THE REFORMATION

Church Abuses

• Church in Worldly affairs

• Wars to Protect Papal States form Secular rulers

• Church also wanted to expand its own interests

Pope Julius II the Warrior

Pope

Alexander VI the Borgia

Pope

The Medici Popes

Leo XClement

VII

Indulgences• “the lessening of time in purgatory”• Usually granted for good deeds• Sold for money• Protests like Erasmus and John Wycliffe• Jan Hus

Martin Luther• Wittenberg, Germany

• Johann Tetzel offers indulgences for St. Peter in Rome

• 95 Theses

Firestorm• Luther does not recant-calls for

rejection of Rome

• Excommunicated by Pope Leo X

• Charles V labels him an outlaw

Protestants• Luther’s writing spreads

• 1530 called Protestants

• Northern German princes see Luther as an excuse to throw off Pope and HRE

Teachings• All Christians equal before God

• Bans indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayers to saints.

• Permits Clergy to marry and simplifies the services – no Latin

Peasants revolt

*Luther does not support

*Prefers social order & political obedience

Peace of Augsberg

• 1555 each Prince could decide religion

• Many in the North- Lutheran

• Many in the South- Catholic

John Calvin• 1536

• Predestination- God determined the salvation of people.

• Saints or Sinners

Calvinists• 1541

• Geneva set up a Theocracy

• ‘Chosen people’ set up a Christian Society

Anabaptists• Explosion of Protestant Sects

• Some reject Baptism for infants

• Most Peaceful

• Baptists, Mennonites and Amish trace beliefs

English• Henry VIII denounces Reformation

• However, needs a male heir

• Wants a divorce from Catherine of Aragon

• Henry and advisors seize the Church

Henry VIII

Catherine of Aragon

Anne Boleyn

Act of Supremacy• Henry’s marriage annulled

• Marries Anne Boleyn

• 1534- Henry named Head of Church

• Some protest including Sir Thomas More

Wives• Catherine of Aragon• Anne Boleyn• Jane Seymour• Anne of Cleves• Katherine Howard• Katherine Parr

Turmoil• Convents and monasteries closed

• Henry dies in 1547 after being married 6 times

• 9 year old Edward VI he dies

• Mary Tudor becomes Queen and tries to return England to Catholic

Bloody Mary

Elizabethan Settlement

• 1558 Mary Dies

• 25 year old Elizabeth daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn

• Compromise keeps unity in England

Catholic Reform• Pope Paul III

• Council of Trent 1545 reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs

• Empowers the Inquisition to fight the Protestants

Jesuits• 1540- Society of Jesus

• Ignatius- Order of strict training

• Spread the Catholic faith

Persecution

• Witch Hunts- 1450-1750

• Jews moved into ghetto

• Jews migrate from Western Europe