the restoration and the 18th century. charles ii r. 1660-1685 charles ii in coronation robes by...
TRANSCRIPT
The Restoration and the 18th
Century
Charles IIr. 1660-1685
Charles II in Coronation robes by Wright© Royal Collection
James IIr. 1685-88
James II by Sir Peter Lely (1618-1690)© Royal Collection
The Glorious Revolution: 1689
William III and Mary II(r. 1689-1702) (r. 1689-94)
Portrait of William III by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646?-1723)© Royal Collection
Portrait of Mary II by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646?-1723). © Royal Collection
Queen Anner. 1702-1714last Stuart monarch
Portrait of Anne by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646?-
1723).
House ofHanover
“Bonnie PrinceCharlie”
The House of Hanover
George Ir. 1714-27
George I by Georg Wilhelm Lafontaine (1680-1745)© Royal Collection
George IIr.1720-69
George II by Sir Godfrey Kneller© Royal Collection
George III, r. 1760-1820
George III, portrait by Johann Zoffany (1733/4-1810)© Royal Collection
A CLASS SOCIETY
• The Aristocracy• Professionals
• Scientists
• Physicians
• Attorneys
• Clergy
• Literati
• Military Officers
• Merchants and Bankers• Tradespeople• Working Class
• Domestic Servants• Hired labor• Apprentices• The Unemployed: debtors,
beggars,thieves
• Peasants
ENLIGHTENMENTThe Scientific
Revolution
• Emphasis on experimentation and inductive reasoning
• Scientific Method• New methods of
observation: the microscope and the telescope
• 1662: Charles I chartered the Royal Society of London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge
• Natural Religion: DeismA clockwork universe with a watchmaker God
A replica of Isaac Newton's telescope of 1672.
Deism• Natural theology: Derives the existence of God from reason and personal experience rather than divine revelation or scripture
• Cultural influences:• Reaction against sectarian
violence in Europe• Growing knowledge of diverse
religious beliefs both classical and contemporary
• Textual study of Biblical scriptures
• Advances in scientific knowledge – Bible could not be seen as authoritative for matters of science
• Skepticism about miracles and books that report them
• “Watchmaker God”• Unitarianism
William Blake
Sir Isaac Newton
1643-1727
• Mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher
• Developed calculus contemporaneously but separately from Liebniz
• Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica: described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion
• Opticks: discovered that light was composed of particles
• Master of the Mint: moved English coinage to the gold standard
Godfrey Kneller's Sir Isaac Newton at 46
Neo-Classicism• Greek/Roman influence
• Classical modes or genres – epic, tragedy, comedy, pastoral , satire or ode
• Language appropriate to the mode
• Use of rhetorical figures
• Emphasis on Society: urbanity• Politeness
• Decorum
• Wit – quickness of mind, inventiveness, imagery and metaphor• Age of Reason
• Rationality
• Philosophy
Neo-Classical Conception of NATURE
• Universal and permanent elements in personal experience
• Subject to human control• Gardens• Source of peace and
tranquillity
J. S. Muller after Samuel Wale, A General Prospect of Vaux Hall Gardens Shewing at one View the disposition of the whole Gardens
(after 1751).
NATURE and ARTIFICE
ARTIFICEThe Augustan Age
• Art as an improvement upon nature• Neo-classical ideals: balance,
harmony, reason• Poetry invokes visualization• Landscape painting• Rise of literary criticism • Major poetic forms:
• Heroic couplets: rhymed iambic pentameter
• Epic and mock epic• Poetic essay• Occasional poems
John Dryden1631-1700
Gainsborough, St James Park
The City of London
Brawling peasants at Tyburn Gate, London. The Warder
Collection. MORNING
city bustle
Peddlar hawking tarts. The Warder Collection.
Large movements of peoplefrom the country to the cities.Shift from agrarian to urbanlifestyles.
Engraving and
etching by
William Hogarth. The Art Institute
of
Chicago.
violinist
ballad-monger
toddler with rattle
peeing boy
oboist
drumming child
milkmaid
paver
dustman
knife-grinder
sow-gelder
fish-monger
screeching parrot
barking dog
howling cats
churchbells
cry of chimney sweep
London
Cries
wailing infant
Gin Lane (1751). Etching and Engraving by William Hogarth.
The New York Public Library.
Poverty and Unemploym
ent• Displaced agrarian
labor
• No social safety net
• Education only for the elite
• Child labor
• Cheap gin
The Diary: Witness to an Age
Samuel Pepys (1633-1703)• Member of Parliament and
Secretary of the Admiralty: highly effective
• 1.3 million word Diary kept 1660-1669 in shorthand and code
• Eyewitness accounts of The Great Plague, the Second Dutch War and the Great Fire of London
• Londoner: government, business, the Royal Society, theatre, music, literary circles Portrait of Samuel Pepys by J. Hayls
Oil on canvas, 1666
Prose Fiction: Daniel Defoe (1660-
1731)• Master of plain prose and
powerful narrative• Reportial: highly
realistic detail• Robinson Crusoe• Journal of the Plague
Year• Moll Flanders• Roxana
Picaresque Novels• Derives from Spanish
picaro: a rogue• A usually autobiographical
chronicle of a rascal’s travels and adventures as s/he makes his/her way through the world more by wits than industry
• Episodic, loose structure• Highly realistic: detailed
description and uninhibited expression
• Satire of social classes
A London coffeehouse. The British Museum
AFTERNOON
Coffee and News
Periodicals and Newpapers
Addison and SteeleThe Spectator
Periodical EssaysLiterary CriticismCharacter SketchesPolitical DiscussionPhilosophical Ideas
A London coffeehouse. The British Museum
Samuel Johnson and
James Boswell Samuel Johnson’s 1755 Dictionary
of the English Language illustrated the words with quotations from the best English writers.
James Boswell’s 1791 Life of Samuel Johnson immortalized the man and
advanced the art of biography.
Thomas Rawlinson, 1786
Commerce
The Royal Exchange. Engraving by Bartolozzi. The British Library
The Rise of the Middle Class
Increased LiteracyLeisure Time
International TradeEmpire Building
London ladies shopping for fabric. From Rudolph Ackermann's Repository of Arts (1800).
ShoppingLeisure time nurtured middle class women’s interest in
fashion, society, the arts and even literature.
Vauxhall Gardens (1784). A drawing by Thomas Rowlandson.
Victoria and Albert Royal Museum.
Samuel Johnson
James Boswell Hester Thrale
Oliver Goldsmith
Duchess of Devonshire Mary “Perdita” Robinson
Prince of Wales
Society
Social Satire
• Alexander Pope• Mock epic: “The Rape
of the Lock”• Literary Satire: “The
Dunciad
• Jonathan Swift• “A Modest Proposal”• Gulliver’s Travels
Alexander Pope1688-1744
• Essay on Man: poetic and philosophical essay
• Rape of the Lock: mock epic
• The Dunciad: satire on his contemporary poets
• Translations of Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey
Jonathan Swift1667-1745
• Anglo Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, poet and cleric
• Gulliver’s Travels
• “A Modest Proposal”
• Dean of St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin
Thomas Gainsborough,
Heneage Lloyd and his sister, c.1750
Early Feminists
• A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest (1694)
• Some Reflections on Marriage (1700)
• Advocated equal education for women
• Questioned the value of marriage for women in a patriarchal society
• Wrote novels, journalism, philosophical and political treatises, letters
• A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
• Advocated equal education, egalitarian marriage, and full citizenship for women
Mary Astell1666-1731
Mary Wollstonecraft1759-1797
Literary Salons
• Intellectual and literary circles formed around women –bluestockings
• Brought together members of society and philosophers and artists
• Emphasis on conversation and wit
The Rise of the Novel
• Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740)• Epistolary
• Realistic detail
• Morality tale
• Servant resisting seduction by her employer
• Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrews (1742) and Tom Jones (1749)• Picaresque protagonist
• “comic epic in prose”
• Parody of Richardson
Epistolary Novels• Novels in which the narrative is
told in letters by one or more of the characters
• Allows author to present feelings and reactions of characters, brings immediacy to the plot, allows multiple points of view
• Psychological realism• Richardson’s Pamela and
Clarissa• Smollett’s Humphrey Clinker
Jean-Baptiste Greuze,The Letter Writer
Novels of Sentiment
• Novels in which the characters, and thus the readers, have a heightened emotional response to events
• Experimental forms• Connected to emerging Romantic
movement• Laurence Sterne (1713-1768):
Tristam Shandy (1760-67)• Domestic fiction
• Fanny Burney• Maria Edgeworth• Jane Austen
Laurence Sterne bySir Joshua Reynolds
Gothic Novels
• Novels characterized by magic, mystery and horror
• Exotic settings – medieval, Oriental, etc.
• Originated with Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto (1764)
• William Beckford: Vathek, An Arabian Tale (1786)
• Anne Radcliffe: 5 novels (1789-97) including The Mysteries of Udolpho
• Widely popular genre throughout Europe and America: Charles Brockden Brown’s Wieland (1798)
The Laughing Audience (1733). Etching and engraving by William Hogarth. The New York Public Library
EVENING
Entertainment
TheatreOpera
Symphony
Restoration and 18th C. Theatre
Theatres reopened with restoration of Charles II
French influence:• Actresses• Heroic
couplets• Neoclassical
modes:• Social
comedies• Heroic
tragedies
Comedy of Manners• Witty--
language driven
• Satirical of social mores
• Risque• Marriage
and money 18th C.
Comedy of Sentiment
Ladies at the opera from Gallery of Fashion (1796).
England’s first professional female
author:Aphra Behn1640?-1689 Novelist
Venice Preserv'd The History of the
Nun Love Letters between
a Nobleman and his sister (1684)
The Fair Jilt (1688) Oroonoko (c.1688) The Unfortunate
Happy Lady: A True History
Playwright The Forced Marriage
(1670) The Amorous Prince
(1671) Abdelazar (1676) The Rover (1677-81) The Feign'd Curtezans
(1679) The City Heiress (1682) The Lucky Chance
(1686) The Lover's Watch
(1686) The Emperor of the
Moon (1687) Lycidus (1688)
“All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the grave of Aphra Behn, for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds.” Virginia Woolf
Painting of the interior of the Drury Lane Theater List of Women Dramatists.
Susanna Centlivre1669-1723
Mary Pix1666-1709 Eliza Haywood
1693-1756
Charlotte Charke1713-1760
Hannah More1745-1833
Elizabeth Inchbald1753-1821
A riot mob in Covent Garden (1763). The Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C
Night (1738). Etching and engraving
by William Hogarth.
Denizensof the NIGHT