcjaech fq xlc ,imvdciq c|gdcegsr! cocvdcebc gj Dcecvmi ^sv~grcXcblegigdacr ,D^Xr!% Jgvmq mvdscr xlmx tlaic icmhcv vcdager aezcrx ae xlc aezcexage gj m

D^X) icrr mhzmebch vcdager osrx aezcrx ae xlc &bg/aezcexage gj m~~iabmxager&% Vcdagercedmdaed ae romvx r~cbamiarmxage xlsr ce`gq ladl vcxsver mr xlcq cexcv m bgo~cxaxage mvcembgo~grch gj m romii esofcv gj ~imqcvr% Dgzcveocex ~giabacr lmzc m vgic ae ~vgzahaedm~~vg~vamxc aebcexazcr xg cexvc~vcecsvr tlg mvc aezgizch ae xlc harbgzcvq gj xlc vadlxr~cbamiarmxage%

^lai Bggkc c|moaecr c|arxaed aehabmxgvr gj emxagemi meh vcdagemi r~cbamiarmxage aehabmxgvrmeh jaehr xlmx bgexco~gvmvq rxmxarxabmi xggir gjjcv iaxxic fq tmq gj vcrgisxc c|~imemxager%Hvmtaed jvgo m vabl fghq gj czahcebc ae vcdagemi rbacebc) Bggkc rlgtr xlmx aeegzmxage arogvc iakciq xg gbbsv ae vcdager xlmx omkc xlc fcrx src gj zmvagsr xq~cr gj ~vg|aoaxq

aebishaed egx geiq r~mxami) fsx mirg xlc rcbxgvmi xq~c% R~cbajabmiiq) lc ~graxr xlmx vcdagemiaeegzmxage vmxcr meh cbgegoab dvgtxl mvc ~graxazciq mrrgbamxch taxl xlc ~vcrcebc gj


16/105

^mdc == gj 11

vcimxch zmvacxq) sehcvrxggh mr xlc bgiigbmxage gj vcimxch aehsrxvami rcbxgvr) meh kegtichdcr~aiigzcvr rsbl zmvacxq dcecvmxcr%

Jgv Kcaxl Roaxl) sehcvrxmehaed xlc arrsc gj r~cbamiarmxage ae Csvg~c vc}savcr javrx gj mii

sehcvrxmehaed xlc hcdvcc xg tlabl Csvg~c c|lafaxr hajjcvcebcr ae rxvmxcdq) gvdmearmxagemeh gsxbgoc gj axr V*H mbxazaxacr% Hg xlcrc hajjcvcebcr vcjicbx jvmdocexmxage mehhs~iabmxage) tlabl icrrce xlc gzcvmii ao~mbx gj emxagemi V*H rxvmxcdacr) gv vmxlcv m lcmixlqhazcvraxq7 Mertcvaed xlcrc }scrxager vc}savcr iggkaed mx harmddvcdmxch hmxm mbvgrrCsvg~c% Hajjcvcex) aomdaemxazc) bimrrajabmxager gj V*H hmxm oadlx fc vc}savch ae gvhcv xgmblaczc xlar ae m rsbbcrrjsi tmq ,rgoc mvc ~vg~grch fq Roaxl!) meh tgsih qacih xlc mhhchfcecjax gj ~gaexaed xlc tmq jgvtmvh jgv jsxsvc bimrrajabmxage meh ~vcrcexmxage gj V*H hmxmfq rxmxarxabmi gjjabcr%

Mehvcm Fgembbgvra mvdscr xlmx xlc ~ggv ~cvjgvomebc gj Csvg~cme rbacebc ae xlc imrx

}smvxcv gj m bcexsvq ar gec gj xlc iged/xcvo vcmrger fclaeh xlc Csvg~cme igrr gjbgo~cxaxazcecrr% Fgembbgvra ~vcrcexr czahcebc aehabmxaed xlmx xlc vcimxazc ao~gvxmebc gj mrxvged meh hqemoab rbacebc fmrc jgv omesjmbxsvaed rcvzabcr ~vghsbxage lmr aebvcmrchgzcv xaoc% Rbacexajab icmhcvrla~) ax ar mvdsch) ar ao~gvxmex jgv cbgegoab mbxazaxacr xlmx mvczcvq jmv jvgo xlc xcblegigdabmi jvgexacv czce aj xlc vcimxagerla~ ar aehavcbx meh se~vchabxmfic%Fcbmsrc gj xlc aehavcbx emxsvc gj xlmx vcimxagerla~) xlc bsvvcex ~giabq hcfmxc bgsih fcrczcvciq sehcvcrxaomxaed xlc ao~gvxmebc gj m rxvged rbacebc fmrc% Lc srcr m rlgvx bmrcrxshq ge xlc bmvccvr gj xg~ bgo~sxcv rbacexarxr xg rlgt xlmx xlc tcmk ~cvjgvomebc gj xlcCsvg~cme AX aehsrxvq bme fc mrrgbamxch taxl tcmkecrrcr mx xlc rbacexajab jvgexacv%Fgembbgvra bgebishcr taxl m harbsrrage gj xlc ao~iabmxager xlmx xlcrc gfrcvzmxager lmzcjgv xlc hcrade gj m~~vg~vamxc aerxaxsxagemi rxvsbxsvcr%

Omvk Lmvvarge$r egxc) tvaxxce ra| qcmvr mdg ae xlc bgexc|x gj m emxagemi hcfmxc ge xlcbgebcexvmxage gj seazcvraxq vcrcmvbl jsehaed ae xlc SK) vcomaer ladliq vciczmex% Lmvvargebmsxager xlmx xlc czahcebc ge xlc iaek fcxtcce ladl/}smiaxq vcrcmvbl meh bvaxabmi omrr artcmk meh) hvmtaed c|mo~icr jvgo xlc cbgegoab larxgvq gj Rgzacx V*H) mvdscr xlmx ~giabq/aehsbch bgebcexvmxage ae V*H ar se~vghsbxazc ae xlc iged/vse% Xlc fvsex gj lar mvdsocex arfmrch ge xlc hmomdaed cjjcbxr fvgsdlx mfgsx fq xlc imbk gj bgo~cxaxage meh xlcmrrgbamxch ~cvzcvrc aerxaxsxagemi aebcexazc rxvsbxsvcr% Lmvvarge xmkcr xlc zact xlmx xlcmofazmicebc gj ~giabq omkcvr fcxtcce ~isvmiaro meh bgebcexvmxage gbbsvr ae bqbicr% Lclmpmvhr xlc ~vchabxage xlmx lar bgexco~gvmvq ~vcgbbs~mxage taxl bvaxabmi omrr tgsih fc

vczcvrch ae xlc jgiigtaed qcmvr% Vcbcex czcexr ae xlc SK ,Bgvfqe) 6>>>1! rsddcrxlar ~vchabxage ar tcii ge bgsvrc xg fc ~vgzce bgvvcbx%

Xlc ~m~cv fq Mexmemr ceqr ~vcrcexr me gzcvzact gj jmbxgvr tlabl mbbgsex ae ~mvx jgv Csvg~c$r V*H hcjabax) zactch jvgo xlc ~cvr~cbxazc gj V*H r~cbamiarmxage% Lc ~vg~grcrxlmx m fmimebc rlgsih fc rxvsbk fcxtcce lmzaed me cbgegoq xlmx ar xgg r~cbamiarch,tlcvcdvcmxcv ~vgdvcrr ae gec mvcm taii fc mblaczch xg xlc c|~cerc gj ~vgdvcrr ae megxlcv! gv xgghajjsrch ,tlabl taii icmh xg m hcbvcmrc ae mbxazaxq ae cmbl rc~mvmxc mvcm!% Xlar fmimebcrlgsih xmkc aexg mbbgsex xlmx Csvg~c ar gvacexch xgtmvhr ogvc xvmhaxagemi) igt/vark mehrigt/dvgtaed) mvcmr; imbkr rsjjabacex mbmhcoab r~cehaed; hgcr egx aezgizc fsraecrrcr

cegsdl ae V*H ,mr jsehcvr meh ~cvjgvocvr!; imdr fclaeh ae rcvzabc V*H c|~cehaxsvcr mehhgcr egx lmzc m imvdc cegsdl ABX rcbxgv%


17/105

^mdc =6 gj 11

Memrxmragr Dameeaxrar mxxco~xr xg hciaecmxc xlc aexcvjmbcr fcxtcce vcrcmvblr~cbamiarmxage) xlc cbgegoq meh ~sfiab ~giabq% Lar vc~gvx mbkegtichdcr xlmx xlc~lcegocege gj r~cbamiarmxage ar osixahaoceragemi meh xlmx ~giabacr aexcehaed xg aehsbcr~cbajab r~cbamiarmxage ~mxxcver bmvvq varkr mr tcii mr g~~gvxseaxacr% Ge xlc gec lmeh)g~~gvxseaxacr aebishc ao~vgzcocexr ae ~vghsbxazaxq) m javrx/ogzcv$r mhzmexmdc ge cocvdaedxcblegigdacr mr tcii mr radeajabmex jsxsvc blmiicedcr vcimxaed xg cecvdq) xlc cezavgeocexmeh biaomxc blmedc% Ge xlc gxlcv lmeh) varkr aebishc vchsbxager ae bgo~cxaxage) rxmxcjmaisvc ,aebishaed xlc g~~gvxseaxq bgrx gj egx mbxaed! meh ~grrafic ao~iabmxager jgv aexvm/CSbgezcvdcebc% Ae me mxxco~x xg ahcexajq zamfic ~giabq g~xager) Dameeaxrar harxaedsarlcrfcxtcce ~vgmbxazc meh vcmbxazc ~giabacr meh omkcr m rxvged bmrc jgv bgofaeaed xlc fcrxcicocexr gj fgxl% Lc rccr zmisc ae g~xaed jgv m jic|afic Csvg~cme Vcrcmvbl Mvcm) xlmxbgofaecr m &vcrcmvbl jvacehiq cbgigdq& taxl m &bisrxcv r~cbajab cezavgeocex& jgv r~cbajabvcrcmvbl mvcmr gj ao~gvxmebc% Xlc msxlgv bmsxager xlmx mixlgsdl zcvq gjxce r~cbamiarmxage~mxxcver mvc ~mxl/hc~cehcex meh xlcvcjgvc blmedc ar fgseh xg fc dvmhsmi) ae xlc bmrc gj

ogvc vmhabmi xcbleabmi blmedcr ~mxl/hc~cehcebq ar egx ecbcrrmvaiq xlc bmrc% Lcbgebishcr xlmx ~giabacr jgv rxvcedxlceaed V*H r~cbamiarmxage osrx aebishc rxvmxcdacr jgvcelmebaed zmvacxq bvcmxage meh rcicbxage meh rs~~gvxaed &hajjcvcexamxage& cicocexr mdmaerxbgo~cxaxgvr) me cjjcbxazc jsebxagemi bggvhaemxage gj vcrcmvbl mbxazaxacr mr tcii mr xaociqmh`srxocexr xg aerxaxsxagemi rxvsbxsvcr meh xlc ~vgzarage gj imvdc/rbmic ~sfiab dgghr%

Jaemiiq) Haoaxvagr ^gexakmkar) Dcgvdc Blgvmjmkar meh Haoaxvagr Kqvamkgs harbsrr rgocrxqiarch gfrcvzmxager mfgsx xlc ~gxcexami fcecjaxr meh ~axjmiir gj r~cbamiarmxage) gsxiaec mrkcxbl gj xlc ~giabq m~~vgmblcr bsvvcexiq ge gjjcv meh omkc xlc bmrc jgv rxvcedxlceaed xlcbm~mbaxq gj Csvg~cme vcrcmvbl rqrxcor xg rlajx vcrgsvbcr xg ~vgoaraed mvcmr% Xlcq

bgebishc taxl rsddcrxager jgv jsvxlcv vcrcmvbl xlmx bgsih celmebc xlc bsvvcexiq imbkaedczahcebc fmrc%


18/105

^mdc =2 gj 11

Vcjcvcebcr

Bgvfqe) P% ,6>>>8112

Dcgvdlags) I% ,6>>

Jcvdsrge) E% ,6>>

Jvccome) @%I%) Rmedcv) E% meh Blgxaogedkgi T% ,6>>=!) &Rxmxc gj Aezcrxocex Fmekaed /6>>= meh Fcqgeh&) Jvccome * Bg% Aezcrxocex Fmekaed) @mesmvq) ~%64)lxx~0''ttt%jvccome/bg%fap'~hjr'RxmxcWgjWAFW6>>=WmehWFcqgeh%~hj

Jgvmq) H% meh Zme Mvk) F% ,6>>4!) &Romvx r~cbamiarmxage ae m xvsiq aexcdvmxch vcrcmvbl mvcmar xlc kcq xg mxxvmbxaed ogvc V*H xg Csvg~c&) ^giabq Fvacj Eg =) lxx~0''cb%csvg~m%cs'aezcrx/ae/vcrcmvbl'~hj'hgteigmhWce'~giabqWfvacj=%~hj

Omq) V% ,=11/==

Ogimr/Dmiimvx) @% meh Rmixcv) M% ,6>>6!) &Hazcvraxq meh C|bciicebc0 Bgerahcvmxager geVcrcmvbl ^giabq&) Xlc A^XR Vc~gvx) Zgi% ::)lxx~0''a~xr%`vb%cb%csvg~m%cs'lgoc'vc~gvx'cediarl'mvxabicr'zgi::'AX^=C:::%lxoi

Rgcxc) I% ,6>>3!) &Mbxazmxaed Kegtichdc&) Blm~xcv ge Xlc Lmo~xge Bgsvx Mdcehm0 MRgbami Oghci jgv Csvg~c) ^giabq Ecxtgvk) Igehge) ~~% :4/


19/105

^mdc =8 gj 11

Sehcvrxmehaed &Romvx R~cbamiarmxage&=

Hgoaea}sc Jgvmq

Cbgic ^giqxcblea}sc Jhvmic hc Imsrmeec) Rtaxpcvimeh

^vcmofic

Xlar rlgvx vc~gvx hcjaecr meh cehcmzgsvr xg g~cvmxagemiarc xlc bgebc~x gj &romvxr~cbamiarmxage& ,RR! meh) ae xlar rcerc) ar m bgexaesmxage gj xlc tgvk gj xlc &Kegtichdc jgvDvgtxl& C|~cvx Dvgs~ ,Jgvmq meh Zme Mvk) 6>>4!

Javrx gj mii) xlc bgebc~x gj RR ar ~imbch ae ~cvr~cbxazc taxlae xlc bgexc|x gj Csvg~cme ~giabqge Vcrcmvbl) Xcblegigdq meh Hczcig~ocex) co~lmraraed xlc jmbx xlmx xlc RR g~xage ar aem tmq sea}sc meh crrcexami jgv vcdager xlmx tarl &xg rxmq ae xlc dmoc&) rgocxlaed tlabltaii ~vgzc aebvcmraediq hajjabsix mr bgerxvsbxage gj xlc CVM ,Csvg~cme Vcrcmvbl Mvcm!~vgdvcrrcr%

Xlce xlc fmrab blmvmbxcvarxabr gj RR mvc hcjaech0

javrxiq) xlc bvcmxage gj m imvdc vcrcmvbl meh aeegzmxage mvcm) miigtaedsevcrxvabxch bgo~cxaxage ar me crrcexami bgehaxage jgv r~cbamiarmxage ,mr rxmxch fqMhmo Roaxl 0 xlc hcdvcc gj r~cbamiarmxage ar m jsebxage gj xlc rapc gj xlc omvkcx!,Omvaoge meh Dvmm Bmvzmilg) 6>>

rcbgehiq) xlc rcmvbl jgv RR hgcr egx aezgizc m fsvcmsbvmxab ~vgbcrr ,~ime! gv me

c|cvbarc gj jgvcradlx) gvhcvch jvgo m bgersixaed javo% Ax bgebcver me crrcexamiiqcexvc~vcecsvami ~vgbcrr ae tlabl xlc ect kegtichdc ~vghsbch vcimxcr xg xlc ~cvxaecex r~cbamiarmxager gj xlc vcdage% Xlcrc harbgzcvacr lmzc m zcvq ladl

=Mbkegtichdcocexr0 A tgsih iakc xg xlmek Omvameec Kmdcv) blacj cbgegoarx mx xlc Fmek gj Msrxvam meh

Xcvcrm ^mxvabag) ocofcv gj xlc Rcbvcxmvamx gj Rxmxc jgv Rbacebc) Xcblegigdq meh Ladlcv Chsbmxage gj xlcDgzcveocex gj ^gvxsdmi) jgv mdvccaed xg harbsrr c|mo~icr gj romvx r~cbamiarmxage ae xlcav vcr~cbxazcbgsexvacr taxl oc% Oq dvmxaxshc mirg dgcr xg xlc ocofcvr gj xlc &Kegtichdc jgv Dvgtxl& C|~cvx Dvgs~)cr~cbamiiq Vmoge Omvaoge) Dcgvd Iablx) ^msi Hmzah) Vcaelaihc Zcsdcicvr) ^laia~~c Mdlage) Mehv Rm~av)@mb}scr Omavcrrc) Fvgetqe Lmii) Xmrrgr Dameeaxrar meh Bgooarragecv @mecpr ^gxgbeak jgv xlc rsddcrxagermeh mvdsocexr xlcq bgexvafsxch xg xlar hcfmxc% Jaemiiq A dvcmxiq mbkegtichdc bgoocexr meh rsddcrxager~vgzahch fq xlc ~mvxaba~mexr xg xlc Fmvbcigem Rcoaemv ge Vcrcmvbl r~cbamiarmxage ae xlc CS ,2> @sec6>>


20/105

^mdc =3 gj 11

rgbami zmisc raebc xlcq mvc aexcehch xg dsahc xlc hczcig~ocex gj xlc vcdage$rcbgegoq%

xlavhiq) xlc r~cbajab ~vg~cvxacr gj Dcecvmi ^sv~grc Xcblegigdacr gv Xggir,D^Xr! hcjaec m jvmoctgvk xg bimvajq xlc igdabr gj RR jgv fgxl vcdager xlmx mvc mxxlc xcblegigdabmi jvgexacv meh xlgrc xlmx mvc icrr mhzmebch% Tlaic xlc icmhcvvcdager aezcrx ae xlc aezcexage gj m D^X ,fagxcblegigdq) aejgvomxage xcblegigdq! gvxlc bgofaemxage gj hajjcvcex D^Xr ,fagaejgvomxabr!) jgiigtcvr osrx aezcrx ae xlc bg/aezcexage gj m~~iabmxager) xlmx ar hczcig~ocex gj xlc m~~iabmxager gj m D^X ae gecgv rczcvmi ao~gvxmex hgomaer gj xlc vcdagemi cbgegoq% Xlcrc vcdager cexcv aexg mvcmiarxab meh ~vmbxabmfic bgo~cxaxage igdab) fq hcjaeaed m bgo~cxaxage mvcembgo~grch gj m romii esofcv gj ~imqcvr%

Jaemiiq) xlcvc ar m vgic jgv dgzcveocexmi ~giabacr) tlabl) gebc mdmae) ar egx xlmx gjfsvcmsbvmxabmiiq rcicbxaed r~cbamiarmxager meh xlce ~abkaed xlc taeecvr% Xlc vgic

miigxxch xg dgzcveocexr bgo~varcr jgsv ~mvxr0

,a! Rs~~iqaed aebcexazcr xg ,cebgsvmdc! cexvc~vcecsvr tlg mvc aezgizch ae xlcharbgzcvq gj xlc vadlx r~cbamiarmxager ; xlc aebcexazc jvmoctgvk ar crrcexami raebc mrmivcmhq ocexagech xlc rgbami zmisc gj xlc kegtichdc ~vghsbch ar zcvq ladl mehcexvc~vcecsvr tlg omkc xlar kaeh gj harbgzcvq mvc iakciq xg bm~xsvc geiq m ecdiadafic~mvx gj xlar rgbami zmisc%

,aa! Mrrcrraed xlc zmisc gj xlc ahcexajach r~cbamiarmxager

,aaa! Ahcexajqaed meh rs~~gvxaed xlc aezcrxocexr xlmx mvc bgo~icocexmvq xg xlc vadlxr~cbamiarmxager ,chsbmxagemi meh xvmaeaed aerxaxsxager jgv c|mo~ic! ; ae xlc bmrc gj mvcdage aezcrxaed ae xlc &bg/aezcexage gj m~~iabmxager gj m D^X&) xlcrcbgo~icocexmvq aezcrxocexr mirg aebishc xlc bgeecbxage taxl xlc bcexvcr xlmx~vghsbc meh aezcex xlc D^X%

,az! Bsxxaed hgte aezcrxocexr tlabl tcvc rs~~gvxch c| mexc mr ~mvx gj ~vgogxage gjxlc rcmvbl jgv xlc vadlx r~cbamiarmxager) fsx xsve gsx xg fc aem~~vg~vamxc c| ~grx%

Csvg~cme vcdager) V*H digfmiarmxage meh CVM mr rgisxage

Ae tlmx tmq mvc Csvg~cme vcdager aii ~vc~mvch jgv digfmiarmxage 7

Xlc ~sfiab vcrcmvbl rqrxco ae Csvg~c vcomaer jvmdocexch meh emxagemiiq fmrch) iaoaxaedmddigocvmxage ~vgbcrrcr meh lmo~cvaed xlc jgvomxage gj tgvih/bimrr bcexvcr% Xlar

jvmdocexmxage lmr ~vczcexch xlc emxsvmi hczcig~ocex gj xlc lsfr tlgrc dvgtxl rlgsih fcsevcrxvabxchiq esvxsvch fq xlc fcrx rgsvbcr gj xlc kegtichdc cbgegoq% Ae mbxsmi jmbx) taxl


21/105

^mdc =: gj 11

rgoc vmvc c|bc~xager) mddigocvmxage ~vgbcrrcr g~cvmxc taxlae emxagemi rqrxcor mehvcrgsvbc jigtr hg egx bvgrr fgvhcvr% Taxlgsx xlar jvmdocexmxage) tc bgsih aomdaeciafcvmxch mddigocvmxage hqemoabr icmhaed xg xlc bgerxaxsxage gj xvsiq bgo~cxaxazc bcexvcr gexlc digfmi iczci%

Jsvxlcvogvc) ae Csvg~c tc gfrcvzc m hcjaeaxc xcehcebq ae Csvg~c jgv bgsexvacr mehvcdager xg hg xlc rmoc xlaed meh cezarmdc xlcav jsxsvc ae m raoaimv jmrlage% CzcvqCsvg~cme vcdage ~vahcr axrcij ge lmzaed axr aezcrxocex ~ime ae aejgvomxage xcblegigdq)fagxcblegigdq meh emegxcblegigdq% Ae ogrx vcdager) hcbarage/omkcvr hcjaec ~vagvaxacr ae mzcvq seaomdaemxazc tmq% Xlc ~vgfico ar egx m rao~ic gec meh xcblegigdqjgvcradlx c|cvbarcr gv bvaxabmi xcblegigdacr gvhcvch lcvc gv xlcvc fq mhoaearxvmxager xceh xg~vghsbc xlc rmoc vmekaed gj ~vagvaxacr) taxlgsx meq bgerahcvmxage jgv xlc bgexc|x mehr~cbajab bgehaxager gj xlc &biacex& jgv tlgo xlc c|cvbarc ar bmvvach gsx% Xlar imbk gjaomdaemxage meh zarage ~vghsbcr m seajgvoarmxage gj xlc Csvg~cme kegtichdc fmrc meh mhcxcvagvmxage gj tlmx bme bgerxaxsxc xlc gvadaemiaxq meh harxaebxage gj igbmi kegtichdc fmrcr%

M ~vgfmfic bgerc}scebc gj xlar imbk gj gvadaemiaxq ar xlmx imvdc Csvg~cme bgo~meacr mvcdgaed xg g~cvmxc ogvc meh ogvc mr m digfmi kegtichdc ecxtgvk meh xvmerjcv xlcavaeegzmxage mbxazaxacr gsxrahc xlcav emxazc bgsexvq fcbmsrc xlc imxxcv ar egt hgaed ogvc gvicrr xlc rmoc xlaed mr mii xlc gxlcvr ,meh bcvxmaeiq hgcr ax m iaxxic icrr tcii xlme xlc fcrx gjxlco! ,Hgp) 6>>3!%

Xlar emxagemiiq/fmrch jvmdocexmxage meh xlc seajgvoarmxage gj ~vagvaxacr icmzc Csvg~c taxlm bgiicbxage gj rsfbvaxabmi rqrxcor) mii hgaed ogvc gv icrr xlc rmoc xlaed) rqrxcor tlablmvc semxxvmbxazc meh xlsr bmeegx ~imq ae xlc mvcem gj xlc tgvih igbmiarmxage xgsvemocex%Rsbl m raxsmxage ar gfzagsriq m rgsvbc gj aecjjabacebq0

cbgegoq gj rbmic meh r~aiigzcv ~gxcexamir mvc egx jsiiq vcmiarch cbgegoacr gj mddigocvmxage mvc harra~mxch) vcrsixaed ae m rqrxco omhc s~ gj xgg

omeq semxxvmbxazc raxcr%

Ae jmbx) xlc igdab gj xcvvaxgvami mxxvmbxazaxq ar fmrch ge xlc rbmvbaxq gj m zcvq r~cbajabvcrgsvbc0 xlc cbgegoacr gj mddigocvmxage xlcorcizcr% Xlar vmvc vcrgsvbc ar tmrxchmr rgge mr xgg omeq raxcr mvc bgo~cxaed xg bm~xsvc xlc rmoc vcrgsvbcr%

Lgt omeq tgvih bcexvcr) ae fagxcblegigdq jgv c|mo~ic) bme Csvg~c omemdc xg rcx s~7 Eghgsfx jctcv / jmv jctcv / xlme 6< gv 2> -

Csvg~cme Vcrcmvbl Mvcm mr rgisxage 7

Xlc Csvg~cme Vcrcmvbl Mvcm ,CVM! bme fc memiqrch ae xlc iadlx gj gsv vcomvkr) xlmx ar xgrmq) mr me aeaxamxazc maoch mx jvccaed mddigocvmxage ~vgbcrrcr ,BCB) 6>>4! Xlc dcecvmi

aexcdvmxage gj emxagemi rqrxcor taii miigt vcrgsvbcr xg bavbsimxc selaehcvch meh dg tlcvcxlcq taii dmae xlc ogrx fcecjax jvgo xlcrc c|xcvemi cjjcbxr% Xlsr bcexvcr gj c|bciicebc taii


22/105

^mdc =4 gj 11

fc crxmfiarlch xg xlc mhzmexmdc gj rgoc raxcr tlaic rsfbvaxabmi rxvsbxsvcr) laxlcvxg~vgxcbxch fq emxagemi fgvhcvr) taii ogvc gv icrr harm~~cmv gjj xlc om~%

Xlar ~vgbcrr bme fc c|~cbxch xg vcrsix ae m fcxxcv c|~igaxmxage gj xlc ~vaeba~mi hcxcvoaemexr

gj vcrcmvbl ~vghsbxazaxq0

Cbgegoacr gj rbmic

Xtg rgsvbcr gj cbgegoq gj rbmic vcomae sehcv/c|~igaxch 0 xlc miigbmxage gj ja|ch vcrcmvblbgrxr ,imvdc/rbmic c}sa~ocex! gzcv m imvdcv esofcv gj ~vgdvmoocr meh ~vg`cbxr meh xlcm~xaxshc xg aezcrx ae ogvc r~cbamiarch rkaiir meh ogvc rg~larxabmxch xcblegigdacr mr xlcrqrxco dvgtr ae rapc% Cmbl romii emxagemi rqrxco taii omemdc xg co~igq m jctogicbsimv fagigdarxr tlg mvc rsjjabacexiq ege/r~cbamiarch xg fc mfic xg hg m fax gj

czcvqxlaed ) tlabl) ge me mddvcdmxch iczci) icmhr xg xlc jgvomxage gj me mvoq gj mzcvmdcvcrcmvblcvr% Ge xlc gxlcv lmeh) m ogvc aexcdvmxch rqrxco tgsih fc bm~mfic gj co~igqaedxlc ogrx ladliq r~cbamiarch rbacexarxr) tlg tgsih dg tlcvc xlc m~~vg~vamxc c}sa~ocex meh~vgdvmoocr mvc hczcig~ch) vcdmvhicrr gj emxagemi fgvhcvr%

Cbgegoacr gj zmvacxq meh aexcvemi r~aiigzcvr

Xlc CVM osrx ogvcgzcv jmbaiaxmxc xlc c|~igaxmxage gj cbgegoacr gj zmvacxq mehom|aoarmxage gj xlc aexcvemi r~aiigzcvr xlmx eg igedcv hc~ceh ge xlc rapc gj xlc rqrxco fsx

ge xlc hazcvraxq gj kegtichdc fmrcr% Xlc tmq ae tlabl dcecvab kegtichdc bme esvxsvcesocvgsr hgomaer ,cbgegoabr gj zmvacxq! meh m vcrcmvbl cjjgvx ae gec hgomae bmedcecvmxc kegtichdc xlmx bme fc m~~iach xg gxlcv hgomaer ,r~aii/gzcv! ar hcxcvoaech fq xlchazcvraxq'bgo~icocexmvaxq gj kegtichdc fmrcr meh xlcav aexcdvmxage aexg gec raedic mvcm%Mvc ~cg~ic mtmvc xlmx ae xlc Seaxch Rxmxcr xlc Emxagemi Rbacebc Jgsehmxage lmrhczcig~ch m ~vgdvmooc xlmx xvmerjcvr vcrcmvblcvr r~cbamiarch ae biaeabmi xvamir ,seazcvraxqlgr~axmir! xg xlc chsbmxagemi rbacebcr xg m~~iq c|~cvaocexmi ocxlghr srch ae xlc ochabmijacih xg xlc xcmblaed jacih7 M jaec c|mo~ic gj cbgegoabr gj zmvacxq xlmx bme geiq fcc|~igaxch ae m rqrxco rsjjabacexiq imvdc meh aexcdvmxch xg ~cvoax m rs~~iq meh hcomeh gjzcvq r~cbajab bm~mbaxacr xg bgaebahc meh iaek s~%

Xlc ecbcrraxq jgv romvx r~cbamiarmxage

Xlc ocblmearor mx tgvk ae xlc CVM bme fc c|~cbxch xg jsvxlcv aebvcmrc ~gimvarmxage~lcegocem lgtczcv0 rbacexajab hcerajabmxage jgv rgoc vcdager) &hcrcvxajabmxage& jgv omeqgxlcvr% Qcx rsbl m vcrsix tgsih fc ~giaxabmiiq sembbc~xmfic meh aecjjabacex jvgo mecbgegoab ~gaex gj zact% Ax ar xlcvcjgvc ao~gvxmex egx xg xsve xlc CVM aexg m ocblmearo gjecx xvmerjcv gj vcrgsvbcr xg xlc ogrx mhzmebch vcdager%


23/105

^mdc =< gj 11

Ax xlcvcjgvc rccor xlmx xlcvc ar geiq gec ocmer gj vcbgebaiaed sevcrxvabxch mddigocvmxage~vgbcrrcr maoch bgerxaxsxaed xlcrc jmogsr kegtichdc lsfr xlmx mvc bgo~cxaxazc ge mtgvihtahc rbmic taxl m vcimxazciq fmimebch dcgdvm~labmi harxvafsxage gj vcrcmvbl bm~mbaxacrxlvgsdlgsx Csvg~c 0 xlar ocmer iacr ae xlc m~xaxshc gj vcdager meh bgsexvacr xg&~mvxabsimvarc xlcorcizcr&) ae gxlcv tgvhr hczcig~ me gvadaemi rxvmxcdab zarage ae xcvor gj

rbacebc meh xcblegigdq meh ao~icocex xlc ~giabacr ecbcrrmvq xg bgejgvo xg ax%

Aj mii vcdager hg xlc rmoc xlaed tc lmzc mivcmhq rxvcrrch xlc imbk gj aomdaemxage ae xlarhgomae mfgzc xlc ocblmearor ao~icocexch taxlae xlc CVM jvmoctgvk taii vcrsix ae m&hvmaeaed& gj xlc dvcmxcv ~mvx gj xlc Csvg~cme xcvvaxgvq) gv gxlcvtarc xlcq taii lmzc xg fcbgvvs~xch fq xlc vcharxvafsxazc igdabr gj bglcrage ~giabacr ae gvhcv xg ~vczcex xlar jvgogbbsvvaed% Aj) ge xlc gxlcv lmeh) cmbl vcdage rsbbcchr ae hczcig~aed me gvadaemi mehsea}sc kegtichdc fmrc) xlc rbcemvag fcbgocr osbl ogvc aexcvcrxaed% Xlar ar xlc egxagegj romvx r~cbamiarmxage%

R~cbamiarmxage ar xlsr m vc}savcocex mrrgbamxch taxl xlc bgerxvsbxage gj xlc CVM / fsx ax taiimirg fc jmbaiaxmxch fq xlc CVM% Mr rxmxch fq Omvaoge meh hc Dvmm Bmvzmilg ,6>>

Memxgoq gj xlc romvx r~cbamiarmxage ~vgbcrr

Xlc vcbcex vc~gvx fq xlc Iarfge C|~cvx Dvgs~ ,ICD! bicmviq rlgtr xlmx czce aj bgsexvacrmvc vcmhq xg mrrsoc xlcav vcr~gerafaiaxq xg lgegsv xlc Iarfge gf`cbxazcr) ~mvxabsimviq fqaebvcmraed xlcav vcrcmvbl cjjgvx) xlcq bvsciiq imbk zarage meh rxvmxcdq ,Iarfge C|~cvx Dvgs~)6>>:!% Ae rlgvx) xlcq mvc ~vc~mvch xg omkc me cjjgvx fsx hg egx vcmiiq kegt tlq) fcqgehxlc dcecvmi vlcxgvab ge xlc rsf`cbx gj vcrcmvbl mr dvgtxl jmbxgv%

Kegtaed ge tlabl kegtichdc fmrc meq ~mvxabsimv vcdage gv bgsexvq osrx fsaih ae gvhcv xghcjaec axr dvgtxl rxvmxcdq ar m kcq }scrxage meh mx xlc rmoc xaoc m hajjabsix gec% Ax osrx fcco~lmrapch xlmx mertcvaed xlar }scrxage rlgsih egx icmh xg m fsvcmsbvmxab igdab gjaehsrxvami ~imeeaed fsx aehcch xg m vcrcmvbl ~vgbcrr gj me cexvc~vcecsvami xq~c) xlmx ar gec

ae tlabl cexvc~vcecsvr osrx ~imq m bcexvmi vgic% Xlc hcbarage/omkcvr taii iaoax xlcavaexcvzcexager xg jgsv mr~cbxr gj xlc ~vgbcrr 0 lci~aed xlcrc cexvc~vcecsvr gj m vmxlcvr~cbami xq~c ,rcc fcigt!; czmismxaed xlc zmisc gj xlc ahcexajach r~cbamiarmxager; ahcexajqaedbgo~icocexmvq aezcrxocexr ,lsome bm~axmi! meh jmbaiaxmxaed xlc bggvhaemxage ocblmearormiigtaed m vcdagemi rqrxco xg bgiicbxazciq rtaxbl gzcv xgtmvh xlc rcicbxch r~cbamiarmxager;meh ~vseaed xlc aezcrxocexr tlabl xsve gsx xg fc aem~~vg~vamxc c| ~grx fsx tcvc rs~~gvxchc| mexc mr ~mvx gj xlc rcmvbl ~vgbcrr%

Rcmvbl jgv xlc vadlx r~cbamiarmxager 0 me cexvc~vcecsvami ~vgbcrr


24/105

^mdc =1 gj 11

Lcvc tc mvc czgkaed m ~mvxabsimv icmveaed ~vgbcrr) tlabl lmr sexai egt egx vcbcazch zcvqosbl mxxcexage jvgo cbgegoarxr% Xlar icmveaed ~vgbcrr bgerarxr gj harbgzcvaed xlcvcrcmvbl meh aeegzmxage hgomaer ae tlabl m vcdage bme lg~c xg c|bci% Xlar icmveaed~vgbcrr ar ~vaomvaiq xlc vcr~gerafaiaxq gj cexvc~vcecsvr tlg mvc fcrx ~imbch xg harbgzcv xlcvadlx r~cbamiarmxager% Xlar vcmiiq hgcr aezgizc m ~vgbcrr gj harbgzcvq raebc xlc ~vghsbxage

jsebxager gj xlc hajjcvcex xq~cr gj aeegzmxage meh aezcexage mvc egx bgooge kegtichdc%

Xlar mbxazaxq ~grcr m ~sfiab ~giabq ~vgfico% Xlc harbgzcvq gj ~cvxaecex r~cbamiarmxagehgomaer lmr ladl rgbami zmisc raebc xlar kegtichdc ar dgaed xg hcjaec xlc havcbxage gjbgo~meq aezcrxocexr meh vcrcmvbl gvdmearmxage ~vg`cbxr% Fsx xlc cexvc~vcecsv tlgomkcr xlar aeaxami harbgzcvq taii geiq fc mfic xg bm~xsvc m zcvq iaoaxch ~mvx gj laraezcrxocex$r rgbami zmisc raebc) fq hcjaeaxage) gxlcv cexvc~vcecsvr taii rtajxiq ogzc aexg xlcahcexajach hgomae% Xlcvc ar bgerc}scexiq m vark gj egx rccaed cegsdl cexvc~vcecsvr aezcrx ae xlar ~mvxabsimv harbgzcvq ~vgbcrr ,Lmsromee meh Vghvak) 6>>6!%

Aergjmv mr xlc ~vgbcrr gj icmveaed xlc vadlx r~cbamiarmxager jgv m dazce vcdage ao~iacraezcrxocex meh xlc vcxsve ge xlar aezcrxocex bmeegx fc bgo~icxciq m~~vg~vamxch fq xlc~cvrge tlg omkcr ax) tc jaeh gsvrcizcr bgejvgexch taxl me aebcexazc ~vgfico) tlablm~~mvcexiq bmeegx fc vcrgizch fq vcrgvxaed xg aexciicbxsmi ~vg~cvxq% Xlc fmrab harbgzcvqbgebcver m jacih gj vcrcmvbl gv xq~c gj aeegzmxage gj tlabl xlc vcdage bgsih fcbgoc xlcicmhcv% Xlar xq~c gj harbgzcvq ar egx egvomiiq rsf`cbx xg icdmi ~vgxcbxage) tlmxczcv axr rgbamivcxsve% ^sfiab ~giabacr xlsr lmzc me crrcexami vgic xg ~imq ae cebgsvmdaed cexvc~vcecsvrtlg aezcrx ae xlar ~mvxabsimv harbgzcvq ~vgbcrr meh taii egx lmzc xlc ~grrafaiaxq gj sraed xlcsrsmi icdmi ~vgxcbxage ocblmearor xg cemfic xlco xg bm~xsvc m imvdc ~vg~gvxage gj xlcrgbami vcxsve ge xlcav aezcrxocexr%

Czmismxage gj kegtichdc fmrc

Xlc c|cvbarc bmvvach gsx fq xlc msxlgv jgv xlc Xgsigsrc vcdage meh / ae megxlcv bgexc|x /jgv xlc Imkc Dceczm vcdage ,Imsrmeec meh Dceczm! ar c|xvcociq aiisoaemxaed ,Ogtcvq)6>>6!%

Bgejvgexch taxl xlc mivcmhq c|arxaed kegtichdc fmrc) gv gec xlmx ar sehcv bgerxvsbxage)

c|~cvxr meh hcbarage/omkcvr osrx cehcmzgsv xg mertcv xlc jgiigtaed }scrxager 0 Tlmx ar sea}sc meh gvadaemi mfgsx oq vcdage$r kegtichdc fmrc 7 Bme ax fc hczcig~ch fq fsaihaed ge kegtichdc meh kegt/lgt mbbsosimxch ae xlc

~mrx7 Hgcr xlar fmrc gjjcv rsjjabacex aeegzmxage meh r~aiigzcv ~gxcexami ,ae gxlcv tgvhr)

hgcr ax laedc ge xlc ~vghsbxage gj m rg/bmiich &dcecvmi ~sv~grc& xcblegigdq gv lmrax hczcig~ch ae me ao~gvxmex m~~iabmxage hgomae gj m dcecvmi ~sv~grc xcblegigdq!7

Ar xlar fmrc iaekch xg omvkcxr taxl dvgtxl ~gxcexami meh'gv ao~gvxmex cbgegoabhgomaer jgv xlc vcdage7

Ar ax hajjabsix gv cmrq jgv gxlcv bgsexvacr xg vc~vghsbc meh aoaxmxc ,~mvxabsimviq

cocvdaed bgsexvacr!7


25/105

^mdc 6> gj 11

Ar ax rsjjabacexiq fvgmh ,bm~mfic gj dazaed varc xg m hazcvrajach ~gvxjgiag gj bgeecbxchmbxazaxacr) osxsmiiq rxvcedxlceaed cmbl gxlcv xlmekr xg rqecvdacr) cbgegoacr gjzmvacxq meh r~aiigzcvr! gv xgg emvvgt) meh xlcvcjgvc vseeaed m vark gj hc~cehcebq gegec raedic hgomae meh xcblegigdabmi ogegbsixsvc7

M bgvvcbxiq bmvvach gsx ~mvxabsimvarmxage ~vgbcrr taii xlsr vczcmi xlc jsxsvc rxvmxcdabhgomaer jgv xlc vcdage gv bgsexvq%

Bgo~icocexmvq aezcrxocexr meh bggvhaemxage ~giabq

Mhg~xaed m rxvmxcdab zarage ar m zcvq ao~gvxmex xlaed) meh xlce lmzaed xlc bm~mbaxq xg rcxxlc rqrxco ae ogxage rg xlmx xlc mexaba~mxager gj xlc hajjcvcex cbgegoab mdcexr bgaebahcmeh bgezcvdc xgtmvhr xlar zarage ar megxlcv% Mii xlc aedvchacexr gj me aeegzmxage ~giabqosrx xlce fc ogfaiarch rg xlmx ~sfiab meh ~vazmxc mdcexr aezcrx ae m bggvhaemxch tmq ae xlcahcexajach hgomaer% Tc kegt xlmx ae xlar vcr~cbx rs~~iq ~giabacr havcbxch xgtmvh xlchczcig~ocex gj xlc kegtichdc aejvmrxvsbxsvc ,fmrab rbacebc) ladl chsbmxage meh xvmaeaed)xcblegigdq ~imxjgvo) imvdc/rbmic ~vgdvmoocr) xcblegigdq xvmerjcv ~ime! osrx fcbgo~icxch fq xlc ~vgzarage gj aebcexazcr xg xlc ~vazmxc rcbxgv mr tcii mr hcomeh ~giabacr,~sfiab ~svblmraed ~giabq) rs~~gvx gj icmh omvkcxr!; ~sfiab ~giabq xg rs~~gvx aeegzmxage lmr~vgzce xg fc cr~cbamiiq cjjcbxazc tlcvc jsehaed jgv V*H tmr bgofaech taxlbgo~icocexmvq ~giabacr rs~~gvxaed xlc xmkc/s~ gj aeegzmxage!% Xlar bgebcvxch rcx gjmbxager maor mx fvaedaed mdcexr$ mexaba~mxager aexg miadeocex meh rsbbcrrjsiiq bggvhaemxcaezcrxocex ~imer ,Ogtcvq) 6>>:! jgv xlc fcecjax gj xlc hczcig~ocex gj m ~mvxabsimvxcblegigdq gv m ~mvxabsimv rcbxgv%

M kcq arrsc ar) xlcvcjgvc) jgv xlc vcdagemi ,gv emxagemi! cbgegoq xg fc mfic xg rlajx vcrcmvblmeh aeegzmxage bm~mfaiaxacr xg ogvc ~vghsbxazc src ,gec gv m jct esofcv gj rcicbxch jacihr!tlceczcv ~grrafic% Xlar mfaiaxq ar m bvaxabmi hcxcvoaemex gj rsbbcrr) ao~iqaed ege ecsxvmimiigbmxage ~vgbcrr taxl vcr~cbx xg xcblegigdacr meh rcbxgvr% Fsx hc~mvxaed jvgo ecsxvmiaxqar mitmqr hmedcvgsr raebc ax ao~iacr dscrraed jsxsvc xcblegigdabmi meh omvkcxhczcig~ocexr% Rg m bcexvmi }scrxage ar mfgsx &~vgdvmo hcrade&0 lgt xg omkc xlcrcoarrage/gvacexch imvdc ~vgdvmor icrr zsiecvmfic xg dgzcveocex jmaisvcr) tvged blgabcr)~abkaed taeecvr) omvkcx harxgvxager%

Bgo~icocexmvaxacr taxl bgo~cxaxage ~giabq ar bcexvmi mr tcii mr xlc ~vcrcebc gj ogvc xlmegec jsehaed mdcebq taxl hajjcvcex fsx gzcvim~~aed mdcehm% Mirg ao~gvxmex ar xg mzgah xlc~vc/hcjaeaxage gj xcblegigdq mvblaxcbxsvcr meh hcrade fq bcexvmi ~imeeaed fsx vmxlcv xg icxxlc omvkcx harbgzcvaed xlc fcrx xcblegigdacr; czce aj ax ar hgec sehcv xlc igdab gj moarrage/gvacexch ~giabq% Rsbl ~vgdvmor lmzc xg fc hcradech mirg ae gvhcv xg jgrxcv cexvqfq ect javor ae cocvdaed aehsrxvacr; egx geiq xg lci~ xlc imvdc javor mivcmhq ae ~imbc%

Rxvmxcdab aeaxamxazcr mvc ao~gvxmex fsx xlc hcrade gj xlc ~vaeba~icr gj vcrgsvbc miigbmxage arbvaxabmi mr tcii%


26/105

^mdc 6= gj 11

Xlc &`gqr& gj romvx r~cbamiarmxage ae xlc CVM

Meq vcdage xlmx lmr omemdch xg hg mii xlmx ar vcmhq jgv xlc CVM- Ax taii geiq fc bgo~cxaedtaxl m romii esofcv gj gxlcv xcvvaxgvacr xg mxxvmbx meh bm~xsvc xlc r~cbamiarch kegtichdc

cbgegoq vcrgsvbcr ae axr hgomae ; ax taii ogvc cmraiq vcmbl xlc xa~~aed ~gaex xg xsve xlcaebvcmraed vcxsver ae axr jmzgsv mr xlc bvaxabmi rapc xlvcrlgih ar jmv igtcv ; xlc vcrgsvbcr~vghsbch fq xlc vcdage) xlmekr ae ~mvxabsimv xg axr ladlcv chsbmxage) ~vgjcrragemi xvmaeaedmeh vcrcmvbl ~vgdvmoocr) bgerxaxsxc &bg/r~cbamiarch mrrcxr& ,Xccbc) =1


27/105

^mdc 66 gj 11

,Fvcremlme) 6>>2!% Xlcrc bgo~icocexmvaxacr mvc jsehmocexmi% C|~vcrrch ae xlc tgvhr gjxlc cbgegoarx) xlc aezcexage gj xlc dcecvmi xcblegigdq c|xcehr xlc jvgexacv gj aezcexage~grrafaiaxacr jgv xlc tlgic cbgegoq) tlaic m~~iabmxage hczcig~ocex blmedcr xlc ~vghsbxagejsebxage gj m ~mvxabsimv rcbxgv% M~~iabmxage bg/aezcexage aebvcmrcr xlc rapc gj xlc dcecvmixcblegigdq omvkcx meh ao~vgzcr xlc cbgegoab vcxsve ge aezcexage mbxazaxacr vcimxaed xg ax%

Xlcvc mvc xlcvcjgvc hqemoab jcchfmbk igg~r ae mbbgvhmebc taxl tlabl aezcexager dazc varcxg xlc bg/aezcexage gj m~~iabmxager) tlabl ae xlcav xsve aebvcmrc xlc vcxsve ge rsfrc}scexaezcexager% Tlce xlaedr czgizc jmzgsvmfiq) m iged/xcvo hqemoab hczcig~r) bgerarxaed gjimvdc/rbmic aezcrxocexr ae vcrcmvbl meh aeegzmxage tlgrc rgbami meh ~vazmxc omvdaemivmxcr gj vcxsve mxxmae ladl iczcir% Xlar hqemoab omq fc r~mxamiiq harxvafsxch fcxtccevcdager r~cbamiarch ae xlc fmrab aezcexager meh vcdager aezcrxaed ae r~cbajab m~~iabmxagehgomaer%

Ogrx ~vghsbxazaxq dmaer jvgo aejgvomxage xcblegigdacr ae xlc ogrx vcbcex ~cvagh xlsr vcrsixjvgo m~~iabmxage aeegzmxager ae bcvxmae hgomaer tlcvcmr xlcrc dmaer vcrsixch jvgo dcecvab

aezcexager hsvaed xlc ~vcbchaed ~cvagh% Xlar dgcr xg rlgt xlmx xlcvc mvc aehcch rxvmxcdacrjgv czcvqgec0 rgoc kcq vcdager taii ~imq m tgvihtahc vgic ae xlc ~vghsbxage gj xlcrcxcblegigdacr) meh xlar vgic taii fc mii xlc ogvc ~vgoaecex raebc xlcrc vcdager taii fcecjaxjvgo ogvc ~gtcvjsi mddigocvmxage cjjcbxr% M dvcmx omeq gxlcv vcdager osrx fcbgoctgvih icmhcvr fq hczcig~aed xlcav kegtichdc fmrcr mx xlc aexcvrcbxage fcxtcce m D^X mehme m~~iabmxage hgomae ,gv rczcvmi!%

Xlcrc vcdager osrx lgtczcv jgvdc rxvged iaekr taxl gec gv megxlcv gj xlgrc vcdager ae xlcjavrx bmxcdgvq xlmx taii rs~~iq xlc dcecvab kegtichdc) rg xlmx xlc m~~iabmxage bg/aezcexage~vgbcrrcr mvc ~cvomecexiq vczaxmiarch fq xlc dcecvab aezcexage hqemoab% Xlcrc

bgeecbxager mvc ae xlcgvq jmbaiaxmxch fq xlc c|arxcebc gj c|xcvemiaxacr fcxtcce xlc xtghgomaer) fsx mhhaxagemi aebcexazcr mvc bcvxmaeiq mirg ecbcrrmvq%

Vgmh om~ jgv vcdager rcxxaed xlcav radlxr ge romvx r~cbamiarmxage

Gj bgsvrc) xlc bgerxvmaexr mvc omeq meh xlc `gsvecq miged xlc vgmh xg romvx r~cbamiarmxagear m ~cvaigsr gec jgv xlgrc vcdager tarlaed xg sehcvxmkc ax meh aerxmii me m~~iabmxage bg/aezcexage bm~mbaxq) iamfic xg mbx mr cbgegoab dvgtxl cedaec% Xlcrc vcdager osrx0

rsbbcch ae ~mvxabsimvaraed xlcav kegtichdc fmrc ,rcc mfgzc!; aezcrx ae xlc ~vghsbxage gj lsome bm~axmi tlgrc bgo~graxage meh dcecvmi iczci taii

fc mhm~xch xg xlc hgomaer gj r~cbamiarmxage; hczcig~ vcrcmvbl meh aeegzmxage bm~mbaxacr meh havcbx xlco xgtmvhr xlc bg/

aezcexage gj m~~iabmxager ae xlc rcicbxch hgomaer; rcx s~ ecxtgvkr gj bgg~cvmxage meh kegtichdc bavbsimxage taxl gxlcv vcdager rlmvaed

xlc rmoc r~cbamiarmxager; bvcmxc meh bgergiahmxc mirg / meh ~cvlm~r cr~cbamiiq / kegtichdc bavbsimxage

ecxtgvkr taxl xlc vcdage xlmx aezcexr xlc dcecvmi xcblegigdq; meh jaemiiq omkc rsvc xlmx ogrx gj xlc fcecjaxr jvgo aeegzmxager mvc bm~xsvch fq

vcdagemi mbxgvr% Xlc aeegzmxc lcvc) fcecjax circtlcvc rqehvgoc ~mvxabsimviq

m~~iacr xg xlc icmrx tcii/~imbch vcdager% Bgerahcv jgv aerxmebc rxmvx/s~r xlmx mvc


28/105

^mdc 62 gj 11

fgsdlx meh vcigbmxch% Ax ar xlsr mhzarmfic xg rbmic hgte xlar rqehvgoc fq mhg~xaedme mbxazc ~giabq jgv jaemebaed bgo~meq dvgtxl jgv c|mo~ic%

Xlc bgeecbxage fcxtcce xlc xtg bmxcdgvacr gj vcdage ar ao~gvxmex; ax ao~grcr aezcrxocexrae kegtichdc bavbsimxage ecxtgvkr ae gvhcv xlmx dcecvab kegtichdc ~imqr m esvxsvaed vgicjgv m~~iabmxage bg/aezcexage tlaic xlc imxxcv lmr m vcxvgmbxazc cjjcbx ge xlc omae aezcexagehqemoab%

Jaemiiq) ax rlgsih fc ~gaexch gsx xlmx xlc romvx r~cbamiarmxage rxvmxcdq hgcr egxecbcrrmvaiq gjjcv meq ~vgxcbxage mdmaerx xlc varkr gj bgiicbxazc aecvxam meh aemfaiaxq xgvcr~geh xg xlc blmiicedcr gj m vmhabmi aeegzmxage xlmx xlvcmxcer xg vcehcv xlc bm~mbaxacr gjm ~mvxabsimv vcdage gfrgicrbcex% Tc kegt xlmx vcrgsvbc mddigocvmxage meh dcgdvm~labmibg/igbmiarmxage lmzc omeq zavxscr) ~mvxabsimviq tlce m ect xcblegigdabmi ~mvmhadococvdcr ,xlcrc mvc xlc c|xcvemi cjjcbxr xlmx tc lmzc mivcmhq vczactch!% Lgtczcv xlcrcbgiicbxager gj vcrgsvbcr bme mirg xsve aexg &bgooseaxacr gj aecvxam&) ae gxlcv tgvhrbgooseaxacr ae tlabl xlc ~cvrarxcebc gj fclmzagsvr) zmiscr meh fciacjr xlmx lmh ~vczagsriqtgvkch tcii ~vchgoaemxcr ,Rsii) 6>>=!% Javor omq czce xceh xg vcr~geh xg xlc ectblmiicedc fq ~imbaed czce ogvc bgejahcebc ae xlc gvdmearmxage vgsxaecr gj xlc ~mrx) m~lcegocege xlmx Rsii hcrademxch &mbxazc aecvxamr& ,Rsii) 6>>=!% Mr xlar msxlgv bicmviqhcogerxvmxcr) xqvc bgo~meacr ae xlc Mkvge vcdage gj xlc Seaxch Rxmxcr vcr~gehch xg xlcxcblegigdabmi blmiicedc ~grch fq Oablciae fq rxvazaed xg aebvcocexmiiq ao~vgzc xlcav gtexcblegigdq xlmx lmh fcbgoc gfrgicxc meh lcmzaiq aezcrxaed ae ect ~vghsbxage bm~mbaxacrtaxlgsx omkaed meq vmhabmi xcblegigdabmi blmedcr xg xlco% Mkvge tmr ta~ch gjj xlc om~%Rg romvx r~cbamiarmxage hgcr egx ecbcrrmvaiq ~vgzahc meq ~vgxcbxage mdmaerx gfrgicrbcebcmeh aecvxam% Czce Raiabge Zmiicq ar ~vgfmfiq egx aoosec ,Xlc Cbgegoarx) 6>>2!- Lgtczcv

xlvcc ocblmearor a! co~lmrar ~imbch ge m~~iabmxage hgomaer) crrcexami jgv xlc igbmicbgegoq ,jgv c|mo~ic xlc c|~igaxmxage gj omvaxaoc vcrgsvbcr!) aa! m bgexaesaed aezcrxocex~giabq ae ladlcv chsbmxage maoch mx me m~~vg~vamxc bgo~graxage meh iczci gj lsome bm~axmijgv aeegzmxage) bvcmxazaxq meh cexvc~vcecsvami mbxazaxq meh aaa! m rxvged bgeecbxage taxl xlcvcdager xlmx aezcex dcecvab xcblegigdacr osrx miigt sr xg ~vgxcbx gsvrcizcr mdmaerx xggosbl aecvxam meh) ae xlc bgsvrc gj xaoc) omemdc xlc aeczaxmfic ogocexr gj bvcmxazchcrxvsbxage meh vcectmi%

Fq tmq gj bgebisrage

Mx xlc hmte gj xlc CVM) ogrx Csvg~cme vcdager hg egx rcco vcmhq xg fcbgoc ~mvx gj mCsvg~cme mvcm xlmx ar g~ce meh bgo~cxaxazc ae xlc mvcmr gj vcrcmvbl meh aeegzmxage% Xggomeq vcdager ae Csvg~c g~x xg bgo~cxc ae xlc rmoctgvihtahc gv Csvg~cme xgsvemocex aexlc jacih gj fagxcblegigdacr gv aejgvomxage xcblegigdacr% Xlar rlcc~/iakc fclmzagsvaeczaxmfiq icmhr xg m bgiicbxage gj rsfbvaxabmi rqrxcor meh vcrsixr ae me selcmixlqseajgvoarmxage gj xlc Csvg~cme kegtichdc fmrc%

Xlc CVM ar gfzagsriq gec rxc~ mlcmh lgtczcv raebc vcdager taii eg igedcv fc mfic xg xmkc

vcjsdc fclaeh xlcav emxagemi fgvhcvr ae gvhcv xg rgoclgt gv gxlcv omaexmae mesebgo~cxaxazc gv czce ochagbvc vcrcmvbl rqrxco% Xlc CVM ar maoaed xg iafcvmxc


29/105

^mdc 68 gj 11

mddigocvmxage ~vgbcrrcr meh jmbaiaxmxc xlc cocvdcebc gj tgvih bcexvcr xlmx taii fc mfic xghvmt jvgo xlc fcrx rgsvbcr) taxlgsx gfrxmbic gv iaoax% Xlar hczcig~ocex osrx egx lgtczcvfc rqegeqogsr taxl m &hvmaeaed& gj xlc dvcmxcv ~mvx gj xlc bgexaecex ae xlc rbacebc mehxcblegigdq hgomae%

&Romvx r~cbamiarmxage& ar xlc geiq bgebc~x xlmx ~vgzahcr me mertcv xg xlc ~vgfico gj lgt xgvcbgebaic ~gimvarmxage meh harxvafsxage% Aj bgvvcbxiq bmvvach gsx fq m imvdc esofcv gj vcdager,rcc mfgzc!) &romvx r~cbamiarmxage& taii dcmv hgte xlc CVM ae m tmq) fq bvcmxaed esocvgsrrsf/mvcmr gj bgo~cxaxage meh vcdagemi ~gimvarmxage% Fsx xlcrc taii eg igedcv bgvvcr~geh xgrxmxc fgvhcvr; xlcq taii fc fmrch ge xlc c|arxcebc gj rc~mvmxc mvcmr gj r~cbamiarmxage)rcicbxch fq xlcrc vcdager%

Xlc romvx r~cbamiarmxage ~vgbcrr lmr mivcmhq fcdse ae m dvcmx omeq vcdager mehxcvvaxgvacr% Xlc jct c|mo~icr dazce ae xlar mvxabic bcvxmaeiq hg egx hg `srxabc xg mii xlc cjjgvxr

omhc mx vcdagemi gv bgsexvq iczci xg ahcexajq tlmx ar gvadaemi meh sea}sc mfgsx xlcavvcr~cbxazc kegtichdc fmrcr% Aeegzmxage rqrxcor mrrgbamxch taxl xlcrc kegtichdc fmrcrmvc fcaed hczcig~ch ae iamarge taxl xlc m~~iabmxage hgomaer crrcexami xg xlc cbgegoq gjxlc vcdage gv bgsexvq% Xlcq osrx mirg omaexmae bigrc vcimxagerla~r taxl xlc bcexvmi vcdagerxlmx aezcex xlc dcecvab xcblegigdacr%

Tlmx rxaii vcomaer xg fc hgec lgtczcv ar xg ~vgzahc xlar romvx r~cbamiarmxage ~vgbcrr taxlm rgiah xlcgvcxabmi aexcv~vcxmxage xg ~cvlm~r dazc ax me czce dvcmxcv ~giaxabmi ao~cxsr% Tlmxar crrcexamiiq vc}savch xg mblaczc xlar mvc m dggh sehcvrxmehaed gj xlc cexvc~vcecsvamihaocerage gj romvx r~cbamiarmxage meh me m~~vcbamxage gj xlc ao~gvxmebc gj xlc

bgo~icocexmvaxacr fcxtcce xlc aezcexage gj m dcecvab xcblegigdq meh xlc bg/aezcexage gjm~~iabmxager xlmx rsrxmae ax% Tc lg~c xlmx xlar zgisoc taii lci~ xg bgexvafsxc xg xlarsehcvrxmehaed%


30/105

^mdc 63 gj 11

Vcjcvcebcr

Fvcremlme) X% ,6>>2!) &Ocblmearor gj Aejgvomxage Xcblegigdq$r Bgexvafsxage xg Cbgegoabdvgtxl&) ae @%^%Xgsjjsx ,ch%!) Aerxaxsxager) Aeegzmxage meh Dvgtxl) Blcixcelmo) Chtmvh

Cidmv

BCB) ,6>>4!) &Xlc Csvg~cme Vcrcmvbl Mvcm0 Ect ^cvr~cbxazcr ,Dvcce ^m~cv!&)RCB,6>>4!=:=/8=6) M~vai 8

Hgp) Q% ,6>>3!) &Harbsrrage&) ae ^%Imvchg cx J%Rmbltmih ,chr%!) Ic rqrxoc jvmemarh&aeegzmxage hmer i&bgegoac ogehamic0 ce`cs| cx ~vagvaxr) AJVA cx Aerxaxsx hc i&Cexvc~varc)M~vai

Jgvmq) H% cx Ilsaiicvq) R% ,6>>:!) &Sec vdage m~~vcemexc hmer ic xgsvega ogehami&) ae \%Bgoxcrrc cx B% zme hcv ^gci) Ic jcsms imb 0 zcvr sec vdage oxvg~giaxmaec iomea}sc)Pvabl cx Dcezc) EPPIaffvg Chaxage hs Xvabgvec

Jgvmq) H% meh Zme Mvk) F% ,6>>4! &Romvx r~cbamiarmxage&) ^giabq Fvacj Eg% =) C|~cvx Dvgs~Kegtichdc jgv Dvgtxl) Csvg~cme Bgooarrage) lxx~0''cb%csvg~m%cs'aezcrx/ae/vcrcmvbl'~hj'hgteigmhWce'~giabqWfvacj=%~hj

Lmsromee) V% meh Vghvak) H% ,6>>6!) &Cbgegoab hczcig~ocex mr rcij/harbgzcvq&) EmxagemiFsvcms gj Cbgegoab Vcrcmvbl) tgvkaed ~m~cv >:!) Vcrcmvbl meh Aeegzmxage ae xlc Emxagemi Vcjgvo^vgdvmoocr) Vc~gvx =) Csvg~cme Bgooarrage

Omvaoge) V% meh hc Dvmm Bmvzmilg) O% ,6>>

Csvg~cme Bgooarrage

Ogtcvq) H%B% ,6>>:!) Icrrger jvgo xlc larxgvq gj jchcvmi ~giabq jgv me &cecvdq MV^M&)Bgooaxxcc ge Rbacebc) SR Lgsrc gj Vc~vcrcexmxazcr) Omvbl 1

Rsii) H% ,6>>=!) &Lgt gec bcexcv gj aeegzmxage igrx axr r~mvk&) Tgvkaed Kegtichdc rcvacr)Lmvzmvh Fsraecrr Rblggi) @siq 62

Xccbc) H% ,=1


31/105

^mdc 6: gj 11

Xlc Cbgegoarx ,6>>=!) &Xlc ect dcgdvm~lq gj xlc AX aehsrxvq&) @siq =1


32/105

^mdc 64 gj 11

Xlc Kegtichdc Cbgegoq) R~aiigzcvr) ^vg|aoaxq mehR~cbamiarmxage

^lai Bggkc

Bcexvc jgv Mhzmebch Rxshacr) Bmvhajj Seazcvraxq) SK

Aexvghsbxage

Xlc bgo~ic|axacr gj tlcvc meh tlq cbgegoab dvgtxl gbbsvr egtmhmqr mvc hajjabsix xg ~aehgte) cr~cbamiiq aj sraed dvgtxl oghcir xlmx mvc egx mbbgo~iarlch mx hcmiaed taxl xlcc|adcebacr gj xlc kegtichdc cbgegoq% Lcebc m javrx xmrk ar xg rcck xg rlgt lgt&kegtichdc cbgegoq& bgezcexager bvcmxc hajjcvcex meh harxaebxazc hcomehr gj ~cg~ic meh~imbcr xlme xlc ~vgoaecex) bcexsvq/iged meh ogvc) cjjcbxr gj aehsrxvamiarmxage meh tlmxbmoc xg fc bmiich xlc &Aehsrxvami Mdc%& Ax ar gec gj xlc rsv~varcr xg omeq gfrcvzcvr gj xlcvarc gj digfmiarch tcf/fmrch bgooseabmxage xcblegigdacr) xlmx tgvk meh bgooseaxacrlmzc egx r~vcmh gsx sfa}saxgsriq mr m vcrsix gj aejgvomxage rgbacxq meh axr mxxcehmex&jggxiggrc& igbmxagemi ~gxcexami jgv ~cg~ic meh `gfr% Vmxlcv) mr digfmiarmxage lmr~vgbcchch) vcdager lmzc fcbgoc ogvc ~vgoaecex cbgegoab dgzcvemebc mbxgvr xlme xlcq

tcvc) fcbmsrc omeq lmzc czgizch rbacebc meh xcblegigdq/fmrch ,meh bvcmxazc! bisrxcvrvc}savaed cicocexr gj igbmiarch ~giabq rs~~gvx%

Xlsr ae m kegtichdc cbgegoq) dvcmxcv cbgegoab jgvbc c|arxr xlme laxlcvxg ae aeegzmxagehcvazaed jvgo bvcmxazc) rbacexajab meh xcblegigdabmi kegtichdc) gjxce dcecvmxch aeseazcvraxq vmxlcv xlme bgv~gvmxc imfgvmxgvacr% Ax ar xlsr ao~gvxmex xg sehcvrxmeh) jgvcbgegoab ~sv~grcr) xlc zmvacxacr gj kegtichdc/fmrch bisrxcvaed) ogrx egxmfiq ae ABX)fagxcblegigdq) meh ectcv gecr czce ogvc jgbsrch ge mhhvcrraed biaomxc blmedc) iakc&bicmexcbl&) xg ~ae hgte xlc vmxagemic fclaeh ax ,Fsvxar cx mi%) 6>>8!% Xlcvc mvc zcvq rxvgedaehabmxager jgv fagxcblegigdq tgvihtahc xlmx bisrxcvr ae dcgdvm~labmi ~vg|aoaxq xg seazcvraxq

imfr vmxlcv xlme imvdc javor$ aexvm/osvmi V*H) mvc xlc rgsvbc gj kegtichdc/fmrch dvgtxl%Ae ABX xlcvc mvc bmrcr gj bgo~mvmfic imf/jgbsrch igbmxage jgv V*H fsx mirg gj igbmxageecmv bsrxgocvr meh rs~~iacvr) gv czce mav~gvxr) ,rg/bmiich Omvrlmiiame &igbmiarmxage&c|xcvemiaxacr! jgv ogvc vgsxaec aexcvmbxager% Gj bcexvmi ao~gvxmebc ae xlc memiqrar gj xlarkaeh gj bisrxcvaed bgo~mvch xg rmq) xlc vcomvkmfiq rsbbcrrjsi bisrxcvaed xlmx dcecvmxcr rgomeq co~igqocex g~~gvxseaxacr ae xvmhaxagemi Axmiame is|svq hcrade aehsrxvacr gv xlgrc xlmx~ageccvch xc|xaic omesjmbxsvaed ae xlc Dvcmx Fvaxmae gj Mijvch Omvrlmii ,=1=:! ar xlc vgic gjaeegzmxage meh xlc rbacebc meh vcrcmvbl fmrc%

Vcaejgvbaed ~vg|aoaxq mvc g~~gvxseaxacr xg dmae jvgo &kegtichdc r~aiigzcvr& jvgo xlc xmicexmzmaimfic) xlc egzcixq meh }smiaxq gj xlc &vcrcmvbl aehsrxvq& ae r~cbajab kegtichdc&lgxr~gxr& meh xlc g~~gvxseaxacr jgv &g~ce rbacebc& meh czce &g~ce aeegzmxage&


33/105

^mdc 6< gj 11

,Blcrfvgsdl) 6>>2!% Xlcrc mvc gjxce jgseh ae ~vg|aoaxq ae xlc jgvo gj bisrxcvr) omeqtmvvmexaed m ~grx/bisrxcv &ocdmbcexvc& gv &~imxjgvo& hcrademxage raebc xlcq bgexmae&vcimxch zmvacxq& rsf/bisrxcvr xlmx omq lmzc ladl imxcvmimfrgv~xazc bm~mbaxq) om`gv ~sfiabgv ege/~vgjax jmbaiaxacr iakc seazcvraxacr) lgr~axmir) vcrcmvbl imfgvmxgvacr) meh dgzcveocexvcrcmvbl aerxaxsxcr mr meblgvr mr tcii mr javor) xlc ogvc bgooge cicocex ae fsraecrr

bisrxcvr mbbgvhaed xg ^gvxcv ,=11>3!% Ae tlmx jgiigtr tc c|moaec emxagemi meh vcdagemiV*H meh R*X r~cbamiarmxage% Xlar ar jgiigtch fq m rcbxage ge xlcgvcxabmi ao~iabmxager jgvbgexco~gvmvq vcdagemi r~cbamiarmxage meh &vcimxch zmvacxq%&

Czahcebc ge CS R*X R~cbamiarmxage mx Emxagemi Iczci

M vcdage'bgsexvq$r iczci gj r~cbamiarmxage ae m dazce jacih gj rbacebc gv xcblegigdq arocmrsvch fq bgo~mvaed xlc tgvih rlmvc gj xlc vcdage'bgsexvq ae xlc ~mvxabsimv jacih xg xlctgvih rlmvc gj xlc vcdage'bgsexvq jgv mii jacihr bgofaech ,tc vcjcv xg xlc &rlmvc gj rbacexajab~sfiabmxager& jgv rbacexajab r~cbamiarmxage ~mxxcver) meh xg xlc &rlmvc gj ~mxcexr& jgvxcblegigdabmi r~cbamiarmxage!% Xlc CS$r rbacexajab meh xcblegigdabmi gsx~sx m~~cmvr xg fcogvc hazcvrajach xlme xlmx gj xlc SR% Mixlgsdl xlar ar m ~gxcexamiiq vabl vcrgsvbc ae xlcochaso meh iged xcvo) mhhaxagemi cjjgvxr mvc vc}savch xg cersvc xlmx mbxazaxacr mvc egx xggjvmdocexch%

Xlc CS bgsexvacr rlgt hazcvraxq taxl vcdmvh xg xlcav rbacexajab bm~mfaiaxacr% Moged xlc ogrxmbxazc ~sfiarlaed CS bgsexvacr) Dcvomeq ar rxvged ae ~lqrabr meh mrxvgegoq fsx ar icrraezgizch ae mdvabsixsvc meh jggh rbacebc; xlc SK ar egx gzcviq r~cbamiapch ae meq jacihmbbgvhaed xg rxmxarxabr ae Jadsvc = meh ar vcimxazciq sehcv/r~cbamiarch ae blcoarxvq)cedaeccvaed rbacebcr) meh omxlcomxabr meh rxmxarxabr; Jvmebc ar r~cbamiarch aeomxlcomxabr meh rxmxarxabr mr tcii mr ae ~lqrabr meh mrxvgegoq fsx ar tcmk ae mdvabsixsvcmeh jggh rbacebc; jaemiiq) Axmiq rlgtr sehcv/r~cbamiarmxage ae mdvabsixsvc meh jggh rbacebcmeh ae fagigdabmi rbacebcr% Taxl vcdmvh xg xlc romiicv ,ae xcvor gj ~sfiabmxager! CSbgsexvacr rsbl mr ^gvxsdmi meh Rigzmkam) bgebcver omq mvarc mfgsx xlc fvgmh rbg~c gj

xlcav rbacexajab cjjgvxr dazce xlc bgerxvmaexr ao~grch fq xlcav iaoaxch jaemebami meh lsomevcrgsvbcr%


34/105

^mdc 61 gj 11

Jadsvc =0 CS R*X R~cbamiarmxage) 6>>3

Vcdagemi R~cbamiarmxage ae CS

Ae Jadsvc 6 tc rcc xlc CS rxvsbxsvch mbbgvhaed xg axr R*X &ocxm/vcdager& egvomiarch aevcimxage xg vcdagemi Dvgrr Hgocrxab ^vghsbx ,DH^!% Ocxlghgigdabmiiq xlc om~ ar hcvazchjvgo jmbxgv meh bisrxcv memiqrcr gj esocvgsr R*X aehabmxgvr hvmte jvgo Csvgrxmxhmxmfmrcr%

Jadsvc 60 CS Vcdagemi R*X gzcv DH^ zmvamxager

Rgsvbc0 Zcvr~mdce ,6>>4!


35/105

^mdc 2> gj 11

C|mo~icr gj xlc aehabmxgvr rcicbxch mvc rlgte ae Jadsvc 6 fsx gxlcvr aebishc XcvxamvqChsbmxage) Fsraecrr V*H meh Rlmvc gj Aeegzmxage Rxvmxcdacr% Gj cr~cbami aexcvcrx mvc)javrx) xlc ~vcrcebc gj arimehr gj vcimxazciq ladl ~cvjgvoaed vcdager ae xlc MbbcrrageBgsexvacr% Tlaic xlcrc dcecvmiiq jgvo m R*X ocxm/vcdage gj ladl xcvxamvq chsbmxage fsx igtDH^) xlc ^vmdsc) Fshm~crx meh Dqgv vcdager rbgvc vcimxazciq ladl ge fgxl% Rcbgeh),Jaeimeh hmxm egx mzmaimfic! xlc Egvhab bgsexvacr mvc xlc ladlcrx ~cvjgvoaed ocxm/vcdage)cr~cbamiiq ,Rtchce! ae axr ~cva~lcvmi vcdager tlcvc m &kegtichdcmfic baxacr& jmbxgv ar xlcogrx iakciq c|~imemxage% Jaemiiq) rgsxlcve Csvg~c ~cvjgvor tcmkiq ge xlcrc R*Xaehabmxgvr%

Jadsvc 2 ~vcrcexr rgoc ombvg/rcbxgvmi omesjmbxsvaed fvcmkhgte gj R*X aehabmxgvr% Xlsrbmxcdgvacr aebishaed ladl xcblegigdq r~cbamiarch) r~cbamiarch fagblcoarxvq) ladlcv mehigtcv gvhcv jsebxager) mfrcebc gj ~mxcexaed mbxazaxq) meh rg ge% Jvmekiq/r~cmkaed xlarmemiqrar ~vghsbcr rgoc bgsexcv/aexsaxazc vcrsixr% Javrx Dvccbc ,meh Bq~vsr! mvc egxegvomiiq bgerahcvch ladl xcblegigdq r~cbamiarch bgsexvacr% Xlar bme fc c|~imaech ~mvxiqocxlghgigdabmiiq tlcvc) mogedrx xlc R*X aehsrxvq rcbxgvr memiqrch ae Zcvr~mdce ,6>>4!xlc ladl/xcbl gecr mvc ogvc ~vgegsebch xlme meq gxlcvr% Lgtczcv xlar hgcr egx ocmeDvccbc ar m ladl/xcbl cbgegoq) vmxlcv xlc vczcvrc% Vcdager r~cbamiarch ae fagblcoabmiR*X mvc icrr bgsexcv/aexsaxazc ,c%d% Egvxlcve Cedimeh) tcrx Egvtmq) meh Vlaec zmiicq!%Mirg &eg ~mxcexr& gbbsv) ~vchabxmfiq ae m jct vsvmi) cmrx Csvg~cme vcdager%

Jadsvc 20 Vcdagemi Bisrxcvr ae xlc Gih meh Ect Csvg~c

Rgsvbc0 Zcvr~mdce ,6>>4!


36/105

^mdc 2= gj 11

Iaecmocexr gj ^vg|aoaxq ae xlc Kegtichdc Cbgegoq

Ae vcbcex qcmvr) m jgbsr ge rsf/emxagemi ,vcdagemi! memiqrar lmr cocvdch mr xlcvc lmrfcce m r~gxiadlx s~ge rbacebc/fmrch bisrxcvr) aexcvmbxazc aeegzmxage) meh bvcmxazc) xgicvmex

meh xmicexch bgebcexvmxager gj ~giaxabmiiq hcravmfic cbgegoab dvgtxl% Xlar ar mrrgbamxchtaxl m bgvvcr~gehaed cbia~rc gj xlc egxager gj sfa}saxq ,Omrkcii) cx mi%) =11>=!% Aehcch)rsbl ar xlc hqemoaro gj xlcrc digfmiaraed mddigocvmxager xlmx omeq egt lgrx ae xlcavaexcvrxabcr) bgooseaxacr taxlae bgooseaxacr) mr xlgsrmehr gj Blaecrc cexvc~vcecsvr mehtgvkcvr migedrahc jctcv fsx rxaii rsfrxmexami esofcvr gj Arimoabr oadvmxch aexg baxacr iakcBmv~a) ecmv Fgigdem meh ^vmxg) ecmv Jigvcebc) ae xlc cmviq 6>>>r ,Fcbmxxaea meh Hca Gxxmxa)

6>>:!% Jgvcogrx mvc mddigocvmxazc g~~gvxseaxacr jgv xmbax) bgo~iabax) bghajach) jmbc/xg/jmbcmeh xmbxaic bgexmbx) kegtichdc c|blmedc meh gj bgsvrc fsraecrr% Rsbl rgbag/cbgegoab&bgooseaxacr gj ~vmbxabc& mvc mirg xlc ec ~isr sixvmgj) cr~cbamiiq) oghcve rbacebc/fmrchcbgegoab hczcig~ocex ,Fvgte meh Hsdsah) 6>>=!%

Xlsr xlc hcmxl gj harxmebc meh xlc ceh gj dcgdvm~lq tcvc vsogsvr osbl c|mddcvmxchs~ge xlc mhzcex gj aeegzmxazc) kegtichdc/fmrch bisrxcvr ,Ogvdme) 6>>8!% Lgtczcv)aexcvcrxaediq) ~vg|aoaxq) xlc iaxcvmi ocmeaed gj tlabl aebishcr ecmvecrr) bigrcecrr)bgexadsaxq) meh ~vg~ae}saxq) mii taxl xvmhaxagemiiq dcgdvm~labmi bgeegxmxager) lmr czgizchcimfgvmxch meh dcgdvm~labmiiq sebgejaech ocmeaedr) aezgizaed ecmvecrr ae bgexc|x)

hgomae meh czce g~aeage% Xlsr hadaxmi blmx/vggor mvc }saxc ecadlfgsviq ~imbcr ae zavxsmir~mbc% M osixaemxagemi bgo~meq har~imqr blmvmbxcvarxabr gj gvdmearmxagemi ~vg|aoaxq ae miiaxr digfmi g~cvmxager fcbmsrc gj axr bgooge vsicr) bgezcexager meh vcrgsvbcr) jvgo `gf/xaxicr xg xlc bgoogemiaxacr gj axr aexvmecx% Pciicv ,6>>8! ae me aexcvcrxaed mvxabic xvmbaed xlchc~cehcebc gj Rtarr &fad ~lmvom& ge aeegzmxazc fagxcblegigdq bisrxcvr circtlcvc) iarxr)mr tcii mr dcgdvm~labmi ~vg|aoaxq) xlc jgiigtaed &zavxsmi& ~vg|aoaxacr0 aerxaxsxagemi ,c%d%emxagemi imtr!; bsixsvmi ,c%d% bgooseaxacr gj ~vmbxabc!; vcimxagemi ,c%d% rgbami bm~axmi!;xcblegigdabmi ,c%d% Iaes| rgjxtmvc srcvr!; zavxsmi ,c%d% m osixaemxagemi!; aexcvemi meh c|xcvemi,c%d% javo rs~~iq blmae omemdcocex!% Mbxsmiiq jct jcmxsvc ~vgoaecexiq ae co~avabmimemiqrcr rsbl mr xlc gec lc bgehsbxr meh xlgrc xlmx hg mvc srsmiiq icrr ao~gvxmex aec|~imaeaed igbmxagemi fclmzagsv xlcrc hmqr xlme xlc bgvc ahcm gj dcgdvm~labmi ~vg|aoaxq%Xlsr ~lmvombcsxabmir javor g~ce V*H &iarxceaed ~grxr& gv mb}savc aebsofcex javorbm~mfic gj }smvvqaed Mocvabme fagxcblegigdq bisrxcvr% Xlar ar m rxvmxcdq xg vc/fmimebc xlckegtichdc mrqoocxvacr xlmx lmzc mvarce mr seazcvraxq bcexvcr gj c|bciicebc meh HFJrlmzc gsx~cvjgvoch &fad ~lmvom)& vcrsixaed ae rgoc vc/crxmfiarlaed hgocrxab V*Hlcmh}smvxcvr mfvgmh ae xlc Rme Hacdg meh Bmofvahdc) Omrrmblsrcxxr fagxcblegigdq&ocdmbcexvcr& ,Bggkc) 6>>3!% Eczcvxlcicrr) xlc bgexco~gvmvq cimfgvmxage gj xlc egxage gj~vg|aoaxq) seiakc ~vg~ae}saxq) ar eg igedcv vcrxvabxch xg c|~vcrriq r~mxami &ecmvecrr ae ~imbc&ocmeaed% Xlsr Pciicv ,6>>8! ~cvjgvoch m srcjsi rcvzabc ae xlar rcerc=%

=M jsvxlcv xlcgvcxabmi memiqrar gj xlc vcimxager fcxtcce aeegzmxage bm~mfaiaxq meh zmvacxacr gj ~vg|aoaxq ar

~vcrcexch ae Fgrblom) V% ,6>>3! ^vg|aoaxq meh aeegzmxage0 m bvaxabmi mrrcrrocex) Vcdagemi Rxshacr) 21) :=/48


37/105

^mdc 26 gj 11

Eczcvxlcicrr) ax ar lmvh xg crbm~c xlc bgebisrage xlmx osbl bgexco~gvmvq kegtichdccbgegoq hczcig~ocex xcehr xg fcbgoc aebvcmraediq baxq/jgbsrch% Xlcvc ar iaxxic qcx xlmxcedmdcr vsvmiaxq taxl aeegzmxazc bisrxcvaed) xlgsdl xlc varc gj &bicmexcbl& rsbl mr fagjscirar fcdaeeaed xg blmedc xlmx ,Bggkc) 6>>

,Rxcvefcvd meh Iaxpcefcvdcv) 6>>8!%

Fq meh imvdc xlar lmr ocmex aebvcmraed vcxsver hcvazch jvgo zmvacxacr gj r~aiigzcvr)cr~cbamiiq kegtichdc r~aiigzcvr) xlmx xceh xg bgebcexvmxc ae baxacr) meh circtlcvc ae gxlcv&kegtichdcmfic baxacr& rsbl mr seazcvraxq gv vcrcmvbl xgter% Xlar ar xvsc jgv EgvxlMocvabme) Mrame meh Csvg~cme baxacr jgv tlabl xlc vc}savch memiqrar lmr fcce ~cvjgvoch%Bicmviq) rsbl m tahc mvvmq gj baxq rcxxaedr ocmer xlc dvgtxl ~vgbcrr ar fq eg ocmerahcexabmi ae mii bmrcr% Ogvcgzcv) xlc bgo~cxaxazcecrr gj baxacr gjxce mbbgo~meacr rgbami~gimvarmxage% Lgtczcv) xlar ar mirg m fq/~vghsbx gj dvgtxl tlcvc ae/oadvmexr mvc mxxvmbxchfcbmsrc gj ~cvbcazch cbgegoab g~~gvxseaxacr mfrcex ae xlcav igbmxage gj gvadae%

R~aiigzcvr) Aeegzmxage * Dvgtxl

Me cocvdcex ~mxxcve ae xlc bgexco~gvmvq zmvacxq gj ~vg|aoaxacr ar xlmx ~vg|aoaxq xgkegtichdc r~aiigzcvr ar egtmhmqr bvsbami xg baxq dvgtxl jvgo xlc c|~igaxmxage xlvgsdlaeegzmxage gj vcrcmvbl kegtichdc% Xlar lmvkr fmbk xg xlc aeaxami bgexcexage gj Dimcrcv cx mi%,=116! xlmx lsome bm~axmi meh rbmvbc rkaiir mvc radeajabmex jmbxgvr ae m baxq$r bm~mfaiaxq xgvcxmae meh msdocex axr cbgegoab dvgtxl% Xlar ar xlsr rgocxlaed gj m ~vgdceaxgv gj Jigvahm$r

,6>>6! xmicex/ich memiqrar gj SR baxq dvgtxl ae xlc bgexco~gvmvq cvm% Lgtczcv) osbl gj xlcjaecv hcxmai gj zmvamxager taxlae dvgtxl xvm`cbxgvacr ar igrx ae xlcrc memiqrcr) egx icmrxfcbmsrc gj hcjaeaxagemi) meh czce seax gj hmxm memiqrar bgo~ic|axacr% Gec aexcvcrxaedhajjcvcexamxage javrx lq~gxlcrarch jvgo m rxmxab memiqrar gj om`gv bgebcexvmxager gjkegtichdc cbgegoq rcbxgvmi mbxazaxacr) hcvazch jvgo CS meh gxlcv baxq meh vcdage iczcihmxm ge ladl xcblegigdq omesjmbxsvaed meh kegtichdc/aexcerazc fsraecrr rcvzabcr,KAFR!) tmr xlmx om`gv baxacr) rgocxaocr mirg bm~axmi baxacr) mbbvcxch osbl gj xlc KAFRco~igqocex% Bgexvmvatarc) ogvc r~cbamiarx rmxciiaxc baxacr bgebcexvmxch ladl xcblegigdqomesjmbxsvaed co~igqocex xg m dvcmxcv c|xcex% Iazc aerxmebcr gj xlmx oghcve svfmearmxage~vgbcrr tgsih aebishc) jgv c|mo~ic) Bmofvahdc meh esocvgsr icrrcv ladl/xcbl rmxciiaxcrgj Fgrxge rsbl mr Tmixlmo) Tgvbcrxcv) Tgfsve meh Mehgzcv; Rme Jvmebarbg zar zar

omeq rsbl ~imbcr ae Raiabge Zmiicq) Igehge ae vcimxage xg Bmofvahdc) G|jgvh meh xlcXlmocr Zmiicq; Rxgbklgio meh S~~rmim; Lciraeka meh Cr~gg; meh Bg~celmdce ae bvgrr/


38/105

^mdc 22 gj 11

fgvhcv vcimxagerla~ xg Iseh) xlc rg/bmiich Ochabge Zmiicq) xvmzcvrch fq xlc vcrsehfvahdc% Xlcrc &bsosimxazc bmsrmxage& meh &r~mxami fmbktmrl& cjjcbxr tcvc ~vchabxch igedmdg fq Oqvhmi ,=134! meh Lavrblome ,=13

Xlar rsddcrxr xlmx ae bgsexvacr tlcvc xlc omae jaemebami bcexvc ar egx xlc bm~axmi baxq xlcjgvocv taii c|cvx xlc rxvgedcv ~vg|aoaxq cjjcbx fsx xlmx tlcvc) mr ae xlc SK meh) jgvc|mo~ic) Msrxvam) xlc bm~axmi ar mirg xlc icmhaed jaemebami rcvzabcr bcexvc) m rxvged r~mxamiogeg~giq ,gv ogvc mbbsvmxciq }smra/ogeg~giq! ~vg|aoaxq cjjcbx ar c|cvxch ,Bggkc cx mi)6>>4!% Xlar ar xlc bimrrab vcrsix oghciich fq Kvsdome ,=113! ae m~~iqaed aebvcmraed vcxsverxg rbmic xlcgvq) sehcv bgehaxager gj ao~cvjcbx kegtichdc) xg xtg lq~gxlcxabmiiq bgo~cxaedbmehahmxc baxacr taxl xlc bgerc}scebc xlmx gec mitmqr cehch s~ ogeg~giaraed r~mbc%Bgexco~gvmvq baxq dvgtxl xlcgvq ~imbcr kegtichdc r~aiigzcvr jvgo ,dcgdvm~labmi!~vg|aoaxq mx xlc jgvcjvgex gj xlc c|~imemxage jgv xlcrc gfrcvzch xcehcebacr%

Xg vc~cmx) xlar ar egx xg rmq xlmx dcgdvm~labmi ~vg|aoaxq hcxcvoaecr cbgegoab mbxazaxq xg megzcvtlcioaed hcdvcc% Aj meqxlaed) xlc ao~iabmxager gj tlmx lmr fcce bgebishch lcvc ar xlmxxlc hcjaeaed jcmxsvc gj kegtichdc r~aiigzcvr jvgo dcgdvm~labmi ~vg|aoaxq ar }smiaxmxazc meh}smexaxmxazc ae c}smi ocmrsvc% Xlmx ar) m javo) icx sr rmq) igbmxch ~vg|aomxciq meh mbxazciqae vcimxage xg osixa~ic meh zmvach rgsvbcr gj ladl dvmhc aexciiadcebc) bvcmxazaxq mehbgeecbxazaxq ar ae ~vaeba~ic mx me mhzmexmdc bgo~mvch xg m bgo~cxaxgv tlg ar egx% Lgtczcv)bgeecbxazaxq xg gxlcv m~~vg~vamxc kegtichdc eghcr circtlcvc ae xlc vciczmex digfmikegtichdc ecxtgvkr ar iakciq xg fc }smexaxmxazciq icrr aexcerazc mifcax gj }smiaxmxazcc}

the question of r&d specialisation: perspectives and policy implications (eng)/ la cuestión de la...

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