the reformation the reformation: germany and lutheranism

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Causes Renaissance emphasis on secular life and individuality challenged Roman Catholic Church Some rulers challenged Churches political power Wealthy merchants protested paying taxes to the church ·Printing press spreads secular ideas

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Page 1: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

The ReformationThe Reformation

The Reformation: Germany and LutheranismThe Reformation: Switzerland and CalvinismThe Reformation: EnglandThe Counter-Reformation-Inquisition

Page 2: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

CausesCauses• Renaissance emphasis on secular Renaissance emphasis on secular

life and individuality challenged life and individuality challenged Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

• Some rulers challenged Churches Some rulers challenged Churches political powerpolitical power

• Wealthy merchants protested Wealthy merchants protested paying taxes to the churchpaying taxes to the church

• ··Printing press spreads secular Printing press spreads secular ideasideas

Page 3: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism
Page 4: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism
Page 5: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

CriticismCriticism• Critics thought church leaders Critics thought church leaders

were corruptwere corrupt• Many popes lived extravagantly Many popes lived extravagantly

rich livesrich lives• Some popes had childrenSome popes had children• Poor priests were often illiteratePoor priests were often illiterate

Page 6: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

Martin LutherMartin Luther• Martin Luther (1483-Martin Luther (1483-

1546) 1546) was an was an Augustinian monk and Augustinian monk and university lecturer in university lecturer in WittenbergWittenberg

• Took stand against Took stand against Johann Tetzel Johann Tetzel who sold who sold indulgencesindulgences

• Luther wrote Luther wrote 95 95 Theses, or statements Theses, or statements against churches against churches wrong doingswrong doings

Page 7: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings• Luther’s actions caused the Luther’s actions caused the

Reformation which led to Christian Reformation which led to Christian churches that were not Catholicchurches that were not Catholic

• People can win salvation by good People can win salvation by good works and faithworks and faith

• ·Christian teachings must be ·Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, not the popebased on the Bible, not the pope

• ·All people with faith are equal, ·All people with faith are equal, can interpret Bible without priestscan interpret Bible without priests

Page 8: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings• People could win salvation by faith in People could win salvation by faith in

God’s gift of forgiveness (Church God’s gift of forgiveness (Church taught that faith and good deeds led to taught that faith and good deeds led to salvation)salvation)

• All Church teachings should be clearly All Church teachings should be clearly based on the Bible—both Pope and based on the Bible—both Pope and Church teachings were false Church teachings were false authoritiesauthorities

• All people of faith were equal—priests All people of faith were equal—priests were not needed to interpret the Biblewere not needed to interpret the Bible

Page 9: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

The 95 ThesesThe 95 Theses• ··Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Martin Luther protests Friar Johann

Tetzel’s selling of indulgencesTetzel’s selling of indulgences• ·Indulgence—a pardon releasing a ·Indulgence—a pardon releasing a

person from penalty for a sinperson from penalty for a sin• ·Luther’s theses circulate ·Luther’s theses circulate

throughout Germanythroughout Germany• ·Reformation rejects pope’s ·Reformation rejects pope’s

authorityauthority

Page 10: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

Reaction to ThesesReaction to Theses• Pope threatened Luther w/ excommunication Pope threatened Luther w/ excommunication

unless Luther recanted (took back what he unless Luther recanted (took back what he said)said)

• Luther refused and Luther refused and was excommunicatedwas excommunicated• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V conducts Holy Roman Emperor Charles V conducts

trial where Luther again refused to recanttrial where Luther again refused to recant• Charles declares Luther a heretic and outlawCharles declares Luther a heretic and outlaw

—no one should help him—no one should help him• Frederic of Saxony hides and protects LutherFrederic of Saxony hides and protects Luther• Charles V allows local princes to decide Charles V allows local princes to decide

religion of their area (Peace of Augsburg) religion of their area (Peace of Augsburg)

Page 11: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

Achievements Achievements – Luther translates Bible into GermanLuther translates Bible into German– Followers of Luther start new church Followers of Luther start new church

(Lutherans)(Lutherans)– German peasants apply ideas of German peasants apply ideas of

Luther to politics and rebelLuther to politics and rebel– German princes put down rebellion German princes put down rebellion

harshlyharshly– Luther does not support peasantsLuther does not support peasants– Christians who belong to non-Catholic Christians who belong to non-Catholic

churches become known as churches become known as ProtestantsProtestants

Page 12: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

EnglandEngland• Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church so he can Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church so he can

remarry in hopes of having a male heir to his throneremarry in hopes of having a male heir to his throne• Henry VIII gets Parliament to pass Act of Henry VIII gets Parliament to pass Act of

Supremacy calling on people to take an oath Supremacy calling on people to take an oath recognizing his divorce and have him as head of recognizing his divorce and have him as head of England’s ChurchEngland’s Church

• Henry’s heirs (male and female) rule England for Henry’s heirs (male and female) rule England for over 60 years over 60 years

• Religious battle between his Catholic and Protestant Religious battle between his Catholic and Protestant childrenchildren

• Elizabeth eventually established Church of England Elizabeth eventually established Church of England (Anglican Church) as only legal church and with her (Anglican Church) as only legal church and with her as its leaderas its leader

• Elizabeth makes concessions to allow Catholics and Elizabeth makes concessions to allow Catholics and Protestants to peacefully coexistProtestants to peacefully coexist

Page 13: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

Legacy of ReformationLegacy of Reformation• Protestant Churches flourishProtestant Churches flourish• New types of Christianity developNew types of Christianity develop• Roman Catholic Church became more Roman Catholic Church became more

unified and made some reformsunified and made some reforms• Emphasis on education became Emphasis on education became

important for Protestantsimportant for Protestants• Individual monarchs gain power as Individual monarchs gain power as

Church loses power and influenceChurch loses power and influence• Questioning of beliefs and authority set Questioning of beliefs and authority set

foundation for Age of Enlightenment in foundation for Age of Enlightenment in 1818thth Century Century

Page 14: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

Other Reformation Other Reformation MovementsMovements

• John Calvin (Calvinism) wanted a John Calvin (Calvinism) wanted a theocracy to rule. theocracy to rule. Strict enforcement of Strict enforcement of rules but Geneva, Switzerland was rules but Geneva, Switzerland was highly moral placehighly moral place

• John Knox (Presbyterians) community John Knox (Presbyterians) community churches led by laymen, elders churches led by laymen, elders (presbyters) became official religion of (presbyters) became official religion of ScotlandScotland

• Anabaptists—people who believed that Anabaptists—people who believed that people should make informed decision people should make informed decision to join a church and were baptized againto join a church and were baptized again

Page 15: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation• Catholic Church saw need to repair Catholic Church saw need to repair

itselfitself– Ignatius of Loyola: spiritual prayers and Ignatius of Loyola: spiritual prayers and

meditation about Jesus would cleanse soulmeditation about Jesus would cleanse soul– Pope creates order of Jesuits from Pope creates order of Jesuits from

followers of Loyola to do three thingsfollowers of Loyola to do three things• Start schools of Classical and theological studyStart schools of Classical and theological study• Convert non-Christians by sending Convert non-Christians by sending

missionaries around the worldmissionaries around the world• Stop spread of ProtestantismStop spread of Protestantism

Page 16: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

• Council of Trent—Catholic bishops and Council of Trent—Catholic bishops and Cardinals agree on important topics”Cardinals agree on important topics”– Church’s interpretation of Bible was finalChurch’s interpretation of Bible was final– Faith and good works needed for salvationFaith and good works needed for salvation– Bible and Church instruction were equal Bible and Church instruction were equal

authorities for guiding Christian livingauthorities for guiding Christian living– Indulgences were valid expressions of faithIndulgences were valid expressions of faith

• Index of Forbidden Books was created to Index of Forbidden Books was created to list books dangerous for Catholics to read list books dangerous for Catholics to read and many were burned in bonfires across and many were burned in bonfires across EuropeEurope

Page 17: The Reformation The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism

The Reformation's The Reformation's LegacyLegacy

• Along with the religious consequences of Along with the religious consequences of the Reformation and Counter-the Reformation and Counter-Reformation came deep and lasting Reformation came deep and lasting political changes. Northern Europe's new political changes. Northern Europe's new religious and political freedoms came at religious and political freedoms came at a great cost, with decades of rebellions, a great cost, with decades of rebellions, wars and bloody persecutions. The Thirty wars and bloody persecutions. The Thirty Years' War alone may have cost Germany Years' War alone may have cost Germany 40 percent of its population.40 percent of its population.