The Reformation and The Reformation and Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

Martin Luther

What is the Reformation?What is the Reformation?

A religious reform A religious reform movement, that caught fire in movement, that caught fire in Germany Germany

Lead to the establishment of Lead to the establishment of Protestant ChurchesProtestant Churches

What is the counter reformation?What is the counter reformation?

The Catholic response The Catholic response to the Reformation. to the Reformation.

It was an attempt to It was an attempt to address many of those address many of those issues that had inspired issues that had inspired the German unrest the German unrest

An attempt to re-assert An attempt to re-assert Catholic authority over Catholic authority over all Europeall Europe

What was Europe before the What was Europe before the Reformation?Reformation?

Until 1517 there was a Until 1517 there was a uniform European uniform European community culture. community culture.

How so? How so?

Why did the Reformation occur?Why did the Reformation occur? Too many crusades Too many crusades The Great Schism The Great Schism

-1050 AD after 4-1050 AD after 4thth crusade crusade-1378 Western Schism-1378 Western Schism

Absentee Bishops Absentee Bishops Church too concerned with wealth and powerChurch too concerned with wealth and power

Corrupt leaders - Pope Alex VI supported his son Corrupt leaders - Pope Alex VI supported his son (think about this one)(think about this one)

Legalisms such as IndulgencesLegalisms such as Indulgences Funded the building of St Peter’s Basilica Funded the building of St Peter’s Basilica

Simony Simony Superstitions – the sale of relics. Superstitions – the sale of relics. Veneration of SaintsVeneration of Saints

Worms Cathedral

Who is John Tetzel? Who is John Tetzel?

A seller of indulgences A seller of indulgences being used to fund raise being used to fund raise for the St Peter’s for the St Peter’s Basilica. Basilica.

He was active in He was active in Germany when Luther Germany when Luther wrote the 95 Theses. wrote the 95 Theses.

What are the 95 Theses? What are the 95 Theses?

A series of arguments A series of arguments against the manner in against the manner in which the Catholic which the Catholic Church was carrying on Church was carrying on its business composed its business composed by Martin Luther. by Martin Luther.

Martin Luther did not Martin Luther did not intend to overthrow the intend to overthrow the church, he just wanted church, he just wanted to reform it.to reform it.

What are the seven sacraments What are the seven sacraments practiced by the Catholic Church? practiced by the Catholic Church?

baptism baptism communion communion confirmation confirmation marriage marriage unction or last rights unction or last rights confession confession priesthood priesthood

What did Martin Luther think was What did Martin Luther think was essential to successful religious life?essential to successful religious life?

The just shall live by The just shall live by faithfaith

Primacy of scripture Primacy of scripture Priesthood of all Priesthood of all

believers believers Use of vernacular Use of vernacular Abolition of Abolition of

priesthood and priesthood and monasticismmonasticism

Why did the Germans react so Why did the Germans react so strongly to the Reformation? strongly to the Reformation?

fractured nature of their territoryfractured nature of their territory there were no German Cardinals there were no German Cardinals Humanism in Germany had increased the level of piety in Humanism in Germany had increased the level of piety in

GermanyGermany Luther’s doctrine of salvation through faith represented a Luther’s doctrine of salvation through faith represented a

simplification of the ritual simplification of the ritual German cultural Renaissance German cultural Renaissance Local Princes were interested in keeping all tax revenue that Local Princes were interested in keeping all tax revenue that

flowed to Italy in their own region to stimulate growth or at flowed to Italy in their own region to stimulate growth or at least enrich themselves least enrich themselves

What were the results of the What were the results of the Reformation Reformation

The Great Peasant War The Great Peasant War Shamefully Luther sided with the princes to guard their Shamefully Luther sided with the princes to guard their

divinely appointed authority. divinely appointed authority. Agriculture collapsed in Germany and didn’t fully recover Agriculture collapsed in Germany and didn’t fully recover

until the 19th century. until the 19th century. Strengthened by Luther’s doctrine of obediently obeying the Strengthened by Luther’s doctrine of obediently obeying the

state state Christianity became increasingly politicized between Christianity became increasingly politicized between

Protestants and Catholics by leaders who were not concerned Protestants and Catholics by leaders who were not concerned with the hereafter but with their own temporal agendas. Their with the hereafter but with their own temporal agendas. Their claims of religious sanction gave them permission to prosecute claims of religious sanction gave them permission to prosecute all sorts of inhumanities in the name of God. Sadly the world all sorts of inhumanities in the name of God. Sadly the world is ever thus. is ever thus.

Who is John Calvin and what were Who is John Calvin and what were his beliefs? his beliefs?

That God’s honour and That God’s honour and omnipotence omnipotence demanded demanded unconditional unconditional obedience obedience

man was predestined to man was predestined to salvation salvation

““the elect”the elect” Success in this world Success in this world

was considered of was considered of one’s inclusion one’s inclusion amongst the elect, amongst the elect,

What Are the Jesuits? What Are the Jesuits?

An order appointed An order appointed to educate through to educate through the force of reason the force of reason to convert heretics to convert heretics back to back to Catholicism. Catholicism.

Founded by Ignatius Founded by Ignatius Loyola Loyola

They established They established schools all over the schools all over the world toworld to

What was the Council of Trent? What was the Council of Trent? An authority appointed An authority appointed

by Pope Paul III to by Pope Paul III to safeguard the authority safeguard the authority and unity of the Church and unity of the Church

Clarified the basic tenets Clarified the basic tenets of Catholic faithof Catholic faith

Improved the quality of Improved the quality of priestspriests

Insisted upon the celibacy Insisted upon the celibacy of the priesthoodof the priesthood

Formulated The Index Formulated The Index Revived the Medieval Revived the Medieval

Inquisition Inquisition

What were the results? What were the results?

Two mutually exclusive groups set Two mutually exclusive groups set Stage set for religious war Stage set for religious war Rise of national states Rise of national states