the respiratory system. function of the lungs is gas exchange with the blood. facts: 5 liters of...
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Function of the lungs is gas exchange with the blood.
Facts:
5 liters of blood pass thru the lungs per minute
total lung surface area=80m sq. which is equivalent to a tennis court.
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Functional terms to know:
Breathing: moving air in/out of lungs; 12-16 per min.
External respiration: in the lungs exchange of gas into the blood.
Internal respiration: exchange of O2 between blood and cells.
Therefore O2 in and CO2 out
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TWO PARTS TO RESP SYS:
CONDUCTING
RESPIRATORY
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Conducting portion:
• Nose
• Nasopharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• bronchioles
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FUNCTIONS OF CONDUCTINGPORTION:
• FILTRATION – BY HAIRS
• CLEANSING – BY MUCOUS AND CILIA
• MOISTENING – BY MUCOUS
• WARMING – BY HEAT EXCHANGE VIA BLOOD VESSELS
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RESPIRATORY MORPHOLOGY
NASAL AREA: a nose is a nose is a nose!
1. Nares(nostrils)-have coarse hairs for filtering large particles.
2. Conchae-3 plates of bones lined with a rich vascular blood system for warming inspired air.
3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
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a. Cilia-propel dusts “insults” downward to nasopharynx.
B. Goblet cells-secrete mucus to filter dusts “insults”
Goblet cell
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4. Nasopharynx-first part of pharynx(throat) provides a separation for the air route from feeding(oropharynx).
Naso-pharynx
Oro-pharynx
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LARYNXSERVES AS A PASSAGEWAY FOR AIR, A VALVE TO CLOSE OFF THE AIR PASSAGEWAY FROM FOOD ENTERING AND A VOICE BOX.
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COUGH REFLEXIF SOMETHING OTHER THAN AIR ENTERS THE LARYNX THERE IS A COUGH REFLEX TO PREVENT FOOD FROM ENTERING THE TRACHEA.
IN CASES OF DROWNING THE C.R. CAUSES LARYNGEAL SPASM PREVENTING O2 FROM ENTERING LUNGS. AUTOPSIES SHOW LUNGS FREE OF WATER.
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Epiglottis
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EPIGLOTTIS
FLEXIBLE FLAP-LIKE STRUCTURE FOUND NEAR OROPHARYNX (BEHIND TONGUE).
IT FLIPS OVER THE OPENING OF THE TRACHEA AND PREVENTS FOOD AND LIQUID FROM ENTERING THE TRACHEA.
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TRACHEA
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BRONCHUS
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BRONCHIOLE
EACH BRONCHUS DIVIDES AND SUBDIVIDES INTO SMALLER BRANCHES.
BY THE TIME AIR REACHES HERE, WARMED UP AND FILTERED.
SMOOTH MUSCLE AND ELASTIC FIBER…NO CARTILAGE AND GOBLET CELLS
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RESPIRATORY PORTION
• ALVEOLAR DUCTS
• ALVEOLAR SACS
• ALVEOLI
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ALVEOLAR DUCTS
SHORT TUBES INTO WHICH OPEN THE ALVEOLI. CONSISTS OF ELASTIC AND COLLAGEN FIBERS.
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ALVEOLUS
THE SAC-LIKE ALVEOLUS IS THE FINAL ELEMENT OF THE BRONCHIAL TREE SURROUNDED BY A RICH NETWORK OF BLOOD.
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ALVEOLI-FOR GAS EXCHANGE
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SURFACTANT PRODUCTION
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SURFACTANT-SECRETED BY ALVEOLAR SECRETORY CELLS.
PHOSPHOLIPID WHICH REDUCES THE SURFACE TENSION OF ALVEOLI.
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WITHOUT THIS CHEM. THE ALVEOLI WOULD COLLAPSE AND THEREFORE NOT FUNCTION.
PREMATURE BABIES LACK SURFACTANT TOWARDS THE END OF GESTATION AND SUFFER FROM RDS.
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LUNGS
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CROSS-SECTION OF LUNGS
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LUNG GROSS SPECIMEN
LUNG
X-RAY
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MECHANICS OF BREATHING
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PONS
MEDULLA
NERVES- PHRENIC &
INTERCOSTAL
FACTORS-CO2, H+, O2.
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760
755
750
765
500cc
mmHG
Vol.Mechanics of breathing
inspiration expiration
Tidal volume
Intrapulmonic P
Intrathoracic
Pressure
ATM P
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Inspiration
• Muscles-intercostals & diaphragm• Thorax expands• Intrapulmonic P falls below ATM
(760)• = a “pressure gradient”• air moves into lungs & expands the
thorax until P is equal (ATP needed)
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EXPIRATION
• INSPIRATORY MUS. RELAX• DIAPHRAGM MOVE UPWARD & RIBS
RETURN TO ORIGINAL POSITION• = “ELASTIC RECOIL”= NO ENERGY.• WHEN INTRAPULMONIC P INCREASES
ABOVE ATM P, AIR IS EXPELLED FROM THE LUNGS
• NOTE INTRATHORACIC P REMAINS BELOW ATM P.= A NEG P.
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MUCOKINESIS
AEROSOL - GEL- SOL- GOBLET CELLS -BRONCHIAL-MUS
& EPITHELIUM
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FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE MOVEMENT OF MUCUS
• CILIA• SOL-GEL LAYERS• VISCOSITY• PATENT AIRWAY• RATE OF AIR FLOW• COUGH• BODY POSITIONING
• NARCOTICS• ANESTHESIA• SMOKING• HIGH O2• STRESS• ALLERGIES• CHANGE IN PH
INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC
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RESPIRATORY TERMS
• EUPNEA
• DYSPNEA
• TACHYPNEA
• HYPERPNEA
• APNEA
• ORTHOPNEA
• BRADYPNEA