the reference for this unit is the course textbook, biology...

SBI3C Final Culminating Test Review – June 2013

Topics to Study

Internal Systems

TopicThe Digestive System: Food Processing4 stages of food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion), mechanical vs. chemical digestionThe Digestive System: Organs of the Digestive TractStructure and Function of organs in the digestive tract, stages in digestion and flow through the digestive tract (oral cavity esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine), 3 main nutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fats)The Respiratory System: The Path of Air & Components of the Respiratory Systemnasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli, diaphragmThe Respiratory System: Mechanisms of Breathinginhalation, exhalation, diaphragm, intercostals muscles, rib cage movement, gas exchangeThe Circulatory System: Blood, Blood Vessels, and the Heart3 components of the circulatory system, 4 primary functions of the circulatory system, blood and its components (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets), blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries), the heart (movement of blood through the heart), pulmonary vs. systemic circuit

Genetics TopicGenetics TerminologyChromosomes, genes, homologous chromosomes, DNACell Cycle and MitosisInterphase, steps of mitosis, cytokinesis, cancer cells and chemotherapyMeiosis – diagrams and descriptions of the stagesComparing mitosis and meiosisMendelian genetics terminologydominant and recessive traits, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous and heterozygousPunnet squares (monohybrid cross)

Genetic Diseases, Karyotypes

Cell Biology

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TopicCell theoryTypes of cells, types of microscopesPlant and Animal CellsParts and their functionsMicroscopeParts and functionsCell MembraneStructure and the Fluid Mosaic ModelMovement of Particles Through the Cell MembraneDiffusion, osmosis, types of solutions (hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic)Carbohydrates, Lipids, ProteinsRecognizing Diagrams of Polymers and monomersEnzymesFactors Affecting Enzyme ActivityCellular RespirationPhotosynthesis

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Cellular Biology

Matching

Match each item related to carbohydrates to the correct statement listed below.a. Monosaccharide d. Glycogenb. Disaccharide e. Starchc. polysaccharide f. cellulose

_a___ 1. simplest carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar _e___ 2. A molecule that stores energy in plants._b___ 3. two monosaccharides linked together_d___ 4. A molecule that stores energy in animals__c__ 5. A long chain consisting of many monosaccharides__f__ 6. A molecule that gives plant cell walls their rigidity.

Match each item related to lipids to the correct statement listed below.a. Unsaturated fats d. Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chainsb. Saturated fats e. Monounsaturatedc. Trans fats f. polyunsaturated

__e__ 1. lipid molecules containing only one carbon–carbon double bond in their fatty acid chains__b__ 2. Solids at room temperature, found in animals__f__ 3. Lipid molecules that contain many carbon-carbon double in their fatty acid chains__d__ 4. The building blocks of lipids__a__ 5. Liquids at room temperature, found in plants_ c___ 6. Unsaturated fats that have been chemically modified to become saturated (i.e. margarine)

Match each item related to enzymes and proteins to the correct statement below.a. substrate d. Catalystb. active site e. Amino acidsc. enzyme-substrate complex f. Peptide bond

__e__ 1. building blocks of proteins__c__ 2. enzyme with its substrate attached to the active site__a__ 3. the molecule an enzyme acts on in a chemical reaction__f__ 4. joins two amino acids__b__ 5. location where the substrate binds to the enzyme___d_ 6. speeds up a chemical reaction

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Match these terms related to cellular respiration with the correct statement below.a. Aerobic cellular respiration d. lactic acid fermentationb. pyruvate e. Alcohol fermentationc. ATP

__a__ 1. uses oxygen to produce ATP__b__ 2. end product of glycolysis__e__ 3. glucose is converted to alcohol, carbon dioxide, and ATP__d__ 4. occurs during strenuous exercise when blood oxygen levels are low__c__ 5. source of chemical energy in the cell

Complete this following chart describing the three types of microscopes.

Type of Microscope Magnification Resolution *-size of clear objects

Type of Picture

a) light microscope 400X 200 nm apart 2D

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) b) 500,000X

0.2 nm apart- the distance between atoms!!

c) 2D

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

300,000X 10 nm apartd) 3D

Diagrams

1. Complete the following table. [8 Marks]

Type of Molecule Sketch or Diagram Function in the body

Lipid (Fat)

Cell membranes, Energy storage, insulation and organ protection

Amino acid

Building blocks of protein, can be used

directly in the Krebs cycle to produce ATP

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Monosaccharide

Used in glycolysis (cellular respiration) – for the body to make energy

Fat

See above (row 1)

2. Label the parts and indicate the functions of each part in the diagram below.

Name of Part Function1

DNA/chromatinHereditary material of the organism

2Nucleus

control centre of the cell

3Ribosome

where proteins are made

4mitochondria power plants of the cell

5 Cell membrane Selectively permeable boundary of the cell

6 cytoplasm the fluid in which organelles are suspended

7 Endoplasmic reticulum Three-dimensional network of branching tubules

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3. Use the following cell membrane diagram to complete the table below.

Name of Structure

fluidityFunction

a Carbohydrate group

Cell signaling and cell recognition

b (Channel) Protein involved in transporting substances across the membrane

c Phospholipid bilayer

Protection, gives cell shape, Allows the cell to control what enters/exits

4. Label the indicated parts of the microscope.

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a

cb


5. The cells below are in three different solutions. Review the images and answer the questions below.

Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C

A: isotonic B: hypertonic C:hypotonic

(a) In the space above identify each solution as hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic.

(b) Explain what has happened to the cells in beaker B?

Water has exited the cell by osmosis

9. State three differences between plant and animal cells.

Plants have chloroplasts, plastids, large vacuoles and cell walls – animals lack these structures.

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Stage clips


10. Complete the following three statements that make up cell theory using the following terms: pre-existing, cells, structure, function

a) All living things are made of cells.

b) Cells are the basic structure and function units of life.

c) All cells come from pre-existing cells.

11. What product is released as a waste product of photosynthesis?

Oxygen

12. Write out the overall equation for photosynthesis.

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 +6O2 Carbon dioxide + water + energy → glucose + oxygen13. What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

The light reactions and the Calvin cycle (dark reactions)

14. Briefly describe the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and transferred to ATP.

15. What is the key difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic uses oxygen whereas anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen

16. What are the two types of fermentation (anaerobic respiration)? Give the overall equation for each.

Ethanol fermentation (occurs in yeast cells) and lactic acid fermentation (occurs in humans during strenuous exercise)

Ethanol fermentation

2ATP

Glucose → 2 pyruvate →2 Ethanol

Lactic Acid Fermentation

2ATP

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Glucose → 2 pyruvate →2 lactateGenetics

1. How many chromosomes do human body cells have? 46 (23 pairs)

2. How many chromosomes do human sex cells (gametes) have? 23

3. Complete the following table regarding steps of the cell cycle. (IPMATC)

Name of Step What occurs during this step?Interphase The cell prepares for division by making copies of all of its

chromosomes and cell organelles.

Prophase Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down

Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase Sister chromatids are pulled apart

Telophase the cell begins to pinch in the middle

Cytokinesis the cell divides all the cytoplasm and organelles

4. Label the following diagrams of meiosis I (4 marks). Choices include Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I or Telophase I.

Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

5. Label the following diagrams of meiosis I I (4 marks). Choices include Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II or Telophase II.

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Anaphase II Prophase II Telophase II Metaphase II

6. Complete the following table comparing mitosis and meiosis.

Characteristic Mitosis or Meiosis

1 Produces gametes meiosis

2 New cells have a copy of original DNA code Mitosis

3 New cells are the same as the parent cell Mitosis

4 Occurs in the cells of reproductive organs Meiosis

5 2 new cells are produced Mitosis

6 4 new cells are produced meiosis

7. What is the building block (monomer) of DNA? nucleotide

8. Answer the following question.

T T A A G C G G C C A T A A T C T G C A A

9. Define the following terms and provide examples.a. Gene - is one part of a chromosome that determines one particular

trait

b. Allele - The different forms of a gene

c. Dominant allele - are always expressed when they are present.

d. Recessive allele - are only expressed when the dominant allele is not

present

e. Homozygous – both alleles are the same (i.e. both dominant or both

recessive)

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f. Heterozygous – alleles are different (one dominant copy, one

recessive copy)

10. In humans, brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. Seamus, who is heterozygous for brown eyes, marries Zoe, who has blue eyes. Using a Punnett square, show the cross, and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of their offspring.

Genotype of Seamus: Bb

Genotype of Zoe: bb

Genotypic ratio: 2: Bb; 2: bb

Phenotypic ratio: /4 Brown eyes: 2/4 /4 Blue eyes: 2/4

Phenotypic ratio: % Brown eyes: 50% % Blue eyes: 50%

11. An individual with Huntington’s disease (HH) marries a unaffected individual (hh). Use a Punnett square to determine what percentage of their children will have Huntington’s.

Genotypic ratios of their children: 4: Hh Percentage of children with Huntington’s: __100%

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B b

b

b

Bb bb

Bb bb

H H

h

h

Hh Hh

Hh Hh


12. Analyze the following karyotype using the table below.

Genetic Disorder Chromosome affected

Down Syndrome Trisomy at 21

Turner Syndrome Single X chromosome (XO)

Kleinfelter Syndrome Extra X in male (XXY)

Triple X Syndrome Extra X in female (XXX)

Jacobs Syndrome Extra Y in male (XYY)

a) The person has which disorder? Triple X syndromeb) Is this a single gene mutation or a chromosomal defect?

chromosomal defectc) If it is a chromosomal defect, is it an addition or a deletion? addition

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Animal Internal Systems

1. Write the letter of the definition next to the corresponding stage:

Stage Definition1. Ingestion: _g _ ___ a. Breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller

components by physical and chemical means

2. Digestion: __a___ b. An enzyme made by the pancreas to help digest fats.

3. Absorption: __d___ c. An enzyme made by the salivary glands that helps to digest carbohydrates.

4. Egestion: __f____ d. Taking up of digested molecules into the cells of the digestive tract

5. Lipase: ___b_____ e. An enzyme made by the stomach that helps to digest proteins.

6. Pepsin: ____e____ f. Removal of waste food material from the body

7. amylase: ___c____ g. Taking in of nutrients

2. Compare and contrast physical and chemical digestion.Physical digestion is breakdown using mechanical means (ex. Chewing, grinding, mixing) whereas chemical digestion is breakdown using digestive enzymes.

3. Use this diagram of the digestive system and complete the table below for all 9 parts.

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Name of Structure Function1

Salivary glandsTo secrete mucus and amylase enzyme to aid digestion

2 Esophagus To deliver food from throat to the stomach3 Liver To produce bile4 Gall bladder To store bile5 Small intestine To absorb nutrients6 Stomach To digest proteins7 Pancreas To produce digestive enzymes8 Large intestine To reabsorb water9 Rectum Waste storage

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1. Salivary glands

2. pharynx

3. Salivary glands

4. esophagus

6. Stomach7. Pancreas8. Large intestine

9. rectum

3. liver4. gall bladder5. duodenum (beginning of small intestine)


4. Match the following terms to the appropriate definition:

Term DefinitionBronchiole _d____ a. Thin muscular structure that increases and decreases the volume of

the chest cavityEpiglottis __e___ b. Chamber connecting oral and nasal cavities to the larynx

Diaphragm __a___ c. Hollow space that warms and moistens incoming air

Alveoli __g___ d. Branched tubes air passes through to get to the alveoli

Pharynx __b___ e. Closes off airway when swallowing food

Nasal Passage __c__ f. Structure responsible for voice sounds

Larynx __f___ g. Structure surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs in the lungs

5. Describe how the mechanics of breathing. Be sure to use the following words in your description (diaphragm, pressure, volume, intercostal muscles)

The diaphragm flattens and moves downwards and the intercostal muscles move the rib cage upwards and out. This increase in volume in the c cavity decreases the internal air pressure and so air from the outside (at a now higher pressure that inside the lung) rushes into the lungs to equalise the pressures.When we exhale the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and return to their resting positions. This reduces the volume of the chest cavity, thereby increasing the pressure and forcing air out of the lungs

6. Use the following words: lung, nasal cavity, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli, pharynx, or trachea to label the diagram below.

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trachea

lung

Nasal cavity

bronchus

bronchiole

diaphragm

Alveoli

pharynx


7. Match the following terms.

Term DefinitionCapillary __c___ a. cells in the blood that carry oxygen

Artery __d___ b. help to clot blood after a cut

Vein _e____ c. blood vessels that are one cell thick that exchange gases and nutrients to the tissues

White blood cells _g__ d. thick walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Plasma _f____ e. thin-walled vessels that carry blood to the heart

Red blood cells __a___ f. Liquid portion of blood

Platelets __b___ g. cells in the blood that fight infection

8. a. Label the diagram of the heart on the next page.

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b. Using the picture on the next page as a guide, list the 7 steps that blood takes as it transfers through the heart. At each step state whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated.

Step # Oxygenated or Deoxygenated Blood?

Description of the path of blood (where is it coming from? Where is it going to?)

1 Deoxygenated From right atrium to right ventricle

2 Deoxygenated From right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

3 Deoxygenated From pulmonary arteries to lung

4 Oxygenated From pulmonary veins to left atrium5 Oxygenated From left atrium to left ventricle6 Oxygenated From left ventricle to aorta7 Oxygenated From aorta to rest of the body

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9. Complete the following table

Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment

Ulcer burning abdominal pain

test for H. pylori, endoscopy, x-ray of upper GI tract

antibotics to kill H. pylori, medications that block acid

Crohn’s Disease abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, weight loss and fever

blood and stool tests, colonoscopy

surgery, medication, nutrition

Arrthymia fluttering in your chest, chest pain, racing heart or slow heartbeat, (usually with activity), shortness of breath, dizziness

ECG, CT or MRI pacemaker, medications

Coronary heart disease

signs and symptoms: chest pain (usually with activity), shortness of breath, fatigue

ECG, angiograph, Heart CT

aspirin, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers

Lung Cancer Fatigue, cough, coughing up blood

CT scan, chest x-ray

Surgery, chemotherapy

Asthma Wheezing, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing

Medical history, spirometry test

Medications, avoiding triggers, changing your environment

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the reference for this unit is the course textbook, biology...

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