the relationship of body image disturbance on the eating habits among male and female students of...
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THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE ON THE
EATING HABITS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS
OF CEBU DOCTORS’ UNIVERSITY
CLARENCE MICHAEL C. ALABANLESLEY DAWN A. CEDRO
MAYLEN A. LICATAN, RGC
Research Mentor
CEBU DOCTORS’ UNIVERSITY
Mandaue City
March 14, 2016
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THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE ON THE
EATING HABITS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS
OF CEBU DOCTORS’ UNIVERSITY
_____________________________________
A Thesis Paper Presented
To the
Department of Psychoo!y
Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity
_____________________________________
&n Partia 'ufiment of the
Re(uirement for the De!ree of
)acheor of Arts in Psychoo!y
_____________________________________
"y*
Aa"an, Carence Michae C+
Cedro, esey Da-n A+
.cto"er /, 201
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AKNOWLEDGEMENT
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The researcher -oud ie to epress their sincere !ratitude and
appreciation to-ards the foo-in! infuentia and inspirin! peope for
main! this thesis paper possi"e+
To our dearest mentor, Ms. Mayle A. L!"a#a, you ha%e a-ays
"een so approacha"e and supporti%e+ 3ou ne%er faied to foo- up on us
and !i%in! !uidance+ Throu!h the %ery ast minute, you -ere patienty
correctin! and hepin! us -ith our paper+ e are so !ratefu to "e your
mentee+ Than you so much+
To the head of the Research .ffice, M$s. Ma$!a Fe F. A%e&a$, than
you for chaen!in! and for the continuous support from the moment -e
5oined the psychoo!y famiy+ 3ou are not 5ust a teacher and chair of
psychoo!y department "efore "ut aso a parent+ 3ou thou!ht us so much
a"out ife, and you hep us not 5ust to "e a "etter student "ut aso a "etter
person+
To our pane and research coordinator, department chair M$s.
Ma$!a Ele C. Ma$"'&'s, than you for pro%idin! us much needed support
and encoura!ement, and for sharin! to us so much -isdom and
no-ed!e+ Than you for your !uidance, time, trust and patience+
To our ad%iser Ms. Mel(a P. R)%!ll's, paneist Mr+ *'se Ca$+e P.
Bal!"'"', and our statistician M$. Rya Ma D)e-as, for your critica
assessment of our ideas, constructi%e feed"ac ad for the time you ha%e
aotted for this paper+ 3our assistance "rou!ht meanin!fu o"ser%ation
-hich stren!thened the study+
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To our technica ser%ices i"rarian M$s. Ma$!a A!e T. S)a$e/ Del
Real. Than you for the time and effort on hepin! us finishin! the in tet
citation+
To a the Coe!e Deans of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity, than you for
ao-in! us to conduct our study and to a the students of Ce"u Doctors#
$ni%ersity for their time and cooperation that made this thesis paper a
reaity+
To our "eo%ed famiy, especiay our parents and si"in!s, for their
unconditiona o%e, and undyin! support+ Than you for a-ays "eie%in! in
us and for inspirin! us+ e o%e you so much+
To our friends and inspirations, than you for fiin! our i%es -ith
ener!y, dreams, o%e, and unfor!etta"e memories+ ithout you -ain!
throu!h coe!e -oud not a "e as -onderfu+
And asty, to our Ami!hty 'ather, than you for !i%in! us the o%e,
-onderfu "essin!s, and our famiy+ Than you for your !race that !uided
us throu!h, and for !i%in! us these peope -ho made our ife a-esome+
Than you
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Ta%le '0 C'#e#s
Pa!e
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT %i
LIST OF TABLES %iii
LIST OF FIGURES i
ABSTRACT ii
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationae 1
Theoretica )ac!round 4
Re%ie- of Reated 7tudies 10
Conceptua 'rame-or 18
THE PROBLEM
7tatement of the Pro"em 1/
7i!nificance of the 7tudy 19
7cope and imitation 20
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Desi!n 21
Research :n%ironment 21
Research Respondents 21
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Research &nstruments 22
Research Procedure 2;
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Recommendations 4
REFERENCES 4/
APPENDICES
A TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R 8
) &>'.RM:D C.>7:>T '.RM 61
C R:7:ARC= &>7TR$M:>T 6;
D T&M:TA): .' R:7:ARC= ACT&?&T&:7 6/
: R:7:ARC= )$DTAT&.> 81
= R:7:ARC= :>?&R.>M:>T MAP 8;
CURRICULUM VITAE
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LIST OF FIGURES
'i!ure Tite Pa!e
1+0 7chematic Dia!ram of the 7tudy 18
2+0 e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance ;0 in terms of Mae
;+0 e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance ;; in terms of 'emae
4+0 e%e of :atin! =a"its in terms ;6of Mae
+0 e%e of :atin! =a"its in terms ;9of 'emae
6+0 7i!nificant Reationship of )ody 42&ma!e Distur"ance and :atin!=a"its in terms of Mae
8+0 7i!nificant Reationship of )ody 4;&ma!e Distur"ance and :atin!=a"its in terms of 'emae
ABSTRACT
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This study aimed to determine the reationship of "ody ima!edistur"ance on the eatin! ha"its amon! mae and femae students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity for academic year 201 @ 2016+ The study -as
conducted at Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity ocated at P+? arraa"a Br+, A%e+,Mandaue City, Ce"u -ith a tota popuation of t-o hundred ei!hty sirespondents from the Coe!e of Arts and 7ciences and the Coe!e of Reha"iitati%e 7ciences+ The study utiied a descripti%e correationresearch method to determine the reationship of "ody ima!e distur"anceon eatin! ha"its and the stratified random sampin! to determine thesampe sie of t-o hundred ei!hty si 2/6 respondents+ The studyutiied t-o research instruments -hich is the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire)7E authored "y Cooper et a+ 1998, and the :atin! =a"itsEuestionnaire "y
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C2a3#e$ 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationae
Many teena!ers are concerned a"out their "ody ima!e and on ho-
other peope percei%ed them as attracti%e or not+ The media !a%e
peopeconcepts of -hat an idea "ody ima!e shoud "e ie+ The concept
of physicay attracti%e mae and femae "oth %aries in cross cutura
contract contet+ 7tudies ha%e reported that femae "ody ima!e
dissatisfaction ha%e a hi!her num"er compared to the mae popuation
thou!h reports of the !ro-in! num"er of maes admittin! of ha%in! "ody
ima!e dissatisfaction is shocin!y increasin! )rennan, aonde K )ain,
2010+
There had "een a concern on -hat an idea mae and femae shoud "e
ie+ 7uch as -hat maes a mae physicay attracti%eL Contemporary
'iipino mascuinity is a resut of miin! oca attitudes -ith those of
7panish and American cooniation 3an!, ?as(ue K oeppe, 201+ 7o
ho- does the 'iipino community define a physica attracti%e 'iipinoL Men
desired to "e shaped and toned, as opposed to -omen -ho focus on
-ei!ht oss+ &n -estern contet mae idea ?Gshaped, -ith an emphasis
paced on ar!e "iceps and chests+ Men desire for -ei!ht !ain -oud fit
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-ith the desire to achie%e the mae idea %Gshaped fi!ure and to !ain
additiona musce+ .pposed to the mae definition of physica
attracti%eness, femaes on the other hand -ere etremey thin -ith
emphasis on the hips, "ottoms and thi!hs Morris, 2011+ omen are
more iey than men to descri"e themse%es as fat, to -ei!ht themse%es
often, and to diet fre(uenty 'urnham, )admin K 7neade, 2002+
)ody ima!e is simpy the su"5ecti%e picture or menta ima!e of
one#s "ody Daey, 201+ )ody ima!e is ho- you sa- yoursef -hen
ooin! in the mirror or -hen you picture yoursef in your mind+ &t aso
incudes ho- you fee a"out your "ody, incudin! your hei!ht, shape and
-ei!ht+ Peope ha%in! ne!ati%e "ody ima!e ha%e a "i!!er chance of
de%eopin! an eatin! disorder and are more iey to suffer from
depression, isoation, and o"session -ith -ei!ht oss Nhat is )ody
&ma!e,O n+d++
Thompson, =eine"er!, Ata"e and TanteffGDunn 1999, as cited in
Amissah, >yaro,
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amount and eat at the ri!ht time for the meta"oism and ener!y
consumption of the "ody to do their tass+ Coe!e students need the
proper intae of food to impro%e their study sis, memory, and thinin!
capa"iities Cmaeta, 2012+
Tae for eampe the case of Anna, a coe!e student -ho has a
%ouptuous "ody shape+ 'or a youn! !ir, she has "een o"sessin! hersef
-atchin! fashion sho-s, or readin! fashion ma!aines+ =er idea "ody
shape is that of run-ay modes, ha%in! smaer hips and thinner thi!hs+
=er o"session -ith ha%in! a simmer "ody shape has ed her to a%oid
situations in -hich she -as to -ear cothes that can re%ea umps of her
fats on her "ac or !oin! out -ith friend -ith the fear of "ein! moced "y
others due to her shape+ 7he "e!an chan!in! the course of her diet -ith
etreme focus on eatin! -hat she thins as heathy+ 7he dei"eratey
a%oids eatin! -ith friends and cassmates -hom did not much her food
preference+ 7he mocs others -ith differin! eatin! ha"its+
Another eampe is the case of eo, a coe!e student -ho has
"een surrounded "y men -ho are shaped and toned, some are in %G
shaped and had ar!e "iceps and chest especiay "ecause the !ym is
near the schoo+ =is cassmates are aready concerned of their "ody
shape so eo "e!an to eercise and -or out on the !ym, he aso a%oid
eatin! unheathy foods and drinin! acoho+ =e tended to "e preoccupied
-ith food and has a ri!id and restricti%e eatin! ha"it+ =e prefers to eat -ith
peope -ith the same food preference+
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The researchers desired to esta"ish a reationship "et-een the
e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance and e%e of eatin! ha"its to a"e to
predict ho- the one %aria"e is affected "y the other for mae and femae
The researchers %ie- the study as ha%in! !reat si!nificance in
psychoo!ica research+ Moreo%er, the eatin! ha"its -ere an interestin!
topic for research -ith the sensationaiin! concept of heathy eatin! and
!oin! or!anic+ As -e as "ody ima!e distur"ance that had "een -idey
used in studies that affects other %aria"es+ &n the e%ent that there is a
si!nificant reationship amon! the t-o %aria"es, the resut can "e further
utiied into understandin! in the contet of teena!e eatin! ha"its+
Theoretica )ac!round
Adoescents#"odies under-ent physica !ro-th+ Teena!ers
eperience physica maturation and socia chan!es+As they "ecame
sensiti%e -hen it comes to socia acceptance, the desire to Nfit inO
infuenced their eatin! ha"its and ho- they percei%e their "odies+
Accordin! to Bourard 1984, as cited in Ar(uisoa K Ca"inatan,
2009, "ody ima!e has t-o components+ 'irst is the "ody idea and net is
the "ody concept+ The "ody idea may either heathy or unheathy+ The
heathy "odyGidea is not too different from the cutura standards "ut is
aso ad5usted "y the person himsef+ &n this -ay, the person maes hisQher
idea "ody more reaistic+ )ody concept incudes e%erythin! a person
"eie%es a"out the structure and capa"iities of his "ody and incudin! a
person#s menta ima!e of ho- his "ody oos ie+ This may either "e
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accurate or inaccurate+
The De%eopmenta Theories stated that "ody ima!e de%eopment
is focused on the importance of pu"erty and maturationa timin!, an area
of particuar importance for those interested in adoescent popuation
=ein"er!, ood K Thompson, 1996+ 'or eampe, 'a"ian and
Thompson compared su"5ecti%e and perceptua measures of "ody ima!e
for premenarcheal and postmenarcheal !irs found out that
postmenarcheal !irs -ere more iey to o%erestimate their thi!hs+ &n
!enera, !irs -ho mature ater than their peers# eperience eperience
menarche after the a!e of 14 had a more positi%e "ody ima!e than those
-ho reached menarche eary or on time+ Research indicated that it is not
the timin! of pu"erty aone that predicted "ody ima!e dissatisfaction "ut
instead, it is a cumuati%e effect of pu"erty and other stressfu e%ents ie
datin! and academic stress =ein"er! et a+, 1996+
Accordin! to Cusumano K Thompson 1998, as cited in
=ausen"as K Do-ns, 2001, the most empiricay supported theory is
7ociocutura, -hich identified socia pressure as the impetus for an
indi%idua#s desire to conform to unreaistic "ody shape standards+
7ociocutura mode emphasied that the current aesthetic student of a
thin and toned physi(ue for femae+
The socia comparison theory of 'estin!er 194, as cited in Roohi,
2014 stated that humans ha%e the dri%e to e%auate their opinions and
a"iities+ =e "eie%ed that peope -ho en!a!ed in this comparison process
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as a -ay of esta"ishin! a "enchmar "y -hich -e can mae accurate
e%auations of ourse%es+ There are t-o inds of socia comparison+ The
up-ard socia comparison is comparin! ourse%es to others -ho -e
thou!ht are "etter than us+ Do-n-ard socia comparison is comparin!
themse%es to others -ho are -orse off than themse%es+ The researchers
"eie%ed that one must ha%e -hat the society has seen as the idea
concept of perfect "ody ima!e to "e sociay accepted+
7imiar to the pre%ious theory, the co!niti%e and socia earnin!
theory of )andura 1988, as cited in Ar(uisoa K Ca"inatan, 2009
su!!ested that the "ody ima!e is a resut of epicit and impicit impact
from others+ Thus the theory postuated that a person e%auated his o-n
appearance -ith the eements of others as a "asis for -hat is desired and
-hat is not+ Peope ac(uired their "eiefs of ho- they shoud oo "y
internaiin! the standards set "y those around them+ &t emphasied on
Nearnin! occurred in a socia contet, and that much of -hat is earned is
!ained throu!h o"ser%ationO, the theory had aso "een appied to -ide
spectrum of ideas+
.n the other hand, sefGdiscrepancy theory su!!ested that man is
stron!y moti%ated to main consistency amon! his "eiefs and sefG
perceptions+ adin 2000, as cited in Ar(uisoa K Ca"inatan, 2009 stated
that a ne!ati%e "ody ima!e resuts from the incon!ruity "et-een idea and
sefGpercei%ed physica attri"utes+ Accordin! to socia discrepancy theory,
=i!!ins 19/8 stated that the sef has three domains the actua, idea,
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and ou!ht+ The NactuaO sef refects the indi%idua#s perception of his or her
o-n attri"utes+ &deaGsef referred to the attri"utes that the indi%idua -oud
ie to possess or that indi%idua aspired to ha%e+ asty, the ou!htGsef
refected to attri"utes that the indi%idua "eie%es he or she had an
o"i!ation to possess+ The ree%ance of socia discrepancy theory to "ody
ima!e is ar!ey "ased on the fact that there -ere cutura norms that
espoused particuar standards of attracti%eness =i!!ins, 19/8+
=ein"er! 1996, as cited in Ar(uisoa K Ca"inatan, 2009
su!!ested that the de%eopment and maintenance of "ody ima!e
distur"ance is ar!ey infuenced "y socia pressure+ 7ocia pressure is
identified as the mo%in! force "ehind a person need to conform to "ody
shape standards+ &dea "ody shape as seen in point and fim has "een
reated to "ody ima!e distur"ance+ 'or eampe, is the most theoretica
attention in%o%ed the sociocutura pressures+ &t had "een su!!ested that
pressure to "e thin, form one#s socia en%ironment fostered "ody
dissatisfaction "ecause of the repeated messa!es that one is not thin
enou!h -oud "e epected to produce discontent -ith physica
appearance+ The pressure to "e thin then emanated from a %ariety of
sources, such as parents, peers, datin! partners, and media+ 'urther, the
pressure can "e direct such as a parent -ho encoura!ed a dau!hter to
diet, or indirect such as a peer -hich %oiced of a sender mode 7tice K
hitenton, 2002+
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."5ectification theory of 'redricson and Ro"erts 1998, as cited in
ra-cy, 201; had "ecome one of the -idey statistica and empiricay
supported theory+ The theory is "ased on the ideas of se%era
o"5ectifications, an interpersona phenomenon -hich occured -hen a
person is seen or treated as a "ody or a coection of "ody parts for use "y
others+ Cao!ero, TanteffGDunn and Thompson 2011, as cited in
ra-cy, 201; stated that sefGo"5ectification is "eie%ed to "e reated to
se%era ne!ati%e psychoo!ica conse(uences ie appearance aniety,
"ody dissatisfaction, o- sefGesteem, "ody shame, eatin! disorders,
depression, and seua dysfunction+ This usuay happen especiay to !irs
and -omen -ho are sociaied to %ie- their "odies as o"5ects+ &n this
case, ho-e%er, the -ord No"5ectO is not ony used in the pro5ects that
shoud "e en!a!ed in, controed, and impro%ed, "ut in a seuaied sense
as Nse o"5ectsO =om(%ist, 'risen K AndersonG'ye, 2014+ Throu!h a
ran!e of societa messa!es, !irs and -omen earn to thin of and treat
their o-n "odies as o"5ects of others# desires 'rederison K Ro"erts
1998 Mciney K =yde 1996, as cited in =om(%ist, 'risen K AndersonG
'ye, 2014+ 'emaes are sociaied into self-objectificationG to internaie
an o"ser%er#s perspecti%e on their physica sef and to %ie- their "odies as
o"5ects to "e ooed and e%auated "y other "ased on their appearance+
This process rendered -omen %unera"e to "ody ima!e reated pro"ems
ie "ody, dissatisfaction and eatin! "eha%iors ertheim K Paton 2012,
as cited in =om(%ist, 'risen K AndersonG'ye, 2014+
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Co!niti%e psychoo!ists su!!ested that irrationa attitudes and
"eiefs, and distorted perception are in%o%ed in eatin! disorders+ These
"eiefs may concern unreaistic ideas of perceptions of "ody shape, or
irrationa attitudes to-ards eatin! ha"its and dietin! =i, 2001+
The study of Armita!e and Conner as cited in %aa%i , ien, Te,
K epp, 200 empoyed the Theory of Panned )eha%ior TP) -hich
incuded the constructs "eha%iora intention, attitudes, su"5ecti%e norms
and percei%ed "eha%iora contro and reported intentions assessed at
"aseine to "e predicti%e of dietary "eha%ior fat intae three months ater+
The first theory Conner and coea!ues aso empoyed the TP) and found
that heathy eatin! "eha%ior -as predicted from intentions and percei%ed
past "eha%ior measured si years earier+
.n the other hand, rista and coea!ues as cited in %aa%i ,
ien, Te, K epp, 200 appied the 7ta!es of Chan!e Mode in their
study and impemented a foo-Gup sur%ey after t-o years+ They found
that reduction in fat intae and increased in fruit and %e!eta"e intae -ere
differenty predicted "y psychosocia factors+ Respondents -ho -ere in
the ater sta!es of chan!e for eatin! a o- fat diet and -ho read food
a"es made the ar!est reductions in fat intae, -hie chan!es in fruit and
%e!eta"e intaes -ere sma and did not reach si!nificance across
psychosocia factors+
.ne theory used "y heath care professionas -hen peope decide to
chan!e their ha"its into heathy eatin! ha"its is Chan!e theory+ This
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theory, accordin! to Conte 201;, has four sta!es+ The first sta!e is the
decisionGmain! sta!e* this meant that the person is not ready and
"eie%ed that they are not concerned+ >et sta!e is the contempation
sta!e, in this sta!e the person -orried a"out a chan!e, ie thinin! of
osin! their "eha%iours on food -hen they -i chan!e their eatin! ha"its+
The third sta!e is preparation sta!e the person is no- ready to chan!e
and preparin! to mae a s-itch and "e!ins -ith sma chan!es ie eatin!
more fruits and drinin! -ater+ The fourth sta!e is action sta!e, at this
sta!e a person is tryin! mae an action to chan!e a "eha%ior ie stoppin!
to eat s-eets, esser amount of food, and etc+ >et sta!e is the
maintenance sta!e, in this sta!e the chan!e is sta"iied and the ne-
"eha%ior is incorporated in a person#s ife Conte, 201;+
Re%ie- of Reated 7tudies
Adoescents eperienced of "odyima!e distur"ance and eatin!
ha"its are interestin! %aria"e that %arious researchers ha%e studied+ Their
studies present %arious findin!s and concusions on the said %aria"es+
A study conducted "y
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.n the other hand, a study of ipatric et a+ 1999, as cited in
Ar(uisoa and Ca"inatan, 2009 reported that 19+F of the 6,04
adoescents incuded in the study -ere tryin! to !ain -ei!ht, -hie ;6+6F
-ere tryin! to ose -ei!ht+ More femaes -ere tryin! to ose -ei!ht -hie
more maes -ere tryin! to !ain -ei!ht+
A on!itudina study conducted "y )earman, Martine and 7tice
2006 amon! adoescent !irs and "oys in a $ni%ersity in the $7 on "ody
dissatisfaction+ The story found out that the "ody dissatisfaction had more
si!nificant increase for !irs than for "oys amon! adoescence+
7imiar to the pre%ious "eief, a study "y )ernier, oyrsy5, )enoit,
)ecer and Marchessaut 2010 on the )ody &ma!e K Dietin! Attitudes
amon! the preadoescent "oys and !irs in Canada found out that femaes
are more iey to fee sensiti%e and conscious a"out their "ody than
maes+ The study sho-ed that the !irs ha%e hi!her e%es of "ein!
conscious -ith their "ody sie and reported on recei%in! more ad%ice from
peers and famiy than "oys+
&n a re%ie- of the iterature on "ody ima!e in men, Cohane and
Pope 2001, as cited in )otta, 200; concuded that the "ody ima!e
distur"ance does eist in men ho-e%er it is ined to tryin! to "e more
muscuar rather than tryin! to "e thinner+
7imiary, another study stated that there are sti si!nificant num"er
of maes -ho are concern -ith their "ody ima!e and sti unhappy -ith
their "odies+ Ricciardei et a+ 2008 studied a"out the desire for
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muscuarity amon! the maes in the Pacific isands+ The participants of the
study incuded 24 indi!enous 'i5an, 24 &ndoG'i5an, and 24 To!an )oys
"et-een a!es 1; to 20+ The study aimed on eaminin! "ody ima!e
concerns associated -ith muscuarity and the reasons for concerns+
Resuts sho-ed that muscuarity -as a dominant theme for the
respondents+
.n the other hand a study conducted "y 7ie!e 2002 noted ho-
ne!ati%e "ody ima!e is more prominent in femaes+ 7ie!e used and
ethicay di%erse sampe, he eamined the association "et-een "ody
ima!e and depressi%e symptoms in adoescents+ The resuts sho-ed that
!irs -ere more infuenced "y "ody ima!e than "oys compared to -omen
from other race ie Africa -ho eperienced increase in psychoo!ica
distress as "ody ima!e decined+
A correationa study conducted "y
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the past ha%e aso used the correation method to determine the
si!nificant reationship "et-een "ody ima!e and a %ariety of %aria"es+ &n
the study entited, N)ody &ma!e and the Media* The Media#s &nfuence on
)ody &ma!eO, 7parha- 200; su!!ested a resut from his t-o !roups
that indi%iduas -ho %ie-ed the media sides fet si!hty unattracti%e at the
particuar time -hie the contro !roup fet neither attracti%e nor attracti%e+
.n the second !roup -hich is the eperimenta !roup fet si!hty -orse
than norma a"out their oos+ >o si!nificant differences -ere found on the
"oth !roup+
)re"ante and Ca!as 201 sho-ed a resut on their oca study of
)ody &ma!e, )ody Mass &nde and the eperience of hiya in physica
education amon! fiipino femae uni%ersity students that fiipino femae
students reported to ha%e hi!h e%es of in%estment in ideas, socia
dependence, attention to !roomin!, o%era appearance of e%auation,
heathQfitness e%auation, ne!ati%e effect and fatness e%auation
A oca study on the reationship "et-een "ody ima!e distur"ance
and the eatin! ha"its of o%er-ei!ht indi%iduas conducted "y Adofo et a+
2006, as cited in Ar(uisoa and Ca"inatan, 2009, found out that ma5ority
of the respondents had si!nificant "ody ima!e distur"ance+
Another oca study on the e%e of )odyG:steem and the e%e of
socia physi(ue aniety amon! the seected students of Ce"u Doctors#
$ni%ersity conducted "y Paacion and Romea 2000, as cited in Ar(uisoa
and Ca"inatan, 2009 found out that there is a o- ne!ati%e correation
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"et-een the t-o %aria"es+ This sho-s that o- "odyGesteem -oud resut
to ho- socia physi(ue aniety+ The study aso found out that !irs ha%e
hi! her ne!ati%e correation than "oys+
A study conducted "y A(uisoa and Ca"inatan 2009 on the e%es
of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance and &nterpersona Trust amon! hi!h schoo
students of 7t+ ouis 7choo in Mandaue city sho-ed a resut that
perception of one#s "ody does not infuence ho- one percei%ed others to
"e -orthy of trust+
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heathGfood diet ri!idy and en!a!in! in compensatory restriction to mae
up for any dietary indiscretions, 4 tyin! sefGesteem to adherence to the
diet, and turnin! eatin! propery into the centra focus of ife, at the
epense of other persona %aues, reationships, pre%iousy en5oyed
acti%ities, and ironicay, physica heath+
A study a"out different factors affectin! unheathy eatin! ha"its
amon! youth in anchana"uri Pro%ince, Thaiand conducted "y ?arini
200 7ho-ed a resut amon! youth that a"out 4F of youth are a!e 1G
19 yrs od, and 2+2F of them ha%e eaten fast food and snac food
re!uary+ Moreo%er, youth of 1G19 years od are more iey to ha%e
unheathy eatin! ha"its than youth a!e of 20G24+ The study aso sho-ed
that femaes youth are more iey to eat fast food than mae youth+
Therefore it is necessary to tar!et heathy promotion pro!rams to youn!
adoescents a!e 1G19 and attention shoud "e paid to femae youth+
Adoescents encounter pressure not ony on their studies "ut aso
deain! -ith their persona pro"em and one of this is their eatin!
"eha%iour+ 7tudies on orea and Bapan reported poor eatin! ha"its and
inappropriate dietin! "eha%iour amon! hi!h schoo and uni%ersity students
im, an! K im,1999 >aamura et+a+, 1999, as cited in hor, Co"iac K
7rypiec, 2002+
Typica eatin! patterns amon! uni%ersity student -ere mea
sippin!, snacin!, and eatin! a-ay from home, fast food etc, and
uncon%entiona dietary pattern such as %e!etarian diets, specific -ei!ht
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oss diet and o%era reduction of food intae+ 7tudies aso reported that
uni%ersity students sho-ed as a nutritionay %unera"e !roup -ith
unheathy eatin! "eha%iors did not meet dietary recommendation 7a%i!e
et a+, 20087hi et a+, 200 =., 200, as cited in Chin K >asir, 2009+
.n the other hand, studies ha%e aso sho-n that uni%ersity
students -ho ha%e heathy eatin! "eha%ior perform "etter academicay
than student -ith unheathy eatin! "eha%iors Affenito, 2008 einman et
a+, 2002 Poitt and Mathe-s, 199/, as cited in Chin K >asir, 2009+
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Conceptua 'rame-or
'i!ure 1* 7chematic Dia!ram of the 7tudy
The dia!ram a"o%e iustrated that study determined the
reationship "et-een the t-o %aria"es* "ody ima!e distur"ance as the
independent %aria"e and the dependent %aria"e, eatin! ha"its, amon!
mae and femae students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity+
e%e of :atin! =a"its
.
M.D:RAT:
=&
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THE PROBLEM
7tatement of the Pro"em
The study aimed to determine the reationship "et-een "ody ima!e
distur"ance on the type of eatin! ha"its amon! mae and femae students
of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity for academic year 201G2016+7pecificay, the
study -i ans-er the foo-in! statements*
1. Determine the e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of Mae in terms
of*
1+1 o-
1+2 Moderate
1+; =i!h
2. Determine the e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of femae in
terms of*
2+1 o-
2+2 Moderate
2+; =i!h
3. Determine the e%e of :atin! =a"its of Mae in terms of*
;+1 o-
;+2 Moderate
;+; =i!h
4. Determine the e%e of :atin! =a"its of 'emae in terms of*
4+1 o-
4+2 Moderate
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4+; =i!h
+ Determine the si!nificant reationship "et-een the e%e of "ody
ima!e distur"ance and eatin! ha"its amon! mae respondents+
6+ Determine the si!nificant reationship "et-een the e%e of "ody
ima!e distur"ance and eatin! ha"its amon! femae+
7i!nificance of the 7tudy
The study on the reationship of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance on the
:atin! =a"its amon! Mae and 'emae students of Ce"u Doctors#
$ni%ersity is si!nificant to other indi%idua such as parents, !uidance
counseors, dieticians, and other future researchers as -e+
The respondents coud a"e to identify the reationship of "ody
ima!e distur"ance on the eatin! ha"its+ Their a-areness on the %aria"es
ead them to tae action for impro%ement in terms of their ifestye and on
ho- to percei%e themse%es+
Parents coud aso a"e to understand their chidren "etter+ They
-ere a"e no- to !uide their chidren into -hat is considered to "e Na !ood
eatin! ha"itO thus, minimiin! the possi"iities of de%eopin! poor eatin!
ha"its and eatin! disorders+
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future researchers can "enefit from it since it can "e used for reference
date in main! their o-n study that can someho- reate to the study+ The
study can#t further contri"ute to iterature in the Phiippines concernin!
ho- one#s "ody ima!e affects our eatin! ha"its+ 'urthermore, future
researchers can use the resuts impro%e the study or nuify it shoud "e
the !athered data -i contradict the outcome of the current study+
7cope and imitation of the 7tudy
The study ony focused on determinin! the si!nificant reationship
of "ody ima!e distur"ance and eatin! ha"its amon! mae and femae
students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity for academic year 2014G201+
The respondents may had fati!ue since the data !atherin! process
consists of en!thy research instruments in -hich respondents may more
often en!a!e in Sstrai!htGineS respondin! i+e+ choosin! ans-ers do-n the
same coumn on a pa!e or may ans-er directy -ithout understandin!
the test item+
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Desi!n
The study utiied a descripti%e correationa method+ This method
-as desi!ned to determine the reationship of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance on
the :atin! =a"its of Mae and 'emae 7tudents of Ce"u Doctors#
$ni%ersity+
Research :n%ironment
The study -as conducted in Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity, the first
Medica $ni%ersity in the Phiippines ocated at 1 P+?+ arraa"a Br+
A%enue, >orth Recamation Mandaue City, 6014+ &t -as founded in 198
and -as initiay ocated at .smeUa )oue%ard, Ce"u City+ The schoo
!ained its $ni%ersity status in 2004 and mo%ed its present campus in
Mandaue City in 2008+
The uni%ersity is composed of nine 9 coe!es namey Coe!e of
Arts and 7ciences, Coe!e of .ptometry, Coe!e of Dentistry, Coe!e of
>ursin!, Coe!e of Reha"iitati%e 7ciences, Coe!e of Pharmacy, Coe!e
of Aied Medica 7ciences, Coe!e of
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The researchers utiied the stratified random sampin! to !et the
determined sampe sie of t-o hundred ei!hty si n H 2/6 respondents+
Research &nstrument
The study utiied t-o 2 research instruments namey* )ody
7hape A%oidance Euestionnaire )7E of Cooper et a+ 1998 and the
:atin! =a"it Euestionnaire of
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Research Procedure
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respondents on -hat is the purpose of the study to "e conducted+
&nstructions -ere ceary !i%en on ho- to ans-er the (uestionnaires+
Euestions or any carifications from the respondents -ere ans-ered and
-ere hi!hy encoura!ed "y the researchers+ This -as to mae sure that
the respondent has ceary understood -hat the instructions ha%e stated+
The researchers assured that the responses of the respondents -ere
handed -ith etreme pri%acy and confidentiaity+
The respondents -ere !i%en the first too -hich is the )ody 7hape
Euestionnaire )7E+ &t too approimatey fifteen 1 minutes for the
respondents to finish ans-erin! the (uestionnaire+ The second too -hich
is the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire :=E -as distri"uted+ 7imiary, it too
approimatey fifteen 1 minutes for the respondents to finish the :=E+
The research mentor aso super%ised the researchers durin! the
administration+
The papers -ere then ta"uated "ased on the scorin! procedures
of each instrument and -as anayed "y the researcher in a month+
7tatistica Treatment of Data
To determine the reationship of "ody ima!e distur"ance on the
eatin! ha"its, fre(uency distri"ution -as used+ The distri"ution of the
scores is presented accordin! to o-, Moderate and =i!h+ A "ar !raph
-as used to present the resuts of the distri"ution for reationship of "ody
ima!e distur"ance on the eatin! ha"its+ The mean and standard de%iation
of the "ody ima!e distur"ance scores and eatin! ha"its scores are aso
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computed+
Pearson correation -as used to determine the reationship of "ody
ima!e distur"ance on the eatin! ha"its amon! mae and femae students
of Ce"u Doctor#s $ni%ersity+
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance* Referred to a person#s
distur"ance of hisQher "ody ima!e characteried "y ha%in! fears of !ainin!
-ei!ht, feein!s of o- sefGesteem "ecause of a persons# appearance, the
desire to ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+ This study uses the )ody
7hape Euestionnaire )7E of Cooper et a+ 1998+
The )7E -as desi!ned for femae respondents "ut this study
researchers aso used for maes+ Responses for indi%idua items may "e
ne%er, rarey, sometimes, often, %ery often and a-ays+ Respondents#
scores -ere cassified in ; cate!ories namey*
S"'$e Le6el I#e$3$e#a#!'
1G6/ o- &t possesses a characteristic of "ein!
positi%e and has a cear perception
o%er "ody shape+ &ndi%idua see the
%arious parts of the "ody as they reay
are, they are aso comforta"e and
confident of their "ody+69G1;6 Moderate A characteristics of indi%idua o"tainin!
moderatey concerned of their "ody
shape+ They percei%e some parts of
their "ody unie they reay are+ They
start to fee uncomforta"e, a--ard,
and sefGconscious+ They tend to -orry
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a"out food, and !ainin! -ei!ht
1;8G204 =i!h Respondents has intense ne!ati%e
thou!ht a"out their "ody shape+ This
characteried "y ha%in! fears of !ainin!
-ei!ht, feein! o- sefGesteem of a
person#s appearance and the desire to
ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+e%e of :atin! =a"its* @ referred to a person#s epectation that
hisQher eatin! ha"its characteried "y etremey concerned -ith heathy
eatin! ha"its, preoccupied -ith food, practice food rituas, and has a ri!id
and restricti%e eatin! ha"its+ This study uses the :atin! =a"its
Euestionnaire :=E of
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-hether they are eatin! heathy or
unheathy foods+8G/4 =i!h The respondents are etremey
concerned -ith their heathy eatin!
ha"its+ They tend to "e
preoccupied -ith food, practice
food rituas, has ri!id and
restricti%e eatin! ha"its+
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C2a3#e$ 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPETATION OF DATA
The findin!s of the study are presented, anayed, an interpreted in
si 6 sections of this chapter, namey*
1. e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of Mae
2. e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of 'emae
3. e%e of :atin! =a"its of Mae
4. e%e of :atin! =a"its of 'emae
+ Reationship "et-een the e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance and
eatin! ha"its amon! mae respondents
6. Reationship "et-een the e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance and
eatin! ha"its amon! femae respondents+
e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of Mae
)ody &ma!e Distur"ance is referred to a person#s distur"ance of his
or her "ody ima!e characteried "y ha%in! a fear of !ainin! -ei!ht,
feein!s of o- sefGesteem due to a person#s appearance and the desire
to ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+
The e%es of "ody ima!e distur"ance in terms of mae respondents
-ere presented in fi!ure 2+0 in terms of o-, moderate, and hi!h+
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Pe$"e#ae D!s#$!%)#!' '0 #2e Le6el '0 B'(y I+ae D!s#)$%a"e
! #e$+s '0 Male
Low Moderate High0
20
40
60
80
100
45
86
12
Level of Body Image Disturbance (Male)n = 143
F!)$e 4.7
As sho-n in 'i!ure 2+0 sity percent 60F or ei!htyGsi /6 of the
respondents had a moderate e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance+ Thirty t-o
percent ;2F or forty fi%e 4 of the respondents had a o- e%e of "ody
ima!e distur"ance -hie ei!ht percent /F or t-e%e 12 of the
respondents scored a hi!h e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance+
)ased on the data presented, ma5ority or sity percent 60F or
ei!ht si /6of the respondents had a moderate e%e of "ody ima!e
distur"ance+ This si!nifies that 60F out of the tota popuation eperienced
moderate "ody ima!e distur"ance -hich -ere characteried "y a
moderate concern o%er "ody shape+ They percei%ed some parts of their
"ody unie they reay are and start to fee uncomforta"e, a--ard and
sefGconscious+ They tend to -orry a"out food and !ainin! -ei!ht+
Mae respondents -ho scored moderate often percei%ed parts of
their "ody unie they reay are+ Athou!h these indi%iduas ha%e moderate
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"ody ima!e distur"ance they are prone to ha%e hi!h scores in the future+
This si!nifies that these mae respondents are aso incined to comparin!
their "ody shape to-ards other maes to an etent+ &n comparison, recent
research su!!ested that the past studies of "ody ima!e amon! men -ere
fa-ed+ This fa-ed impression of the mae "ody ima!e coud ha%e
infuenced their o-n perception of their "odies )rennan et a+, 2010+
Maes -ho scored moderatey in the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire often
ha%e the tendency "rood a"out their "ody shape and fee ashamed of
their "odies+ Maes -ho scored moderatey are aso incined to feein! "ad
a"out their o-n "ody, and often a%oid situations in -hich "ody ima!e is a
topic+ They -oud often fee sefGconscious a"out their "odies in the
company of other maes+
Thirty t-o ;2F or forty fi%e 4 of the respondents had o- e%es
of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance+ o- scores are characteried "y a positi%e
and cear perception o%er "ody shape+ Mae respondents -ho scored o-
see %arious parts of their "ody as they reay are and are comforta"e
a"out their o-n "ody+
o- scores on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire impies that the
respondents don#t o%er thin a"out "ein! fat or a%oid -earin! cothes that
-i mae them a-are of their "ody shapes+ &n comparison, a study
conducted "y Cohane and Pope 2000, as cited in
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e%es of sefGesteem, they don#t usuay compare their "odies -ith that of
others+ Athou!h there are other factors that coud infuence "ody ima!e
distur"ance, these factors don#t pay a "i! roe on o- scorers compared to
those -ho scored moderate and hi!h on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire+
They are not as conscious as those -ho scored differenty in the test+
:i!ht percent /F or nine 9 of the sampe mae popuation had a
hi!h e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance+ A hi!h score on the )ody 7hape
Euestionnaire impies that these indi%iduas ha%e a fear of !ainin! -ei!ht
and o- e%es of sefGesteem -hich are characteried "y the indi%iduas
desire to ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+ =i!h resuts of the )ody
7hape Euestionnaire -oud si!nify that these respondents -oud %ery
often fee uncomforta"e and fee "ad a"out their o-n "ody shape+ They
ha%e the tendency to often compare their "ody shape to-ards other maes
in an unfa%ora"e manner+
e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of 'emae
)ody &ma!e Distur"ance has "een defined as a persistent report of
dissatisfaction, concern and distress that is reated to an aspect of
appearance and some desire of impairment of socia reations and socia
functionin!+
The e%es of "ody ima!e distur"ance in terms of femae
respondents -ere presented in 'i!ure ;+0 in terms of o-, moderate and
hi!h+
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Pe$"e#ae D!s#$!%)#!' '0 #2e Le6el '0 B'(y I+ae D!s#)$%a"e !
#e$+s '0 Fe+ale
Low Moderate High0
20
40
60
80
100
35
82
26
Level of Body Image Disturbance (Female)n = 143
F!)$e 5.7
As sho-n in 'i!ure ;+0 fifty se%en percent 8F or ei!hty t-o /2
of the femae respondents scored moderate+ T-enty fi%e percent 2F or
thirty fi%e ; of the femae respondents scored o- and ei!hteen percent
1/F or t-enty si 26 of the respondents scored hi!h on the )ody
7hape Euestionnaire+
:i!hty t-o /2 of the femae respondents scored moderate on the
)ody 7hape Euestionnaire, &t si!nifies that fifty se%en percent 8F
eperienced a moderate "ody ima!e distur"ance characteried "y a
moderate e%e of concern on their "ody+ These respondents fee a--ard,
uncomforta"e and sefGconscious these respondents ha%e the tendency
to -orry a"out food and !ainin! -ei!ht+
The resuts impy that femaes -ho scored moderate on the )ody
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7hape Euestionnaire are often incined to -orry a"out their shape,
thou!ht a"out dietin! and had a fear of !ainin! -ei!ht and "ecome fat+
These preoccupation a"out their "ody shape, can "e a resut of fa-ed
"ody ima!e impression and of socia infuences+
&n a oca study conducted "y )re"ante and Ca!as 201, the
researchers found that 'iipino femaes ha%e hi!h e%es of in%estments in
ideas, socia dependence, attention to !roomin!, o%era appearance of
e%auation, heath or fitness e%auation and ne!ati%e effects and fatness
e%auation+ The researchers found that NhiyaO pays a roe on ho- femaes
percei%ed their "ody ima!e+
Moderate scores are considered si!nificant "ecause these
respondents ha%e hi!h e%es of "ody ima!e distur"ance if they are
eposed to other infuencin! factors such as appearance reated media+
This is supported "y the study of Thompson and =ein"er! 1999 -hich
sho-ed that those -omen -ith o-er sefGesteem and o-er sefGima!e
-ere found out to "e dissatisfied -ith their "ody shape compared to those
-ho had hi!h e%es of sefGesteem and sefGima!e+
T-enty fi%e 2F of thirty fi%e ; of the respondents had a o-
score on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire+ This impies that these
respondents ha%e a cear perception of their "ody shape compared to
those -ho scored differenty+
o- scores on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire impies that these
respondents ne%er or rarey eperienced "ody ima!e distur"ance such as
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35
feein!s of discomfort to-ards their "ody -hich are characteried "y
feein! fat after a mea or a%oided situations in -hich "ody shape is
discussed+
The resuts of the study can "e ined to respondents ha%in! hi!h
e%es of sefGesteem as stated in the roe of sefGesteem in )ody &ma!e
Distur"ance+ &n a study conducted "y Phiips, Pinto and Bain 2004, as
cited in asyi-, Macinnon K Macean, 2012, they found out that hi!h
e%es of sefGesteem resuted in a positi%e e%auation of their "ody+
Moreo%er, t-enty si 26 of the respondents had a hi!h e%e of
"ody ima!e distur"ance+ This si!nifies that ei!hteen percent 1/F
eperienced hi!h "ody ima!e distur"ance -hich is characteried "y
ha%in! fear of !ainin! -ei!ht, feein! of o- sefGesteem of a person#s
appearance and the desire to ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+
This hi!h scores may"e a resut of eterna infuences such as
media ideas on "ody ima!e+ Accordin! to of 1990, as cited in
Thompson and =ein"er!, 1999, the mass media had "een criticied as
ad%ocates and promoters of the unreaistic and dan!erousy thin idea of
the femae "ody ima!e+ These respondents ha%e the tendency to su"5ect
themse%es to these eterna factors+ The researchers "eie%ed that
femae -ith hi!h scores on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire are su"5ected
to media infuence especiay on ho- they see and percei%e their "ody
ima!e+
e%e of :atin! =a"its of Mae
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36
:atin! =a"its defined as -hat and ho- peope eat, their seection
of food, their -ay of !ettin! food+ A !ood eatin! ha"it is necessary for a
person of a a!es to maintain the proper nutrition their "ody needs and to
perform -e+
The e%e of eatin! ha"its in terms of mae respondents -as
presented in 'i!ure 4+0 in terms of* o-, moderate, hi!h+
Pe$"e#ae D!s#$!%)#!' '0 #2e Le6el Ea#! Ha%!#s ! #e$+s '0 Male
Low Moderate High
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
5
131
7
Level of ating !abits (Male)n= 143
F!)$e 8.7
As sho-n in 'i!ure 4+0, ninety t-o percent 92F had a moderate
e%e of eatin! ha"its+ 'i%e percent F had a hi!h e%e of eatin! ha"its+
Three percent ;F had o- e%e of eatin! ha"its+
>inetyGt-o percent 92F of the mae respondents scored
moderate on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire, -hich is characteried "y
"ein! conscious of eatin! heathy or unheathy foods+ &t si!nifies that mae
respondents -ho scored moderate on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire are
su"5ected to their persona preference o%er food+ This -oud si!nify that
mae respondents -ho scored moderatey on the :atin! =a"its
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Euestionnaire ha%e often fet preoccupied "y the food they intae "ut aso
ha%e the tendency to opt to -hat is con%enient for them+ Moderate scores
aso meant that these respondents often fet that heathy eatin! is a
si!nificant source of stress in their reationships on some occasions and
-oud often consider ony a fe- choices of food as heathy+ &n terms of
reationships to-ards others, moderate scores are infuenced "y socioG
cutura factors and en%ironments+
The resuts can "e reated to a study conducted "y ?erstraeten et
a+ 2014, that socioGcutura chan!es infuence eatin! "eha%iors in
adoescents+ &n -hich, she found out that the impact of chan!in! socioG
cutura en%ironments on traditiona food diets, food a%aia"iity and famiy
mea factors ead to increase portion sies K %ariety of paata"e foods
-ith poor nutritiona (uantity+ Another reason for choosin! a particuar food
may "e associated -ith concerns o%er identity, ima!e K socia
"eon!in!ness+ Moderators in eatin! "eha%ior that infuenced eatin! ha"its
incuded financia autonomy K settin! ruraQur"an these moderators may
restrict participants from accessin! food choice thus a chan!e in eatin!
"eha%ior may occur+
'i%e percent F of the mae respondents eperienced hi!h e%e
of eatin! ha"its, -hich meant that respondents are etremey concerned
-ith their heathy eatin! ha"its+ They tend to "e preoccupied -ith food,
practice rituas, had ri!id and restricti%e eatin! ha"its+ &t shoud "e taen
into consideration that hi!h scores are ined to Oorthoreia ner%osaO,
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o"sessi%e compusi%e attitude to-ards eatin! or e%en prone to depression
o%er food and the epense of sociaiation+ The resuts impied of those
hi!h scores on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire is that these mae
respondents spend a hu!e amount of time in choosin! -here to eat, or
-hether a food is heathy or not+
Respondents -ho scored hi!h on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire
compared to those -ho scored differenty are prone to turn do-n socia
offers in -hich in%o%ed eatin! unheathy food, in the epense of socia
reationships+ =i!h scores meant that these respondents fet that they are
in contro -hen they eat heathy+
Moreo%er, three percent ;F eperienced o- eatin! ha"its, an
indication that respondents are satisfied -hen it comes to eatin! ha"its+
These indi%iduas are not afraid and concerned of ha%in! heathy or
unheathy eatin! ha"its+ Mae respondents consume food "ased on their
preference rather on -hat they considered heathy or not+ They -oud !o
for food choices -hich are con%enient and easiy accessed+ Aso, the
researchers "eie%ed that the socioGeconomic status payed a roe in food
choice, such as those respondents -ho "eon!ed to the o-er and midde
socioGeconomic casses had different food choice than those "eon!in! to
the upper casses+
'urthermore, o- scores on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire meant
that these respondents don#t ha%e a difficuty in findin! paces to eat nor
they fet that their eatin! ha"its are superior to others+
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Level of ating !abits (Female)
n= 143
39
e%e of :atin! =a"its of 'emae
:atin! ha"its referred to a person#s epectation that hisQher eatin!
ha"its characteried "y etremey concerned -ith heathy eatin! ha"its,
preoccupied -ith food, practice food rituas, and has a ri!id and restricti%e
eatin! ha"its+
The e%e of eatin! ha"its in terms of mae respondents -as presented in
'i!ure +0 in terms of* o-, moderate, hi!h+
Pe$"e#ae D!s#$!%)#!' '0 #2e Le6el Ea#! Ha%!#s ! #e$+s '0 Fe+ale
F!)$e 9.7
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40
As sho-n in 'i!ure +0, ninety t-o percent 92F had a moderate
e%e of eatin! ha"its+ 'i%e percent F had o- e%e of eatin! ha"its+
Three percent ;F had hi!h e%e of eatin! ha"its+
>inetyGt-o percent 92F scored moderate, this popuation is prone
into scorin! hi!h score on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire, this resut
indicated that respondents are moderatey concerned -ith their eatin!
ha"its+ This -oud si!nify that these respondents -oud often tae into
consideration eatin! heathy thou!h they are aso incined to consumin!
food -hich are reati%ey con%enient and -hich are a%aia"e to them+
'emae respondents -ho scored moderate on the :atin! =a"its
Euestionnaire are su"5ected to their persona preference o%er food+ This
impies that femaes -ith moderate scores on eatin! ha"its "ased their
food choice on -hat is con%enient for them at the !i%en time+ :atin! ha"its
of moderate scores can "e infuenced "y socioGcutura and en%ironmenta
infuences+ Therefore moderate scores on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire
meant that these respondents -i ha%e a tendency to score hi!her on the
test if they are su"5ected to other factors -hich may incude peer pressure+
&n contrast to o- scores and hi!h scores on the :atin! =a"its
Euestionnaires, a moderate score -oud indicate that these respondents
occasionay !ain a feein! of satisfaction from eatin! heathiy and are
often foo-in! a persona food diet
The moderate scores can "e reated to the resuts of the study
conducted "y upi et a+ 201 -hich sho-ed that ma5ority of respondents
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41
especiay the students i%in! a-ay from home reco!nied to ha%e
chan!ed their eatin! ha"its -hie attendin! uni%ersity+ &t -as noted in other
contets ho- students find difficuty in foo-in! heathy eatin! ha"its+ The
reasons that infuence the food choices are different* the chan!e of
ifestye, the comfort and con%enience of fast food, the taste, the physica
and socia en%ironment surroundin! them, the !ender, the attention to the
-ei!ht and the "eiefs+ The resuts of this study are in a!reement -ith
others reportin! the adoption of unheathy food ha"its amon! coe!e
students, especiay -ith re!ard to the o- consumption of fruit and
%e!eta"es, mi and dairy products, fish, e!!s, puses, and the ecessi%e
consumption of meat, sausa!es and s-eets+
'i%e percent F of the popuation eperienced o- eatin! ha"its
-hich indicate that they are satisfied -ith their eatin! ha"its and not
concerned nor afraid of heathy and unheathy eatin! ha"its+
This impies that o- scores on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire
meant that these respondents are not preoccupied -ith the food they
consume+
.n the other hand, ony three percent ;F had hi!h scores on the
:atin! =a"its Euestionnaire -hich characteried "y ha%in! etreme
concern on their eatin! ha"its+ Respondents -ith hi!h scores ha%e the
tendency to "e preoccupied -ith food, practice rituas, K and ha%e ri!id
restricti%e eatin! ha"its+ This resut pro%ed that at east ony three percent
of the popuation is prone to orthoreia ner%osa+
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.rthoreia >er%osa -hich -as defined "y )ratman and ni!ht
2000, as cited in
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mae respondents r H G0+012, pH 0+228 I 0+0 J+ A no correation
"et-een the t-o %aria"es impies that an increase in eatin! ha"its does
not affect mae "ody ima!e distur"ance+ Therefore, mae eatin! ha"its,
-hether hi!h, moderate or o- does not necessariy pay a roe on mae
"ody ima!e distur"ance+
The resuts impy that e%en if mae respondents fee that they are
-orried a"out their "ody ima!e they do not fee that this is due to their ac
of sefGcontro on their eatin! ha"its+ Aso mae respondents -ho foo- a
heathy foodGdiet do not necessariy fee that their "ody shape infuenced
their choice in main! a diet+
S"a##e$ Pl'#: T2e Rela#!'s2!3 '0 B'(y I+ae D!s#)$%a"e a( Ea#!
Ha%!#s a+' Fe+ale $es3'(e#s
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
20
40
60
80
100
"elations#i$ of Body Image Disturbance and ating !abits among Female
ating !abits
F!)$e
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44
femae respondents rH 0+210, pH 0+012 I 0+0J+ There is si!ht
si!nificant reationship "et-een the t-o %aria"es, a -ea positi%e
correation "et-een the t-o %aria"es si!nifies that -hen eatin! ha"its
increases there aso a si!ht increase in "ody ima!e distur"ance+ This
-oud impy that -hen femae respondents often fet ashamed of their
"ody shape that they ha%e the tendency to mae efforts to eat heathy
foods+
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C2a3#e$ 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECCOMENDATIONS
OF THE STUDY
The summary of findin!s, concusion, and recommendations of the
study entited NThe Reationship of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of the :atin!
=a"its amon! Mae and 'emae 7tudents of Ce"u Doctor#s $ni%ersityO are
presented in this chapter+
7ummary of 'indin!s
)ased on the data presented, interpreted and anayed in Chapter
t-o 2 the foo-in! findin!s are found out*
The study aimed at esta"ishin! the reationship "et-een the e%e
of "ody ima!e distur"ance and eatin! ha"its+ The study as composed of
t-o hundred ei!hty si 2/6 respondents from the mae and femae
students of Ce"u Doctor#s $ni%ersity+
Most of the respondents ans-ered a moderate score for "oth )ody
&ma!e Distur"ance and :atin! =a"its+ 'or )ody &ma!e Distur"ance, one
hundred se%en percent of the tota popuation ans-ered Moderate, -hie
ony fifty se%en percent of the popuation ans-ered o- and t-enty si
percent ans-ered hi!h -hie for eatin! ha"its, one hundred ei!hty four
percent of the tota popuation ans-ered moderate, -hie "oth ei!ht
percent of the tota popuation ans-ered o- and hi
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Concusion
The foo-in! statements of concusions are "ased on the resut findin!s*
1+ Ma5ority of the mae and femae respondents scored moderate
on the e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance+ Therefore ma5ority
respondents often percei%ed parts of their "ody as they reay
are and often incined to fee -orry a"out their shape+
2+ Ma5ority of the mae and femae respondents aso scored
moderate on the e%e of eatin! ha"its+ Therefore the
researchers concuded that ma5ority of the mae and femae
students -oud often tae into consideration eatin! heathy
thou!h they are incined to consumin! foods -hich are reati%ey
con%enient and a%aia"e to them+
;+ The study found out that "ody ima!e distur"ance has no
si!nificant reationship on the eatin! ha"its amon! the mae
coe!e students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity "ut the study aso
found out that "ody ima!e distur"ance has a -ea si!nificant
reationship on the eatin! ha"its amon! femae coe!e students
of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity+
4+ Respondents -ith hi!h e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance can
attained !reater e%es of eatin! ha"its than those -hose e%e of
"ody ima!e distur"ance is o-+ The more a respondent#s e%e of
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46
"ody ima!e distur"ance increases the e%e of eatin! ha"its aso
increases -hich denotes a positi%e correation "et-een the t-o+
5. As a resut, the researchers concuded that decreasin! the e%e
of "ody ima!e distur"ance can hep impro%e eatin! ha"its
amon! mae and femae students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity
-hich is the main o"5ecti%e of the study +
Recommendations
)ased on the findin!s of the studies, the researchers recommend
the foo-in!*
1+ Respondents -ho fet that they are -orried a"out their "ody shape
shoud mae efforts in participatin! throu!h schoo acti%ities+ The
P+: Department of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity can impement
pro!rams that encoura!e students to practice proper eercise and
promote heathy food practices+
2+ The
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47
enroment of the semester and e%auated "y the schoo#s Physica
:ducation Department+
&n the interest of future studies, the researchers -oud ie to
recommend the foo-in!*
1+ A simiar study can "e made utiiin! a different research
instrument to measure "ody ima!e distur"ance that is not ony
focused on the Ndiscomfort "rou!ht "y the feein! of "ein! fatO
eperience+
2+ A comparati%e study on the e%e of eatin! ha"its amon! aduts in
%aryin! socioGeconomic status+
;+ A simiar study can "e conducted usin! "ody ima!e, "ody shape
in reationship -ith sefGesteem and sefGcompassion+
4+ A (uaitati%e study can "e conducted to determine the eadin!
factors of "ody ima!e distur"ance+
+ A descripti%e study on "ody ima!e distur"ance that taes into
consideration of eposure to socia media+
6+ A simiar study -hich -i utiie :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire to
further add up eistin! no-ed!e on .rthoreia >er%osa+
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Re0e$e"es
Amissah, C+M+, >yaro, +,
-
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49
)oreo-si, D++asir, M+ 2009+ :atin! "eha%iors amon! femae
-
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50
adoescents in uantan District, Pahan! Maaysia+ Pa+istan
Journal of utrition & , 42G4;2+ Retrie%ed Au!ust 2/, 201, from
http*QQsciaert+netQfutetQLdoiHp5n+2009+42+4;2+
Cmaeta+ 2012, Banuary 2+ :atin! ha"its+ermPaper .arehouse/ he
Research Paper 0actor1* Retrie%ed .cto"er 1, 201, from
http*QQ---+termpaper-arehouse+comQessayGonQ:atin!G
=a"itsQ4/61
Conte,
-
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51
-
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52
%eopmentXisXfocusedXonXtheXimportanceXofXpu"ertyXandXmatur
ationaXtimin!KsourceH"KotsH"m71
-
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53
Au!ust 2, 201, from
https*QQ---+research!ate+netQpu"icationQ262/;8/0_)ody_&ma!e_
and_Chid_eG)ein!
ra-cy, R+ 201;+ 3edia that objectif1 2omen/ he influence on the
indiiduals: bod1 ima)e and perception of others Dissertation+
$ni%ersity of 'orida, $+7+A+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 12, 201, from
http*QQschoarcommons+usf+eduQc!iQ%ie-content+c!iL
articeH90/KcontetHetd
%aa%i, :+, ien, >+, Te,
-
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54
Morris, 7++ 2011+ )ody ima!e and its effect on predicted ife outcomes in
the adut mae popuations Master#s thesis+ Marietta Coe!e,
.hio, $7A+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 1, 201, from
https*QQetd+ohioin+eduQr-s_etdQdocumentQ!etQmarietta1;0;2;84;/Q
inine
Ricciardei, +A+, McCa"e, M+P+, Ma%oa, =+, 'otu, +,
-
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55
on bod1 ima)e Master#s thesis* $ni%ersity of inconsinG7tout,
$+7+A+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 12, 201, from
http*QQ---2+u-stout+eduQcontentQi"QthesisQ200;Q200;sparha-5+pdf
7tice, :+ K hitenton, + 2002+ Ris factors for "ody ima!e
dissatisfaction in adoescent !irs* A on!itudina in%esti!ation+
Deelopmental Ps1cholo)1, & , 669G68/+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 1,
201, from http*QQ---+ori+or!QfiesQ7taticF20Pa!e
F20'iesQ7ticehitenton02+pdf
Thompson, +B+ K =ein"er!, +B+ 1999+ The media]s infuence on "ody
ima!e distur"ance and eatin! disorders* e]%e re%ied them, no-
can -e reha"iitate themL Journal of Social Issues, 2, ;;9G;;+
Retrie%ed .cto"er 12, 201, from
http*QQ5thompson+my-e"+usf+eduQarticesQTheF20Media]s
F20&nfuenceF20onF20)odyF20&ma!eF20Distur"ance+pdf
?arini, P+ 200+ 0actors affectin) unhealth1 eatin) habits amon) 1outh in
>anchanaburi Proince, hailand Master#s thesis+ Mahido
$ni%ersity, Thaiand+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 1, 201, from
https*QQ---+research!ate+netQpu"icationQ242628//9_'ACT.R7_A
'':CT&>=:AT=3_:AT&>
_A>C=A>A)$R&_PR.?&>C:_T=A&A>D
?erstraeten, R+, ?an Royen, +, .choaGA%ies, A+, Penafie, D+, =ods-orth
, M+, Donoso, 7+, Z K osteren, P+ 2014+ A conceptua frame-pr
for heathy eatin! "eha%ior in :cuadorian adoscents* A (uaitati%e
-
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56
study+ P'oS ?ne, 91, e/81/;+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 1, 201, from
http*QQ5ournas+pos+or!QposoneQarticeL
idH10+1;81Q5ourna+pone+00/81/;
asyi-, +, Macinnon, A++ K Macean, A+M+ 2012+ :porin! the in
"et-een sefGcompassion and "ody ima!e in uni%ersity -omen+
6od1 Ima)e, 9, 2;6G24+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 12, 201, from
http*QQsefGcompassion+or!Q-pG
contentQupoadsQpu"icationsQsefcompassion_"odyima!e+pdf
.hat is bod1 ima)e@ n+d++ Retrie%ed .cto"er 2, 201, from
https*QQ---+nationaeatin!disorders+or!Q-hatG"odyGima!e
3an!, :++, ?as(ue, :+ K oeppe, + 201, March 20+ Man]s standards
of "eauty around the -ord+ 6u==0eed Aideos* Retrie%ed Apri 1/,
2016, from http*Q---+"ufeed+comQeu!eneyan!QmensGstandardsG
ofG"eautyGaroundGtheG-ord+cs9)>8a(
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57
APP:>D&Y AG1
TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R
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APP:>D&Y AG2
TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R
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APP:>D&Y AG;
TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R
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APP:>D&Y A @ 4
TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R
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Appendi )
&>'.RM:D C.>7:>T '.RM
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I.D. N)+%e$: ======== C')$se: ==========Da#e:============
Ge(e$: ===== Ae:==========
T!#le '0 #2e Resea$"2 S#)(y: The Reationship of )ody &ma!e
Distur"ance on the :atin! =a"its of Mae and 'emae 7tudents of Ce"u
Doctors#$ni%ersity
I6es#!a#'$: Carence Michae Aa"an and esey Da-n A+ Cedro,
Coe!e of Arts and 7cience@ Department of Psychoo!y, Ce"u Doctors#
$ni%ersity, MandaueCity 0;2 2;/G ;///
P)$3'se a( Ba">$')( '0 #2e S#)(y: This is a study desi!ned to
determine the reationship of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance on the :atin!
=a"its of Mae and 'emae 7tudents of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity+
P$'"e()$es: &f & a!ree to participate, the foo-in! thin!s -i happen*
1+ & -i ans-er )ody 7hape Euestionnaire -hich is desi!ned to measure
concerns a"out "ody shape+ This -i tae a"out G/ minutes+
2+ & -i ans-er :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire -hich is desi!ned to measure
pathoo!ica fiation on heathy eatin!+ This -i tae a"out G/ minutes+
Bee0!#s: &f & -ish to no- my test resuts, & may contact the researcher
re!ardin! the matter+ My test resuts -i ao- me to no- my e%e of
"ody ima!e distur"ance and e%e of eatin! ha"its (uestionnaire+
R!s>s: & understand that this study -i not pose any direct riss to-ards
me+
Re!+%)$se+e#: & am a-are that & -i not recei%e any form of
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compensation for my participation in this study+
C'0!(e#!al!#y: A information and resuts to this study -i "e ept
confidentia and used ony for research purpose+ .nce research has "een
appro%ed after the ora defense, the resuts -i "e shredded+
?)es#!'s: A of this information has "een pro%ided "y the research
in%esti!ators Carence Michae Aa"an and esey Da-n A+ Cedro and &
can contact them %ia emai, eseycedro^yahoo+com or tet at
09;24/;989+
R!2# #' Re0)se '$ W!#2($a@* My participation in this study is entirey
%ountary, and & ha%e the ri!ht to refuse if & -ish+
C'se#: & ha%e read the entire consent form and & a!ree to participate in
the study+
7i!nature* ______________________ Date* ___________
&n%esti!ators 7i!nature* __________________
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Appendi CG&
R:7:ARC= &>7TR$M:>T
BODY SHAPE ?UESTIONNAIRE
P+B Cooper, M+B Tayor, V,Cooper, and C+
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1;+
=as thinin! a"out your shape interfered -ith your a"iity toconcentrate e+!+ -hie -atchin! tee%ision, readin!,istenin! to con%ersationsL 1 2 ; 4
14+ =as "ein! naed, such as -hen tain! a "ath, made youfee fatL
1 2 ; 4
1+
=a%e you a%oided -earin! cothes -hich mae youparticuary a-are of the shape of your "odyL 1 2 ; 4
16+
=a%e you ima!ined cuttin! off feshy areas of your "odyL 1 2 ; 4
18+
=as eatin! s-eets, caes, or other hi!h caorie food madeyou fee fatL
1 2 ; 4
1/+
=a%e you not !one out to socia occasions e+!+ parties"ecause you ha%e fet "ad a"out your shapeL 1 2 ; 4
19+
=a%e you fet ecessi%ey ar!e and roundedL 1 2 ; 4
20+
=a%e you fet ashamed of your "odyL 1 2 ; 4
21+
=as -orry a"out your shape made you dietL 1 2 ; 4
22+
=a%e you fet happiest a"out your shape -hen your stomach has "een empty e+!+ in the mornin!L 1 2 ; 4
2;+
=a%e you thou!ht that you are in the shape you are"ecause you ac sefGcontroL 1 2 ; 4
24+
=a%e you -orried a"out other peope seein! ros of fataround your -aist or stomachL 1 2 ; 4
2
+
=a%e you fet that it is not fair that other peope are thinner
than youL+
1 2 ; 4
26+
=a%e you %omited in order to fee thinnerL 1 2 ; 4
28+
hen in company ha%e your -orried a"out tain! up toomuch room e+!+ sittin! on a sofa, or a "us seatL 1 2 ; 4
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2/+
=a%e you -orried a"out your fesh "ein! dimpyL 1 2 ; 4
29+
=as seein! your refection e+!+ in a mirror or shop -indo-made you fee "ad a"out your shapeL 1 2 ; 4
;0+
=a%e you pinched areas of your "ody to see ho- much fatthere isL
1 2 ; 4
;1+
=a%e you a%oided situations -here peope coud see your "ody e+!+ communa chan!in! rooms or s-immin! "athsL 1 2 ; 4
;2+
=a%e you taen aati%es in order to fee thinnerL 1 2 ; 4
;;+
=a%e you "een particuary sefGconscious a"out your shape -hen in the company of other peopeL 1 2 ; 4
;4+
=as -orry a"out your shape made you fee you ou!ht toeerciseL
1 2 ; 4
Appendi CG&&
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R:7:ARC= &>7TR$M:>T
EATING HABITS ?UESTIONNAIRE
:ric Coins
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1;+ &n the past year, friend or famiymem"er ha%e tod me that mo%ery concerned -ith eatin!heathiy+
' 7T MT ?T
14+ & ha%e difficuty findin! restaurantsthat ser%e the food eat+ ' 7T MT ?T
1+ :atin! the -ay & do !i%es me asense of satisfaction+
' 7T MT ?T
16+ 'e- foods are heathy for me toeat+
' 7T MT ?T
18+ & !o out ess since & "e!an eatin!heathiy+
' 7T MT ?T
1/+ & spend more than three hours aday thinin! a"out heathy food
' 7T MT ?T
19+ & fee !reat -hen i eat heathiy+ ' 7T MT ?T
20+ & foo- a heathy foodGdiet ri!idy+ ' 7T MT ?T
21+ & prepare food in the most heathfu
-ay+
' 7T MT ?T
Appendi D
T&M:TA): .' R:7:ARC= ACT&?&T&:7
Resea$"2A"#!6!#!es
*)e4719
*)ly471
9
A)471
9
Se3#
4719
O"#471
9
N'6471
9
De"471
9
*a471
;
Fe%471
;
Ma$ 471
;
A
$
1
ResearchTite7creenin!
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ThesisProposaDe%eopment
:thica
Re%ie-ThesisProposa=earin!
DataCoection
DataProcessin!and Anaysis
'ina Reportritin!
.ra Defense
Research'orum
7u"missionofResearch'ina
Re(uirements
Appendi :
R:7:ARC= )$D
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Transportation Php ;00+00
Thesis Proposa =earin! 'ee Php ;000+00
Data Coection Php 2000+00
7pss Php 00+00
.ra Defense Php ;200+00
______________________
T.TA Php 9,900+00
APP:>D&Y '
ETHICAL REVIEW FORM
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APP:>D&Y <
DOCUMENTATION
P2ys!"al T2e$a3y1 S#)(e#s
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Psy"2'l'y5 S#)(e#s
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APP:>D&Y @ =
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT MAP
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CURRICULUM VITAE
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Pe$s'al Ba">$')(
>ame*esey Da-n A+ Cedro
Address* )d! /, $nit 21;, $r"an Deca =omes, Tipoo,
Mandaue City
Contact >o*09;2299;6
:mai Address* eseycedro^yahoo+com
E()"a#!'al Ba">$')(
2001G2008
Primary e%e
Tanda! Piot :ementary 7choo 7P:D
Tanda! City
2008G2011
7econdary e%e
7aint Theresa Coe!e
Tanda! City
2012GPresent
Tertiary e%e
)acheor of Arts in Psychoo!y
Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity
CURRICULUM VITAE
-
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Pe$s'al Ba">$')(
>ame*Carence Michae Aa"an
Address* "r!y, Ma!uiay, Mandaue City
Contact >o*0928G/81G4;1
:mai Address* Aa"ancarence^yahoo+com
E()"a#!'al Ba">$')(
2001G2008
Primary e%e
inaadman :ementary 7choo &nc+
2008G2011
7econdary e%e
'eo-ship )aptist Coe!e
201;GPresent
Tertiary e%e
)acheor of Arts in Psychoo!y
Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity
Mandaue City