the red list of magnoliaceae - bgci · the red list of magnoliaceae acknowledgements to achieve a...

Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield

revised and extended

The Red List of

Magnoliaceae

BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100

countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation,

sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize

botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the

well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for

the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.

FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI), founded in 1903 and the

world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve

threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that

are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of

human needs.

THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN (GTC) is undertaken through a

partnership between BGCI and FFI. GTC’s mission is to prevent all tree

species extinctions in the wild, ensuring their benefits for people, wildlife

and the wider environment. GTC does this through provision of

information, delivery of conservation action and support of sustainable

use, working with partner organisations around the world.

THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP (GTSG)forms part of the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7,000

volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats.

SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN – The International

Union for Conservation of Nature. It serves as the main source of advice

to the Union and its members on the technical aspects of species

conservation. The aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group

are to promote and implement global red listing for trees and to act in

an advisory capacity to the Global Trees Campaign.

Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation

International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road,

Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK.

© 2016 Botanic Gardens Conservation International

ISBN-10: 1-905164-64-5

ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-64-6

Reproduction of any part of the publication for

educational, conservation and other non-profit

purposes is authorized without prior permission from

the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully

acknowledged.

Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes

is prohibited without prior written permission from the

copyright holder. Recommended citation: Rivers, M.,

Beech, E., Murphy, L. and Oldfield, S. (2016). The Red

List of Magnoliaceae - revised and extended. BGCI.

Richmond, UK.

AUTHORS

Malin Rivers is the Red List Manager at BGCI.

Emily Beech is a Conservation Assistant at BGCI.

Lydia Murphy is the Global Trees Campaign Intern

at BGCI.

Sara Oldfield is the co-chair of the Global Tree

Specialist Group.

The opinion of the individual authors does not

necessarily reflect the opinion of either the authors or

Botanic Gardens Conservation International.

The authors and Botanic Gardens Conservation

International take no responsibility for any

misrepresentation of material from translation of this

document into any other language.

COVER PHOTOS

Front cover: Magnolia ventii in South China BotanicalGarden by Yang KemingBack cover: Magnolia coriacea by Weibang Sun

DESIGN

Seascape. www.seascapedesign.co.uk

Printed on 75% recycled, 25% Mixed Credit FSC

certified paper.

The Red List of

Magnoliaceae

Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield


March 2016

PART 2

Globally threatened Magnoliaceae species . . . . . . . . . . 21

Magnoliaceae species evaluated as near Threatened . . 42

Magnoliaceae species evaluated as Data Deficient . . . . 43

Magnoliaceae species evaluated as Least concern. . . . 46

APPEnDIX 1Full list of evaluated Magnoliaceae species and their number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

APPEnDIX 2number of Magnoliaceae species in each country . . . 53

APPEnDIX 3Additional Magnoliaceae taxa (not included in analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

APPEnDIX 4Participating institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

APPEnDIX 5IUcn Red List categories and criteria (version 3.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

The Red List of Magnoliaceae

2

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

PART 1

Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Taxonomic scope and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7conservation assessment methodology . . . . . . . . . . 7Review and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Red List report format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Red List results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Threat status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12criteria used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Geographical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Major threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Population trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15comparisons with the 2007 Red List of Magnoliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Ex situ survey of Magnoliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Species in ex situ collections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17comparison with 2008 ex situ survey . . . . . . . . . . . 18

conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Policy relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

cOnTEnTS

Monitoring of Magnolia in the wild

the colombian assessments, cnc FloraBrazil for the Brazilian assessments,Álvaro Pérez castañeda for hiscontributions on the Ecuadorianassessments, Frank Arroyo forcontributions towards the Peruvianassessments, and the cuban PlantSpecialist Group for the cubanassessments. In addition, highly valuableinformation was sourced at theInternational Symposium on neotropicalMagnoliaceae in Puyo, Ecuador in July2015.

At BGcI, in addition to the authors, LisaWheeler, Sonia khela and Franculverhouse provided valuable help insourcing reference material, collatinginformation and producing conservationassessments and maps. Initial work andoriginal maps produced by Danielecicuzza are also acknowledged.

The authors are extremely grateful toFondation Franklinia for supporting BGcI’sred listing work. IUcn kindly providedfinancial assistant for this publication,support that was made possible by theEnvironment Agency – Abu Dhabi.

Special thanks also go to all the botanicgardens that shared their Magnoliaceaecollection information and published theirdata on BGcI’s PlantSearch database.Pam Hayward (of the RHS Rhododendron,camellia and Magnolia Group) providedinvaluable assistance in securing ex situcollection information and photographs.The Magnolia Society has also providedvaluable contacts.

The provision of beautiful photographs bya wide range of talented photographers isgratefully acknowledged with creditsgiven alongside each image.

3


AcknOWLEDGEMEnTS

To achieve a complete evaluation ofconservation assessments forMagnoliaceae, a wide range of

people have shared their knowledge andexpertise about this fascinating group ofspecies and the habitats in which theygrow. Without their generous assistance,this global Red List of Magnoliaceaewould not have been possible, andeveryone’s contributions are gratefullyacknowledged.

Members of the IUcn/SSc Global Tree Specialist Group and the BGcInetwork were especially helpful inproviding information and facilitating theinvolvement of additional experts.Particular thanks go to: Marie-StéphanieSamain and Esteban Martínez Salas fortheir contributions towards the Mexicanassessments; Eduardo calderón, Alvarezcogollo and Marcela Serna-González for

BGCI Botanic Gardens conservation InternationalCBD convention on Biological Diversity

FFI Fauna & Flora International GSPC Global Strategy for Plant conservation

GTA Global Tree AssessmentGTC Global Trees campaign

GTSG Global Tree Specialist GroupIUCN International Union for conservation of natureSSC Species Survival commission

LIST OF AcROnyMS IUcn RED LIST cATEGORIES

EX ExtinctEW Extinct in the WildCR critically EndangeredEN EndangeredVU VulnerableNT near ThreatenedDD Data DeficientLC Least concernNE not Evaluated

Magnolias indeed are a plant‘passion’ of mine and I havebeen extoling their virtues ever

since seeing the magnificent Asiatic treemagnolias in the Valley Gardens atWindsor in the late 1960’s. Being askedto write this Foreword for the Red List isboth an honour and a pleasure as this willhighlight how much is known about thefamily, its taxonomy, distribution andthreats thus building on the informationfound in the first Red List printed in 2007.But it also highlights the world-widewealth of knowledge and expertise thereis out there in organisations, societiesand private collectors who are passionateabout this plant family.

This updated Red List highlights a numberof important facts. 48% of all Magnoliaspecies are threatened in the wild, withhabitat loss due to logging and agriculture

being identified as the main threats. chinaand Latin America (neotropics) are thetwo botanical ‘hotspots’ with manyorganisations involved with specificconservation projects.

This was demonstrated when the ‘WorldMagnolia center’ was established in theSouth china Botanical Garden (ScBG) in partnership with Botanic Gardensconservation International (BGcI) and theMagnolia Society International (MSI) in2009. Such partnerships are key given theimportance of both in and ex situconservation work that is currently beingundertaken around the world. TheMagnolia Society International also plays akey role with conservation initiativesinvolving threatened species primarilyfrom the neotropics. This is importantparticularly as c.100 species have beendiscovered over the past 15 years. An example of this is funding of the conservation, Propagation andRestoration of costa Rican species. In addition, the First InternationalSymposium on neotropical Magnoliaceaeheld in Ecuador (2015) and co-running theThird International Symposium in cuba in2016 are key features of the MSI’s work.

Ex situ conservation too is of significantimportance: 50% of species are found inex situ collections, while 22 species notincluded in 2007 are now safeguarded.As well as ScBG, there are manycollections of note in china including thekunming Institute of Botany andkunming Botanical Garden. ProfessorSun Wei-Bang has been successfullypropagating several species that arecritically Endangered or Endangeredenabling the reintroduction of Magnoliadecidua and Magnolia sinica in particularback into their native habitats.


4

FOREWORD

Magnolia sieboldii (Arboretum Wespelaar)

In the Uk, organisations including theRoyal Horticultural Society, PlantHeritage, RBG kew, The Rhododendron,camellia and Magnolia Group and theInternational Dendrology Society all havesubstantial collections in their own or theirmembers’ gardens that are open to thepublic. In mainland Europe, both theArboretum Wespelaar in Belgium andParco Botanico del Gambarogno(ParcoEisenhut) in Switzerland holdsignificant collections, while the latter isone of the world’s major suppliers ofcultivated magnolias. Substantial ex situcollections are also found in new Zealandand north America while the MSI holdsthe registration page for the Internationalcultivar Registration Authority.

This Red List of Magnoliaceae ablybrought together by BGcI highlights thehuge amount of work that is being carriedout around the world. At the same time, itprovides a focus on how many habitatsare ‘vulnerable’ as magnolias are keyconstituents of forest habitats. Bypublishing this, it will publicise thesignificant amount of work that is beingundertaken around the world bypassionate people yet at the same timestimulate a wider audience to support this.

Jim GardinerExecutive Vice President-

Royal Horticultural SocietyPresident Emeritus-

Magnolia Society International

The evaluation of the conservationstatus of all species in theMagnoliaceae has long been a

global conservation priority recognised by Botanic Gardens conservationInternational (BGcI). Since the publicationof The Red List of Magnoliaceae in 2007,93 new Magnolia species have beendescribed, additional information onexisting species has been published inbotanical literature, and new threats tospecies have emerged. In light of this newinformation, and with 93 new speciesrequiring conservation assessments, wehave compiled an updated and extendedversion of The Red List of Magnoliaceae.

The new Red List of Magnoliaceaecontains conservation assessments for304 Magnoliaceae species. Allassessments are also submitted forpublication on the IUcn Red List ofThreatened Species. These assessmentsshow that a large proportion ofMagnoliaceae species are threatenedwith extinction in the wild (at least 48%).nearly one third of all species are still toopoorly known to make a conservationassessment. Overall, only one in fivespecies of Magnoliaceae is considerednot threatened.

The main centre of species diversity forMagnoliaceae is in china, however thereis a second centre of diversity in theneotropics where a large number of newspecies have been recently described andpublished. The neotropics has the highestproportion of threatened Magnoliaspecies; 75% of the neotropical Magnoliaare under threat.

The main threats to Magnolia areextensive logging, both selective andmore general, together with habitat loss

due to agriculture and livestock farming.Sustainable forestry practices and moreprotected areas are urgently needed toconserve Magnolia in the wild.

A survey of ex situ Magnoliaceaecollections was also carried out as partof this conservation assessment. Atpresent, only 43% of threatenedMagnolia species are represented in exsitu collections, falling significantly shortof requirements under Target 8 of theGlobal Strategy for Plant conservation.The majority of threatened Magnoliaspecies are only found in a very smallnumber of collections (fewer than five).However, considerable progress hasbeen made since the last ex situ survey ofMagnoliaceae in 2008, with 22 speciesthat were then absent from ex situcollections now safeguarded in botanicgardens and arboreta worldwide.

The Red List of Magnoliaceae aims tostimulate conservation action forMagnolia species under threat. BGcI andthe Global Trees campaign work withbotanic gardens and other conservationpartners to enhance ex situ conservationfor globally threatened Magnolia taxawhere appropriate and to promote in situconservation planning, ecologicalrestoration and sustainable use.

5


EXEcUTIVE SUMMARy

Magnolia biondii (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)

The magnolia family, Magnoliaceae, isfound in temperate and tropical regions ofEastern and Southeast Asia, and theAmericas. The Magnoliaceae consists ofover 300 species in two genera –Magnolia L. and Liriodendron L. They areevergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs.Many species are widely appreciatedaround the world as ornamental trees dueto their attractive flowers and foliage. In thewild, these plants are also widelyappreciated, and used for timber andmedicines by local communities as well asin international trade. There areconservation concerns for many of thespecies in the wild due to threats such ashabitat destruction, overharvesting fortimber and medicinal uses, and lownatural regeneration. In order to assessthe impact of these threats on the world’sMagnoliaceae species, there is a need fora global assessment of their conservationstatus to guide conservation action.

The evaluation of the conservation status of trees has long been a global conservation priority recognised by Botanic Gardens conservationInternational (BGcI). BGcI, in partnershipwith Fauna & Flora International,coordinates the Global Trees campaign(GTc). GTc is a joint initiative to safeguardthe world’s threatened tree species fromextinction. Part of the task of GTc is toassess the conservation status of trees inthe wild and in ex situ collections – and insuch a way prioritise species in need ofconservation action. BGcI, working withthe IUcn/SSc Global Tree Specialist Group(GTSG), has for the last eight years beenworking towards this goal, producing globalconservation assessments of trees bothwith taxonomic and regional foci (Table 1).These tree conservation assessmentscontribute directly to the Global TreeAssessment (GTA), which aims to haveconservation assessments for all trees by2020 (Box 1, newton et al. 2015).

The first of such Red Lists was The RedList of Magnoliaceae produced in 2007(cicuzza et al. 2007). Since thispublication, new information on existingtaxa has been published and new threatshave emerged. In addition, since 2007,93 new Magnolia species have beendescribed and published (IPnI 2015).

The majority of these are from theneotropical region. In the light of this newinformation and new taxa, it is now timeto produce an updated and extendedversion of The Red List of Magnoliaceae.


6

BAckGROUnD

PART 1

Global Tree Assessment (GTA)

Despite the importance of trees, many arethreatened by over-exploitation and habitatdestruction, as well as by pests, diseases,drought and their interaction with global climate change. In order to estimate theimpact of such threats to trees there is an urgent need to conduct a completeassessment of the conservation status of the world’s tree species – the GlobalTree Assessment.

The Global Tree Assessment aims to provide conservation assessments of allthe world’s tree species by 2020. The assessment will identify those tree speciesthat are at greatest risk of extinction. The goal of the Global Tree Assessmentis to provide prioritization information to ensure that conservation efforts aredirected at the right species so that no tree species becomes extinct.

The Global Tree Assessment is an initiative led by BGcI and the IUcn/SScGlobal Tree Specialist Group. Work is ongoing to develop an even moreextensive global collaborative partnership, involving the coordinated effort ofmany institutions and individuals. These steps will enable the Global TreeAssessment to achieve its 2020 target.

Table 1. Summary of Red Lists produced by Botanic Gardens ConservationInternational in partnership with Fauna & Flora International and the Global TreeSpecialist Group.

Red List Year published

The Red List of Magnoliaceae 2007*The Red List of Oaks 2007* The Red List of Maples 2009The Red List of Trees of central Asia 2009The Red List of Mexican cloud Forest Trees 2011The Red List of Rhododendrons 2011A Regional Red List of Montane Tree Species of the Tropical Andes 2014

The Red List of Betulaceae 2014

*Published by Fauna & Flora International

TAXoNomIC SCoPE AND

CoNCEPTS

All species in the family Magnoliaceaethat were published prior to December2015 were included in this assessment.We focused on species-levelassessments, as the IUcn Red List ofThreatened Species only acceptsinfraspecific conservation assessmentsonce a species-level assessment hasbeen carried out. Infraspecific taxa werenot included, unless the taxonomicconcept was unresolved and there weredata indicating that the taxon might beconsidered an accepted species. Hybridswithin Magnoliaceae were not assessed.

The taxonomic concepts followed arethose reflected in The Plant List version1.1 (The Plant List 2013); new speciesdescribed since then as well as taxonomicupdates since 2013 were includedfollowing the World checklist of SelectedPlant Families (WcSP 2016) and afterconsultation with taxonomic experts.

Plant authority names followed thosefrom The International Plant names Index(IPnI 2015).

CoNSERVATIoN ASSESSmENT

mEThoDoLoGY

conservation assessments wereconducted following the IUcn Red List ofThreatened Species categories andcriteria version 3.1 (IUcn 2001, Appendix5). Assessments were compiled using theIUcn’s Species Information Service (SIS),which is a web-based database forstoring and managing IUcn conservationassessments. Information for eachspecies was assembled for a range ofareas including:

• Distribution • Population • Habitat and ecology • Threats • Uses • conservation • References

A wide range of resources were consultedto gather all the required information.Sources include: national and regionalfloras, taxonomic databases, scientificpapers, published and unpublishedreports, expert knowledge, herbariumrecords and national red lists. In addition,expert opinions were consulted at the 1stInternational Symposium on NeotropicalMagnoliaceae held in Puyo, Ecuador inJuly 2015.

Using all the available information, aconservation category was assigned.Species were assigned one of ninecategories: Extinct (EX), Extinct in theWild (EW), critically Endangered (cR),Endangered (En), Vulnerable (VU), nearThreatened (nT), Least concern (Lc),Data Deficient (DD) and not Evaluated(nE) (Figure 1). cR, En and VU are thethree threatened categories. Taxa that didnot qualify for a threatened category, butwere close to qualifying for, or are likelyto qualify for, a threatened category in thenear future, were assigned to thecategory nT. Lc was used for speciesthat are assessed but are not consideredthreatened including widespread speciesand rare but stable species. The use ofthe category DD is discouraged, but maybe assigned to poorly known taxa.Species not yet evaluated were classifiedas nE. In this report nT and Lc taxa wereconsidered “not threatened”.

7


METHODOLOGy

Figure 1. Structure of the IUCN Red List Categories (version 3.1) (Credit: IUCN)

Magnolia jardinensis (Marcela Serna)

In order to assess whether a speciesbelongs to a threatened category (cR, En,VU), the species were evaluated in relationto five criteria: A) Population reduction; B)Geographic range; c) Small populationsize and decline; D) Very small or restrictedpopulation; and E) Quantitative analysis.The criteria are based on a set ofthresholds and subcriteria. Extensiveguidelines available to facilitate theprocess for the conservation assessorswere consulted (IUcn Standards andPetitions Subcommittee 2014). Inpractice, most assessments were basedon population size and/or range size,either observed, estimated, projected,inferred or suspected. Assessors areencouraged to evaluate taxa using all fivecriteria, but a taxon only needs to fulfil oneof the five criteria to qualify for athreatened category. When several criteriawere met resulting in different statusassessments, the precautionary principlewas applied and the most threatenedcategory was assigned (IUcn 2001).Once completed and reviewed, theassessments were sent for publication tothe IUcn Red List of Threatened Species(IUcn 2015).

All assessments in this report wereassessed on a global scale. Assessmentscarried out by national red list efforts,were only included if species werecountry endemics (i.e. the nationalassessment covered the full geographicaldistribution).

REVIEW AND EVALUATIoN

Wherever possible, expert opinions weresought for all species assessed.Sometimes experts carried out theconservation assessment for their ownspecies (assessors), and sometimes theycontributed data for the conservationassessment to be carried out(contributors). In accordance with IUcnRed List regulations, all assessmentswere also reviewed by a member of theGTSG (reviewer).

RED LIST REPoRT FoRmAT

This report lists all species with theirauthors, country distribution andconservation assessment ratings. Thethreatened species are also listed with therationale for the conservation assessment.

All other information (including synonyms,full distribution information, habitat,ecology, conservation measures, threatsand uses) can be found on the website forthe IUcn Red List of Threatened Species(IUcn 2015, www.iucnredlist.org).Distribution maps have also beensubmitted to IUcn.

The threatened (cR, En, VU) species arelisted in alphabetical order in Part 2,followed by the near Threatened species,the Data Deficient species and the Leastconcern species.

In this report assessors are only listed forthe threatened species, and when theassessors were not the authors of this report, BGcI staff or interns. For full details of the assessors, contributorsand reviewers, see the IUcn Red List of Threatened Species website(www.iucnredlist.org).

A full list of species with their ex situcollections is found in Appendix 1.


8

Magnolia macrophylla (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia dawsoniana (Arboretum Wespelaar)

CASE STUDY 1: INTEGRATED

CoNSERVATIoN ACTIoN FoR

Magnolia wolfii IN CoLomBIA

nearly all of colombia’s 33 Magnoliaspecies, many of which are endemic, arethreatened with extinction, as a result ofhabitat loss and extraction for their high-quality timber. BGcI has been workingwith in-country partners Jardín Botánicode Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe(JAUM) and Jardín Botánico UniversidadTecnológica de Pereira (JBUTP) tocounteract the impact of these threatsthrough a series of integrated in situ andex situ conservation measures.

Since 2013, work has focused onMagnolia hernandezii, Magnolia gilbertoi,Magnolia jardinensis, Magnolia silvioi andMagnolia wolfii. All these species haverestricted distributions and extremelysmall populations, but none more so than

M. wolfii. This species is only known froma single location, in the Risaraldadepartment in west colombia, where thepopulation is down to fewer than tenmature trees.

Despite its critically Endangeredconservation status, however, workcarried out by BGcI and its in-countrypartners is ensuring that M. wolfii will havea more secure future. Propagationmaterial collected from the wild populationhas been used to establish ex situ seedand living plant collections of M. wolfii atfive botanic gardens in colombia. Duringthese surveys, project staff discoveredanother three mature M. wolfii trees – avital boost to the species’ tiny population.

In addition to building up ex situcollections, work has been underway toreinforce existing wild populations of M.wolfii. In 2013, 400 nursery-grown

seedlings were transferred to MarcellaBotanical Garden which is close to thelocation of the only known wildpopulation. Botanists have carried outrepopulation trials to evaluate the species'growth responses under different habitatand light conditions. This work hasinvolved the cooperation of local farmers,with 5,000 saplings of M. wolfii and otherMagnolia species planted on their land.During the trial plantings, farmers andprotected area staff participated inworkshops providing vital training incollection, propagation and recoverytechniques for Magnolia species. Abroader education campaign at JBUTPcommunicated colombia’s uniqueMagnoliaceae diversity and the need forits conservation to the 10,000 visitors itreceives at its botanic garden each year.

At the same time, JAUM succeeded insecuring the inclusion of a 140ha area oftropical forest, located on the easternslopes of colombia’s Western cordillera,within the colombian Association of civilSociety natural Reserves. This area wasidentified during field surveys as ahotspot for Magnolia species, and it ishoped that its designation will continue to encourage local participation indeveloping and implementingconservation measures for M. wolfii andcolombia’s other threatened Magnolia.

9


Fruit of Magnolia wolfii

cASE STUDIES

CASE STUDY 2: CONSERVATION OF THREATENED Magnolia

sinostellata IN ZHEJIANGPROVINCE, CHINA

Since Magnolia sinostellata was firstdescribed in 1989, this highly attractivespecies has become a popularhorticultural plant. Its popularity hasproved to be its undoing, however, aswidespread harvesting of specimensfrom wild populations for use incommercial nurseries has seen thespecies rapidly decline. Today only threesmall populations of M. sinostellataremain in the wild, in the mountains ofZhejiang province, south-east china.These populations are all showing signsof poor reproductive performance, whichis further accelerating the species’decline and limiting the genetic diversityof each population.

In 2015, BGcI and staff from Fairy LakeBotanical Garden, Shenzen, initiated aproject to bring M. sinostellata back fromthe brink. The project is taking anintegrated approach, with plans toestablish ex situ living collections and toreinforce wild populations of the species.By the end of 2015, project staff hadalready successfully propagated 2,800M. sinostellata individuals, bolstering thespecies’ limited seed output with graftingand cutting techniques.

A key part of the project is to continueenabling local people to harness thehorticultural and economic value of M.sinostellata without further endangeringwild populations. To this end, 2015 sawthe launch of a series of workshops andtraining courses designed to train localpeople and forest agency staff inpropagation and cultivation techniquesfor M. sinostellata, with more workshopsplanned for 2016. Work is also underwayto develop two cultivars of M. sinostellata

specifically for cultivation purposes.Building local capacity in horticulturaltechniques will reduce their dependenceon wild populations of M. sinostellata,and allow the species to recover.

As well as reducing human pressure on M.sinostellata, plans are also in place toreinforce wild populations with individualsgrown in ex situ collections. Efforts willfocus on a population located on Mountyandang in the south-east of Zheijangprovince. This population has been singled

out as requiring the most urgentconservation action as it currentlycomprises just 3-5 individuals, and is themost genetically distinct population of thethree. Mount yandang is also a populartourist destination, and provides an idealopportunity to publicise the project andraise awareness of M. sinostellataconservation. Meanwhile, monitoring of thehealth and status of all three wildpopulations will continue, along withsurveys to identify any new, as yetundocumented populations of this species.


10

Magnolia sinostellata sapling in a nursery (Shouzhou Zhang)

CASE STUDY 3: MAGNOLIACUBENSIS SSP. ACUNAE:

A FLAGShIP SPECIES FoR ThE

RESToRATIoN oF CUBAN CLoUD

FoRESTS

Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae isendemic to the montane rainforests ofcuba’s Guamuhaya mountains. Forestclearance has destroyed much of itshabitat, with most of its former range nowoccupied by coffee plantations, shadedby non-native invasive tree species. Allremaining populations of M. cubensisssp. acunae are located in highlyfragmented or degraded habitat. Thelargest population lies outside anyprotected area boundaries, which puts itat permanent risk of clearing for furthercoffee plantations.

The rapid decline of M. cubensis ssp.acunae and other local trees also has widerrepercussions for local ecosystems and thecommunities living within them. TheGuamuhaya cloud forests, of which M.cubensis ssp. acunae was once a majorcomponent, play an important regulatingrole, capturing rainwater and humid air andthus controlling soil erosion, run-off andflooding further down the watershed. This

ecosystem service is vital to thesustainability of the local coffee industry,but with the disappearance of much of thenative cloud forest, such systems are atrisk of breaking down altogether.

Since 2009, BGcI has been working within-country partners the national BotanicGardens Havana and the cubanBotanical Society to address the declinein coverage and quality of the cloudforests in Guamuhaya. As a previouslydominant structural cloud forest specieswhich is classified as criticallyEndangered, and a highly attractive treevalued locally for its timber, M. cubensisssp. acunae acts as a strong flagshipspecies for this project.

Extensive field surveys have been carriedout to map the full distribution of M.cubensis ssp. acunae and to collectpropagation material for establishing thefirst ex situ collections for the species. Amajor challenge in establishing ex situcollections of cloud forest species suchas M. cubensis ssp. acunae is that theyrequire very different conditions to thosefound in established botanic gardens incuba. However, the project partnerscame up with a way of establishing exsitu collections of M. cubensis ssp.acunae that also facilitated the species’conservation in the wild.

With the cooperation of local farmers,native plant nurseries have beenestablished on coffee farms, with traininggiven to coffee farmers and farm workersto enable them to propagate and growM. cubensis ssp. acunae and otherthreatened native trees. The programmehas expanded rapidly, and by 2013,propagation efforts of 12 local nurserieshad raised over 1,500 individuals of M.cubensis ssp. acunae. Having started theprocess of controlling and eradicatingnon-native invasive trees from coffee

plantations, project staff and local farmershave been able to reinforce wildpopulations of M. cubensis ssp. acunaethrough planting out nursery-grown treeson the coffee plantations, in place of thenon-native tree species.

In addition to practical interventions torestore M. cubensis ssp. acunae, projectpartners have worked hard to raiseawareness among local communities ofthe benefits of conserving native treespecies and cloud forest habitats. InAugust 2013, an environmental festival“Del Monte Soy” was held in Topes decollantes to celebrate the relationshipbetween humans and plants, highlight thevalue of the local flora, and tocommunicate the threatened conservationstatus of many native plants in the region,including M. cubensis ssp. acunae. Oneof the key focuses of the trainingworkshops held with coffee farmers wasalso the importance of native tree speciesand habitats for local communities.

Work to conserve M. cubensis ssp.acunae and its native habitat is set tocontinue into the future. One of the latestdevelopments has been the provision oftoolkits to coffee farmers to help them tomanage their native tree nurseriesindependently. Two project workerscontinue to be available to provide advice,but it is the farmers and their communitieswho will lead the work to conserve M.cubensis ssp. acunae into the future.

11


Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae

Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae

ThREAT STATUS

All species in the family Magnoliaceaepublished prior to December 2015 areincluded in this Red List assessment,totalling 304 species, which makes this Red List of Magnoliaceae the mostcomprehensive analysis of the family.

Globally, 147 species were consideredthreatened. Sixty species wereconsidered not threatened (Leastconcern and near Threatened). Theremaining species, (97) were DataDeficient (Figure 2). Data Deficientspecies may be either threatened or notthreatened when a full assessment is possible. The recommendation forreporting this uncertainty is to give a range,which means that the proportion ofthreatened species is between 48-80%.

More detailed summary results are foundin Table 2. none of the species wereconsidered Extinct, although two specieswere considered possibly extinct (Magnoliadixonii and Magnolia emarginata). Amongthe 60 not threatened species, there were

13 species assessed as near Threatened(nT), these were species that nearly fall intoa threatened category. One example isLiriodendron chinense this species is underpressure across its range from acombination of factors including habitatdecline, degradation and fragmentation, aswell as issues resulting from hybridisationand poor regeneration, with subsequentpopulation reduction.

Eleven infraspecific taxa were alsoassessed, but not included in thespecies-level analysis (Appendix 3a).More information on these can be foundon the IUcn Red List of ThreatenedSpecies website (www.iucnredlist.org).

Ten species, published recently were notevaluated (nE), as no information onthese species (including the paperswhere the species were described) couldbe accessed (Appendix 3b).

CRITERIA USED

In order to list a species as threatened allfive criteria should be used, although onlya single criterion needs to be met for aspecies to be considered threatened.However, for many plant species thereare not sufficient data available to allowall the criteria to be used. Most (77%)threatened species were assessed usingcriterion B, i.e. listed as threatened dueto their restricted geographic range (Table3). A quarter (26%) of threatened speciesused criteria c and D, which are basedon small or restricted population size.Only 9% of threatened species werelisted using criterion A, which shows thatpopulation reductions (and generationlength) are difficult to calculate for theselong-lived taxa. no species wereevaluated using criterion E (quantitativeanalysis of extinction risk).

Most species were listed using a singlecriterion, but 16 (11%) threatenedspecies had multiple criteria applied.


12

RED LIST RESULTS

20%

48%

32%

Figure 2. Summary of the threatened,Data Deficient and not threatenedspecies of Magnoliaceae.

Table 3. The number of threatenedMagnoliaceae conservation assessmentsusing the five different Red List criteria,and the percentage of threatened speciesassessed under each criterion.

Table 2. Summary of conservationassessments for species of Magnoliaceae.

Liriodendron chinense (Philippe de Spoelberch)

ThreatenedData Deficientnot Threatened

IUCN Red NumberList category of species

Extinct 0critically Endangered 37Endangered 84Vulnerable 26Data Deficient 97near Threatened 13Least concern 47not Evaluated 10Total 314

criterion A 13 (9%)criterion B 113 (77%)criterion c 14 (10%)criterion D 24 (16%)criterion E 0Total 164 (147 species)

GEoGRAPhICAL ANALYSIS

Magnoliaceae species were found in 47countries (Figure 3, Appendix 2). Thecountry with the most species was chinawith 108 species (33 threatened),followed by Vietnam with 45 species (14 threatened). Seven of the ten mostspecies-rich countries were located in East and Southeast Asia. Anothercentre of diversity was in the neotropics,with colombia, Mexico and Ecuador

having a very high number of Magnoliaspecies. nearly two thirds (198) ofspecies were single country endemics.

When comparing the proportion ofthreatened species, the neotropics(Mexico, colombia and many of thecaribbean islands) showed a very highproportion of threatened species (Figure4). For most countries in the neotropics,with only a few exceptions (Brazil,

Panama, El Salvador and nicaragua),more than 50% of their Magnolia specieswere considered threatened.

As a whole, 75% of the neotropicalMagnolia were considered under threat;and the neotropics have more than twothirds of the world’s most threatenedMagnolia species – those found incategories critically Endangered andEndangered.

13


Figure 3. Magnoliaceae species richness per country.

Figure 4. The percentage of Magnoliaceae species for each country that are threatened (excluding Data Deficient species)

mAjoR ThREATS

The majority of Magnoliaceae specieswere found in subtropical or tropicalforests, with a few species found intemperate climates. A range of threatshave been recorded, associated bothwith the species as well as the habitat inwhich they grow. The threats wererecorded using the IUcn threatclassification scheme (IUcn 2012).

The most common threats toMagnoliaceae are shown in Figure 5.Logging/wood harvesting was the mostsignificant threat to all Magnoliaceaespecies, both threatened and notthreatened. It impacted nearly half (44%)of all species. Impacts from agriculture(annual and perennial non-timber crops)accounted for the second biggest threatand was identified as a significant factorin over one third of all species (36%).Habitat loss due to livestock farming andhuman development were also significantfactors. Other threats included collectionsof wild plant material and climate change.


14

Logging & wood harvesting

Annual & perennial non-timber crops

Livestock farming & ranching

Housing & urban areas

Wild plant collection

climate change & severe weather

Roads & railroads

Mining & quarrying

Fire & fire suppression

Wood & pulp plantations

commercial & industrial areas

Problematic species/disease of unknown origin

Tourism & recreation areas

Ecosystem modification

Dams & water management/use

200 40 60 80 100 120 140

number of threatened species

number of non-threatened species

Figure 5. Major threats to threatened and non-threatened Magnoliaceae species, usingthe IUCN threat classification system.

Magnolia grandiflora (Peter Timmermans)

Magnolia obovata (Arboretum Wespelaar)

PoPULATIoN TRENDS

The population trend for each assessedMagnoliaceae species was also recordedas part of the conservation assessmentprocess. These data showed that less than5% of species have a stable or increasingpopulation; 42% of species have adocumented decreasing population (Figure6). For more than half of the speciesassessed, the population trend was notknown. This lack of information onpopulation trends can lead to speciesbeing assessed as Data Deficient.

ComPARISoNS WITh ThE 2007

RED LIST oF mAGNoLIACEAE

The Red List of Magnoliaceae (cicuzza etal. 2007) included 151 Magnoliaceaetaxa, of which 120 were species-levelassessments (Table 4). This new Red Listupdate contains 304 species. 107species from the original publication wereassessed again. The 13 species whichwere not evaluated again are nowconsidered synonyms, and the acceptedname has been listed instead.

Of the 107 reassessed species, most (78species) had the same conservationassessment category. However, 29 hada different rating: 12 species were given ahigher category of threat, while tenspecies were moved from Data Deficientto another conservation rating. Sevenspecies were categorised as lessthreatened (i.e. a lower category ofthreat), but none of these species fell outof a threatened category.

compared to the 2007 publication, the2016 Red List of Magnoliaceae lists 52additional species that have beenidentified as at risk of extinction. Thereare also 44 additional species that havebeen identified as not at risk of extinction,and, worryingly, 88 species that haveinsufficient information to assess theirconservation status.

15


Decreasing

Stable/Increasing

Unknown

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Figure 6. Population trends of Magnoliaceae species.

Table 4. Comparison of conservation assessments in The Red List of Magnoliaceae in2016 and 2007. Numbers in brackets include infraspecific taxa.

128

163

13

2016 2007

Threatened 147 species (152) 95 species (112)Data Deficient 97 species (92) 9 species (10)not threatened 60 species (62) 16 species (29)Total species evaluated 304 species (315) 120 species (151)

Magnolia laevifolia

In addition to the conservationassessments, we also carried out an exsitu survey to assess the representationof Magnoliaceae species in ex situcollections of botanic gardens, arboretaand seed banks around the world.

All Magnoliaceae records weredownloaded from BGcI’s globaldatabase of plants in cultivation -PlantSearch (Box 2) (as of 26 January2016). In addition, lists of ex situ Magnoliacollections sent to us from specialistcollections not on PlantSearch and thechinese checklist of ex situ cultivatedflora (Huang 2014) were consulted.

The ex situ survey identified 9,918 recordsof Magnoliaceae from 490 institutions(Table 5). This number represents thepresence of a single taxon in a collectionwithin an institution and does not take intoaccount the number of accessions orindividuals. Only species records wereincluded in the analysis; records ofcultivars or infraspecific taxa wereexcluded. In total 4,476 records matchedwith Magnoliaceae species included inthis Red List or with synonyms.

SPECIES IN EX SITU CoLLECTIoNS

Exactly half of all Magnoliaceae species(152 of 304 species) are found in ex situcollections. However, species in ex situcollections are often (82 of 152) thoselisted as Least concern or Data Deficient(Figure 8). Only 43% (63 of 147) ofthreatened Magnolia species (criticallyEndangered, Endangered and Vulnerable)are found in ex situ collections (Figure 7),well below Target 8 of the Global Strategyfor Plant conservation which calls for 75%of threatened plants to be held in ex situcollections (cBD 2012).

Fifty-nine percent of the criticallyEndangered and Endangered Magnoliaspecies (71 out of 121 species) are not


16

Ex situ SURVEy OF MAGnOLIAcEAE

PlantSearch

BGcI’s PlantSearch database is the only global database of plants in cultivation.It is available online, and it is free to contribute to and access. PlantSearchconnects around 2,000 researchers and horticulturists to collections every year.Locations and gardens are not publicly revealed and requests can be made viablind email messages. PlantSearch is an easy way for ex situ collection holdersto contribute to broader ex situ assessments, such as this survey. By uploadinga taxa list to PlantSearch, collection holders can connect their collections to theglobal botanical community and find out the conservation value of their taxa,including the number of locations each taxon is known from globally and itscurrent global conservation status. It is important for institutions with ex situcollections to share accurate data and keep it updated, and PlantSearch relieson collection holders to upload up-to-date taxa lists on an annual basis toensure accuracy and enhance usability of the data.

www.bgci.org/plant_search.php

num

ber

of s

pec

ies

cR

Figure 7. Presence and absence of Magnoliaceae species in ex situ collections perIUCN Red List Category.

Table 5. Summary statistics for theex situ survey of Magnoliaceae.

14

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

23

En

36

48

Species reported in ex situ collections Species not reported in ex situ collections

VU

13 13

nT

7 6

Lc

40

7

DD

42

55

2016 ex situ survey

number of records 9918number of institutions 490number of countries 61

reported in ex situ collections and theseshould be prioritised to be brought intocollections. Species that are not in an ex situ collection have no safeguard in the event their wild populations are lost. Twenty-three critically Endangeredspecies not found in collections are listedin Table 6 together with their country ofoccurrence; of these, 20 are endemic tothe neotropics. Successful efforts havebeen made by BGcI to target threatenedMagnolia species in these regionspreviously (See case Studies 1 and 3).Further efforts should be made to bring theremaining critically Endangered speciesinto collections as soon as possible.

NUmBER oF ex situ

CoLLECTIoNS

Sixty-two percent (39 of 63 species) ofthreatened Magnolia species are found ina very small number of collections (fewerthan five collections), with the majorityonly found in a single collection (Figure 8).Species found in only a few collectionsdo not have sufficient protection againststochastic events or loss from naturalcauses. Furthermore, small collectionnumbers are unlikely to capture sufficientgenetic diversity to enable the collectionsto be used in restoration or reintroductionprogrammes.

17


1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 100+ 200+

Figure 8. Number of collections of Magnoliaceae species.

0

10

5

15

20

25

30

35

non threatened Threatened

Species

Magnolia calimaensisMagnolia canandeanaMagnolia cararensisMagnolia cespedesiiMagnolia chimantensisMagnolia coronataMagnolia dixoniiMagnolia domingensisMagnolia ekmaniiMagnolia emarginataMagnolia faustinomirandaeMagnolia gustaviiMagnolia lacandonicaMagnolia manguilloMagnolia mayaeMagnolia narinensisMagnolia ofeliaeMagnolia pleiocarpaMagnolia sanchez-vegaeMagnolia tiepiiMagnolia vallartensisMagnolia virolinensisMagnolia wendtii

Country

colombiaEcuadorcolombiacolombiacolombiacolombiaEcuadorHaiti, Dominican RepublicHaitiHaitiMexicoIndia, Myanmar, ThailandMexicoPeruMexicocolombiaMexicoIndiaPeruVietnamMexicocolombiaMexico

Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Table 6. Critically Endangered Magnolia species not in ex situ collections.

In contrast, some species arewidespread among botanic gardens andarboreta around the world (Table 7).These species are generally considerednot threatened, one exception beingMagnolia stellata, which is listed asEndangered in the wild and is present inover 200 ex situ collections and is alsowidespread in general horticulture. Thequality of ex situ Magnolia collections, interms of size of collections and geneticdiversity, is not included in the remit ofthis survey. It will be important to considerthese two factors when bringing newspecies into collections, to maximise theconservation value of the ex situcollection. Further work on the geneticcomponents and relevance of ex situcollections have been carried out forMagnoliaceae (cires et al. 2013), and inmore detail for other groups (i.e. Griffithet al. 2015).

ComPARISoN WITh 2008 ex situ

SURVEY oF mAGNoLIACEAE

A comparison of the results from thissurvey with those of an ex situ survey ofMagnoliaceae carried out in 2008 (BGcI2008) show an increase in the number ofrecords of Magnoliaceae in ex situcollections of 7,644. This is due in part todata being provided from a further 252institutions from 14 additional countries.But importantly Magnoliaceae speciesare now better conserved in ex situcollections. In addition, there are 22species that were not present incultivation in 2008 that are now availablein ex situ collections (Table 8). This showsthe impact and importance of the RedList assessments and the subsequent exsitu survey highlighting and prioritisingconservation action.


18

Species

Liriodendron tulipiferaMagnolia grandifloraMagnolia kobusMagnolia stellataMagnolia tripetalaMagnolia acuminataMagnolia virginianaMagnolia sieboldiiMagnolia denudataMagnolia obovataLiriodendron chinenseMagnolia macrophyllaMagnolia wilsoniiMagnolia figoMagnolia campbellii

Red List Category

LcLcDDEnLcLcLcLcLcLcnTLcnTLcLc

ex situ collections

255225211206159157152148145136134121111103103

Table 7. Species in over 100 ex situ collections.

Taxon Names

Magnolia colombianaMagnolia dandyiMagnolia duperreanaMagnolia espinaliiMagnolia henaoiMagnolia katiorumMagnolia lanuginosaMagnolia lenticellataMagnolia longipedunculataMagnolia macclureiMagnolia mahechaeMagnolia nilagiricaMagnolia pallescensMagnolia platyphyllaMagnolia puganaMagnolia rajanianaMagnolia sabahensisMagnolia sambuensisMagnolia striatifoliaMagnolia urraoensisMagnolia utilisMagnolia vrieseana

Red List Category

cRLcDDcREncRDDEncRLcEnVUEnDDEnVULcnTEnEnDDDD

ex situ collections

1151111

1311

20111111191111

Table 8. Species unreported from ex situ collections in 2008 now present in ex situcollections.

PoLICY RELEVANCE

This new Red List of Magnoliaceaecontributes directly to Target 2 of theGlobal Strategy for Plant conservation ofthe convention on Biological Diversity,which calls for “an assessment of theconservation status of all known plantspecies, as far as possible, to guideconservation action” by 2020 (cBD 2012).In addition, an assessment of threatenedspecies is also needed to ensure thatTarget 8 of the Global Strategy for Plantconservation is met. This target calls for“at least 75 per cent of threatened plantspecies in ex situ collections, preferably inthe country of origin, and at least 20 percent available for recovery and restorationprogrammes” (cBD 2012).

The Red List of Magnoliaceae aims tostimulate conservation action forMagnolia species under threat. The aimis for these conservation assessments forMagnoliaceae to guide conservationaction and policy decisions for the veryrare and threatened species. The priorityis to protect Magnolia in their naturalhabitats. Many of the most threatenedspecies are still absent from ex situcollections, and should also be prioritisedfor targeted collection efforts.

BGcI and the Global Trees campaignwork with botanic gardens to enhance exsitu conservation for globally threatenedMagnolia taxa where appropriate and topromote in situ conservation planning,ecological restoration and sustainableuse. More information about theseprojects are available online(www.globaltrees.org/projects).

RECommENDATIoNS

The Red List of Magnoliaceae is a steptowards the Global Tree Assessment (GTA)which will provide information on the threatstatus of all the world’s trees. In order toachieve the GTA and, more specifically,

improve the conservation status forMagnoliaceae, a number of conservationmeasures are recommended:

Collect more information on Data

Deficient species:

• More information is needed on thelarge proportion of species for whichthere was not enough data to assesstheir conservation status (listed asData Deficient).

• Report any known information onthese species to [email protected] toallow a full assessment to take place.

• Target fieldwork and data collectionfor priority regions where thesespecies occur.

Ensure threatened species of

magnoliaceae are conserved in situand ex situ:

• Develop ex situ conservationcollections for the threatenedMagnoliaceae species not yetrepresented in any ex situ collections.

• Wherever possible, house ex situcollections in more than oneinstitution and location.

• Ensure genetic diversity is taken intoaccount when building ex situcollections.

• Assess the extent to which speciesare included in protected areas.

• Develop integrated conservationaction plans for the most threatenedspecies.

Raise awareness and build capacity

locally and internationally:

• Empower and inform communitiesabout the uniqueness andimportance of the Magnoliaceaespecies found in their localenvironment.

• Use local plant nurseries and plantingschemes to enhance the status ofthe most threatened Magnoliaspecies in the wild.

• Build horticultural capacity of in-country partners and localcommunities, including protocols forcollection, propagation and cultivation.

There has been significant progress sincethe last Red List of Magnoliaceae wasproduced in 2007: more Magnoliaspecies have been discovered anddescribed, more Magnolia species have aconservation assessment, and moreMagnolia species are now conserved inex situ collections. nevertheless, muchmore needs to be done in order to savemany Magnolia species from extinction.Future work should focus on therecommendations above, and use theinformation gathered in this publication toeffectively prioritise conservation action.

19


cOncLUSIOnS AnD REcOMMEnDATIOnS

Magnolia acuminata (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia equatorialis (Alvaro Perez)


20

BGCI (2008) Global Survey of Ex situMagnoliaceae Collections. BotanicGardens conservation International.Richmond, Uk. Available from:http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/global_survey_of_ex_situ_magnoliaceae_collections.pdf (accessed: 18 September2015).

Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. & oldfield, S.

(2007) The Red List of Magnoliaceae.Fauna & Flora International. cambridge,Uk.

Cires, E., De Smet, Y., Cuesta, C.

Goetghebeur, P. Sharrock, S., Gibbs,

D., oldfield, S., Kramer, A. & Samain,

m-S. (2013) Gap analyses to support exsitu conservation of genetic diversity inMagnolia, a flagship group. Biodiversityand Conservation 22(3): 567-590.

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Griffith, m.P., Calonje, m., meerow,

A.W., Tut, F., Kramer, A.T., hird, A.,

magellan, T.m. & husby, C.E. (2015)

can a Botanic Garden cycad collectioncapture the Genetic Diversity in a WildPopulation?. International Journal ofPlant Sciences, 176(1): 1–10.

huang, hongwen (2014) A checklist ofex situ cultivated flora of China. SciencePress, Beijing.

IPNI (2015) The International PlantNames Index. Royal Botanic Gardens,kew, Uk. Available from:http://www.ipni.org/ (accessed: 20August 2015).

IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categoriesand Criteria: Version 3.1. IUcn SpeciesSurvival commission. IUcn. Gland,Switzerland and cambridge, Uk.

IUCN (2012) IUCN –CMP UnifiedClassification of Direct Threats.International Union for conservation ofnature and natural Resources. Availablefrom: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/Dec_2012_Guidance_Threats_classification_Scheme.pdf(accessed: 3 February 2016).

IUCN (2013) Rules of Procedures IUCNRed List Assessment Process 2013-2016. International Union forconservation of nature and naturalResources. Available from:http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Rules%20of%20Procedure%20for%20Red%20List_2013-2016.pdf(accessed: 18 September 2015).

IUCN Standards and Petitions

Subcommittee (2014) Guidelines forUsing the IUCN Red List Categoriesand Criteria. Version 11. Prepared bythe Standards and PetitionsSubcommittee. Available from:http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed: 20August 2015).

IUCN (2015) The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species, version 2015.4.International Union for conservation ofnature and natural Resource. Availablefrom: http://www.iucnredlist.org/(accessed: December 2015).

Newton, A., oldfield, S., Rivers, m.,

mark, j., Schatz, G., Tejedor

Garavito, N., Cantarello, E., Golicher,

D., Cayuela, L. & miles, L. (2015)

Towards a Global Tree Assessment.Oryx, 49: 410-415.doi:10.1017/S0030605315000137.

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REFEREncES

Trunk of Magnolia (Lou Jost)

Magnolia wilsonii (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia albosericea chun &c.H.TsoongVU D1+2China, VietnamAlthough little is known about Magnoliaalbosericea there are thought to be veryfew mature individuals (fewer than 1,000),across its range of evergreenbroadleaved forests of southern chinaand northern Vietnam. It is only known tooccur in three to five locations, whereland use change is a plausible threat.Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable.

Magnolia allenii Standl. En B1ab(iii)PanamaLocally frequent in dense forests, thisspecies is restricted to one area ofwestern Panama at about 1,000 m asl.The extent of occurrence (EOO) isestimated to 1,142 km2 and the habitatis inferred to be declining in extent andquality. The primary threat isdeforestation, which has causedsignificant declines in the past. Thisspecies is Endangered.

Magnolia amoena W.c.chengVU B1ab(iii,iv)ChinaMagnolia amoena is found only in chinabut is scattered across many provinces.The population is highly fragmented andcollection of flower buds for medicinalpurposes is believed to be reducing itsability to regenerate. It occurs in smallscattered stands in hilly lowland mixedforest so the extent of occurrence is likelyto be much less than the forest extent of24,769 km2 and is estimated at less than20,000 km2. It is listed as Vulnerable.

Magnolia angustioblonga (y.W.Law &y.F.Wu) FiglarEn DChinaThis species has a very limiteddistribution within the Maolan naturalReserve, Guizhou. It has an area ofsuitable forest habitat (extent ofoccurrence), based on remote sensingimagery and distribution data, of 4,713km2 and an estimated 100-200 matureindividuals remaining. The Endangeredcategory is based on the small populationsize. The threats and cause of decline arenot fully understood.

Magnolia annamensis DandyVU B1ab(iii,v)VietnamThis species is classified as Vulnerable asthe extent of occurrence (EOO) is 13,949km2, it occurs at four locations and,although it remains common in protectedareas, its range is relatively restricted andsubpopulations are declining outsideprotected areas as a result ofdeforestation. The species may bereassessed as more threatened withfurther research.

Magnolia arcabucoana (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(ii,iii,v)ColombiaThis species is considered to beEndangered due to its restricted range. Itis only known from three locations in theeastern mountain range betweenSantander and Boyaca and the east ofcundinamarca, colombia with an extentof occurrence (EOO) of 2,385 km2.Further surveying is needed to determinewhether the species occurs in lessaccessible areas. The remainingpopulations are under pressure fromhabitat conversion and logging.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia argyrothricha (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia argyrothricha is considered tobe Endangered as it has a restricteddistribution in colombia. It is known fromjust four locations in the Easternmountain range between southernSantander (Virolin and El Taladro) andcentral-north Boyaca (Togui andArcabuco), with an extent of occurrence(EOO) of 357 km2 and an area ofoccupancy (AOO) of 135 km2. Theforests in the region are highly disturbedand fragmented.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

21


Magnolia amoena (Don Mahoney)

GLOBALLy THREATEnED MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES

PART 2

Magnolia aromatica (Dandy)V.S.kumarEn c2a(i)ChinaMagnolia aromatica is classified asEndangered as only a few scatteredstands of this important timber treeremain. Several subpopulations arereported to have become extinct inchinese provinces, largely as a result of over-exploitation of the timber. Similar pressure affects the potentialsubpopulations in Vietnam. The speciesis also threatened by habitat loss due toagricultural expansion. There are fewerthan 2,500 mature individuals remainingwith each subpopulation consisting offewer than 250 mature individuals. Ex situconservation collections have been madeand reintroduction trials are taking place.

Magnolia bankardiorum M.O.Dillon &Sánchez VegaVU B1ab(iii)Ecuador, PeruMagnolia bankardiorum is thought to berare but more research is needed todetermine the population size and trendof this species. This species’ estimatedextent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,250 km2

and it is present in three to four locations.The forests near Aguas Verdes where thetype specimen of this species was foundhave been felled for coffee plantations. Itis likely that this species has beenextirpated in this area, but is thought tostill be present further south in the RioAlto Mayo watershed. The rest of thehabitat of this species is severelydeforested which is causing a continuingdecline in both area and quality of habitat.Therefore, Magnolia bankardiorum hasbeen assessed as Vulnerable.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Arroyo, F. &Pérez castañeda, Á.

Magnolia bidoupensis Q.n.VuEn B1ab(iii)VietnamMagnolia bidoupensis is endemic to theBidoup-nuiba national Park in southVietnam. This species has an estimatedextent of occurrence (EOO) of 700 km2

and occurs in fewer than five locations.continuing decline in the area and qualityof habitat has been reported due toencroachment, fire and illegal logging.Therefore, this species is listed asEndangered.

Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) DandyVU B1ab(iii)VietnamThis species is classified as Vulnerable asthe potential forest distribution is 12,537km2, its range is severely fragmented,and its habitat is continuing to decline inarea and quality.

Magnolia boliviana (M.nee) GovaertsEn B2ab(iii)Bolivia Magnolia boliviana occurs in very fewlocalities in Bolivia and is predominantlyfound in the Amboro and Madidi nationalParks. The forest habitat is threatened byongoing deforestation, and thepopulation is likely to be fragmented butpopulation data are not available. Theextent of occurrence (EOO) is around48,709 km2. However, given that it hasbeen recorded in low densities the areaof occupancy (AOO) is estimated to bemuch less than 100 km2. There are fewerthan five locations. Therefore, this speciesis Endangered. The population is underpressure outside of protected areas bydeforestation and needs to be monitored.

Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano)GovaertscR B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia calimaensis is only known froma single location, where its extent ofoccurrence is less than 100 km2, in theBajo calima in the western part of theValle del cauca in the choco region. Itshabitat is declining in extent and qualitydue to logging and the number of matureindividuals is also declining as it is atargeted timber species.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.


22

Magnolia aromatica (Ouyang Zhiqin)

Magnolia bankardiorum (Alvaro Perez)

Magnolia calophylla (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia calophylla has a very restricteddistribution and is only known from threelocations at low altitude in the chocoregion, with an extent of occurrence(EOO) of less than 5,000 km2. Loggingand clearance for cultivation take place inthe lowland forests where this speciesoccurs causing a continuing decline inthe area and quality of habitat andreducing the number of matureindividuals of this species. Therefore, thisspecies is assessed as Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia canandeana F.ArroyocR B1ab(iii)Ecuador Magnolia canandeana is a tree endemicto Ecuador. The type collection of thisspecies comes from a private protectedarea (Reserva Río canandé) with anextent of occurrence (EOO) of 18 km2.Outside this area, the forest is beingcompletely cleared by a logging company,through a Government concession.cleared areas are later used foragricultural and pasture land. Moreresearch is needed on the conservationstatus of the species inside and outsidethe protected area as it is unlikely that thereserve can provide for a secure andviable reproductive population. Thisspecies has been assessed as criticallyEndangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.

Magnolia cararensis (Lozano)GovaertscR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia cararensis is only known froma single population in a strip of matureforest no more than 20 km long and 600metres wide. In addition to beingexploited for its timber for roundwoodand sawlogs in the Tama region, theforests in the region have been subject toland clearance for livestock andagriculture. The extent of occurrence isless than 100 km2, the area of occupancyis less than 10 km2 and it is known froma single location.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia caricifragrans (Lozano)GovaertsEn A2acd+4acdColombiaThis is an endemic species found in justa few sites in colombia. The population isfragmented with few individuals at eachlocality, and it is estimated that the overallpopulation has decreased by over 50%in the last 50 years and the decline iscontinuing. Logging is a major ongoingthreat for this species and this decline isexpected to carry on into the future.Therefore, this species is assessed asEndangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n., Wheeler, L. & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia cattienensis Q.n.VuEn B1ab(iii); DVietnamMagnolia cattienensis is only found in thecat Tien national Park in Vietnam. Theextent of occurrence (EOO) is less than750 km2. It is known from a singlelocation with fewer than 250 matureindividuals. The habitat is declining inquality and extent due to illegal loggingand agriculture encroachment, a trendthat is likely to continue with a growinghuman population. Due to a very smalland restricted population, Magnoliacattienensis is listed as Endangered.

Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planch.)GovaertscR B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaThis is a restricted-range species, knownfrom a single location on the western sideof the eastern mountain range of the Magdalena valley, cundinamarcadepartment, thought to have an extent ofoccurrence (EOO) of less than 100 km2.The forest areas of the region have beenfragmented due to land clearance foragriculture and logging. Magnoliacespedesii has been specifically targetedfor its timber. This species is criticallyEndangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia chimantensis Steyerm. &MaguirecR c2a(i); DColombia, VenezuelaMagnolia chimantensis is reported fromonly two localities, one in colombia andone in Venezuela. In colombia thisspecies is located in one strip of matureforest. It is considered to be criticallyEndangered as the total number ofmature individuals, as well as the numberin the largest subpopulation, is fewer than50 and there is a continuing decline. It isalso range-restricted with an area ofoccupancy (AOO) less than 500 km2 andthe habitat is declining due to expansionof agriculture. This species has also beenexploited for charcoal extraction andtimber. The natural regeneration of thisspecies is limited and it does not exist inany ex situ collection.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Serna-Gonzalez, M.

23


Magnolia chocoensis (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaThis species is only known from threelocations in the western mountain rangebetween the choco and Risaraldadepartments, has a restricted extent ofoccurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km2,and occurs in an area where the foresthabitats are declining due to pressurefrom logging activities.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia cochranei A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)HondurasThis is a tree endemic to Honduras whereit is only known from a few localities in thedepartments of comayagua, cortés andyoro. Deforestation rates are high in theregion which is estimated to be causing adecline in area and quality of habitat ofthis species. The estimated extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km2

and it is found in three to five locations.Therefore, this species is assessed asEndangered.

Magnolia colombiana (Little) GovaertscR B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia colombiana is listed as criticallyEndangered as a result of its severelyfragmented and restricted distribution(EOO estimated to be 77 km2), as it isknown only from three locations, and asthere is a continuing decline in the qualityof the habitat and number of matureindividuals. The population is also underdirect pressure from logging.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia coriacea (Hung T.chang &B.L.chen) FiglarEn B1ab(iii,v)China, VietnamMagnolia coriacea is restricted tosoutheast yunnan and north Vietnamwith a remaining forest area of 4,190 km2

in fewer than five locations. Within thisarea there were 300-500 scatteredindividuals recorded in 2005, which islikely to have reduced recently as they aremainly outside reserves; this needs to beconfirmed by another field survey. Giventhe small area it is likely that there are oneor two subpopulations, with the majorityof the recorded individuals being in onesubpopulation surveyed in china.

Magnolia coronata M.Serna,c.Velásquez & cogollocR A2acdColombiaMagnolia coronata is a canopy treeendemic to colombia. It occurs in smallisolated fragments of secondary forestsgenerally located on mountain peaks. Itspopulation has declined by over 80% (overthree generations) due to thefragmentation of habitat resulting from landclearance for agriculture and livestockfarming in addition to direct pressure onthe species from charcoal production androundwood. It has a restricted distributionand has an extent of occurrence (EOO) ofless than 1,345 km2 which continues todecline in area and quality.Assessors: Serna-Gonzalez, M. & Rivers,M.c.

Magnolia costaricensis A.VázquezVU B1ab(iii)Costa RicaThis scarce species with a scattereddistribution is endemic to costa Ricawhere it occurs in lowland tropical wetforest of Heredia and Limón provincesand on the border of Alajuela andGuanacaste provinces. It may also occurin cartago province. clearance foragriculture is a threat causing acontinuing decline in area and quality ofhabitat. Its extent of occurrence is lessthan 15,000 km2 and it occurs in fewerthan ten locations. Therefore, this speciesis assessed as Vulnerable.

Magnolia crassifolia F.Arroyo &Á.J.PérezcR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); DEcuadorMagnolia crassifolia is a large tree onlyknown from the type locality in Ecuador.A total of six individuals (including thetype specimen and two resproutingstumps) were seen in a forested hilly areaof less than 10 km2 subjected to clearingfor agricultural land and included in plansfor mining exploitation (Arroyo and Pérezpers. obs.). Efforts of conservation in thisarea, as well as exploration of nearbyareas to find more individuals, areurgently needed. Increased ex situconservation with research intopropagation techniques is also an urgentpriority. This species is assessed ascritically Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Wheeler, L. &Pérez castañeda, Á.

Magnolia crassipes (y.W.Law)V.S.kumarEn B2ab(iii,v); c2a(ii)ChinaMagnolia crassipes is classified asEndangered as it is known from onelocation in Guangxi, china. It has an areaof occupancy less than 100 km2. Thepopulation is thought to be fewer than1,000 individuals in a singlesubpopulation. The causes of its declineneed to be fully determined, but forestfires and general deforestation areimpacting the species’ habitat.


24

Magnolia coriacea (Weibang Sun)

Magnolia cristalensis Bisse

EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)

CubaMagnolia cristalensis is endemic to Cuba.

It is considered Endangered as its

population is very small and severely

fragmented, it is known from five

locations and it has declined due to

exploitation for its timber and habitat loss

and degradation. The extent of

occurrence (EOO) is 4,700 km2 and the

area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated

between 350 and 500 km2.

Magnolia cubensis Urb.

VU B2ab(iii,v)

CubaMagnolia cubensis is an endemic tree to

Cuba. It is considered to be Vulnerable as

it is found in fewer than ten locations and

has an area of occupancy (AOO) below

2,000 km2. It is threatened by

deforestation, land conversion and

habitat degradation. Further research is

required on how best to ensure the

survival of this species.

Magnolia cylindrica E.H.Wilson

VU B2ab(iii)

ChinaMagnolia cylindrica is classified as

Vulnerable as it has an area of occupancy

estimated to be between 500 km2 and

2,000 km2, its range is severely fragmented,

it is known from only ten locations, and

there is a decline in the area, extent and

quality of its habitat.

Magnolia dawsoniana Rehder &

E.H.Wilson

EN B2ab(iii)

ChinaThe subpopulations of this species are

scattered and severely fragmented over two

(or possibly three) provinces in China within a

forest area of c. 200 km2. The area of

occupancy is thought to be above 10 km2

(but less than 200 km2) and there is a

continuing decline in the extent of forest cover

and the habitat quality. Magnolia dawsonianais therefore classified as Endangered.

Magnolia decastroi A.Vázquez &

Muñiz-Castro

EN B1ab(iii)

MexicoMagnolia decastroi is only known from

the type locality in the lowlands of

Chinantla Baja, Oaxaca. This area is

threatened by deforestation and habitat

alterations due to plantation and

pastures. Climate change is also

projected to alter the forest habitat

here. Although there is little information

on the distribution and population size,

the extent of occurrence (EOO) is

restricted and estimated to be less

than 5,000 km2. The number of

locations is five or fewer. This species is

therefore listed as Endangered

Assessors: Rivers, M.C., Samain, M.S.

& Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia decidua (Q.Y.Zheng)

V.S.Kumar

EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)

ChinaMagnolia decidua is classified as

Endangered because it is known only

from one subpopulation (representing

one location) which is thought to have

fewer than 500 individuals, with an

extent of occurrence of less than 4,000

km2 and area of occupancy less than

500 km2. Its habitat is also declining in

extent and quality due to exploitation

of timber.

25


Magnolia cylindrica (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia cubensis (Luis Roberto Gonzalez Torres)

Magnolia dawsoniana (Daniel Mosquin)

Magnolia dixonii (Little) Govaerts cR (Possibly Extinct) B1ab(iii,v)Ecuador?Magnolia dixonii is a large tree endemicto Ecuador and restricted to lowelevations. It has a highly restricted extentof occurrence (EOO), which is less than100 km2, and is known from a singlelocation. This species is also underpressure from a continuing decline in areaand quality of habitat due to agriculturalexpansion and the opening of roads. Inaddition, this species was recorded asused for its timber. It is only known fromthe type collection and has not beenrediscovered for 50 years. It is thereforelisted here as critically Endangered(Possibly Extinct).Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.

Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.)GovaertsVU B1ab(iii)Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, SaintVincent and the Grenadines; Trinidad andTobago?Although there are limited data availableon this species, it is suspected to be inrapid decline due to deforestation andhabitat conversion. The total area ofsuitable forest type on all five islands isestimated to be around 6,975 km2 butthe area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown.In addition to loss of habitat, Magnoliadodecapetala is also at risk fromhurricanes and tropical cyclones,especially if these increase in severityand/or frequency as a result of climatechange. It is classified as Vulnerable dueto its restricted distribution, small extentof occurrence and the threats thisspecies is likely to face in the future aswell as existing pressures fromdeforestation on subpopulations whichare inferred to be declining.

Magnolia domingensis Urb.cR A2acDominican Republic, Haiti?Magnolia domingensis may possibly beextinct in Haiti where forest cover hasdeclined by 98% over the last 300 yearsand only 2% of forests still remain. Itoccurs in a national park in the DominicanRepublic but it is suspected to beundergoing a rapid and ongoing decline,owing to habitat loss and degradation. Ithas been assessed as criticallyEndangered as the population hasdeclined by at least 80% over the lastthree generations due to deforestation andit is likely that the area of occupancy (AOO)of 30-35 km2 has also been reduced.

Magnolia ekmanii Urb.cR A2acHaitiMagnolia ekmanii is endemic to Haiti. Inthe past 100 years there has been areduction in forest area cover in Haiti of97% causing a decline in quality andextent of habitat. The total area ofremaining forest in Haiti was reduced to3-4% total land area by 2010. Magnoliaekmanii does occur in a key BiodiversityArea of Massif de la Hotte. This species isalso not known in any ex situ collections.This species has been assessed ascritically Endangered due to the declinein forest cover in Haiti. It is inferred thatthis species population has gone througha similar decline in the last threegenerations.

Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Ekman cR (Possibly Extinct) A2acHaiti?Magnolia emarginata is endemic tonorthern Haiti. Given the extremely highdeforestation rates in Haiti, combinedwith no recent confirmed records ofindividuals, the continued survival of thisspecies has to be questioned. A majorstorm destroyed forest in one area fromwhich the species was collected and it isnot certain whether this species survived.It is not known to in any ex situ collectionsor to have been cultivated in the past.Further surveys are urgently required todetermine if this species still exists in thewild. This species has been assessed ascritically Endangered due to a decline inforest cover in Haiti of 97% over threegenerations. It is inferred that this speciespopulation has gone through a similardecline of 80-100% in the last threegenerations. There is a continued declinein the population and degradation of thehabitat due to continued deforestationand storm damage. Any significant futureevent of this kind could reduce anyregeneration of this species if it still existsin the wild.


26

Magnolia domingensis (Emily Veltjen)

Magnolia ekmanii (Emily Veltjen)

Magnolia espinalii (Lozano) GovaertscR c2a(i); DColombiaThe distribution of Magnolia espinalii isseverely fragmented. This species isrestricted to approximately ten localitieswith only a few mature individualsremaining in each locality. There are anestimated 50 known mature individualsremaining and there has been an overallpopulation reduction of over 50% overthree generations, due to habitatconversion and loss, which is continuing.Therefore, this species is assessed ascritically Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n. & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia fansipanensis c.B.callaghan& Png cR DVietnamMagnolia fansipanensis is a tree foundonly at a single locality in the Hoang Liennational Park, Vietnam. The populationsize is very small, with fewer than 50mature individuals. It is assessed here ascritically Endangered.Assessors: Q.n.Vu & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia faustinomirandae

A.VázquezcR B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia faustinomirandae is a treeendemic to chiapas, where it is onlyknown from the municipality of Jitotol. Forthe last three decades no other localitieshave been identified. The known extentof occurrence (EOO) is less than 100km2. Deforestation rates are very high,with the habitat declining continuously.The habitat is also threatened by climatechange in the future. This species isconsidered critically Endangered.Research into the distribution and legalprotection for this species is urgentlyneeded.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia gentryi A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii); DPeruMagnolia gentryi is a small tree, onlyknown from a restricted range nearPasco, Peru. It is known from fewer than200 mature individuals with the largestsubpopulation having 15 individuals. Theextent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,703 km2

and the number of locations is two tofour. The species’ habitat is threatened bycattle ranching and slash and burnagriculture. This species is assessed asEndangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Arroyo, F.

Magnolia georgii (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia georgii is a range-restrictedspecies, with extent of occurrence (EOO)of less than 5,000 km2. It is known fromtwo locations in forests that arefragmented due to pressure from habitatconversion for agriculture and roads. It hasa very restricted altitudinal distribution. Thisspecies has experienced a continuingdecline in area and quality of habitat due todeforestation for agriculture andinfrastructure. The number of matureindividuals is also likely to be declining asthis species is used for timber. Therefore,this species is assessed as Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia gilbertoi (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia gilbertoi is Endangered basedon its extent of occurrence (EOO) of amaximum of 1,752 km2 and its existenceat a limited number of locations (five). Theforest habitat is fragmented anddeclining. The number of individualscontinues to decline with deforestationand use for timber.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia grandis (Hu & W.c.cheng)V.S.kumarcR B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); DChinaMagnolia grandis was previouslyassessed as Vulnerable in 1998, but asurvey in 2005 revealed this species ishighly threatened and has sufferedsubstantial population declines due tohabitat loss, primarily for agriculturalexpansion and logging. Althoughpreviously recorded from two provinces,the few remaining known individuals existin one location and are threatened by acontinuing decline in the area, extent andquality of habitat. The area of occupancyis less than 10 km2 and the population isfewer than 50 individuals.

Magnolia guanacastensis A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)Costa RicaMagnolia guanacastensis is a rarespecies distributed in the northwesternpart of costa Rica. The total extent ofoccurrence is less than 1,500 km2 and itoccurs in fewer than five locations. Thereare high rates of deforestation threateningthe habitat quality and extent of thespecies. Therefore, this species has beenassessed as Endangered.

27


Magnolia grandis (Weibang Sun)

Magnolia guatapensis (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia guatapensis is endemic tocolombia. The species is listed asEndangered based on its extent ofoccurrence (EOO) measuring 2,800 km2.There is evidence that a large abundantsubpopulation once existed but it is nowlimited to just two or three locations inAntioquia. It is found in relict forestpatches which have survived generalhabitat conversion, logging and floodingfollowing hydrological projects.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n. & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia guerrerensis J.JiménezRam., k.Vega & cruz DuránEn B1ab(iii)MexicoThis species is classified as Endangeredas it is only known from cloud forest inGuerrero. The extent of occurrence(EOO) is estimated to be less than 4,000km2 and it occurs in four locations. Thisspecies is threatened by currentdeforestation and future climate change,which is expected to cause a decline inthe area and quality of habitat. Therefore,this species is assessed as Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S.,Martínez Salas, E. & Wheeler, L.

Magnolia gustavii kingcR c2a(i)India, ThailandMagnolia gustavii was classified asVulnerable in 1998 when the populationwas believed to be fewer than 1,000individuals. Since then the area of forestcover has decreased and the number ofindividuals has declined substantially, andthere are believed to be fewer than 50individuals in India. Subpopulations inThailand are small and scattered. Thereis no population information for Myanmarand only a single tree has been recordedfrom across the border of Thailand. It isthought that there are fewer than 250mature individuals of this species andrecruitment rates are very low with anestimated germination failure of 40-55%.no seedlings have been recorded fromThailand since its discovery there. It islikely that there are fewer than 50 matureindividuals in each subpopulation.Therefore, this species has beenassessed as critically Endangered.

Magnolia hamorii HowardEn B1ab(i,iii)Dominican RepublicThe extent of occurrence of this speciesis estimated to be less than 2,857 km2

and it is known from at most fivelocations. It is likely that the population isfewer than 2,500 individuals as it is foundin small stands but there is no surveydata to support this. Deforestation hascaused a significant decline in the extentof occurrence and quality of habitat.concessions for bauxite and limestonemining have been granted in the area.

Magnolia henaoi (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia henaoi is endemic to Huiladepartment, colombia, and restricted tojust two locations within the national Parkcueva de Los Guacharos, with an extentof occurrence of c. 3,056 km2 and anarea of occupancy of less than 100 km2.Both populations are very small andexhibit little natural regeneration; in arecent expedition only a single adult wasseen but no saplings were found. Themajor threat is logging of this species.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia hernandezii (Lozano)GovaertsEn A2cdColombiaThe forest fragments where Magnoliahernandezii, an endemic to Antioquiadepartment, is found contain smallisolated subpopulations. The species isconsidered Endangered, based onestimates that the population has beenreduced by over 50% in the last threegenerations due to overharvesting anddeclines in the extent and quality of itshabitat. This species is known from morethan 20 localities, some of which can befound in protected areas.

Magnolia hongheensis (y.M.Shui &W.H.chen) V.S.kumarVU B1ab(iii)ChinaMagnolia hongheensis is classified asVulnerable as it is known from fewer thanten locations and is restricted tosoutheast yunnan where the extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is estimated as 8,392km2. There is widespread deforestationthroughout yunnan and so it is estimatedthat there is a continuing decline in thearea and quality of the habitat.


28

Magnolia gustavii (Piya Chalermglin) Magnolia hamorii (Emily Veltjen)

Magnolia iltisiana A.VázquezVU B1ab(iii,v)MexicoThis large tree from Jalisco andMichoacán in Mexico is a range-restrictedspecies, known from fewer than tenlocations. The extent of occurrence(EOO) is 15,900 km2 and deforestationposes a threat to the quality and extentof the habitat of the species. In addition,the species is selectively logged for itsvalued timber. These threats are likely tocontinue, and this species is listed asVulnerable.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Martínez Salas,E. & Samain, M.S.

Magnolia inbioana A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)Costa RicaMagnolia inbioana is endemic to costaRica where it grows in primary forest andland transformed for pasture. Theestimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is2,798 km2 and it is thought to occur infewer than five locations. There is ageneral threat of land conversion topasture in the area. Therefore, thisspecies is assessed as Endangered.

Magnolia irwiniana (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii)BrazilMagnolia irwiniana is considered to beEndangered as it has an extent ofoccurrence of c. 5,000 km2, is knownfrom fewer than five locations and isundergoing a continuing decline in itsextent and quality of habitat.

Magnolia jaenensis Marcelo-PeñaEn B1ab(iii,v)Ecuador, PeruMagnolia jaenesis is a medium-sized tree onlyknown from the Jaen province, Peru andZamora chinchipe, Ecuador. Its forest habitatis severely threatened as a result of loggingand expansion of pasture lands andagriculture causing a continuing decline in thearea and quality of habitat. Its wood has highlocal demand causing a continuing decline inthe number of mature individuals. Theestimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is lessthan 1,000 km2 and it is thought to occur intwo locations. Therefore, this species isassessed as Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Arroyo, F. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.

Magnolia jaliscana A.Vázquez &R.GuzmánEn B1ab(iii,v)MexicoMagnolia jaliscana has a restricteddistribution in Jalisco, Mexico, occurringalong riverines of the southern slopes of theSierra de Manantlán, between 700 and1,000m asl. It also occurs in colima. Itshabitat is threatened by high rates ofdeforestation for conversion to pasturelands.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than3,000 km2, and there is a continuing declinein mature individuals and habitat quality andextent. This species is therefore listed asEndangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia jardinensis M.Serna,c.Velásquez & cogollocR c2a(i); DColombiaMagnolia jardinensis, endemic to JardinMunicipality, Antioquia Department (colombia)has fewer than 50 mature individualsremaining following habitat conversion andfragmentation. In addition, the species istargeted by selective logging. This species issuffering from continuing decline, and as thepopulation is small, no subpopulation is biggerthan 50 mature individuals. The species islisted as critically Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A, Rivers,M.c. & Serna-Gonzalez, M.

Magnolia juninensis F.ArroyoEn B1ab(iii,v)PeruMagnolia juninensis is a tall tree fromPeru. The estimated extent ofoccurrence (EOO) for this species is987 km2 and it occurs in threelocations. This species is threatenedby selective logging for its wood andexpanding coffee cultivation, whichare causing continuing decline in itshabitat and the number of matureindividuals. It is listed as Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Arroyo, F.

Magnolia kachirachirai (kaneh. &yamam.) DandyEn B1ab(i,iii)TaiwanMagnolia kachirachirai is classified asEndangered based on its extent ofoccurrence of 2,158 km2, its severelyfragmented population andoccurrence at fewer than fivelocations. Further research is requiredon the population declines andconservation efforts should focus onprotecting the remnant individuals.The area of its habitat has significantlydeclined and deteriorated due toincreased human settlement andurbanisation in Taiwan.

29


Magnolia jardinensis (Marcela Serna)

Magnolia katiorum (Lozano) GovaertscR B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia katiorum is currently only knownfrom a single locality which has beenhighly degraded and fragmented due tohabitat conversion for livestock, bananaplantations and the construction ofaccess roads for logging. It was previouslyassessed as Endangered in 1998 but theextent of occurrence has decreased from842 km2 to less than 100 km2.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia kichuana A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)EcuadorMagnolia kichuana is a rare tree presentin forests along the central and southernpart of the eastern Andean piedmont in Ecuador growing between 800-1,800m asl. This area is heavily disturbed,presenting a high rate of deforestationand forest fragmentation, due toagricultural activities and urbanexpansion. Within its range this specieshas been reported in two protectedareas. However, its scarce presence andthe threats outside these areas maynegatively affect the viability of thepopulation. The estimated extent ofoccurrence (EOO) of this species is 4,580km2 and it occurs in three to fivelocations. Therefore, this species isassessed as Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.

Magnolia krusei J.Jiménez Ram. &cruz DuránEn B2ab(i,ii,iii)MexicoMagnolia krusei is considered to beEndangered as it has an area ofoccupancy less than 500 km2, and isknown from only two locations with acontinuing decline in its extent ofoccurrence, area of occupancy andquality of habitat. It only remains in onelocality in central Guerrero and has alsobeen recorded in Oaxaca, which havecould been part of its native range beforeall the trees were logged.Assessor: Luna-Vega, I.

Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & noot.VU B2ab(v)ChinaMagnolia kwangsiensis is classified asVulnerable as the area of occupancy isestimated to be less than 2,000 km2, it isknown from only three locations and thenumber of individuals continues todecrease as it is exploited for its timber. Itoccurs in a small area in threesubpopulations where the population isfragmented. A survey is required todetermine the number of individualsremaining.

Magnolia lacandonica A.Vázquez,Pérez-Farr. & Mart.-camilocR c2a(i)Mexico, Guatemala?Magnolia lacandonica is a large treeknown only from Lacandonian tropicalrainforests in chiapas. Its extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is up to 13,000 km2.The population is thought to consist offewer than 250 mature individuals andthe largest subpopulation consists of 13mature trees. It occurs in rainforesthabitats that are severely fragmented anddeclining outside protected areas due tologging and the rapid expansion ofagriculture, pasture and humansettlement. The number of matureindividuals are declining. These threatsare likely to continue. This species islisted as critically Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia lacei (W.W.Sm.) FiglarEn DChina, VietnamMagnolia lacei is known from fewer than fivelocalities with an estimated 50-60 matureindividuals in china, and fewer than 200individuals in Vietnam. It is thereforeclassified as Endangered based on thenumber of mature individuals being fewerthan 250. It requires further study,particularly on the subpopulations inVietnam. The threats to the species are alsonot known, and further efforts to secure insitu and ex situ collections are desired.

Magnolia lenticellata (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia lenticellata is known from threelocations in colombia in the Antioquiadepartment, the choco region and the Murriand Penderisco river basins. Onesubpopulation is located within a protectedarea, but the other two subpopulations areexposed to both timber exploitation andhabitat degradation. This species has anextent of occurrence (EOO) of 537 km2 andis found in three locations. There iscontinuing decline in area and quality ofhabitat due to deforestation and decline innumber of mature individuals due toselective logging for wood. Therefore, thisspecies is assessed as Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M. &Garcia, n.


30

Magnolia katiorum (Marcela Serna)

Magnolia lacandonica (Marie-Stephanie Samain)

Magnolia longipedunculata

(Q.W.Zeng & y.W.Law) V.S.kumarcR DChinaMagnolia longipedunculata is consideredto be critically Endangered due to its verysmall population (only 11 individualsfound in last survey) known from only onelocality in Guangdong. conservationefforts are addressing this throughreinforcement planting, the establishmentof a new population and ex situconservation research.

Magnolia lotungensis chun &c.H.TsoongEn A2a; c1ChinaMagnolia lotungensis is classified asEndangered as the total population size isnow thought to be fewer than 2,500mature individuals. This species hassuffered a population decline of over 50%in china; although the timescale isuncertain, it is estimated that the declineoccurred over the last two generations. Itwas previously thought to be nearThreatened but logging and deforestationhave caused further declines andfragmentation of the population.

Magnolia lucida (B.L.chen & S.c.yang)V.S.kumarEn B1ab(iii)ChinaMagnolia lucida is known only from yunnanin china and is considered to beEndangered due to its restricteddistribution (extent of occurrence isestimated as under 5,000 km2), singlelocation and continuing decline in habitatquality. There are no published data orinformation available on population trendsor threats and further research is required.

Magnolia madidiensis A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)BoliviaMagnolia madidiensis is endemic to theMadidi national Park. Surrounding forestsare declining due to logging andconversion for agriculture and pasturewhich is likely to be causing a decline inarea and quality of the habitat for thisspecies. The estimated extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is less than 4,000 km2

and it is found in three or fewer locations.Therefore, this species is assessed asEndangered.

Magnolia neomagnifolia (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaThis species has a restricted distribution,an EOO between 1,000-5,000 km2 and isknown from only four localities. Theremaining unprotected trees of Magnolianeomagnifolia are under pressure fromhabitat degradation and direct exploitationfor its timber, which is resulting in acontinuing decline in habitat quality andthe number of mature individuals.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia mahechae (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaThis species is listed as Endangered as ithas a very limited distribution (EOO is lessthan 1,000 km2) and is known from justtwo locations, with one subpopulationpartly protected within difficult-to-accessareas of Farallones de cali national Park.Magnolia mahechae is being selectivelylogged and is under pressure fromhabitat degradation and fragmentation. Itwas previously thought to be criticallyEndangered but recent work bycolombian botanists has resulted in thisrevised category.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

31


Magnolia lucida (Zhangzhugang)

Magnolia lenticellata (Abel Alan Marcarini)

Magnolia longipedunculata (Yang Keming)

Magnolia manguillo Marcelo-Peña &F.ArroyocR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)PeruMagnolia manguillo is a tree only knownfrom one locality at the Bosques deHuamantanga protected area, in Jaenprovince, Peru. Its forest habitat isseverely threatened because of logging,expansion of pasturelands andsubsistence agriculture. It has a veryrestricted distribution with an extent ofoccurrence (EOO) and an area ofoccupancy (AOO) of both 1-4 km2 andonly one location. This species isassessed as critically Endangered.

Magnolia mannii (king) FiglarVU B1ab(i,iii)IndiaThis species is classified as Vulnerablebased on the potential forest distributionof 19,491 km2. It is known from fewerthan ten locations and the forest area iscontinuing to decline in area and qualitydue to deforestation.

Magnolia mayae A.Vázquez & Pérez-Farr.cR c2a(i); DGuatemala, MexicoMagnolia mayae is currently only knownfrom six localities in chiapas, Mexico andGuatemala. It has a restricted range, withan extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 3,000km2. The lower montane rainforest wherethis rare species occurs is threatened byconversion for agriculture, pasture andcoffee plantations. Recent studies showthat fewer than 25 individuals are known,with 12 or fewer adult individuals. Due tothis very small population size, thisspecies is listed as critically Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Martínez Salas,E. & Samain, M.S.

Magnolia mexicana Dc.VU B1ab(iii,v)MexicoMagnolia mexicana is a large treeconfined to central Mexico. It consists ofrelict subpopulations. The extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is 15,000 km2 and thenumber of locations is around ten. Thenumber of mature trees continues todecline as it used for its timber and itshabitat is also threatened bydeforestation and land use change. It islikely to occur in the Biosphere Reserveof Los Tuxtlas. It is listed as Vulnerabledue to its restricted range.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Martínez Salas,E. & Samain, M.S.

Magnolia minor (Urb.) GovaertsVU B1ab(iii,v)CubaMagnolia minor is a tree endemic tocuba. It is at risk of extinction due to itsrestricted range. The extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000km2 and it is known from eight locations.It is a scarce species found in the SierraMaestra where the habitat has beensignificantly disturbed. Logging is also asignificant threat. It is necessary todetermine how many individuals occur innational parks and what proportion of thepopulation is not protected from logging.Without conservation actions this speciesis at risk of further decline. It is assessedas Vulnerable.Assessors: cuban Plant SpecialistGroup, Wheeler, L. & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia morii (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii)PanamaThis species is relatively unstudied andvery little is known about it except thatthe potential forest distribution (extent ofoccurrence) is 890 km2 and the forestarea is continuing to decline in area andquality, which classifies the species asEndangered. It is only known from a smallarea in Panama, at fewer than fivelocations, and based on satellite imagerythere is not much forest remaining withinits area of distribution.

Magnolia multinervia A.VázquezVU D2Costa RicaMagnolia multinervia has a very restrictedrange, known from one locality at Limónprovince in costa Rica. It grows at analtitude of 600m asl. in the La AmistadInternational Park. This species isrelatively well protected but ifencroachment into the park occurs thisspecies could become threatened byagriculture and expansion of humansettlements. This would mean that thisspecies could be driven to criticallyEndangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in a veryshort time frame. Therefore, Magnoliamultinervia is assessed as Vulnerable.

Magnolia nana Dandy En B1ab(iii)VietnamThis species is classified as Endangeredas it is endemic to a small area ofVietnam with a potential forest distributionand extent of occurrence of 2,984 km2,in which it occurs at fewer than fivelocations. The forest is continuing todecline in area and quality of habitat. Asurvey of the habitat of this species wouldbe valuable to assess conservationmeasures that can be implemented.


32

Magnolia mayae (Marie-Stéphanie Samain)

Magnolia narinensis (Lozano) GovaertscR B1ab(i,iii)ColombiaThis species is only known from a singlelocation with a restricted distribution(extent of occurrence (EOO) under 100km2), and is considered at high risk ofextinction. Research into its currentpopulation status is urgently requiredsince it has not been collected since1973. The remaining habitat is underpressure from degradation andfragmentation due to timber extractionand conversion to agriculture. It has beenimpossible to revisit the type locality inrecent years due to illegal plantations. Thisspecies is listed as critically Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia neillii (Lozano) GovaertsEn B2ab(iii)Columbia, EcuadorMagnolia neillii is considered to beEndangered as it occurs in few localitieswith an area of occupancy between 44and 500 km2 based on collectionrecords. It is threatened by habitat lossand fragmentation in Ecuador andcolombia.

Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) FiglarVU A2cdIndia, Sri LankaThis species is under severe threat dueto logging for good quality timber. Rapiddeforestation in its range of naturalhabitat has resulted in population decline.In the cAMP workshop organised atBangalore in 1997 it was collectivelyagreed by experts that 40% of the wildpopulation in its natural habitat haddeclined in the past three generations(180 years). As the situation has notimproved it is inferred that this status isstill valid. The species is thereforeassessed as Vulnerable.Assessors: Haridasan, k., Ved, D., Saha,D. & Ravikumar, k.

Magnolia nitida W.W.Sm.VU A2cdChina, MyanmarMagnolia nitida was thought to berestricted to china but it has also beendescribed from north Myanmar. There isno information about the population sizein Tibet and Myanmar but the populationoverall has declined significantly as aresult of logging. Population decline isestimated to have been at least 30% inthe past three generations, due to poorregeneration and exploitation.

Magnolia nuevoleonensis A.Vázquez& Domínguez-yescasEn B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)MexicoMagnolia nuevoleonensis is a large treeendemic to nuevo Leon in Mexico. It isvery restricted in range, and only occursat two locations with an area ofoccupancy (AOO) of 4 km2 and an extentof occurrence (EOO) of less than 280km2. It is also affected by a decline inAOO and in habitat quality and extentdue to deforestation and land usechange. This species is listed asEndangered.

Magnolia oaxacensis A.VázquezEn B1ab(v)MexicoThis species is only known from theSierra Mazateca, Oaxaca, Mexico. It hasan extent of occurrence (EOO) of lessthan 1,000 km2 and is found in fewer thanfive locations. The main threat to thisspecies is its restricted range and thereis a projected decline in matureindividuals due to poor recruitment. Onlyscattered trees have been observed, withno seedlings or saplings nearby. Thisspecies is listed as Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Martínez Salas,E. & Samain, M.S.

Magnolia odora (chun) Figlar & noot.VU c1China, Laos, VietnamMagnolia odora is classified asVulnerable, although it is widespread inchina, Vietnam and Laos. Mature treesare reportedly rare. Experts believe fewerthan 10,000 individuals remain.Population declines have occurredbecause of extensive logging, habitatclearance and urbanisation overdecades, a trend that is not likely to bereversed. Although the exact decline isnot known, it is thought to be more than10% over the last 30-45 years (threegenerations).

33


Magnolia nilagirica (Sureshmagnolia)

Magnolia nitida (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia odoratissima y.W.Law &R.Z.ZhouEn DChinaMagnolia odoratissima is considered tobe Endangered due to its restrictedpopulation size. It is also under threatfrom timber extraction and a decline inhabitat, which are continuing to occur inyunnan. It is estimated to have only 200mature individuals surviving. It has beensuccessfully propagated in ex situcollections and has been reintroduced sothe population may be increasing but thenumber of individuals is still very low andregeneration is slow. The survival of thisspecies will depend on theseconservation efforts to save it.

Magnolia ofeliae A.Vázquez & cuevascR B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia ofeliae is only known from thetype locality. It is extremely rare, despiteintensive explorations in the Talpa deAllende region and elsewhere in Jalisco.The area is currently undergoingdeforestation for conversion to pasturelands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) isless than 100 km2 and it is known from asingle location. It is considered criticallyEndangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia officinalis Rehder &E.H.WilsonEn A2bdChinaMagnolia officinalis is a large tree found inbroad-leaved forests in central china. It is avery important medicinal species. Althoughit has an overall wide distribution in china,the wild population is thought to mainlyexist in protected areas. The decline innative forest habitat and the impacts ofbark stripping of wild trees has caused asevere decline in the number of individualsof Magnolia officinalis of at least 50% in thelast three generations. It is thereforeassessed as Endangered. Today thespecies is widely cultivated in order tosupply bark to the commercial market.

Magnolia omeiensis (W.c.cheng)DandycR c2a(i)ChinaMagnolia omeiensis is classified ascritically Endangered as there are only100 individuals recorded to be remainingin the wild, with a maximum of 50 matureindividuals in the largest subpopulation.All are male. Logging appears to becontinuing in the area and no specialprotection is yet in place to ensure thatthe population remains intact. Thepotential forest distribution for the speciesis 1,910 km2.

Magnolia ovoidea (Hung T.chang &B.L.chen) V.S.kumarcR DChinaMagnolia ovoidea is classified as criticallyEndangered as there are fewer than 50individuals in four subpopulations, withfewer than 30 individuals in eachsubpopulation, remaining in yunnan.

Magnolia pacifica A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia pacifica is considered to beEndangered as its extent of occurrenceis 4,732 km2, it is known from fewer thanfive locations and is facing continuingdeclines in the area and quality of itshabitat as a result of deforestation.

Magnolia palandana F.ArroyoEn B1ab(iii)EcuadorMagnolia palandana is a large tree onlyknown from the province of Zamorachinchipe, Ecuador. The extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is 484 km2 and thereare three locations. The habitat isdeclining due to expansion of agricultureand livestock farming. This species isassessed as Endangered. More researchis needed into the population size andtrend, and on the threats to this species.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.


34

Magnolia odoratissma (Yang Keming)

Magnolia pacifica (Yyoorrkk)Magnolia officinalis (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia pallescens Urb. & EkmanEn B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii)Dominican RepublicThis species is considered to beEndangered because its extent ofoccurrence is c. 2,703 km2, its area ofoccupancy is c. 447 km2, and it is knownfrom fewer than five locations. The extentof the decline of Magnolia pallescens isunknown and there has been noevidence of recovery or regeneration.Deforestation has caused a significantdecline in the extent of occurrence andquality of habitat. It remains unclear if thisspecies is recovering or if subpopulationsare stable in the protected reservesdepending on management. This specieshas a high risk of becoming furtherthreatened without monitoring andmanagement of the reserves.

Magnolia pastazaensis F.Arroyo &Á.J.PérezEn B1ab(iii)EcuadorMagnolia pastazaensis is a large treeendemic to Ecuador. Its extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is less than 2,500 km2,it is known from five locations, and thereare continuing declines in the quality andarea of habitat due to agriculture andcattle ranching. This species is found inthree protected areas although all ofthese are small. This species is assessedas Endangered. More research is neededon the distribution, population size andthreats to this species.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.

Magnolia patungensis (Hu) noot.En c2a(i)ChinaThis species is listed as Endangered due to a population size of fewer than 2,500 mature individuals, subpopulationsconsisting of ten or fewer individuals andongoing declines in habitat.

Magnolia pealiana kingEn B1ab(iii)IndiaThis species is classified as Endangeredas it is restricted to Assam with apotential forest distribution of 1,765 km2,and is found in fewer than five locations.Habitat loss is continuing throughout thespecies’ range.

Magnolia pedrazae A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia pedrazae is endemic to Landa deMatamoros and Jalpan, Querétaro, whereit is known from the type locality andsurroundings. The known extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is 180 km2 in up to threelocations. There is a continuing decline inthe extent and quality of its habitat due towood extraction and pasturelandexpansion. It occurs in a protected naturalarea (Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve). noex situ collections are known. This speciesis listed as Endangered.Assessors: Wheeler, L., culverhouse, F.,Samain, M.S., Martínez Salas, E. &Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia perezfarrerae A.Vázquez &Gómez-DomínguezEn B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia perezfarrerae is known from threelocations in an extent of occurrence (EOO)of approximately 600 km2. Althoughpopulation numbers are not known fromthe entire range, the population is thoughtto be small with only ten mature treespresent at the type locality. no regenerationhas been observed in the naturalpopulation but there is some localcultivation. Threats to the habitat qualityand extent are from forest conversion foragriculture and pasture. Magnoliaperezfarrerae is listed as Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &Martínez Salas, E.

35


Magnolia palandana (Alvaro Perez)

Magnolia pastazaensis (Alvaro Perez)

Magnolia pallescens (Scott Zona)

Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar &noot.cR B1ab(i,iii)IndiaThis species is classified as criticallyEndangered as it is known from only onelocation and its overall potential forestdistribution is only 123 km2. Occurrencewithin that range is considered to be asignificantly smaller area with an extent ofoccurrence (EOO) less than 100 km2. TheAssam region has high rates ofdeforestation which is continuing tocause a decline in the area and quality ofsuitable habitat. Once an area has beendisturbed this species is unable torecover. It is considered extremely rareand any remaining individuals will beunable to sustain any future populations.

Magnolia polyhypsophylla (Lozano)GovaertscR B1ab(iii,v); c2a(i,ii); DColombiaMagnolia polyhysophylla is only knownfrom a single locality with an extent ofoccurrence less than 100 km2, and has aknown population of only 12 matureindividuals. Regeneration is unlikely in thedegraded habitats and this previouslywidely exploited species faces extinctionin the wild.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia portoricensis BelloEn B1ab(iii,v)Puerto RicoThis species is classified as Endangeredas it is endemic to Puerto Rican montaneforests with a potential remaining forestdistribution of 3,054 km2. The specieshas declined as a result of selectivelogging of large adult trees for its valuabletimber. There is a continuing decline inhabitat and the number of matureindividuals and the species is currentlyonly known from four locations.

Magnolia pugana (Iltis & A.Vázquez)A.Vázquez & carvajalEn B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia pugana has a very smallpopulation size. However, as the numberof mature individuals is not known, it isclassified as Endangered based on theextent of occurrence (EOO) of 2,460 km2,the area of occupancy (AOO) of 114 km2

and occurrence at two locations inJalisco and Zacatecas. There is ongoingdegradation of the species’ habitat.

Magnolia quetzal A.Vázquez, Véliz &Tribouill.En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)GuatemalaThe extent of occurrence (EOO) ofMagnolia quetzal is likely less than 4,000km2 and it occurs in fewer than fivelocations. Its forest habitat is fragmentedand declining due to logging and therapid expansion of pasture, agricultureand human settlements in the area.Furthermore, this species is used forfirewood. These threats are likely tocontinue. Therefore, this species isassessed as Endangered.

Magnolia rajaniana (craib) FiglarVU B1ab(iii,v)ThailandMagnolia rajaniana is classified asVulnerable as it has a restricted extent ofoccurrence (11,550 km2) which iscontinuing to decline in area and quality,and is known from no more than tenlocations. The species has beenexploited extensively for its timber in thepast so the number of mature trees issaid to have declined significantly. It maybe more threatened than evaluated here,further research is needed.

Magnolia rostrata W.W.Sm.En B2ab(v)China, MyanmarMagnolia rostrata is classified asEndangered as the area of occupancy(AOO) is estimated to be less than 500km2, the population occurs over fourlocations and it is heavily exploited for itsbark. The population has significantlydeclined and if exploitation continues it hasa high chance of becoming extinct. Thereare no current data on population size.

Magnolia rufibarbata (Dandy)V.S.kumarEn B2ab(iii)China, VietnamThis species is known from threepopulations in Vietnam and china withlarge distances between them. Theknown area of occupancy is around 500km2 and the habitat is inferred to be indecline as a result of deforestation. It isunlikely that there is any conservationaction for this species as little is knownabout it. Further research is required onthe threats and number of individuals.


36

Magnolia portoricensis (Emily Veltjen)

Magnolia rostrata (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia rzedowskiana A. Vázquez,Domínguez-yescas & R. PedrazaEn B1ab(v)MexicoMagnolia rzedowskiana is a tree found inthe cloud forest of three Mexican states:Querétaro, San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo.It has a restricted range, with threelocations and an extent of occurrence(EOO) of 145 km2. This species isthreatened by the use of the flowers,which often involves the cutting down ofthe entire mature tree. This species islisted as Endangered.

Magnolia sanchez-vegae Marcelo-PeñacR B1ab(iii)PeruMagnolia sanchez-vegae is a tree knownfrom only one location in Amazonas,Peru. It has a narrow range and itsestimated extent of occurrence (EOO) isless than 100 km2. The habitat of thisspecies is seriously threatened bydeforestation for agriculture and pasture.Magnolia sanchez-vegae is assessed ascritically Endangered.

Magnolia santanderiana (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(iii)ColombiaMagnolia santanderiana is only knownfrom two locations in the Santanderdepartment of colombia. Within itsrestricted distribution, habitats are highlydegraded principally due to landclearance for livestock, agriculture andconstruction of access roads. This iscausing a continuing decline in area andquality of habitat. Its extent of occurrence(EOO) is 1,090 km2. Therefore, thisspecies is considered to be Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia sapaensis (n.H.Xia &Q.n.Vu) Grimshaw & MacerVU D2VietnamMagnolia sapaensis is a small tree foundin northern Vietnam. It is known fromfewer than five locations, and at the typelocality only six mature individuals, havebeen recorded. The species is found insecondary forest and nearby areas havebeen cleared by fire. There are realthreats from fire and clearance evenwithin protected areas. There is clearly arisk of this species going extinct in thevery near future if no further protection isgiven. It is listed as Vulnerable.

Magnolia sargentiana Rehder &E.H.WilsonVU B2ab(iii,v)ChinaMagnolia sargentiana was previouslyclassified as Endangered. However, furthersurvey work has revealed extensive andprotected populations in southern Sichuanof at least 20,000 individuals. It is exploitedfor medicinal use and threatened byhabitat clearance, although the areaswhere the extensive populations occur areprotected within reserves. Its area ofoccupancy is 860 km2.

Magnolia schiedeana Schltl.VU B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia schiedeana is an endemicMexican cloud forest species. It isconsidered to be Vulnerable based on itsextent of occurrence of 17,411 km2, itsoccurrence at five locations and acontinuing decline in habitat.Assessors: Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez-Espinosa, M.

Magnolia sharpii V.V.MirandaEn B1ab(iii,v)MexicoMagnolia sharpii is considered to beEndangered as its extent of occurrence(EOO) is 2,228 km2, its cloud foresthabitats are severely fragmented anddegraded and it is known from only fivelocations. The forests have beenimpacted mainly by wood extraction,clearance for agriculture, cattle grazingand fire.Assessors: Luna-Vega, I., Gonzalez-Espinosa, M. & Ramirez-Marcial, n.

37


Magnolia sargentiana (Daniel Mosquin)

Magnolia sharpii (James Gaither)

Magnolia shiluensis (chun & y.F.Wu)FiglarEn A2ac; B1ab(iii,v)ChinaMagnolia shiluensis is classified asEndangered as its population is thoughtto have declined by more than 50%during the last ten years. The extent ofoccurrence is less than 5,000 km2 and itis only known from five locations inHainan. Further research is required todetermine the threats to this species andimplement adequate conservationactions.

Magnolia shuarorum F.Arroyo &A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)EcuadorThis tree species is known from threelocalities within Shuar native reserves inEcuador. Despite a certain degree ofprotection in these areas, Magnoliashuarorum has a restricted area ofoccupancy (AOO; less than 500 km2) andthere is a lack of knowledge of thisspecies outside these reserves. Theestimated extent of occurrence (EOO) isless than 1,955 km2. It is threatened byclimate change and mining, leading tocontinuing declines in habitat. Thisspecies is listed as Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.

Magnolia silvioi (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia silvioi is known from fivelocations in small fragments of remnantprimary forests and has a restrictedextent of occurrence less than 5,000km2. It occurs in the central mountainrange in two regions in the northeast andeast of the Antioquia, some areas ofwhich have been seriously disrupted bymining activities, livestock farming andsugar cane cultivation.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia sinica (y.W.Law) noot.cR DChinaWith only c. 50 mature individuals in thewild and 5,000-6,000 saplings innurseries, Magnolia sinica is classified ascritically Endangered on the basis of itsvery small population size.

Magnolia sinostellata P.L.chiu &Z.H.chenEn B1ab(iii,v)ChinaMagnolia sinostellata is endemic tosouthern Zhejiang Province, china. It hasan estimated extent of occurrence (EOO)of 3,100 km2 and is found in threelocations. The wild population of thisspecies is declining in the number ofindividuals and the genetic diversity isdecreasing. Since it was first describedindividuals have been taken from the wildand transferred to commercial nurseriesdue to its value as a garden plant.Deforestation in the area is also causing acontinuing decline in area and quality ofhabitat. It is assessed as Endangered.

Magnolia sirindhorniae noot. &chalermglinEn B2ab(iii)ThailandThis species is classified as Endangeredon the basis of its area of occupancy of c.35 km2, the continuing decline in itshabitat and its occurrence at fewer thanthree locations.

Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach,noot. & culmseeEn B1ab(iii)IndonesiaMagnolia sulawesiana is a large treeendemic to Sulawesi. It can be locallyabundant, but is found only in three sitesin the centre of Sulawesi. The extent ofoccurrence is 160 km2 for the knownlocations of this species. The quality andextent of the habitat of this species isdecreasing due to deforestation. Furtherbotanical exploration would be beneficialto firmly establish population trends anddistributions.


38

Magnolia silvioi (Marcela Serna)

Magnolia sinica (Jackson Xu FFI)

Magnolia sirindhorniae (Yang Keming)

Magnolia sinostellata (Shouzhou Zhang)

Magnolia splendens Urb.En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)Puerto RicoThis species is classified as Endangeredas it has a potential forest distribution,based on remote sensing imagery andspecies distribution data, of 206 km2, anarea of occupancy (AOO) of 20-40 km2

and is known from fewer than fivelocations. Further information on thestatus of its habitat and levels ofexploitation is desirable.

Magnolia stellata (Siebold & Zucc.)Maxim.En B1ab(iii,v)JapanMagnolia stellata is considered to beEndangered based on its restricted extentof occurrence and continuing decline inthe number of mature individuals andquality of habitat. It has an estimatedextent of occurrence of 3,000 km2 and isknown from fewer than five locations. Thisspecies is highly threatened because ofurban development and local populationsare small and fragmented. It is widespreadin cultivation.

Magnolia striatifolia LittleEn B1ab(iii,v)Colombia, EcuadorMagnolia striatifolia occurs in fourlocations in the border region betweencolombia and Ecuador at very lowaltitudes. This places it at risk from habitatconversion for agriculture and illicit cropproduction. The species is being targetedfor its wood, causing the number ofmature individuals to continue to decline.The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,907km2. Therefore, it is assessed asEndangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia talamancana A.VázquezVU D2Costa RicaMagnolia talamancana is only knownfrom the type locality on the margins ofRío Urén, cantón Talamanca, costa Ricaat 450m asl. It occurs in the La AmistadInternational Park, where the tropicalforest has some protection. However, ifencroachment into the park continuesthis species could become threatened byagriculture and expansion of humansettlements; the threat of a newly planneddam also projects a decline in habitatquality and extent. If this occurs thisspecies would be driven to criticallyEndangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in a veryshort time frame. Therefore, Magnoliatalamancana is assessed as Vulnerable.

Magnolia tamaulipana A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia tamaulipana is considered to beEndangered as the potential forestdistribution for this species, based onremote sensing imagery and speciesdistribution records, is 2,458 km2. Thereis a continuing decline in habitat and it isknown from fewer than five locations. Theexact causes of decline are unknown butinferred to be by past hurricane activity,poor regeneration and habitat loss.Assessors: Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez-Espinosa, M.

Magnolia thailandica noot. &chalermglinVU B1ab(iii,v)ThailandMagnolia thailandica is classified asVulnerable based on a limited extent ofoccurrence (EOO) of 8,000-12,200 km2.In addition, the species is only known tooccur at four locations and there iscontinuing decline in its habitat qualityand extent, as well as a reduction in thenumber of mature individuals.

Magnolia tiepii V.T.Tran & DuycR B1ab(iii)VietnamMagnolia tiepii is a large tree endemic tothe khanh Vinh Mountain in Vietnam. It isa range-restricted species with an extentof occurrence (EOO) of less than 100 km2

and is only known from a single location.The area, extent and quality of the habitatis declining due to forest conversion tocoffee plantations and agricultural land.There are no known conservation actionsfor this species. It is listed as criticallyEndangered.

39


Magnolia splendens (Emily Veltjen)

Magnolia stellata

Magnolia tamaulipana (James Gaither)

Magnolia urraoensis (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia urraoensis is found in forestfragments created by land conversion forlivestock and agriculture, and is subjectedto overexploitation for its timber. With arestricted distribution and occurring at lowdensities with little or very poor naturalregeneration, the species is at risk. It hasan extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 4,389km2, an area of occupancy (AOO) of 32km2 and is known from five locations. It isassessed as Endangered on the basis ofits geographic range and declining habitat.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia vallartensis A.Vázquez &Muñiz-castrocR B1ab(iii)MexicoThis species is endemic to the regions ofPuerto Vallarta and cabo corrientes inJalisco, Mexico. It is found in one locationand the extent of occurrence (EOO) isestimated to be less than 100 km2. Theforest habitat of Magnolia vallartensis isdeclining due to forest fires, logging andrapid conversion for pasture. There areno known ex situ collections of thisspecies. This species is listed as criticallyEndangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia vazquezii cruz Durán &k.VegaEn B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia vazquezii is a cloud forestspecies with a very restricted distribution,found in only one location and with anextent of occurrence of less than 500km2. It is likely that the AOO is c. 10 km2.There is no regeneration and therefore,the population consisting of only 300mature individuals will continue todecrease. However, they appear to bewell conserved by local people.

Magnolia ventii (n.V.Tiep) V.S.kumarEn B1ab(iii); DChinaMagnolia ventii is considered to beEndangered as it occurs at five locationsin yunnan and has a very smallpopulation, estimated to be c. 100mature individuals. Its extent ofoccurrence is estimated to be less than5,000 km2, and its habitat is continuingto decline in area and quality.

Magnolia viridipetala (y.W.Law,R.Z.Zhou & Q.F.yi) c.B.callaghan & PngEn DChinaMagnolia viridipetala is a small tree foundonly in yunnan, china. The population isestimated to be fewer than 100 matureindividuals, and the species is only knownfrom the type locality. The populationtrends and any possible threats are notknown. There are no known in situconservation actions for this species, butthere are five specimens growing in theSouth china Botanical Garden.

Magnolia virolinensis (Lozano)GovaertscR B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia virolinensis remains in a singlelocation in colombia (EOO of less than100 km2) where it is restricted to forestson slopes and summits with lower levelforests having already been converted toagriculture. Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia vovidesii A.Vázquez,Domínguez-yescas & L. carvajalEn B1ab(iii,v)MexicoMagnolia vovidesii is a large tree found inVeracruz, Mexico. It is a very rangerestricted species, with an extent ofoccurrence (EOO) of 85 km2 at threelocations. This species is threatened bysevere habitat fragmentation andcontinuing decline in extent and quality ofits habitat by an increase of pasturelands, firewood extraction, coffeeplantations and human settlements. Thisspecies is listed as Endangered.However, very little is known about thisspecies and more research is necessary.

Magnolia wendtii A.VázquezcR B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia wendtii is only known from asingle collection at the type locality inVeracruz, Mexico. It is extremely rare anddespite intensive explorations in theUxpanapa and chimalapa region, noadditional records of this species havebeen made since it was first found in1982. The extent of occurrence (EOO) isestimated to be less than 100 km2 andthe area is currently undergoing severedeforestation for conversion to pasturelands. This species is listed as criticallyEndangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia wetteri A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)Costa RicaMagnolia wetteri is a large tree restrictedto the southern part of costa Rica whereit is only known from the Osa peninsula.Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO)is between 40 and 1,600 km2 and it isthought to occur in fewer than fivelocations. Logging has been recorded inthe area where this species is found,which is thought to be causing acontinuing decline in the area and qualityof habitat for this species. Therefore,Magnolia wetteri is assessed asEndangered.


40

Magnolia ventii (Zeng Qing-Wen)

Magnolia wolfii (Lozano) GovaertscR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); DColombiaWith only a single population of threemature trees and no regenerationobserved in 2006, Magnolia wolfii iscritically Endangered due to habitat lossfor coffee cultivation. The population islocated in an isolated forest fragmentwithin extensive agriculture plantations.Its potential area of occupancy (AOO)and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both0.2 km2, within a single location. A surveyis necessary to see if the three trees stillexist, but it is likely that this species maynow be extinct in the wild. More ex situcollections are required.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia xanthantha (c.y.Wu exy.W.Law & y.F.Wu) FiglarEn B1ab(iii)ChinaMagnolia xanthantha is classified asEndangered as the extent of occurrenceis less than 5,000 km2 and it is onlyknown from a single location inXishuangbanna, yunnan where it isthreatened by habitat loss andurbanisation.

Magnolia yantzazana F.ArroyoEn B1ab(iii)EcuadorMagnolia yantzazana is only known fromthe province of Zamora chinchipe,Ecuador. It is a range-restricted specieswith an extent of occurrence (EOO) of lessthan 400 km2 and fewer than fivelocations. There are mining operationsand agricultural activities resulting in adecline in the quality and extent of habitat.It is therefore listed as Endangered. Moreresearch is needed into the populationsize and declines of this species.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.

Magnolia yarumalensis (Lozano)GovaertsEn A2acd; B2ab(iii,v)ColombiaThe population of Magnolia yarumalensishas suffered a drastic reduction of over50% within the last three generations dueto it being under both direct pressure,targeted for its timber, and indirectpressure with its habitat being convertedto meet agricultural demands. The areaof occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km2

and the habitat is degraded andcontinues to decline. It is found in morethan ten locations but the population isseverely fragmented. This species islisted as Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia yoroconte DandyVU A2cBelize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico?Magnolia yoroconte is found in centralAmerica. It has an area of occupancy(AOO) of 9,264 km2 which is decreasing.It is threatened by deforestation, habitatloss and exploitation for its wood. It isparticularly threatened in Honduras andsubpopulations here should bemonitored. This species is also ofconservation concern in Guatemala. Theforests where it grows are severelydegraded and this species is known tobe declining. A 30% population decline issuspected based on a 30% rangedecline. It is listed here as Vulnerable.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia zenii W.c.chengcR D ChinaMagnolia zenii is classified as criticallyEndangered as only a single populationexists containing 18 individuals at thetype locality on the north slopes of MountBaohua. This location is a provincialreserve, but no specific protection isgiven to these trees. no naturalregeneration has been observed. It existsin ex situ collections so has the potentialto be propagated.

41


Magnolia yantzazana (Alvaro Perez)

Magnolia yarumalensis (Marcela Serna)

Magnolia zenii

liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. China

Magnolia borneensis noot. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines

Magnolia dealbata Zucc. Mexico

Magnolia elliptigemmata c.L.Guo &L.L.Huang China

Magnolia figlarii V.S.kumar China

Magnolia flaviflora (y.W.Law & y.F.Wu)Figlar China, Vietnam

Magnolia fujianensis (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar China

Magnolia guangxiensis (y.W.Law &R.Z.Zhou) Sima China

Magnolia obovalifolia (c.y.Wu &y.W.Law) V.S.kumar China

Magnolia poasana (Pittier) Dandy Costa Rica, Panama

Magnolia sambuensis (Pittier)Govaerts Colombia, Panama

Magnolia sororum Seibert Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama

Magnolia wilsonii (Finet & Gagnep.)Rehder China


42

MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES EVALUATED AS nEAR THREATEnED

Magnolia dealbata (James Gaither) Magnolia sambuensis (Marcela Serna)

Magnolia wilsonii (Yang Keming)

Magnolia angatensis BlancoIndonesia, Philippines

Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex noot.Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia

Magnolia atlantida A.VázquezHonduras

Magnolia azulensis F.ArroyoPeru

Magnolia balansae Aug.Dc.China, Vietnam

Magnolia banghamii (noot.) Figlar &noot.Indonesia

Magnolia bawangensis y.W.Law,R.Z.Zhou & D.M.LiuChina

Magnolia beccarii (Ridl.) ined.Indonesia, Malaysia

Magnolia bintuluensis (A.Agostini)noot.Indonesia, Malaysia

Magnolia braianensis (Gagnep.) FiglarVietnam

Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & noot.Indonesia

Magnolia caveana (Hook.f. &Thomson) D.c.S.Raju & M.P.nayarChina, India, Myanmar

Magnolia championii Benth. China, Hong Kong, Vietnam

Magnolia changhungtana noot.China

Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V.S.kumarChina, Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic, Vietnam

Magnolia chiriquiensis A.VázquezPanama

Magnolia clemensiorum Dandy Vietnam

Magnolia coco (Lour.) Dc.China, Taiwan, Province of China,Vietnam

Magnolia compressa Maxim.China, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan,Province of China

Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. exDc.) FiglarBhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal

Magnolia duclouxii (Finet & Gagnep.)Hu China, Vietnam

Magnolia duperreana Pierre Cambodia, Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic, Thailand, Vietnam

Magnolia elegans (Blume) H.kengIndonesia, Malaysia, Thailand

Magnolia elegantifolia noot.China

Magnolia elfina A.VázquezPeru

Magnolia ernestii FiglarChina

Magnolia fistulosa (Finet & Gagnep.)DandyChina, Vietnam

Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.)Figlar Cambodia, China, Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Myanmar,Thailand, Vietnam

43


MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES EVALUATED AS DATA DEFIcIEnT

Magnolia doltsopa (Caerhays Estate)

Magnolia ernestii (John Marston)

Magnolia fulva (Hung T.chang &B.L.chen) FiglarChina, Vietnam

Magnolia garrettii (craib) V.S.kumarCambodia, China, Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Thailand, Vietnam

Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) noot.Indonesia, Malaysia

Magnolia gloriensis (Pittier) GovaertsCosta Rica, Nicaragua, Panama

Magnolia griffithii Hook.f. & ThomsonBangladesh, India, Myanmar

Magnolia guangdongensis (y.H.yan,Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) noot.China

Magnolia guangzhouensis (A.Q.Dong,Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) c.B.callaghan &PngChina

Magnolia henryi Dunnchina, Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic, Myanmar, Thailand

Magnolia hookeri (cubitt & W.W.Sm.)D.c.S.Raju & M.P.nayarChina, India, Myanmar, Thailand

Magnolia hypolampra (Dandy) FiglarChina, Vietnam

Magnolia iteophylla (c.y.Wu exy.W.Law & y.F.Wu) nootChina

Magnolia kaifui (Q.W.Zeng & X.M.Hu)c.B.callaghan & PngChina

Magnolia kingii (Dandy) FiglarBangladesh, India

Magnolia kisopa (Buch.-Ham. ex Dc.)FiglarBhutan, China, India, Nepal

Magnolia kobus Dc.China, Japan, Republic of Korea

Magnolia koordersiana (noot.) FiglarIndonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China

Magnolia laevifolia (y.W.Law & y.F.Wu)noot.China

Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar &noot.Bhutan, China, India, Nepal

Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & noot.Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Thailand

Magnolia lasia noot.Indonesia, Malaysia

Magnolia lawii (n.H.Xia & W.F.Liao)c.B.callaghan & PngChina

Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) FiglarChina

Magnolia liliiflora Desr. China

Magnolia lopezobradorii A.VázquezMexico

Magnolia lozanoi A.Vázquez & castro-ArceEcuador

Magnolia macklottii (korth.) DandyIndonesia, Malaysia

Magnolia macrocarpa (Zucc.)A.Vázquez & castro-ArceMexico

Magnolia mariusjacobsia noot.Malaysia

Magnolia masticata (Dandy) FiglarChina, Vietnam

Magnolia mirifolia (D.L.Fu, T.B.chao &Zhi X.chen) noot.China


44

Magnolia kobus

Magnolia laevifolia (Jiu Xiang)

Magnolia liliiflora (Asta Malakauskiene, VDU Kaunas Botanical Garden)

Magnolia fulva (Zeng Qingwen)

Magnolia montana (Blume) FiglarIndonesia, Malaysia

Magnolia opipara (Hung T.chang &B.L.chen) SimaChina

Magnolia pahangensis noot.Malaysia

Magnolia paranaensis A.VázquezBrazil

Magnolia peruviana A.VázquezPeru

Magnolia philippinensis P.Parm.Philippines, Thailand

Magnolia platyphylla (Merr.) Figlar &noot.Philippines

Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar &noot.Cambodia, China, Indonesia, LaoPeople’s Democratic Republic,Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam

Magnolia ptaritepuiana Steyerm.Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of

Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb.Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal,Thailand

Magnolia pubescens (Merr.) Figlar &noot.Philippines

Magnolia punduana (Hook.f. &Thomson) FiglarBangladesh, Bhutan, India

Magnolia rabaniana (Hook.f. &Thomson) D.c.S.Raju & M.P.nayarIndia, Myanmar

Magnolia sarawakensis (A.Agostini)noot.Indonesia, Malaysia

Magnolia savegrensis A.VázquezCosta Rica

Magnolia scortechinii (king) Figlar &noot.Indonesia, Malaysia

Magnolia sellowiana (A.St.-Hil.)GovaertsBrazil

Magnolia sinacacolinii A.VázquezMexico

Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl.) H.kengIndonesia, Malaysia, Singapore

Magnolia sphaerantha (c.y.Wu exy.W.Law & y.F.Wu) SimaChina

Magnolia steyermarkii A.VázquezGuatemala

Magnolia sumatrae (Dandy) Figlar &noot.Indonesia

Magnolia tarahumara (A.Vázquez)A.VázquezMexico

Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar &noot.Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.kumarMalaysia, Myanmar, Thailand

Magnolia vargasiana A.Vázquez &D.A.neillEcuador

Magnolia venezuelensis (Lozano)GovaertsVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic of

Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H.kengIndonesia, Malaysia, Singapore

Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. exPierreIndonesia

Magnolia xiana noot.China

Magnolia xianianhei (Q.n.Vu)c.B.callaghan & PngVietnam

Magnolia xinganensis noot.China

Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) noot.China, Myanmar

Magnolia yuyuanensis (y.W.Law)V.S.kumarChina

Magnolia zamorana F.ArroyoEcuador

Magnolia zamudioi A.VázquezMexico

45


Magnolia vargasiana (Lou Jost)

Magnolia zamorana

liriodendron tulipifera L. Canada, United States

Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. Canada, United States

Magnolia amazonica (Ducke) Govaerts Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru

Magnolia baillonii Pierre Cambodia, China, India, Myanmar,Thailand, Vietnam

Magnolia betongensis (craib) H.keng Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia,Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand

Magnolia biondii Pamp. China

Magnolia campbellii Hook.f. &Thomson Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal

Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex noot. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand

Magnolia cathcartii (Hook.f. &Thomson) noot. Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar,Thailand, Vietnam

Magnolia cavaleriei (Finet & Gagnep.)Figlar china

Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India,Indonesia, Lao People's DemocraticRepublic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,Thailand, Vietnam

Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima China, Vietnam

Magnolia citrata noot. & chalermglin Thailand, Vietnam

Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V.S.kumar China, Vietnam

Magnolia dandyi Gagnep. China, Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic, Vietnam

Magnolia delavayi Franch. China


46

MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES EVALUATED AS LEAST cOncERn

Liriodendron tulipifera (Kew Gardens)

Magnolia acuminata (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia campbellii (Arboretum Wespelaar) Magnolia dandyi (Weibang Sun)

Magnolia delavayi

Magnolia biondii (Arboretum Wespelaar)

47


Magnolia denudata Desr. China

Magnolia equatorialis A.Vázquez Ecuador, Peru

Magnolia figo (Lour.) Dc. China, Republic of Korea

Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu China, Vietnam

Magnolia foveolata (Merr. ex Dandy)Figlar China, Vietnam

Magnolia fraseri Walter United States

Magnolia globosa Hook.f. & Thomson Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal

Magnolia grandiflora L. United States

Magnolia guatemalensis Donn.Sm. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras

Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. &Thomson) H.keng Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal,Thailand

Magnolia insignis Wall. Cambodia, China, India, Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal,Thailand, Vietnam

Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baill. Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, LaoPeople's Democratic Republic,Malaysia, Papua New Guinea,Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,Vietnam

Magnolia macclurei (Dandy) Figlar China, Vietnam

Magnolia macrophylla Michx. United States

Magnolia martinii H.Lév. China, Vietnam

Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar China

Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar Cambodia, China, Lao People’sDemocratic Republic, Thailand, Vietnam

Magnolia oblonga (Wall. ex Hook.f. &Thomson) Figlar Bangladesh, India

Magnolia equatorialis (Alvaro Perez) Magnolia globosa (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia figo (Arboretum Wespelaar) Magnolia grandiflora (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia macrophylla (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia insignis (Philippe de Spoelberch)Magnolia fraseri (Arboretum Wespelaar)Magnolia denudata (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia obovata Thunb. Japan, Republic of Korea

Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. Brazil

Magnolia panamensis H.H.Iltis &A.Vázquez Costa Rica, Panama

Magnolia persuaveolens Dandy Malaysia

Magnolia rimachii (Lozano) Govaerts Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru

Magnolia sabahensis (Dandy ex noot.)Figlar & noot. Malaysia

Magnolia salicifolia (Siebold & Zucc.)Maxim. Japan

Magnolia siamensis (Dandy) H.keng Malaysia, Thailand

Magnolia sieboldii k.koch China, Japan, Democratic People'sRepublic of Korea, Republic of Korea

Magnolia sprengeri Pamp. China

Magnolia sumatrana (Miq.) Figlar &noot. Indonesia

Magnolia tripetala (L.) L. United States

Magnolia virginiana L. Cuba, United States


48

Magnolia salicifolia (Arboretum Wespelaar) Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia virginiana (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia sieboldii (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia tripetala (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia siamensis (Piya Chalermglin)Magnolia obovata (Arboretum Wespelaar)

D1+2

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,iv)

D

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(ii,iii,v)

B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)

C2a(i)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

B2ab(iii)

B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)

A2acd+4acd

B1ab(iii); D

B1ab(iii,v)

Red List Criteria

C2a(i); D

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii,v)

A2acd

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D

B2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)


B2ab(iii,v)

B2ab(iii)

B2ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

A2ac

A2ac

A2ac

C2a(i); D

D

Red List Criteria

49


Liriodendron chinense

Liriodendron tulipifera

Magnolia acuminata

Magnolia albosericea

Magnolia allenii

Magnolia amazonica

Magnolia amoena

Magnolia angatensis

Magnolia angustioblonga

Magnolia annamensis

Magnolia arcabucoana

Magnolia argyrothricha

Magnolia aromatica

Magnolia ashtonii

Magnolia atlantida

Magnolia azulensis

Magnolia baillonii

Magnolia balansae

Magnolia banghamii

Magnolia bankardiorum

Magnolia bawangensis

Magnolia beccarii

Magnolia betongensis

Magnolia bidoupensis

Magnolia bintuluensis

Magnolia biondii

Magnolia blaoensis

Magnolia boliviana

Magnolia borneensis

Magnolia braianensis

Magnolia calimaensis

Magnolia calophylla

Magnolia calophylloides

Magnolia campbellii

Magnolia canandeana

Magnolia cararensis

Magnolia caricifragrans

Magnolia carsonii

Magnolia cathcartii

Magnolia cattienensis

Magnolia cavaleriei

Magnolia caveana

Magnolia cespedesii

Magnolia champaca

(Hemsl.) Sarg.

L.

(L.) L.

Chun & C.H.Tsoong

Standl.

(Ducke) Govaerts

W.C.Cheng

Blanco

(Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar

Dandy

(Lozano) Govaerts

(Lozano) Govaerts

(Dandy) V.S.Kumar

Dandy ex Noot.

A.Vázquez

F.Arroyo

Pierre

Aug.DC.

(Noot.) Figlar & Noot.

M.O.Dillon & Sánchez Vega

Y.W.Law, R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu

(Ridl.) ined.

(Craib) H.Keng

Q.N.Vu

(A.Agostini) Noot.

Pamp.

(Gagnep.) Dandy

(M.Nee) Govaerts

Noot.

(Gagnep.) Figlar

(Lozano) Govaerts

(Lozano) Govaerts

Figlar & Noot.

Hook.f. & Thomson

F.Arroyo

(Lozano) Govaerts

(Lozano) Govaerts

Dandy ex Noot.

(Hook.f. & Thomson) Noot.

Q.N.Vu

(Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar

(Hook.f. & Thomson) D.C.S.Raju

& M.P.Nayar

(Triana & Planch.) Govaerts

(L.) Baill. ex Pierre

NT

LC

LC

VU

EN

LC

VU

DD

EN

VU

EN

EN

EN

DD

DD

DD

LC

DD

DD

VU

DD

DD

LC

EN

DD

LC

VU

EN

NT

DD

CR

EN

DD

LC

CR

CR

EN

LC

LC

EN

LC

DD

CR

LC

134

255

157

1

0

0

45

0

2

0

0

0

18

0

0

0

10

10

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

58

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

103

0

0

1

0

9

0

20

2

0

65

APPEnDIX 1Full list of evaluated Magnoliaceae species and the number of ex situ collections

Taxon Names Red ListCategory

Ex situCollections

Authors

Magnolia championii

Magnolia changhungtana

Magnolia chapensis

Magnolia chevalieri

Magnolia chimantensis

Magnolia chiriquiensis

Magnolia chocoensis

Magnolia citrata

Magnolia clemensiorum

Magnolia cochranei

Magnolia coco

Magnolia colombiana

Magnolia compressa

Magnolia conifera

Magnolia coriacea

Magnolia coronata

Magnolia costaricensis

Magnolia crassifolia

Magnolia crassipes

Magnolia cristalensis

Magnolia cubensis

Magnolia cylindrica

Magnolia dandyi

Magnolia dawsoniana

Magnolia dealbata

Magnolia decastroi

Magnolia decidua

Magnolia delavayi

Magnolia denudata

Magnolia dixonii

Magnolia dodecapetala

Magnolia doltsopa

Magnolia domingensis

Magnolia duclouxii

Magnolia duperreana

Magnolia ekmanii

Magnolia elegans

Magnolia elegantifolia

Magnolia elfina

Magnolia elliptigemmata

Magnolia emarginata

Magnolia equatorialis

Magnolia ernestii

Magnolia espinalii

Magnolia fansipanensis

Benth.

Noot.

(Dandy) Sima

(Dandy) V.S.Kumar

Steyerm. & Maguire

A.Vázquez

(Lozano) Govaerts

Noot. & Chalermglin

Dandy

A.Vázquez

(Lour.) DC.

(Little) Govaerts

Maxim.

(Dandy) V.S.Kumar

(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar

M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo

A.Vázquez

F.Arroyo & Á.J.Pérez

(Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar

Bisse

Urb.

E.H.Wilson

Gagnep.

Rehder & E.H.Wilson

Zucc.

A.Vázquez & Muñiz-Castro

(Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar

Franch.

Desr.

(Little) Govaerts

(Lam.) Govaerts

(Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar

Urb.

(Finet & Gagnep.) Hu

Pierre

Urb.

(Blume) H.Keng

Noot.

A.Vázquez

C.L.Guo & L.L.Huang

Urb. & Ekman

A.Vázquez

Figlar

(Lozano) Govaerts

C.B.Callaghan & Png

DD

DD

LC

DD

CR

DD

EN

LC

DD

EN

DD

CR

DD

LC

EN

CR

VU

CR

EN

EN

VU

VU

LC

EN

NT

EN

EN

LC

LC

CR

VU

DD

CR

DD

DD

CR

DD

DD

DD

NT

CR

LC

DD

CR

CR

4

9

26

7

0

0

0

0

0

0

27

1

38

17

7

0

0

1

6

0

1

92

15

37

25

0

11

74

145

0

0

55

0

5

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

37

2

1


Ex situCollections

Authors

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii); D

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii,v)

B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); D

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

C2a(i)

B1ab(i,iii)


A2cd

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii,v)

C2a(i); D

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(i,iii)

Red List Criteria

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

B2ab(i,ii,iii)

B2ab(v)

C2a(i)

D

B1ab(iii,v)

D

A2a; C1

B1ab(iii)

Red List Criteria


50

Magnolia faustinomirandae

Magnolia figlarii

Magnolia figo

Magnolia fistulosa

Magnolia flaviflora

Magnolia floribunda

Magnolia fordiana

Magnolia foveolata

Magnolia fraseri

Magnolia fujianensis

Magnolia fulva

Magnolia garrettii

Magnolia gentryi

Magnolia georgii

Magnolia gigantifolia

Magnolia gilbertoi

Magnolia globosa

Magnolia gloriensis

Magnolia grandiflora

Magnolia grandis

Magnolia griffithii

Magnolia guanacastensis

Magnolia guangdongensis

Magnolia guangxiensis

Magnolia guangzhouensis

Magnolia guatapensis

Magnolia guatemalensis

Magnolia guerrerensis

Magnolia gustavii

Magnolia hamorii

Magnolia henaoi

Magnolia henryi

Magnolia hernandezii

Magnolia hodgsonii

Magnolia hongheensis

Magnolia hookeri

Magnolia hypolampra

Magnolia iltisiana

Magnolia inbioana

Magnolia insignis

Magnolia irwiniana

Magnolia iteophylla

Magnolia jaenensis

Magnolia jaliscana

Magnolia jardinensis

Magnolia juninensis

Magnolia kachirachirai

A.Vázquez

V.S.Kumar

(Lour.) DC.

(Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy

(Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar

(Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar

(Oliv.) Hu

(Merr. ex Dandy) Figlar

Walter

(Q.F.Zheng) Figlar

(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar

(Craib) V.S.Kumar

A.Vázquez

(Lozano) Govaerts

(Miq.) Noot.

(Lozano) Govaerts

Hook.f. & Thomson

(Pittier) Govaerts

L.

(Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar

Hook.f. & Thomson

A.Vázquez

(Y.H.Yan, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing)

Noot.

(Y.W.Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima

(A.Q.Dong, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing)

C.B.Callaghan & Png

(Lozano) Govaerts

Donn.Sm.

J.Jiménez Ram., K.Vega

& Cruz Durán

King

Howard

(Lozano) Govaerts

Dunn

(Lozano) Govaerts

(Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Keng

(Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen) V.S.Kumar

(Cubitt & W.W.Sm.) D.C.S.Raju &

M.P.Nayar

(Dandy) Figlar

A.Vázquez

A.Vázquez

Wall.

(Lozano) Govaerts

(C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot

Marcelo-Peña

A.Vázquez & R.Guzmán

M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo

F.Arroyo

(Kaneh. & Yamam.) Dandy

CR

NT

LC

DD

NT

DD

LC

LC

LC

NT

DD

DD

EN

EN

DD

EN

LC

DD

LC

CR

DD

EN

DD

NT

DD

EN

LC

EN

CR

EN

EN

DD

EN

LC

VU

DD

DD

VU

EN

LC

EN

DD

EN

EN

CR

EN

EN

0

5

103

2

0

25

34

38

53

1

5

12

0

0

2

2

26

0

225

16

0

0

3

5

1

0

8

0

0

0

1

7

4

15

0

6

7

0

0

78

0

0

0

0

1

0

4


Ex situCollections

Authors

Magnolia kaifui

Magnolia katiorum

Magnolia kichuana

Magnolia kingii

Magnolia kisopa

Magnolia kobus

Magnolia koordersiana

Magnolia krusei

Magnolia kwangsiensis

Magnolia kwangtungensis

Magnolia lacandonica

Magnolia lacei

Magnolia laevifolia

Magnolia lanuginosa

Magnolia lanuginosoides

Magnolia lasia

Magnolia lawii

Magnolia lenticellata

Magnolia leveilleana

Magnolia liliifera

Magnolia liliiflora

Magnolia longipedunculata

Magnolia lopezobradorii

Magnolia lotungensis

Magnolia lozanoi

Magnolia lucida

(Q.W.Zeng & X.M.Hu)

C.B.Callaghan & Png

(Lozano) Govaerts

A.Vázquez

(Dandy) Figlar

(Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar

DC.

(Noot.) Figlar

J.Jiménez Ram. & Cruz Durán

Figlar & Noot.

Merr.

A.Vázquez, Pérez-Farr.

& Mart.-Camilo

(W.W.Sm.) Figlar

(Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot.

(Wall.) Figlar & Noot.

Figlar & Noot.

Noot.

(N.H.Xia & W.F.Liao) C.B.Callaghan

& Png

(Lozano) Govaerts

(Dandy) Figlar

(L.) Baill.

Desr.

(Q.W.Zeng & Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar

A.Vázquez

Chun & C.H.Tsoong

A.Vázquez & Castro-Arce

(B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) V.S.Kumar

DD

CR

EN

DD

DD

DD

DD

EN

VU

DD

CR

EN

DD

DD

DD

DD

DD

EN

DD

LC

DD

CR

DD

EN

DD

EN

0

1

0

0

2

211

0

0

4

14

0

5

67

13

0

0

0

1

2

20

76

1

0

44

0

2


Ex situCollections

Authors

Magnolia doltsopa (James Gaither)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

B1ab(i,iii)

C2a(i); D

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

D2

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(i,iii)

B2ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)

A2cd

A2cd

B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii)

B1ab(v)

Red List Criteria

C1

D

B1ab(iii)

A2bd

C2a(i)

D

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii)

B1ab(iii)

C2a(i)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(i,iii)

B1ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)


B1ab(iii,v)

B2ab(v)

B2ab(iii)

B1ab(v)

Red List Criteria

51


Magnolia macclurei

Magnolia macklottii

Magnolia macrocarpa

Magnolia macrophylla

Magnolia madidiensis

Magnolia mahechae

Magnolia manguillo

Magnolia mannii

Magnolia mariusjacobsia

Magnolia martinii

Magnolia masticata

Magnolia maudiae

Magnolia mayae

Magnolia mediocris

Magnolia mexicana

Magnolia minor

Magnolia mirifolia

Magnolia montana

Magnolia morii

Magnolia multinervia

Magnolia nana

Magnolia narinensis

Magnolia neillii

Magnolia neomagnifolia

Magnolia nilagirica

Magnolia nitida

Magnolia nuevoleonensis

Magnolia oaxacensis

(Dandy) Figlar

(Korth.) Dandy

(Zucc.) A.Vázquez & Castro-Arce

Michx.

A.Vázquez

(Lozano) Govaerts

Marcelo-Peña & F.Arroyo

(King) Figlar

Noot.

H.Lév.

(Dandy) Figlar

(Dunn) Figlar

A.Vázquez & Pérez-Farr.

(Dandy) Figlar

DC.

(Urb.) Govaerts

(D.L.Fu, T.B.Chao & Zhi X.Chen)

Noot.

(Blume) Figlar

(Lozano) Govaerts

A.Vázquez

Dandy

(Lozano) Govaerts

(Lozano) Govaerts

I.M.Turner

(Zenker) Figlar

W.W.Sm.

A.Vázquez & Domínguez-Yescas

A.Vázquez

LC

DD

DD

LC

EN

EN

CR

VU

DD

LC

DD

LC

CR

LC

VU

VU

DD

DD

EN

VU

EN

CR

EN

EN

VU

VU

EN

EN

20

0

0

121

0

1

0

0

0

21

0

52

0

3

3

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

32

0

0


Ex situCollections

Authors

Magnolia oblonga

Magnolia obovalifolia

Magnolia obovata

Magnolia odora

Magnolia odoratissima

Magnolia ofeliae

Magnolia officinalis

Magnolia omeiensis

Magnolia opipara

Magnolia ovata

Magnolia ovoidea

Magnolia pacifica

Magnolia pahangensis

Magnolia palandana

Magnolia pallescens

Magnolia panamensis

Magnolia paranaensis

Magnolia pastazaensis

Magnolia patungensis

Magnolia pealiana

Magnolia pedrazae

Magnolia perezfarrerae

Magnolia persuaveolens

Magnolia peruviana

Magnolia philippinensis

Magnolia platyphylla

Magnolia pleiocarpa

Magnolia poasana

Magnolia polyhypsophylla

Magnolia portoricensis

Magnolia praecalva

Magnolia ptaritepuiana

Magnolia pterocarpa

Magnolia pubescens

Magnolia pugana

Magnolia punduana

Magnolia quetzal

Magnolia rabaniana

Magnolia rajaniana

Magnolia rimachii

Magnolia rostrata

Magnolia rufibarbata

Magnolia rzedowskiana

Magnolia sabahensis

Magnolia salicifolia

Magnolia sambuensis

(Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson)

Figlar

(C.Y.Wu & Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar

Thunb.

(Chun) Figlar & Noot.

Y.W.Law & R.Z.Zhou

A.Vázquez & Cuevas

Rehder & E.H.Wilson

(W.C.Cheng) Dandy

(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima

(A.St.-Hil.) Spreng.

(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen)

V.S.Kumar

A.Vázquez

Noot.

F.Arroyo

Urb. & Ekman

H.H.Iltis & A.Vázquez

A.Vázquez

F.Arroyo & Á.J.Pérez

(Hu) Noot.

King

A.Vázquez

A.Vázquez & Gómez-Domínguez

Dandy

A.Vázquez

P.Parm.

(Merr.) Figlar & Noot.

(Dandy) Figlar & Noot.

(Pittier) Dandy

(Lozano) Govaerts

Bello


Steyerm.

Roxb.

(Merr.) Figlar & Noot.

(Iltis & A.Vázquez) A.Vázquez &

Carvajal

(Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar

A.Vázquez, Véliz & Tribouill.

(Hook.f. & Thomson) D.C.S.Raju

& M.P.Nayar

(Craib) Figlar

(Lozano) Govaerts

W.W.Sm.

(Dandy) V.S.Kumar

A. Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas

& R. Pedraza

(Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot.

(Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.

(Pittier) Govaerts

LC

NT

LC

VU

EN

CR

EN

CR

DD

LC

CR

EN

DD

EN

EN

LC

DD

EN

EN

EN

EN

EN

LC

DD

DD

DD

CR

NT

CR

EN

DD

DD

DD

DD

EN

DD

EN

DD

VU

LC

EN

EN

EN

LC

LC

NT

0

0

137

20

1

0

78

5

7

2

7

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

9

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

2

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

25

3

0

1

94

9


Ex situCollections

Authors

Magnolia sargentiana (Arboretum Wespelaar)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

A2acd; B2ab(iii,v)

A2c

D

Red List Criteria

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

D2

B2ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)

A2ac; B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)

D

B1ab(iii,v)

B2ab(iii)


B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)

D2

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii,v)

B1ab(iii)


B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii)

B1ab(iii); D

D

B1ab(iii,v)

Red List Criteria


52

Magnolia sanchez-vegae

Magnolia santanderiana

Magnolia sapaensis

Magnolia sarawakensis

Magnolia sargentiana

Magnolia savegrensis

Magnolia schiedeana

Magnolia scortechinii

Magnolia sellowiana

Magnolia sharpii

Magnolia shiluensis

Magnolia shuarorum

Magnolia siamensis

Magnolia sieboldii

Magnolia silvioi

Magnolia sinacacolinii

Magnolia singapurensis

Magnolia sinica

Magnolia sinostellata

Magnolia sirindhorniae

Magnolia sororum

Magnolia sphaerantha

Magnolia splendens

Magnolia sprengeri

Magnolia stellata

Magnolia steyermarkii

Magnolia striatifolia

Magnolia sulawesiana

Magnolia sumatrae

Magnolia sumatrana

Magnolia talamancana

Magnolia tamaulipana

Magnolia tarahumara

Magnolia thailandica

Magnolia tiepii

Magnolia tripetala

Magnolia tsiampacca

Magnolia urraoensis

Magnolia utilis

Magnolia vallartensis

Magnolia vargasiana

Magnolia vazquezii

Magnolia venezuelensis

Magnolia ventii

Magnolia villosa

Magnolia virginiana

Magnolia viridipetala

Magnolia virolinensis

Marcelo-Peña

(Lozano) Govaerts

(N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) Grimshaw

& Macer

(A.Agostini) Noot.

Rehder & E.H.Wilson

A.Vázquez

Schltl.

(King) Figlar & Noot.

(A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts

V.V.Miranda

(Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar

F.Arroyo & A.Vázquez

(Dandy) H.Keng

K.Koch

(Lozano) Govaerts

A.Vázquez

(Ridl.) H.Keng

(Y.W.Law) Noot.

P.L.Chiu & Z.H.Chen

Noot. & Chalermglin

Seibert

(C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu)

Sima

Urb.

Pamp.

(Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.

A.Vázquez

Little

Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee


(Miq.) Figlar & Noot.

A.Vázquez

A.Vázquez

(A.Vázquez) A.Vázquez

Noot. & Chalermglin

V.T.Tran & Duy

(L.) L.

(L.) Figlar & Noot.

(Lozano) Govaerts

(Dandy) V.S.Kumar

A.Vázquez & Muñiz-Castro

A.Vázquez & D.A.Neill

Cruz Durán & K.Vega

(Lozano) Govaerts

(N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar

(Miq.) H.Keng

L.

(Y.W.Law, R.Z.Zhou & Q.F.Yi)

C.B.Callaghan & Png

(Lozano) Govaerts

CR

EN

VU

DD

VU

DD

VU

DD

DD

EN

EN

EN

LC

LC

EN

DD

DD

CR

EN

EN

NT

DD

EN

LC

EN

DD

EN

EN

DD

LC

VU

EN

DD

VU

CR

LC

DD

EN

DD

CR

DD

EN

DD

EN

DD

LC

EN

CR

0

0

12

0

66

0

3

0

0

7

7

0

1

148

9

0

0

9

4

3

0

12

0

75

206

0

1

0

0

7

0

15

0

0

0

159

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

2

0

152

0

0


Ex situCollections

Authors

Magnolia vovidesii

Magnolia vrieseana

Magnolia wendtii

Magnolia wetteri

Magnolia wilsonii

Magnolia wolfii

Magnolia xanthantha

Magnolia xiana

Magnolia xianianhei

Magnolia xinganensis

Magnolia yantzazana

Magnolia yarumalensis

Magnolia yoroconte

Magnolia yunnanensis

Magnolia yuyuanensis

Magnolia zamorana

Magnolia zamudioi

Magnolia zenii

Magnolia zhengyiana

Magnolia zoquepopolucae

A.Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas

& L. Carvajal

(Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre

A.Vázquez

A.Vázquez

(Finet & Gagnep.) Rehder

(Lozano) Govaerts

(C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu)

Figlar

Noot.

(Q.N.Vu) C.B.Callaghan & Png

Noot.

F.Arroyo

(Lozano) Govaerts

Dandy

(Hu) Noot.

(Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar

F.Arroyo

A.Vázquez

W.C.Cheng

(N.H. Xia) Noot.

A.Vázquez

EN

DD

CR

EN

NT

CR

EN

DD

DD

DD

EN

EN

VU

DD

DD

DD

DD

CR

DD

DD

0

1

0

0

111

2

4

0

0

2

0

2

0

28

17

0

0

61

0

0


Ex situCollections

Authors

Magnolia fraseri (Arboretum Wespelaar)

53


BangladeshBelizeBhutanBoliviaBrazilBrunei Darussalamcambodiacanadachinacolombiacosta RicacubaDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGuadeloupeGuatemalaHaitiHondurasHong kongIndiaIndonesiaJapankorea, Democratic People’s Republic ofkorea, Republic ofLao People’s Democratic RepublicMalaysiaMartiniqueMexicoMyanmarnepalnicaraguaPanamaPapua new GuineaPeruPhilippinesPuerto RicoSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSingaporeSri LankaTaiwanThailandTrinidad and TobagoUnited StatesVenezuelaVietnam

Total

2

523

5225

1

31

1

1

10531357

76

1131

1

11

7

14

137

5110461102

108331131318116341252861413251302010282137213132717345

520

Country LC Total

812

1

1

1

13

1

1

20

3

5

215

42

2

3

1

1110212

1717

610412135

2

212

216

190

NT DD

21

191931

28

2

1

111

131

2

4

2

11

7

92

1

8

321

1

11

1

2

1

141

1

1

1

21

5

39

EN VU

613

13

13

2

61

2

1

12

42

CR

APPEnDIX 2Magnoliaceae species richness per country

A) Infraspecific taxa

Magnolia carsonii var. carsonii Lc

Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae cR c2a(i)

Magnolia cubensis ssp. cacuminicola En B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v)

Magnolia cubensis ssp. cubensis En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); c2a(i); D

Magnolia cubensis ssp. turquinensis En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)

Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. guatemalensis VU B1ab(iii)

Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. hondurensis VU B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)

Magnolia persuaveolens ssp. rigida Lc

Magnolia sororum ssp. lutea VU B1ab(iii)

Magnolia sororum ssp. sororum VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)

Magnolia virginiana ssp. oviedoae cR B1ab(iii)

B) Not evaluated species

Magnolia carnosa (D.L.Fu & D.L.Zhang) c.B.callaghan & Png

Magnolia dabieshanensis (T.B.chao, Z.X.chen & H.T.Dai) c.B.callaghan & Png

Magnolia dimorpha (T.B.chao & Z.X.chen) c.B.callaghan & Png

Magnolia fragarigynandria (T.B.chao, Z.X.chen & H.T.Dai) c.B.callaghan & Png

Magnolia jianfenglingensis (G.A.Fu & kun Pan) c.B.callaghan & Png

Magnolia shirenshanensis (D.L.Fu & T.B.chao) c.B.callaghan & Png

Magnolia shizhenii (D.L.Fu & F.W.Li) c.B.callaghan & Png

Magnolia wuzhishangensis (G.A.Fu & kun Pan) c.B.callaghan & Png

Magnolia xinyangensis (T.B.chao, Z.X.chen & H.T.Dai) c.B.callaghan & Png

Magnolia lamdongensis V.T.Tran, Duy & n.H.Xia


54

APPEnDIX 3Additional Magnoliaceae taxa (not included in analysis)

55


Adkins Arboretum; Amani Botanical Garden; Annapolis Royal HistoricGardens; Antony; Antony Woodland Garden; Arboreto di Arco - ParcoArciducale; Arboretum at kutztown University; Arboretum at Penn State,The; Arboretum at the University of california, Santa cruz; ArboretumFreiburg-Günterstal; Arboretum Groenendaal - Flemish Forest Department- Houtvesterij Groenendaal; Arboretum kirchberg; Arboretum Mustila;Arboretum of Guizhou Institute of Forestry Science; Arboretum of JiangxiInstitute of Forestry Science; Arboretum of nanjing Forestry University;Arboretum of The Barnes Foundation; Arboretum of Wuhan University;Arboretum Oudenbosch; Arboretum Střední lesnické školy; ArboretumWaasland; Arboretum Wespelaar; Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University,The; Asociación Jardin Botanico La Laguna; Atlanta Botanical Garden;Auckland Botanic Gardens; Aullwood Garden MetroPark; Baker Arboretum;Bamboo Brook Outdoor Education center; Bangladesh AgriculturalUniversity Botanic Garden; Baoji Botanical Garden (Shaanxi); Barringtoncourt; Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories Arboretum; Batsford Arboretum;Batumi Botanical Garden; Bayard cutting Arboretum; Bedgebury nationalPinetum & Forest; Beijing Medicinal Garden; Belmonte Arboretum; BeltonHouse; Bendigo Botanic Gardens, White Hills; Benmore Botanic Garden;Berkshire Botanical Garden; Berrington Hall; Bibliotheque centrale;Bickelhaupt Arboretum; Birmingham Botanical Gardens and Glasshouses;Birr castle Demesne; Bishop Museum - checklist of cultivated Plants ofHawai'i; Blickling Hall; Blue Mountains Botanic Garden, Mount Tomah; BokTower Gardens; Bokrijk Arboretum; Boone county Arboretum; BotanicGarden Meise; Botanic Garden of Poltava national Pedagogical University;Botanic Garden of Rostock University; Botanic Garden of Smith college,The; Botanic Garden, Delft University of Technology; Botanic Gardens ofAdelaide; Botanical Garden - center of Ecological and Astronomy Educationof SBPEI Vorobievy Gory; Botanical Garden - Institute of the Volga StateTechnological University; Botanical Garden of Pyatigorsk StatePharmaceutical Academy; Botanical Garden of Tartu University; BotanicalGarden of the Anhui Institute of Biology; Botanical Garden of the V.L.komarov Botanical Institute; Botanical Garden of Vilnius University;Botanical Garden University of Duesseldorf; Botanical Garden, naturalHistory Museum of Denmark; Botanical Garden-Institute, Ufa Researchcenter; Botanical Gardens and Museum of Oulu University; BotanischeGärten der Universität Bonn; Botanische Tuin Groningen Domies Toen;Botanischer Garten der carl von Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg;Botanischer Garten der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet; Botanischer Gartender J.W. Goethe-Universitat; Botanischer Garten der Justus-LiebigUniversität Giessen; Botanischer Garten der Philipps-Universität Marburg;Botanischer Garten der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Botanischer Garten derTechnischen Universitaet Darmstadt; Botanischer Garten der TechnischenUniversitaet Dresden; Botanischer Garten der Universitaet des Saarlandes;Botanischer Garten der Universität Freiburg; Botanischer Garten derUniversitat kiel; Botanischer Garten der Universitat Osnabruck; BotanischerGarten der Universität Ulm; Botanischer Garten und Botanisches MuseumBerlin-Dahlem; Botanischer Versuchs- und Lehrgarten; Bowman’s HillWildflower Preserve; Brenton Arboretum, The; Brisbane Botanic Gardens;Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Brookside Gardens; Buckland Abbey; BukavuArboretum/Garden; Bundaberg Botanic Gardens; c. M. Goethe Arboretum;caerhays castle national collection; cambridge University Botanic Garden;cape Fear Botanical Garden; castle Drogo; catalogue of Medicinal Plantsof Ukrainian Botanic Gardens and Parks; catalogue of Rare Plants ofUkrainian Botanic Gardens and Parks; center for Plant conservation -Bogor Botanic Gardens; center for Plant conservation (USA); chanticleerFoundation; charles R. keith Arboretum, The; chester M. Alter Arboretum;chicago Botanic Garden; cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Gardens; city ofLeeds Botanic Gardens; city of Liverpool Botanic Gardens; clevelandBotanical Garden; coastal Maine Botanical Gardens; columbus Botanical

APPEnDIX 4Participating institutions

Garden; connecticut college Arboretum; conservatoire Botanique nationaldu Brest; conservatoire Botanique Pierre Fabre; conservatoire et Jardinbotaniques de la Ville de Genève; conservatoire et Jardins Botaniques denancy; cooktown Botanic Gardens; core Facility Botanical Garden; cornellPlantations; cotehele; crosby Arboretum, The; cuc Phuong BotanicGarden; Dartington Hall; Darwin Botanic Gardens; Dashushan BotanicalGarden; Davidson college Arboretum; Dawes Arboretum, The; DawyckBotanic Garden; Dendrological garden of the Silva Tarouca ResearchInstitute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening; Denver BotanicGardens; Dinghushan national nature Reserve; Dixon Gallery and Gardens,The; Dokmai Botanical Garden; Dominion Arboretum and centralExperimental Farm; Donald E. Davis Arboretum; Dongfeng Forest Farm(Guizhou); Dow Gardens; Dr. P. Font i Quer Arboretum of Lleida BotanicGarden; Dr. Sun yat-Sen classical chinese Garden; Duke Farms; DunedinBotanic Garden; Dunster castle; DuPage Forest: Forest Preserve Districtof DuPage county; Dyffryn Gardens; Dyrham Park; Ecojardin del cIEco;Eden Project, The; Edison and Ford Winter Estates; EEB Plant GrowthFacilities; Elisabeth c. Miller Botanical Garden; Emeishan Botanical Garden;Emmetts Garden; Eötvös Loránd University Botanic Garden; FairchildTropical Botanic Garden; Fellows Riverside Gardens; Fernwood BotanicalGarden and nature Preserve; Florida Botanical Gardens; Foellinger-Freimann Botanical conservatory; Forstbotanischer Garten der TechnischenUniversitaet Dresden; Forstbotanischer Garten Eberswalde;Forstbotanischer Garten und Arboretum; Fort Worth Botanic Garden; FossilPlants; FossilPlants; Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park;Frelinghuysen Arboretum; Fruit Spirit Botanical Garden; Gainesway Farm;Ganna Walska Lotusland; Gannan Arboretum of Jiangxi; Gardens at SIUE,The; Gardens of Fanshawe college and A.M. cuddy Gardens; Gardens ofthe Big Bend: Magnolia Garden; Garvan Woodland Gardens; GhentUniversity Botanic Garden; Giardino Botanico Friuli cormor; GibraltarBotanic Gardens; Glasgow Botanic Gardens; Glendurgan Garden; GorePublic Gardens; Government college (Lahore) University Botanic Garden(GcBG); Gradina Agrobotanica din cluj-napoca; Grapevine BotanicalGardens at Heritage Park; Green Bay Botanical Garden; Green SpringGardens; Greenway; Greenwood Gardens; Grugapark und BotanischerGarten der Stadt Essen; Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants;Guangxi Institute of Botany; Guilin Botanical Garden; Hangzhou BotanicalGarden; Helsinki University Botanic Garden; Henry Foundation for BotanicalResearch, The; Henry Schmieder Arboretum; Hershey Gardens; HidcoteManor Garden; Hidden Lake Gardens; Hinton Ampner; Historische TuinAalsmeer; Hof ter Saksen Arboretum; Holden Arboretum, The; HonoluluBotanical Gardens System; Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam; HortusBotanicus Reykjavikensis; Hoyt Arboretum; Huay kaew Arboretum; HunanForest Botanical Garden; Hunan nanyue Arboretum; Huntington BotanicalGardens; Huntington Botanical Gardens - Seed Bank; Huntsville BotanicalGarden; Incheon Arboretum; Institute of Botany, chinese Academy ofSciences; Istituto e Orto Botanico dell'Universita di Pavia; Jade Gardennatural Arboretum; Jangheung naturalk Arboretum; Jardí Botànic de laUniversitat de València; Jardi Botanic de Soller; Jardim Botanico da Ajuda;Jardim Botanico da Madeira; Jardim Botânico da Universidade de coimbra;Jardim Botânico da Universidade de Lisboa; Jardim Botânico daUniversidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; Jardim Botânico daUniversidade do Porto; Jardim Botânico Tropical; Jardín Botánico Atlánticode Gijón; Jardin Botanico Benjamin F. Johnston; Jardín Botánico carlosThays; Jardin Botanico cecon; Jardin Botanico culiacán; Jardín Botánicode Bahía Blanca; Jardin Botanico de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores;Jardín Botanico de Medellín; Jardín Botanico de Quindío; Jardin Botanicodel Instituto de Biologia (UnAM); Jardin Botanico Dr. Faustino Miranda;Jardín Botánico Eloy Valenzuela; Jardín Botánico Francisco Javier clavijero;Jardín Botanico Guillermo Piñeres; Jardín Botánico Joaquin Antonio Uribe;

Jardín Botánico José celestino Mutis; Jardín Botánico Juan Maríacespedes; Jardín Botánico Lucien Hauman; Jardin Botanico nacional;Jardín Botanico Universidad de caldas; Jardin Botanico UniversidadTecnologica de Pereira; Jardin Botanique camifolia; Jardin Botanique Alpinde la Jaÿsinia; Jardin Botanique de la Ville de caen; Jardin Botanique de laVille de Lyon; Jardin Botanique de l’Université de Strasbourg; JardinBotanique de Marnay sur Seine; Jardin botanique de Paris; JardinBotanique et Arboretum Henri Gaussen; Jardin Botanique Exotique ValRahmeh; Jardin Botanique yves Rocher; Jardin des Plantes de Paris etArboretum de chevreloup; Jardin Etnobotanico - Francisco Pelaez R.;Jardín Hidrobotánico Jose Ignacio Hernández camacho; Jardins desPlantes de l‘Université; Jc Raulston Arboretum; Jeju Botanical Garden,yeomiji; Jerusalem Botanical Gardens; John c. Gifford Arboretum;kalmthout Arboretum; keum kang Arboretum; killerton; kings Park andBotanic Garden; knightshayes; korea Botanic Garden; kunming BotanicalGarden; kurpark Bad Bellingen; Landis Arboretum; Lanhydrock; LauritzenGardens; Les Jardins Suspendus; Leuven Botanic Garden; Lewis GinterBotanical Garden; Limbe Botanic Garden; Lincoln Park conservatory; LivingDesert Zoo and Gardens; Ljubljana University Botanic Garden; LoganBotanic Garden; Longwood Gardens; Los Angeles county Arboretum andBotanic Garden; Lushan Botanical Garden; M.M. Gryshko nationalBotanical Garden; Magnolia Multi-site collection - north American Plantcollections consortium (nAPcc); Magnolian Grove Arboretum; MaijishanArboretum (Gansu); Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences;Malabar Botanical Garden and Institute of Plant Sciences; Maribor UniversityBotanic Garden; Marie Selby Botanical Gardens; Marjorie Mcneelyconservatory at como Park; Matthaei Botanical Gardens & nicholsArboretum; Maymont Foundation; Mead Botanical Garden; MeadowlarkBotanical Gardens; Memorial University Botanical Garden; Memphis BotanicGarden; Mendocino coast Botanical Gardens; Mercer Botanic Gardens;Millennium Seed Bank; Milner Gardens and Woodland; MinnesotaLandscape Arboretum; Missouri Botanical Garden; Missouri StateArboretum; Mitchell Park Horticultural conservatory (The Domes); Mly?anyArboretum SAS; Montreal Botanical Garden / Jardin botanique de Montréal;Moore Farms Botanical Garden; Morris Arboretum, The; Morton Arboretum,The; Moscow State University Botanical Garden; Mount Auburn cemetery;Mount Lofty Botanic Garden; Mount Usher Gardens; Mountain TopArboretum; Mt. cuba center; Museo Orto Botanico di Roma; Museum ofLife + Science Magic Wings Butterfly House; nanjing Botanical GardenMem. Sun yat-sen; nanjing Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants; naplesBotanical Garden; national Arboretum canberra; national Botanic Gardenof Latvia; national Botanic Garden of Wales; national Botanic Gardens,Glasnevin; national kandawgyi Botanical Gardens (Maymyo BotanicalGarden); national Plant Germplasm System - USDA-ARS-nGRL; nationalRhododendron Garden; national Tropical Botanical Garden; nebraskaStatewide Arboretum; neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen;new Brunswick Botanical Garden; new England Wild Flower Society -Garden in the Woods; new york Botanical Garden, The; niagara ParksBotanical Gardens and School of Horticulture, The; norfolk BotanicalGarden; north carolina Arboretum, The; north carolina Botanical Garden;northwestern University Ecotourism Park and Botanic Gardens; novosibirskDendropark; nymans; nyugat-Magyarországi Egyetem, Botanikus kert;Oekologisch-Botanischer Garten Universitaet Bayreuth; Oklahoma city Zooand Botanical Gardens; Orto Botanico - Università degli Studi di catania;Orto Botanico “carmela cortini” - Università di camerino; Orto Botanicodell`Universita di Ferrara; Orto Botanico di Bergamo Lorenzo Rota; OrtoBotanico di Perugia; Orto Botanico Giardino dei Semplici; Orto BotanicoUniversità degli Studi di Padova; Oxford University Botanic Garden;Paignton Zoo Environmental Park; Palacky University Botanic Garden;Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main; Parco Botanico del cantone

Ticino,; Parque Botânico da Tapada da Ajuda; Patterson Garden Arboretum;Penrhyn castle; Plas newydd; Polly Hill Arboretum, The; Pukeiti Garden;Pukekura Park; Purdue Arboretum, The; Pyunggang Botanical Garden;Quarryhill Botanical Garden; Queens Botanical Garden; Reading PublicMuseum and Arboretum, The; Real Jardín Botánico Juan carlos I; RedButte Garden and Arboretum; Reiman Gardens; Research Institute ofSubtropical Forestry (Zhejiang); Reserva natural El Refugio; Rimba IlmuBotanic Garden; Ringve Botanical Garden; Rio Grande Botanic Garden;Riverview Horticultural centre Society, The; Rogów Arboretum of WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences; Rotterdam Zoological and Botanical Gardens;Rowallane Garden; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; Royal BotanicGardens kew (Wakehurst); Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney; Royal BotanicGardens, kew; Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria - Melbourne Gardens; RoyalBotanical Gardens, Ontario; Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Harlowcarr; Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Hyde Hall; Royal HorticulturalSociety's Garden, Rosemoor; Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Wisley;Royal Roads University Botanical Gardens; Royal Tasmanian BotanicalGardens; Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Arboretum; SakhalinBotanical Garden; Saltram; San Diego Botanic Garden; San Diego ZooBotanical Gardens; San Francisco Botanical Garden; Sarah P. DukeGardens; Sarius Palmetum and Botanical Garden; Scotney castle; ScottArboretum of Swarthmore college, The; Seeds of Success (SOS); Sentierde Decouverte; Shanghai Botanical Garden; Shanghai chenshan BotanicalGarden; Sheffield Botanical Gardens; Shenzen Fairy Lake Botanical Garden;Sherwood; Sherwood Fox Arboretum; Singapore Botanic Gardens;Sissinghurst castle Garden; Sister Mary Grace Burns Arboretum; Smith-Gilbert Gardens; Smithsonian national Zoological Park; South chinaBotanical Garden, cAS; Spartanburg community college Arboretum;Spring Grove cemetery and Arboretum; St. Andrews Botanic Garden; St.kilda Botanic Garden; State Arboretum of Virginia (Orland E. WhiteArboretum); State Botanical Garden of Georgia, The; Stavanger BotanicGarden; Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden; Stichting BotanischeTuin kerkrade; Stourhead; Swansea Botanical complex; Taltree Arboretum& Gardens; Tasmanian Arboretum Inc; Tatton Garden Society/QuintaArboretum; Tatton Park; The B.M. kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden ofVoronezh State University; The cairns Botanic Gardens; The Sir HaroldHillier Gardens; The Tree Register of the British Isles; The University ofGuelph Arboretum; Timaru Botanic Garden; Toledo Botanical Garden;Toronto Botanical Garden; Toronto Zoo; Townsville Botanic Gardens; TreesAtlanta; Tregothnan Estate; Trelissick Garden; Trompenburg Gardens &Arboretum; Trsteno Arboretum; Tyler Arboretum; Tyntesfield; Uc DavisArboretum; Ukrainian national Forestry University Botanic Garden; UnitedStates Botanic Garden; United States national Arboretum; University ofBritish columbia Botanical Garden; University of california Botanical Gardenat Berkeley; University of Delaware Botanic Gardens; University of DundeeBotanic Garden; University of Idaho Arboretum & Botanical Garden;University of Oslo Botanical Garden; University of Uppsala Botanic Garden;University of Washington Botanic Gardens; Utrecht University BotanicGardens; Vanderbilt University Arboretum; VanDusen Botanical Garden; W.J. Beal Botanical Garden; Waimea Valley Arboretum and Botanical Garden;Wallington; Wellington Botanic Garden; Wentworth castle Gardens;Westonbirt, The national Arboretum; Willowwood Arboretum; WinkworthArboretum; Wuhan Botanical Garden; Xiamen Botanical Garden; Xi'anBotanical Garden; Xiashi Arboretum; Xishuangbanna Tropical BotanicalGarden, cAS; yew Dell Botanical Gardens; Zoological and Botanical Gardenof the Plzen Town (Zoologicka a Botanicka zahrada mesta Plzne).


56

57


EXTINCT (EX)

A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the lastindividual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustivesurveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failedto record an individual. Surveys should be over a time-frameappropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

EXTINCT IN ThE WILD (EW)

A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive incultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations)well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wildwhen exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, atappropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historicrange have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over atime-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)

A taxon is critically Endangered when the best available evidenceindicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for criticallyEndangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to befacing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

ENDANGERED (EN)

A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see SectionV), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk ofextinction in the wild.

VULNERABLE (VU)

A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates thatit meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), andit is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

NEAR ThREATENED (NT)

A taxon is near Threatened when it has been evaluated against thecriteria but does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered orVulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify fora threatened category in the near future.

LEAST CoNCERN (LC)

A taxon is Least concern when it has been evaluated against thecriteria and does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered,Vulnerable or near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa areincluded in this category.

DATA DEFICIENT (DD)

A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information tomake a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction basedon its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this categorymay be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriatedata on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient istherefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this categoryindicates that more information is required and acknowledges thepossibility that future research will show that threatened classificationis appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever dataare available. In many cases great care should be exercised inchoosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of ataxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerableperiod of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon,threatened status may well be justified.

NoT EVALUATED (NE)

A taxon is not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluatedagainst the criteria.

ThE CRITERIA FoR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED,

ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)

A taxon is critically Endangered when the best available evidenceindicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it istherefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinctionin the wild:

A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size

reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AnD understood AnD ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,

pollutants, competitors or parasites.

2 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may

AnnEX 5IUcn RED LIST cATEGORIES AnD cRITERIA

not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspectedto be met within the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years),based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, and where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased OR may not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and

estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single

location.b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in

any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single

location.b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in



c. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three

years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, innumbers of mature individuals AnD at least one of thefollowing (a-b):(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:

(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than50 mature individuals, OR

(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 matureindividuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

ENDANGERED (EN)

A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is thereforeconsidered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AnD understood AnD ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,



58

59


2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes maynot have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.


4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥50% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, AnD where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased OR may not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2, and

estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

five locations.b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in



2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more thanfive locations.

b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in anyof the following:(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


c. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five

years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR



(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 matureindividuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whicheveris the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

VULNERABLE (VU)

A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates thatit meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is thereforeconsidered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reductionare: clearly reversible AnD understood AnD ceased, basedon (and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat


60

(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,


2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥30% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes maynot have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.


4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥30% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, AnD where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased OR may not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2,

and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10

locations.b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any

of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10

locations.

b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in anyof the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


c. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10

years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR



(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of thefollowing:1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature

individuals.

2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typicallyless than 20 km2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer)such that it is prone to the effects of human activities orstochastic events within a very short time period in anuncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming criticallyEndangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 10% within 100 years.

Source: IUcn (2001)


For further information please contact:

BGCI

Descanso House

199 Kew Road, Richmond

Surrey, TW9 3BW

United Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953

Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956

E-mail: [email protected]

Web: www.bgci.org

Fauna & Flora International

The David Attenborough Building,

Pembroke Street, Cambridge,

CB2 3QZ United Kingdom

Tel: + 44 (0) 1223 571000

Fax: + 44 (0) 1223 461481

E-mail: [email protected]

Web: www.fauna-flora.org

www.globaltrees.org

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