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The revival of wolves and otherlarge predators and its impact on
farmers and their livelihood in ruralregions of Europe
John D. C. LinnellNorwegian Institute for Nature Research
29/08/2018 Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 1
Structure of the Presentation
1. Status of large carnivores2. Impacts on livestock3. Livestock protection4. Conflicts and integrated policies
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 229/08/2018
Wolf distribution 2012-2016
• c. 17,000 in Europe• c. 13 -14,000 in EU
• 9 populations• Vulnerable – Least
Concern
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 329/08/2018
Bear distribution 2012-2016
• c. 17 –18,000 in Europe• c. 15 – 16,000 in EU
• 10 populations• Critically Endangered to
Least Concern
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 429/08/2018
Eurasian lynx distribution 2012-2016
• c. 8 - 9,000 in Europe• c. 7 – 8,000 in EU
• 11 populations• Critically Endangered to
Least Concern
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 529/08/2018
Wolverine distribution 2012-2016
• c. 1,000 – 1,250 in Europe• c. 600 – 800 in EU
• 2 populations• Endangered & Vulnerable
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 629/08/2018
Data availability on livestock losses
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 7
Very variable data quality
Data missing- Spain- Romania- Bulgaria- Poland- Austria
Partial data- Italy- Sweden
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Type of livestock impacted
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 829/08/2018
Sheep distribution and density in Europe
87 million in Europe58 million on mainland EU
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 929/08/2018
Losses of sheep to large carnivores (2012-2016)
• Average of 21,000 sheep compensated / killed p.a. in EUsample*
• 92% due to wolves• 75% of total in FR, PT, GR, HR, IT• <0.05% of sheep population of mainland EU• Average of 39,000 sheep killed p.a. if we include NO and
CH• 56% due to wolves (because of high losses due to lynx
and wolverine in NO)
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 10
* Excluding Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Spain, Austria
29/08/2018
Massive variation in losses per carnivore
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 11
Number of sheep + goats compensated per wolf
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
LatviaFinland
SwedenNetherlands
SlovakiaItaly (Apennines)
GermanyLithuania
Czech RepublicEstonia
DenmarkGreece
SloveniaPortugal
SwitzerlandCroatiaFranceNorway
Number of sheep + goats compensated per bear
0 5 10 15 20 25
LatviaCroatiaEstoniaSwedenSlovakiaFinlandGreece
SloveniaPyrenees (Spain)
Czech RepublicItaly - Alps
Pyrenees (France)Switzerland
Norway
Wolves Bears
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Massive variation in losses per carnivore
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 12
Eurasian lynx
Number of sheep and goats compensated per lynx
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Croatia
Lithuania
Latvia
Slovakia
Finland
Slovenia
Germany
Estonia
Sweden
Switzerland
Czech Republic
France
Norway
29/08/2018
Semi-domestic reindeer
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 13
35 – 60,000 compensated peryear
Impact of climate and herddensity
Few protection options
Limit herd size, controlcarnivores and compensate
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Impact of animal husbandry system
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 14
Loss
es /
carn
ivor
e
Free-range /no guarding
Fenced
Electricfences
Shepherds and livestockguarding dogs
29/08/2018
Impact of animal husbandry system
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 15
Loss
es /
carn
ivor
e
Free-range /no guarding
Fenced
Electricfences
Shepherds and livestockguarding dogs
29/08/2018
Impact of animal husbandry system
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 16
Loss
es /
carn
ivor
e
Free-range /no guarding
Fenced
Electricfences
Shepherds and livestockguarding dogs
29/08/2018
Impact of animal husbandry system
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 17
Loss
es /
carn
ivor
e
Free-range /no guarding
Fenced
Electricfences
Shepherds and livestockguarding dogs
29/08/2018
Impact of animal husbandry system
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 18
Loss
es /
carn
ivor
e
Free-range /no guarding
Fenced
Electricfences
Shepherds and livestockguarding dogs
29/08/2018
Impact of animal husbandry system
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 19
Loss
es /
carn
ivor
e
Free-range /no guarding
Fenced
Electricfences
Shepherds and livestockguarding dogs
29/08/2018
Impact of animal husbandry system
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 20
Loss
es /
carn
ivor
e
Free-range /no guarding
Fenced
Electricfences
Shepherds and livestockguarding dogs
29/08/2018
Understanding conflicts
• Dead livestock are an “impact”.• “Conflicts” are played out between different humans
(i.e. different stakeholders / publics / sectors of society).• The conflicts around large carnivores go far beyond
dead livestock and are only poorly related to impact.• Conflicts are linked to the wider issues that threaten rural
life.– Rural – urban migration– Globalisation and modernity– Agricultural and rural policies
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 2129/08/2018
Integrated solutions
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 22
Livestockprotection
Economiccompensation
Lethal control
Overall agricultural policyEnvironmental policies
High Nature Value farming
- Rural policies- Tourism
- Transport- Education
- Communication- Energy- Politics
29/08/2018
Further information
• European Commission’s Large Carnivore pages• http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/carnivo
res/index_en.htm• Best Practice / Stakeholder dialogue
Presentation for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development 2329/08/2018