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The Revolutionary Era

Benjamin Franklin sought to promote colonial unity with this snake

cartoon – What does it mean?

Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved

North America in 1763

1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.

2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.

3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her

American Empire was necessary!

Effects of the War

on Britain

1. It united them against acommon enemy for the firsttime.

2. It created a socializingexperience for all the colonials who participated.

3. It created bitter feelings towards the British thatwould only intensify.

Effects of the War on the

American Colonials

Road to War

• End of Salutary Neglect in 1763 – Why?

– George Grenville

– King George III

• Proclamation of 1763 (remember)

• Currency Act – 1764

• Sugar Act – 1764

• Quartering Act - 1765

• Stamp Act – 1765

– Why?

– British View

– Virginia Resolves – Patrick Henry• No taxes w/o representation

• External taxes vs Internal taxes

– Virtual Representation/ direct representation

• Stamp Act Congress – 1765

– Results/ Significance

– How did the colonists resist? Was it effective?

– Sons of Liberty (Sam Adams) – Who/ what are they?

• Repeal – 1766

– Declaratory Act

• Townshend Acts – 1767

– Details

– Writs of Assistance

• Colonial Reaction

– John Dickinson

– Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

– Massachusetts Circular Letter (Feb 1768)• British response vs Colonial responses

• Nonimportation agreements

• Spinning Bees

– Riots against customs agents – leads to the British sending troops to Boston

John Dickinson, author of

Letters from a Farmer in

Pennsylvania


The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)

• Why did colonists burn the Gaspee?– One of the only incidents between 1770-1773 to cause

conflict

• Gaspee Incident – Three pictures

Committees of Correspondence

• First organized in 1772

• What is their purpose?

• How successful were they?

• Samuel Adams

The Tea Act Crisis

• Tea Act – 1773

– What was it?

– Why did it cause a problem?

• Boston Tea Party – December 16, 1773

Boston Tea Party (1773)

British Response

• “Intolerable Acts” (Coercive Acts) – 1774

– What were they?

– Why did Parliament enact these laws?

• Quebec Act – 1774

– Colonial reaction

Opponents of the crown tar and feather a Boston tax collector, 1774.

What would be the impact of this cartoon in England?Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved

Cartoon of Boston after the

Coercive Acts


First Continental Congress

• Response to the Intolerable Acts

• Began meeting in fall, 1774

• Who was there? (which colonies & leaders)

– Who was missing?

• Resolutions

– Suffolk Resolves

• Lexington and Concord

– “The Shot Heard around the World”

– Why?

– Who fired the first shot?

– April, 1775

Listen my children and you

shall hear of the midnight

ride of Paul Revere…

Who else rode that night?

The Battle of Lexington, April 1775


Britain Americans

Advantages/

Strengths

Disadvantages/

Weaknesses

On the Eve of the Revolution ?

Loyalist

Strongholds –

What is a Loyalist?

What is a Tory?

The Second Continental Congress

• Began meeting in May, 1775

• Select G. Washington (Why?) to lead

military

• Declaration of the Causes & Necessity of

Taking up Arms

*appeal to king

*plan to raise money


The Second Continental Congress

• Olive Branch Petition

– John Dickinson

– What was its goal?

– Results

Early Battles

• Ticonderoga and Crown Point, May 1775

– Ethan Allen/ Benedict Arnold

• Bunker Hill, June 1775

• Invasion of Canada, October, 1775

– Results?

Military Strategies

Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].

Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]

Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

The Americans The British

Break the colonies in half by getting between the North & the South

Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.

“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

Thomas Paine: Common Sense

Common Sense• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (1776)

– “the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era” – Gordon Wood

• The arguments– It was absurd for an island to rule a continent.

– America was not a "British nation"; it was composed of influences and peoples from all of Europe.

– Even if Britain were the "mother country" of America, that made her actions all the more horrendous, for no mother would harm her children so brutally.

– Being a part of Britain would drag America into unnecessary European wars, and keep it from the international commerce at which America excelled.

– The distance between the two nations made governing the colonies from England unwieldy. If some wrong were to be petitioned to Parliament, it would take a year before the colonies received a response.

– The New World was discovered shortly before the Reformation. The Puritans believed that God wanted to give them a safe haven from the persecution of British rule.

– Britain ruled the colonies for its own benefit, and did not consider the best interests of the colonists in governing them.

Declaration of Independence

• Purpose

• John Locke

Declaration of Independence (1776)

New

National

Symbols

Patriots vs. Loyalists

• Loyalists

*Conservative, Wealthy, Educated

*Feared Mob Rule

*Older Generation

*Mostly in South

• Patriots

*New England

*Minority Movement

Key Battles

• Long Island

• Trenton/ Princeton

• Saratoga

• Valley Forge

Burning of New York City following American evacuation,

September 1776Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved

Washington Crossing the Delaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

3rd Phase:

The War in

the South,

1778-1781

Britain at War: The Global Context, 1778-

1783

British Government Expenses on

Armed Forces Throughout the World

(in thousands of pounds), 1775-1782

• 1777

• Importance

of the battle

of Saratoga

General Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette at Valley Forge,

winter 1777-1778Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved

Baron von Steuben provided

European professionalism as

Inspector General of the

Continental Army


John Trumbull’s depiction of Burgoyne’s surrender following the Battle

of Saratoga, October 1777Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved

The diplomatic skills of

Benjamin Franklin were

instrumental in securing

an alliance with France


Benjamin Franklin and his grandsons in ParisCopyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights

reserved

• Yorktown Surrender, by John Trumbull

– General Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown

“The world turned upside down”

Treaty of Paris - 1783

• Ended the war

• Who received what?

• Winners and Losers

North America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783

The Home Front

• Women during the Revolution

The Critical Period

• Changes in America

The Critical Period

• Foreign Policy Issues Facing the

New Country

– British Challenges

– Spanish Challenges

– Barbary Pirates

The Critical Period

• Articles of Confederation

– Why a confederation?

– Characteristics – define confederation

– Ratification Issues – Western Lands

• See next slides

State Claims to Western Lands

Characteristics/ Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 to amend.

Could not coin money.

Could not regulate trade/ commerce.

Could not tax or raise armies.

No separate executive or judicial branches.

DID THEY DO ANYTHING?

The Critical Period –

Accomplishments under the Articles

• Land Ordinance of 1785

– What is the significance of section 16?

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A major accomplishment of the Confederation Congress!

Forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory

Statehood achieved in three stages:

1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.

2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.

3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

State Constitutions

Republicanism. What does that mean?

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Most had bicameral legislatures.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies

in the 1780s

The Critical Period

• Some Problems Under the Articles

– Raising money

– Interest on the national debt (Why this debt?)

– State boundary disputes

– State tariffs (What is a tariff? Tariffs are very

important!)

– Different currencies

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7Daniel Shays – Western Massachusetts

Small farmers angered by crushing debts, taxes, and foreclosures.

What is the most significant result?

How does this remind you of other rebellions?

Bacon’s, Leisler’s, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement

Annapolis Convention (1786)

12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

The United States in 1787

The Critical Period

• The Constitutional Convention

• 55 Delegates

– Characteristics of the delegates

• Philadelphia - 1787

The Constitutional Convention

• Representation in Congress

– Big states vs. Small states

– Connecticut, or Great Compromise

• The Executive


• More Compromises

– Three-fifths Compromise

– Commerce

– Treaties

• Sectional Issues

– Slavery


• Checks and balances

• Elastic Clause

• Supremacy Clause

• Safeguards – Why???

• Core principle – “We, the People…”


• Bill of Rights???

• Ratification

– Federalists vs. Anti-

Federalists

– The Federalist Papers

• Madison, Hamilton, Jay

– Bill of Rights promised

Revolutionary America

• Changing roles

– White males

– Black Americans

– Women

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

“The World Turned Upside Down!”

Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

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