the respiratory system: breath deeply the air of knowledge
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The Respiratory System: Breath deeply the air of knowledge. Chpt 23. Respiratory System. Function : supply body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. Requirements. pulmonary ventilation (movement of air into and out of lungs) external respiration (gas exchange between blood and lungs) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Respiratory System:Breath deeply the air of knowledge
Chpt 23
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Respiratory System
• Function: supply body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
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Requirements
1. pulmonary ventilation (movement of air into and out of lungs)
2. external respiration (gas exchange between blood and lungs)
3. transport of respiratory gases (via blood)4. internal respiration (gas exchange
between blood and cells)
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5 Functions of the Respiratory System
1. Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood
2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
3. Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
4. Produces sounds-speaking, singing5. Helps maintain pH
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Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Figure 23–1
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Anatomy: Nose
Functions• provides airway for
respiration• moistens and warms
entering air• filters air • serves as a resonating
chamber for speech• houses olfactory
receptors
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Mucus
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Nasal Structuresa. External nose: bridge, root, dorsum
nasi, apex, external nares, alaeb. Nasal cavity: nasal septum, internal
nares (aka posterior nares or choanae), hard palate, soft palate, vestibule (with sebaceous and sweat glands and vibrissae)
c. Mucous membranes of the nasal cavity
a. olfactory mucosa (with smell receptors)b. respiratory mucosa- secrete sticky mucus
with antibacterial substancesd. Conchae- superior, middle, and
inferior; help to trap particles
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Sinuses
• Paranasal sinuses– Frontal– Sphenoid– Ethmoid– Maxillary
• Function to lighten skull & warm and moisten the air
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The Nasopharynx a. only an air
passagewayb. during swallowing,
closed off by the soft palate and uvula to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar
d. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
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The Oropharynx
1. swallowed food and inhaled air
2. palatine & lingual tonsils
3. stratified squamous
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The Laryngopharynx
1. Inferior portion of the pharynx
2. stratified squamous
3. where resp. and dig. pathways diverge
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Larynx aka voice box
• Functions– open airway– switching
mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
– voice production via vocal cords
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Larynx aka voice boxAnatomy
– 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments (8 are hyaline)– 9th cartilage is the epiglottis- elastic; closes over trachea during
swallowing– Vocal folds aka true vocal cords- avascular; vibrate as air passes
through them to produce sound– Medial opening between vocal folds is the glottis
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Anatomy of the Trachea
Figure 23–6
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Trachea aka windpipe10-12 cm long; 2.5 cm diam
• Layers of tracheal wall (internal to external)1. Mucosa- pseudostr.
ciliated columnar2. submucosa3. adventitia- with 16-20
rings of C-shaped hyaline cartilage, allowing flexibility
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Trachea aka windpipe • 15–20 tracheal cartilages:
– strengthen and protect airway– discontinuous where trachea contacts esophagus
• Ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by:– an elastic ligament and trachealis muscle
• The carina (“keel”) marks the point where the trachea splits into the 2 primary bronchi (approx T7).
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The Bronchial Tree• R and L primary
bronchus• Secondary (lobar)
bronchi- 3 R, 2 L• About 20 smaller
branches• Bronchioles- less than
1 mm in diameter
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• The Respiratory Zone: thin-walled alveoli (clustered into the alveolar sacs) where gas exchange occurs
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Lungs
1. apex- narrow, superior tip2. base- concave, inferior
surface on diaphragm3. L lung 2 lobes- upper and
lower separated by oblique fissure
4. R lung 3 lobes- upper, middle, and lower separated by the horizontal and oblique fissures
5. Each lung lobe is divided into 10 bronchopulmonary segments
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Lung lobes
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Relationship between Lungs and Heart
Figure 23–8
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Figure 23–8
Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
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Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
• 2 pleural cavities:– are separated by the mediastinum
• Each pleural cavity:– holds a lung – is lined with a serous membrane (the pleura)
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The Pleura
• Consists of 2 layers: – parietal pleura – visceral pleura
• Pleural fluid:– lubricates space between 2 layers
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Pleurae (membrane around the lungs)Parts of the parietal pleura. (parietal pleura in blue; visceral pleura in purple)
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Grab a copy of the article: Struggling to Inhale
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