the relation between quality of dwelling, socio-economic data and well-being in eu 28

The relation between quality of dwelling, socio-economic data and well-being in EU28 and its Member StatesInitial results

Dr Andreas H. Hermelink, Ashok John

15/07/2016

© ECOFYS | |

Introduction

15/07/2016 Dr Andreas H. Hermelink, Ashok John2

> WHO definition (since 1948)

– “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

> 508 million European citizens (EUROSTAT, 2015) spend 80-90% of their

time INDOORS (living and working).

Europe‘s buildings are having a major impact on

Europeans‘ physical, mental and social well-being!

© ECOFYS | |

New Research


> Research assessing statistical links between well-being and housing

conditions is largely missing!

> A detailed Ecofys study on „The relation between quality of dwelling,

socio-economic data and well-being in EU28 and its Member States”

just started.

The research is based on analysing Eurostat microdata

from the EU-wide survey „Income and Living Conditions in

Europe“ (EU-SILC)

© ECOFYS | |

Disclaimer


> The following results are based on the statistical evaluation of EU-SILC

cross-sectional microdata from 2012.

> Results are to be understood as preliminary; further upcoming

refinement of the statistical analyses may lead to some changes in the

final results.

> Note: all analyses have been conducted on „household“ level; this

means results show percentages of the numbers of households – due to

different average numbers of household members in different dwelling

types this is not equivalent to shares of „population“.

© ECOFYS | |

Theme I: Dwelling types


Summary

– Aprox. 35% of European households live in detached, 25% in semi-

detached, 15% in multi-family buildings < 10 apartments and 25%

in multi-family buildings ≥ 10 apartments

– In the subset of CEE countries approx. 50% of households live in

detached buildings and almost 40% in multi-family buildings ≥ 10

apartments

– => in the discussion about how to improve the energy efficiency of

the European building stock, detached and semi-detached buildings

deserve as much attention as multi-family buildings.

© ECOFYS | |

Households by dwelling type


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

EU2

8

CE

E

HR SI

NO DK

RO

HU FI SE SK BG PL

CY FR AT EL

PT CZ IE EE LU LT IS BE

LV UK

CH IT NL

ES

MT

Households per dwelling type

Detached Semi-detached MFH <10 MFH >=10

© ECOFYS | |

Households by tenure status


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

EU2

8

CE

E

RO LT HR

BG SK PL

LV SI

HU EE EL

CZ

MT IT ES CY PT IE FR FI LU BE

UK

AT

NO IS DK SE NL

CH

Tenure status for all dwelling types

Outright Owner Owner paying mortgage tenant Accomodation is rendet at reduced rate Accomodation is provided free

© ECOFYS | |

Theme II: Dwelling types and tenure status


Summary

– While both across the EU28 and CEE approx. 50% of households live

in a detached or semi-detached building owned by themselves,

amongst those owners in CEE there is a significantly higher share of

households who do not have any outstanding mortgage or loans.

– Compared to EU28, in CEE countries there is a significantly higher

share of households who own their apartment in a multi-family

building rather than renting it. This difference increases when it is

about owner-households who do not have any outstanding

mortgage or loans.

– => this is a very significant fact to consider when it is about

designing financing strategies for renovating Europe‘s building stock

© ECOFYS | |

Households in detached and semi-detached houses by

tenure status


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

EU

28

CEE IE

NO UK

NL

HR

DK

CY

BE SI FI FR LU HU PT RO

BG SE IS EL AT PL

MT SK CZ IT LT EE ES

CH LV

Tenure status for subsets detached and semi-detached

Outright Owner Owner paying mortgage Tentant

Accomodation is rented at reduced rate Accomodation is provided free

© ECOFYS | |

Households in multi-family houses by tenure status


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

EU

28

CEE LV CH ES

EE LT IT CZ SK MT PL AT EL IS SE BG

RO PT

HU LU FR FI SI BE

CY

DK

HR

NL

UK

NO IE

Tenure status for subsets multi-family houses

Outright Owner Owner paying mortgage Tentant

Accomodation is rendet at reduced rate Accomodation is provided free

© ECOFYS | |

Theme III: Structural problems showing in or

resulting from too high moisture


Summary

> Approx 1/6 (15%) of EU households report to have a leaking roof, and/or

damp floor /walls / roof / foundation or rot in window frames or floor =>

this equals approx. 32 million households

> Approx. 2/3 of these structural problems are related to households in

detached or semi-detached buildings both across EU and CEE which is

higher than those dwelling types‘ total share being approx. 61% across EU

and 55% across CEE.

> As there are much less households per detached or semi-detached

buildings than in multi-family buildings approx. 90% of these structural

problems are allocated in detached or semi-detached buildings

> These structural problems indicate very poor thermal quality, too: roughly

30% of those households reporting structural humidity problems report to

be unable to keep their dwelling comfortably warm, too (10 million). We

hypothesise that these households have the highest probability to suffer

from health problems which will be subject to further analysis.

© ECOFYS | |

Households with leaking roof by dwelling type


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

EU2

8

CE

E SI CY LV HU PT EE IT BE LT RO IS HR

LU UK EL

DK

NL

BG

MT IE ES FR AT PL

CH CZ SK NO SE FI

Leaking roof, damp wall/ floors/ foundation, or rot window frames or floor per dwelling type


© ECOFYS | |

Households in dwellings with structural problems by dwelling

comfortably warm / not comfortably warm in winter


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

EU

28

CEU SI CY LV H

U PT EE IT BE LT RO IS HR

LU UK EL DK

NL

BG

MT ES IE FR AT PL CH CZ SK NO SE FI

Households with leaking roof and comfortably warm dwelling during winter time

comfortably warm not comfortably warm

© ECOFYS | |

Theme IV: Lack of daylight


Summary:

> Approx. 6% of all EU households (13 million) report a lack of daylight

> The distribution of those between detached/semi-detached buildings and

multi-family buildings is similar to the total of households

> Surprisingly there is no obvious correlation between a country‘s latitude

and the percentage of households who perceive their dwelling to be too

dark. This needs further analysis.

> The relative share of households reporting not to feel comfortably warm in

winter is much higher within households that also report insufficient

daylight than in the total of households (approx. 30% (=1.9% out of

6.5%) vs. 13% in all EU, and 40% (2.4% out of 6.2%) vs. 16% in CEE)

> We hypothesise that households suffering from the combination of lack of

daylight and not feeling comfortably warm during winter have a higher

probability of health issues; this will be analysed further.

© ECOFYS | |

Households in dwellings perceived to be too dark by

dwelling type


0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

EU2

8

CE

E PT LV SI

HU FR LT MT

BE

UK IT CH EL

PL

LU HR IE SE RO EE AT

BG FI CY

NO ES NL

SK CZ

DK IS

Dwelling too dark per dwelling type


© ECOFYS | |

Households in dwellings perceived to be too dark, by

comfortably warm / not comfortably warm in winter


0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

EU28

CE

E PT LV SI

HU

MT

FR LT BE

UK

CH IT EL

PL

LU HR IE AT SE EE RO

BG CY FI

NO ES NL

SK CZ

DK IS

Households that are too dark and comfortably warm during winter time

comfortably warm not comfortably warm

© ECOFYS | |

Theme V: Dwelling not comfortably cool in summer


Summary:

> A quite high share of approx. 19% of all EU households (41 million) and

25% in CEE (10 million) report their dwelling not to be comfortably cool in

summer

– Within that group the share of households who live in multi-family

buildings is significantly higher than in the total of households

– Within that group the share of households who report difficulties or

great difficulties to make ends meet is drastically higher than in the

total of households

● while in EU28 approx. 11% of households report to have difficulties

or great difficulties to make ends meet, this share increases to 44%

within the group of households not having their dwelling comfortably

warm in winter

● in CEE the corresponding numbers are 18% vs. 55%.

> This again highlights the necessity that long-term renovation strategies for

Europe‘s building need to prioritise not just by building quality but also by

the vulnerability (income, lack of comfort, danger for health) of their

inhabitants.

© ECOFYS | |

Households in dwellings perceived not cool enough during

summer by dwelling type


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

EU

28

CEE BG EL PT MT

LV CY

HU

HR PL LT IT FI ES

EE

SK CZ

RO FR SI NL

AT

CH BE

NO LU DK SE IS IE UK

Dwelling not cool enough during summer

Detached Semi-detached MFH <10 MFH >10

© ECOFYS | |

Households in dwellings perceived not cool enough during

summer time by ability to make ends meet


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

EU28 CEE BG EL MT

PT LV CY

HU

HR PL LT IT FI ES EE SK CZ

RO FR SI NL

AT

CH BE

NO LU DK SE IS IE UK

Dwelling not cool enough during summer by ability to make ends meet

with great difficulty with difficulty with some difficulty fairly easily easily very easily

© ECOFYS | |

Theme VI: Dwelling not comfortably warm in winter


Summary:

> Approx. 13% of all EU households (28 million) report their dwelling not to be

comfortably warm in winter

– Within that group the distribution of dwelling types is similar to the total

– Within that group the share of households who rent their dwelling or get it

for free is significantly higher than in the total of households.

– Within that group the share of households who report difficulties or great

difficulties to make ends meet is drastically higher than in the total of

households:

● while in EU28 approx. 11% of households report to have difficulties or

great difficulties to make ends meet, this share increases to 55%

within the group of households not having their dwelling comfortably

warm in winter

● in CEE the corresponding numbers are 18% vs. 68%.

> This highlights the necessity that long-term renovation strategies for Europe‘s

building need to prioritise not just by building quality but also by the

vulnerability (income, lack of comfort, danger for health) of their inhabitants.

© ECOFYS | |

Households in dwellings perceived not comfortably warm

in winter by tenure status


0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

25,0%

30,0%

35,0%

40,0%

45,0%

50,0%

EU2

8

CEE PT BG

MT

CY EL LV EE

FR HU AT PL UK IT IE LT ES

BE SI FI CZ HR

RO

NO IS CH DK SK LU NL

SE

Share of tenure status in dwellings not comfortably warm during winter time

Outright Owner Owner paying mortgage Tenant Accomodation is rented at reduced rate Accomodation is provided free

© ECOFYS | |

Households in dwellings perceived not comfortably warm

in winter by ability to make ends meet


0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

25,0%

30,0%

35,0%

40,0%

45,0%

50,0%

EU28

CE

E PT

BG

MT EL

LV CY

HU LT EE PL

FR ES IT IE BE

RO

DK

NO CZ

HR FI SK CH NL SI SE UK IS AT

LU

Households not comfortably warm during winter, ability to make ends meet

With great difficulty With difficulty With some difficulty Fairly easily Easily Very easily

© ECOFYS | |

Conclusion


> The initial analyses of shares of households for single variables already

reveals significant deficiencies in Europe‘s building stock as to

– Comfortable temperatures in winter and/or summer

– Sufficient daylight comfort

– Structural problems from too high humidity.

> These deficiencies seem to correlate with each other, e.g. buildings with

structural problems seem to have a higher probability of comfort issues

> Between EU28, CEE and single EU MS, there are huge differences

> Financially vulnerable households seem to have a much higher probability

to live in a dwelling featuring one or several of above mentioned problems

> Therefore long-term renovation strategies for improving the energy

efficiency of Europe‘s buildings need to be prioritised by building quality

and by their inhabitants vulnerability (income, lack of comfort, danger for

health)

> Climate targets require drastic energy efficiency improvements of Europe‘s

buildings till 2050. This is a unique opportunity to heal above mentioned

deficiencies which are known for their potential to spoil well-being.

© ECOFYS | |

Country Codes


AT Austria HR Croatia RO Romania

BE Belgium HU Hungary SE Sweden

BG Bulgaria IE Ireland SI Slovenia

CY Cyprus IT Italy SK Slovakia

CZ Czech Republic LT Lithuania UK United Kingdom

DK Denmark LU Luxembourg CH Switzerland

EE Estonia LV Latvia IS Iceland

EL Greece (1) MT Malta NO Norway

ES Spain NL Netherlands

FI Finland PL Poland EU28 EU28 (without Germany who did not grant access to the data)

FR France PT Portugal CEE Central & Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia)

© ECOFYS | |

In case of questions, please contact us for more information

Dr Andreas H. Hermelink

Ecofys Germany GmbH

Albrechtstr. 10c

13469 Berlin

T: +49 30 297 735 79-50

E: [email protected]

I: www.ecofys.com


mailto:[email protected]

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