the respiratory system - boe.jeff.k12.wv.us · pdf file5/27/2014 1 the respiratory system use...
TRANSCRIPT
5/27/2014
1
The Respiratory System
Use this ppt to complete notes pgs 1-4.Study the information as you go & discuss each
slide with each other.Ask me if you need any explanation or have a
question about the info.
Look at each part & see how they go together and what they
look like
Know your
basic parts
Major Function of Resp. System
• Supply the body with Oxygen
• Dispose of Carbon dioxide
Functional Anatomy –
2 zones
• Respiratory zone:
– Actual site of gas
exchange
– (some exchange -
Respiratory
bronchioles,
alveolar ducts)
alveoli (major site)
Functional Anatomy –
2 zones
• Conducting zone:
– Conduits – purify,
humidify, and warm
incoming air
– Include all other
respiratory
passageways
Nose – 5 functions• Provide airway for respiration
• Moisten & warm air
• Filter air (mucus & cilia) (breath in thru nose & out thru mouth)
• Site of olfactory (smell) receptors
• Resonating chamber for sound waves (hold your nose closed & see how you sound!)
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Cilia & Goblet CellsMucus traps the “junk” and the cilia sweeps it up toward your throat so you can swallow it or spit it out.
Smoking kills cilia so smoker’s constantly have to cough to clear the mucus out!
Cold day = Runny nose
• The cilia in your nose become sluggish & slow
when they are cold & do not move the mucus
down into your throat
• Mucus in the nasal cavity accumulates &
dribbles out
Nasal Conchae
• Nasal Conchae aka.
NasalTurbinates=
increase SA of mucosa
exposed to air to help
warm & filter it – also
increase turbulence
(mini tornado effect)
of air – more inhaled
particles swirled onto
mucus and trapped
Nasal Cavity
• Nasal cavity
separated from oral
cavity by the palate
(roof of mouth)
– Anterior – hard
palate
– Posterior – soft
palate
Paranasal sinuses functions
• Lighten skull
• Act a resonance chamber
• Produce mucus
Chronic Sinusitis
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Stop and be sure you completely
understand this page before you
move on
Check this out! (do not try this at
home or in this classroom!)• The Human Blockhead
Click through the different pages to see
all the info
Pharynx – 3 basic parts• Pharynx serves as common passageway for
food (& fluids) and air.
Color code the 3 parts of the pharynx
on the diagram in your notes
The names give you location clues!
Pharynx – 3 basic parts
• Nasopharynx – air only
– During swallowing, Soft palate & uvula rise
upward to close off nasopharynx which prevents
food & fluids from entering it
• Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx – food,
liquids & air
– Food will be directed posteriorly to the
esophagus
– Air will go anteriorly into the larynx
Tonsils (think about the name – it tells you the
location)
• Pharyngeal tonsils: aka. Adenoids – located in
nasopharynx
• Palatine tonsils: located in oropharynx
• Lingual tonsils: located at base of tongue
• All tonsils are lymph nodes & work with
immune system
• You will be labeling these on the back page
diagram
Larynx – 3 Functions
• Provides patent (open)
airway
• Act as a switching
mechanism (between
respiratory & digestive
systems)
• Voice production
(location of vocal cords)
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Adam’s apple
• Know this: Laryngeal prominence on the thyroid cartilage
• Seen externally as Adam’s apple
Larynx – Label diagram on pg 4 now
Epiglottis
• 9th cartilage
• When air is flowing into the larynx – free edge projects upward
• During swallowing:
– Larynx is pulled upward
– Epiglottis is tipped back and down to cover laryngeal inlet into trachea
– Routes food/fluid into esophagus
Cough Reflex
• Initiated if anything other than air enters the larynx
• Pressure from air moves object upward out of the larynx
– Reflex does not work when unconscious so not a good idea:
• To give fluids to an unconscious person
• Also a reason why people in an alcoholic coma often die from aspirating their own vomit.
Trachea (Windpipe)
• The ciliated mucosa
(mucociliary
escalator)
continuously propels
the mucus which
contains dust
particles and debris
to the throat so it can
be expelled or
swallowed.
Smoking
• Diminishes ciliary activity
• Coughing is ONLY method of preventing
mucus accumulation in the lungs
• Smokers should never be given medications
that INHIBIT the cough reflex.
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Some Effects of Smoking
Stop and be sure you completely
understand this page before you
move on
Reinforcement
• Trachea is reinforced internally by 16-20 C
shaped rings (Be able to explain – see diagram
on next slide also)
• Outer portion of C – causes trachea to stay
patent (open) and not collapse
• Inner portion (open part) of C – allow trachea
to be flexible and gives esophagus a place to
expand into upon swallowing.
Trachea
must be
flexible yet
stay patent
(open)
• Heimlich manuver is the same principle as a cough
• Used to press air out of lungs in case someone cannot inhale to initiate a cough
Tracheostomy
• -ostomy = cut a hole into
• Used in cases of:
– Abnormalities
– Cancers
– Obstructions
– Injuries to area
– Etc.
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Bronchial Tree
• Trachea divides into right and left primary
bronchi at the level of the sternal angle
(where manubrium and body of sternum
meet).
• Inhaled objects usually lodge in the right
primary bronchus since it is wider, shorter,
and at a more vertical angle
Lungs
• Left lung is smaller, consisting of 2 lobes and
contains a cardiac notch
• Right lung has 3 lobes
• FYI: Bronchopulmonary segments
– Served by own artery, vein, and individual
segmental bronchus
– Left lung has 8 segments while right lung has 10.
FYI: Important Info
• Respiratory therapists and surgeons use this
info about the different bronchopulmonary
segments so they can treat the patient as
needed
– Even to the point of removing the diseased
segment and leaving the good tissue
• The lungs weigh approximately
2.5 pounds
Pleurae: Review
• Parietal vs. visceral
• Function of pleural fluid
– Lubricate layers so they can slide across each
other
– Cause them to cling tightly to each other through
surface tension (helps maintain pressure
differences necessary for inhaling/exhaling)
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Respiratory Zone Structures
• Begins as the terminal
bronchioles which feed
into the respiratory
bronchioles which end
in the alveoli chambers
where gas exchange
(external respiration)
takes place.
Alveoli
• Composed of simple squamous – much thinner than a sheet of paper
• Membrane has gas on one side and blood on the other.
• Account for the largest portion of lung volume and provide a tremendous surface area for gas exchange
Alveoli• Gas exchanges occur through simple diffusion
• Approximate surface area = 50-70 square meters
(40x greater than skin SA)
• A moist membrane is required so the TYPE II
cuboidal cells secrete a substance called surfactant
that coats the membrane & interferes with surface
tension.
Page 4 diagram
• Use the lab book or the text book or the
internet to label the head diagram
• Label only the ones that have a dot on the
end.
• Be very specific about the structures.
• May check with me when done.
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Study for Quiz #1
Remember – it includes the
diagrams!!