the reference for this unit is the course textbook...

SBI3C Final Culminating Test Review – June 2012

Topics to Study

Cellular Biology Textbook Pages

1 Cell theory, types of cells, types of microscopes 6-8

2 Plant and Animal CellsParts and their functions

10-14

3 Microscope parts and functions 460-463

4 Parts of the Cell MembraneFluid Mosaic Model

5 Movement of Particles Through the Cell MembraneDiffusion, osmosis, types of solutions (hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic)

59-64

6 Carbohydrates 24-34

7 Lipids 24-36

8 Proteins 24-36

9 Recognizing Diagrams of Polymers and monomers

10 EnzymesFactors Affecting Enzyme Activity

51-54

11 Cellular Respiration 77-82

Microbiology Textbook Pages

1 Introduction to Taxonomy (6 Kingdoms)Using a dichotomous key

98-101

2 VirusesGeneral characteristics, lytic and lysogenic cycles

104-105

3 Bacteriageneral characteristics, shapes, reproduction

108-112

4 Harmful Bacteria and Helpful Bacteria 116-119

5 Fighting Disease: Your Immune System 106, 107, 120-123

6 Vaccination Handouts

7 Fungi 136-140

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Genetics1 Genetics Terminology

Chromosomes, genes, homologous chromosomes, karyotypes and amniocentesis

2 Cell Cycle and MitosisInterphase, steps of mitosis, cytokinesis, cancer cells and chemotherapy

3 MeiosisSpermatogenesis, oogenesis, comparing mitosis and meiosis

4 DNAStructure of DNA

5 Mendelian genetics terminology dominant and recessive traits, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous and heterozygous

6 Punnet squares (monohybrid cross)

7 Genetic TechnologiesGene Therapy

Plants1 Introduction to Plants

Vascular and Nonvascular PlantsAngiosperms and Gymnosperms

2 Parts of a Flower and a SeedSteps of Fertilization in Flowering Plants

3 Transport in PlantsXylem and phloem

4 2 Types of AngiospermsMonocots and Dicots

5 LeavesParts and their functions, stomata

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Practice QuestionsAnswer all of the following questions on lined sheets of paper.

Cellular Biology

1. List the points of the cell theory.a. All living things are made of one or more cellsb. Cells are the basic unit of lifec. All cells come from other cells

2. Label the correct organelles on the following animal cell diagram.

mitmm

3. State the functions of the following cell parts.

a. Nucleus – controls all cellular activitiesb. Cell membrane – controls what enters and exits the cellc. Mitochondria – performs cellular respiration to release energy for the celld. Endoplasmic reticulum – transport of materials throughout the cell,

produces proteins and lipidse. Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis (makes glucose for the cell)f. Cytoplasm – cushions organelles, provides an appropriate environment for

chemical reactionsg. Vacuole – stores food, water and wasteh. Ribosomes – make proteins

4. What is the function of enzymes in chemical reactions?Speed up chemical reactions without taking part in the reaction

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Golgiapparatus

mitochondriaEndoplasmic reticulum

Cell membrane

Nucleus


5. Draw a diagram to show how enzymes work. Be sure to include all of the following: enzyme, active site, enzyme-substrate complex, reactants and products

6. Define the following terms:a. Diffusion – the movement of particles from high concentration to low

concentrationb. Osmosis – movement of water from high concentration to low

concentrationc. Hypertonic solution – higher concentration of water inside the celld. Hypotonic solution – higher concentration of water outside the celle. Isotonic solution – equal concentrations of water inside and outside the

cell

7. Describe what happens to a cell under each of the following conditions.a. Hypotonic – the cell gets biggerb. Hypertonic – the cell gets smallerc. Isotonic – the cell stays the same size

8. Cellular respiration is a very important process that occurs in both plant and animal cells.

a. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? To break down glucose and release energy that the cell can use

b. Where does it occur? Mitochondria

c. Write the word equation for cellular respiration.Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

d. Write the chemical formula for cellular respiration.C6H12O6+O2→CO2+H 2O+ATP

9. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration? Where does each process occur?Aerobic – occurs in the presence of oxygen, occurs in muscle cells

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Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen, happens during strenuous exercise and happens in yeast

Microbiology

1. List all of the levels of classification starting with Kingdom and ending with species.Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

2. Binomial Nomenclature is a two part naming system used to identify species.

a. What does the first name represent? Genusb. What does the second name represent? Speciesc. Provide an example. Homo sapiens, Felis domesticusd. State one advantage of using binomial nomenclature over common names.

These names are universal

3. List 3 general characteristics of bacteria. Single celledReproduce sexually or asexually3 different shapes (round, rod, spiral)

4. Provide 4 examples of bacteria or diseases caused by bacteria.E.coliSalmonella (the bacteria that causes food poisoning)Streptococcus (the bacteria that causes strep throat)Bacteria in your intestines help you digest food

5. Complete the following table for all of the bacterial shapes.

Bacterial Shape Name ExampleRound Coccus diplococcusRod Bacillus LactobacillusSpiral Spirillium Bacteria that causes syphillis

6. State one way that bacteria are helpful and one way that they are harmful.Helpful – break down food/molecules in your intestinesHarmful – some cause disease (like strep throat)

7. List three general characteristics of fungi.Composed of 2 parts – hypha and myceliumReproduce sexually or asexuallyThey are decomposers

8. Provide 4 examples of fungi or diseases caused by fungi.a. Ringwormb. Athlete’s foot

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c. Molds and yeastd. mushrooms

9. Draw an example of a fungus and label the hyphae and the mycelium.

10. Make a Venn diagram comparing plants and fungi. Place all of their shared characteristics in the middle of the Venn diagram.

Plants Both FungusPerform photosynthesisAutotrophs (feed themselves)Have roots

Have cell wallsMostly stationary

DecomposersFeed off of dead things(saprotrophs)Have mycelium

11. List 3 general characteristics of viruses.They mutate quicklyNot livingMade up of genetic information (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat

12. Provide 4 examples of viruses or diseases caused by viruses.HIV/AidsMeasles, mumps, rubellaSmallpox, chickenpoxCommon colds and flu

13. Are antibiotics effective against viruses? Why or why not?No. Antibiotics only kill bacteria (by destroying their cell walls)

14. The body has several lines of defense against viruses. Explain each of the following. Make sure to provide examples.

a. 1st line of defense – External (skin, mucus, cilia and stomach acid provide a protective barrier and help to trap, sweep out and kill foreign particles)

b. 2nd line of defense – Lymphatic System (white blood cells that engulf and destroy foreign cells in the body)

c. 3rd line of defense – Antibodies (your immune system makes specialized proteins that destroy only one type of virus or bacteria)

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15. What are vaccines? How do they work?A vaccine contains part of virus or a dead form of the virus. It triggers your immune system to produce antibodies against that virus.

16. What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?Active – when a person produces antibodies after being exposed to a virus or after getting a vaccinePassive – when a person gets antibodies from their mother through breastfeeding

17. What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic viruses? Provide examples of each.Lytic – the virus produces more virus particles that burst out of the host cell

Ex) common cold or fluLysogenic – The virus inserts its genetic material into the host cells DNA. It stays in the body for a long time. Ex) Aids, herpes, chicken pox

18. Draw and label a diagram that shows the steps in the lytic cycle of a virus.

Genetics

1. How many chromosomes do human body cells have? 46

2. How many chromosomes do human sex cells (gametes) have? 23

3. Complete the following table regarding steps of the cell cycle. (IPMATC)

Name of Step What occurs during this step?Interphase The cell prepares for division by making copies of all of its

chromosomes and cell organelles.prophase The chromosomes condense and become visiblemetaphase The chromosomes line up along the middle of the cellAnaphase Each chromosome rips in half and the halves are pulled to

opposite ends of the cell.

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phosphate

sugar

T

G

C

A

GC

TA


Telophase The cell begins to pinch in the middlecytokinesis The cell splits into two

4. Complete the following table comparing mitosis and meiosis.

Characteristic Mitosis or Meiosis

1 Produces gametes/sex cells meiosis2 New cells have a copy of original DNA code mitosis3 New cells are the same as the parent cell Mitosis4 Occurs in the cells of reproductive organs Meiosis5 2 new cells are produced Mitosis6 4 new cells are produced meiosis

5. What is the building block (monomer) of DNA? Nucleotides

6. Answer the following question.

T T A A G C G G C C A T A A T C T G C A A

Nucleotide

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7. Define the following terms and provide examples.a. Gene – a section of a chromosome that determines one trait

Ex. The gene for eye colourb. Allele – the different forms of a gene

Ex. Blue eyes, brown eyes, green eyesc. Dominant allele – the allele that is always expressed when it is present

Ex. Brown eyes d. Recessive allele – two copies of this allele must be present in order for

this allele to be expressed Ex. Blue eyese. Homozygous – a genotype that contains two of the same allele

Ex. BB and bbf. Heterozygous – a genotype that contains two different alleles

Ex. Bb

8. In humans, the allele A for pigment formation is dominant to the allele a for inability to form pigment; aa individuals are albino. Determine the expected genotype and phenotype ratios expected from a cross between two individuals heterozygous for this trait.

A aA AA Aaa Aa aa

Genotype ratio – 1AA: 2Aa: 1aaPhenotype ratio – 3 normal pigment: 1albino

9. In humans, tasting, T, is dominant to non-tasting, t. Determine the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratio resulting from a cross between:

a) a homozygous taster and a non-taster

T Tt Tt Ttt Tt Tt

Genotypic ratio – 100% TtPhenotypic ratio – 100% tasters

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b) two heterozygous tasters

T tT TT Ttt Tt tt

Genotypic ratio – 1TT: 2Tt: 1ttPhenotypic ratio – 3 tasters: 1 non-taster

c) a heterozygous taster and a homozygous taster

T tT TT TtT TT Tt

Genotypic ratio – 2TT: 2TtPhenotypic ratio – 100% tasters

Plants

1. What is the difference between vascular and non-vascular plants? Provide examples of each.Vascular plants – have a system of vessels for transporting materials throughout the plant (Ex. Trees)Non-vascular plants – do not have a system of vessels to transport materials throughout the plant (Ex. Mosses)

2. Explain the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms. Provide examples of each.Angiosperms – are flowering plants, their seeds are contained in a fruit (ex. Cherry tree)Gymnosperms – evergreen trees with naked seeds or cones (ex. Pine tree)

3. Draw and label all of the parts of a seed.

4. Draw and label all of the parts of a flower.

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5. Describe what occurs during each of the 3 steps of fertilization in flowering plants.

Step 1 – pollen produced in the anther lands on the stigmaStep 2 – a pollen tube is created and pollen travels down the style Step 3 – the pollen fertilizes the eggs/ovules and the fertilized eggs become seeds

6. Complete the following table regarding transport in plants.

Xylem PhloemWhat does it carry? Water and nutrients Sugars (glucose)

Direction of transport From the roots to the leaves of the plant

From the leaves to other parts of the plant that need sugar

7. All angiosperms can be classified as monocots or dicots.

a. List 5 characteristics of monocots.One seed leaf (cotyledon)Parallel veins in the leavesVascular bundles are scatteredFlowers contain petals in multiples of threesFibrous root

b. List 5 characteristics of dicots.Two seed leaves (cotyledons)veins in the leaves form a branching patternvascular bundles form a ringflowers contain four or five petalstap root

8. Draw and label the parts of a leaf.

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9. Are chloroplasts located mainly on the top or bottom of the leaf?Most of the chloroplasts are on the top of the leaf

10. What is the function of chloroplasts?To perform photosynthesis (to make glucose by taking in sunlight, carbon dioxide and water)

11. Are stomata located on the top or bottom of the leaf?They are located on the bottom of the leaf

12. What is the function of stomata?They allow gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) to move in and out of the leaf.Water evaporates from the stomata.

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the reference for this unit is the course textbook...

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