“the respiratory system” hap chapter 16. why breathe???
TRANSCRIPT
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“THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM”
HAPChapter 16
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I. Introduction
A. Why Breathe?1. break down nutrients2. produce ATP3. excrete carbon
B. What is the respiratory system?1. Obtaining O2 and removing CO2
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II. Organs of the Respiratory System
A. Upper Tract1. nose2. nasal cavity3. paranasal cavity4. pharynx
B. Lower Tract1. larynx2. trachea3. bronchial tree4. lungs
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C. The Nose1. comprised of bone and cartilage 2. nostrils (2)
D. The Nasal Cavity1. space behind nose
a. Nasal septum – divides into right and left halves
b. Nasal conchea – bones that give structure
c. Goblet cells – produce mucous -swallow particles (why?)
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E. Paranasal Sinuses1. air filled spaces
a. Lighten skullb. Resonant chambers used for voice
F. Pharynx (Throat)1. passageway for air and food2. used for speech3. parts…
a. Nasopharynxb. Oropharynxc. Laryngopharynx
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G. Larynx1. enlargement above trachea2. allows air in and out
a. Home of the vocal cords3. 3 cartilages
a. Thyroid – “Adam’s apple”b. Cricoidc. Epiglottic
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H. Trachea1. aka windpipe2. flexible tube (2.5 cm diameter / 12.5 cm length)3. splits into r/l bronchi4. goblet cells5. cartilage rings – C-shaped
prevent collapsing
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I. Bronchial Tree1. Primary Bronchi
a. Initial split from trachea/5th thoracic vertebra2. Secondary Bronchi3. Tertiary Bronchi4. Bronchioles5. Alveolar ducts6. Alveolar sacs7. Alveoli – tiny air sacs which are surrounded by capillary networks
a. Increase surface areab. 300 million c. 1000 feet2
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J. Lungs1. pink, soft, spongy organs…2. found in thoracic cage3. Pleura – sac that lines the lungs…
a. Visceral pleura – inner sac that connects to lungs
b. Parietal pleura – outer sac that holds lungs to the thoracic cavity4. right lobe (3) > left lobe (2)
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III. Breathing Mechanism (Boyle’s Law)
A. Def – air into and out of the body.1. Inspiration – inhaling2. Expiration – exhaling
B. Inspiration1. Atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Hg2. How does air get into the lungs?
Diaphragm moves downward / ribs move out
lung volume increases pressure decreases*Result…Outside air moves into the lungs
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C. Expiration1. How do we get air out of the lungs?
Elastic recoil of muscular and connective tissue
Diaphragm pushes upwardPressure inside thoracic cavity increasesAir is forced outside of the body
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Diaphragm is moving upthus the internal pressure increases causing the air tomove out of the body
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D. Respiratory Air Volumes and Capacities tidal volume = amount that enters or leaves lungs
-500 mL inspiratory reserve volume = extra air that can be breathed in
- 3,000 mL (past tidal volume) expiratory reserve volume = extra air that can be breathed out
- 1,100 mL (past tidal volume) residual volume = amount that stays in the lungs permanently
- 1,200 mL total lung capacity = total amount of air that could be found in lungs. -5,800 mL vital capacity = maximum amount a person can exhale after taking in a full breath.
-4,600 mL
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Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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IV. Control of Breathing
A. The Respiratory Center (involuntary and voluntary)1. Location – Brainstem
a. Pons b. Medulla Oblongata
2. Special Areasa. Medullary Rhythmicity Area dorsal respiratory group -basic inspiration rhythm (at rest) -send signals to diaphragm and other small muscles ventral respiratory group -dormant at resting levels -activated during forceful breathing -send impulse to larger muscles used in breathing
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b. Pneumotaxic Area transmit impulses that inhibit
inspiratory bursts from the dorsal respiratory group
controls the overall breathing rate-when transmitting = slow
breathing-when not transmitting = fast
breathing
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B. Factors that Affect Breathing1. High CO2 levels (primary)
2. High H+ ion levels3. Low blood O2 levels (minor)
4. Emotions (fear, pain, stress)
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V. Alveolar Gas Exhange
A. Respiratory Membrane1. Simple Squamous Epithelial Cells2. Covered in a capillary network3. O2 and CO2 easily exchanged
B. Diffusion (HL)1. Partial pressure – amount of pressure for each gas according to concentration.
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Gas Lung (alveoli) Capillary
O2 104 mmHg 40 mmHg
CO2 40 mmHg 45 mmHg
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VI. Gas Transport
A. Oxygen Transport1. hemoglobin
a. 98% of all O2
b. Forms oxyhemoglobin-bond is unstable-O2 is released
-O2 diffuses into nearby cells
c. Factors which cause oxyhemoglobin to release O2
-CO2 levels, acids, increase in blood temp
*Explains why working muscles get more O2
Hypoxia – O2 deficiency
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B. CO2 Transport (3 methods)
1. CO2 dissolved in plasma
a. Based on partial pressureb. Approx. 7%
2. Part of a compound formed with hemoglobina. Binds with globulin (-NH2)
-carbaminohemoglobinb. Approx. 23%
3. Converted to Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
a. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
-carbonic anhydrase (enzyme)b. Approx. 70%
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