the rise and fall of jim crow

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/

Rise and Fall of Jim Crow


The Purpose of education is….

To allow people to acquire skills to get a job.

Move to opposite sides of the room if you agree or disagree with the following statements:

To become “productive members of society”

The purpose of education is…

To become good citizens (social skills, etc.)


To learn certain moral and social values


1. What is the purpose of education, in your opinion? Give at least 2 purposes.- Opportunity and career- Jobs for future- Life skills (respect, cooperation)- Sports- Reading/academic skills- Try/learn new things- Help your own kids

2. Now, share with the class and copy the list:

Quick-Write: On loose-leaf- 1 paragraph – 10 minutes- 10 points!

Rank the reasons in order of importance…

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/segregation.html

What was going on at the time?

Timeline



Most African Americans were excluded from “white” colleges

African American colleges founded:HowardAtlantaFisk

Very few African Americans actually attended colleges

Higher Education and African Americans

Booker T Washington- stressed vocational over cultural educationStated that "there is as much dignity in

tilling a field as in writing a poem.”Believed racism would end if African

Americans acquired labor skillsFounded Tuskegee University in

Alabama- vocational school

Booker T. Washington

https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_1265677405&feature=iv&index=13&list=PLRlmwKnv77Ho_g50XMlhP8snKk4A4QPSw&src_vid=TGOEED_MexI&v=07cispyOhWQ

3 Facts from each clip:

Disagreed with Washington- focus of education should be reading, writing, liberal arts

Stated “the object of all true education is not to make men carpenters, it is to make carpenters men”.

Founded Niagra Movement- goal was for African Americans to seek college education

W.E.B. DuBois

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGOEED_MexI

Later founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Aimed at full equality for the racesHad little support at the time since most

focus was on Middle Class and whitesPresidents such as Teddy Roosevelt also did

not support Civil Rights

Today it is a strong organization

*WEB DuBois & the NAACP

DuBois- higher education – well –rounded, blacks can better themselves through education in all areas, against blacks doing manual labor

Washington-believed education should just prepare you for a specific skilled job- “tech school”- not necc. Well-rouned education, wanted blacks to accept their place in society as manual laborers

What were the main differences in their views?

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON- Industrial

education- Urged

blacks to accept their place in society

- Urged blacks to get education and a job to combat racism

SIMILARITIES WEB DUBOIS

- Urged protests and four year colleges for African Americans

- Wanted blacks to know their history

With whose theory on education do you agree with more? (Booker T. who said blacks should have a vocational education, or WEB who said blacks should have a 4-year degree). Why? Support your answer with at least two pieces of evidence.

I agree with Booker T/WEB on his theory on education because…

1 Paragraph- 10 minutes- 10 points

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NJAKDVfWxs

Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Episode 1- start at 17 minutes

Answer the questions after viewing



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-7eNRB2_0Q

Segregated South- images

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mF718GsrOI




Ch. 16 Section 3

Segregation and Discrimination

Segregationin the Southern

states(1896-1968)

The segregated South

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSYNhFyEHoo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSYNhFyEHoo



The Black Codes laws put in place in the United States after the

Civil War Limited the basic human rights and civil

liberties of black citizens living in the South varied from state to state they each attempted to secure a steady supply

of cheap labor and continued to assume the inferiority of the freed slaves

Extra Info: Black Codes The black codes had their roots in the slave

codes that had formerly been in effect The Black Codes granted African Americans

certain rights, such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts.

But the Black Codes denied them the rights to testify against whites, to serve on juries or in state militias, or to vote, and express legal concern publicly

Voting Restrictions Poll tax- many sharecroppers were too poor

to pay the tax Grandfather clause- said if their grandfather

was eligible to vote before 1867 they could vote- restricted blacks from voting since freed slaves at that time could not vote

Literacy test- had to pass a test before voting

Why would people in the South not want African Americans voting?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALTam2L9NhE




Jim Crow etiquette norms: A black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a

white male because it implied being socially equal.

Blacks and whites were not supposed to eat together. If they did eat together, whites were to be served first, and some sort of partition was to be placed between them.

Under no circumstance was a black male to offer to light the cigarette of a white female--that gesture implied intimacy.

Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially kissing, because it offended whites.

Jim Crow etiquette required that blacks were introduced to whites, never whites to blacks. For example: "Mr. Peters (the white person), this is Charlie (the black person), that I spoke to you about."

Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or Ma'am. Instead, blacks were called by their first names.

If a black person rode in a car driven by a white person, the black person sat in the back seat or the back of a truck.

Stetson Kennedy, the author of Jim Crow Guide, offered these simple rules that blacks were supposed to observe in conversing with whites:

Never claim that a white person is lying.

Never allege dishonorable intentions to a white person.

Never suggest that a white person is from an inferior class.

Never lay claim to, or overly demonstrate, superior knowledge or intelligence.

Never curse a white person.

Never laugh derisively at a white person.

Never comment upon the appearance of a white female.

Quick-write: Which Jim Crow law shocks you the most and why?

1. Read/analyze the Plessy v. Ferguson case

2. Finish 16-3 guided reading

3. 16-3 Ppt. notes

Agenda 3/16 or 3/17

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)pp. 496- 97

Can the state of Louisiana mandate separate railroadcars for Blacks and Whites?

Plessy v. Ferguson – p. 496• Who- Homer Plessy • What- tried to take a seat in the “whites only”

car of the train• Arrested for breaking the law in Louisiana• Plessy appealed under the 14th Amendment• When- 1896

• Why- Court ruled that “separate but equal facilities” did not violate 14th Amendment

Importance

• How/effects: Legalized segregated facilities and public places

• Most southern states kept their segregation laws until the 1960s

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

"The object of the [Fourteenth] Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. . .

“We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff's argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of any-thing found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it. "

“In my opinion, the judgment this day rendered will, in time, prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott case.”

—Justice Harlan, dissenting

“Separate but equal . . .”• Schools• Churches• Restaurants• Movies• Hotels• Libraries• Housing• ...you name it

“Separate but equal . . .”• Schools• Churches• Restaurants• Movies• Hotels• Libraries• Housing• ...you name it

No Social Interactions Allowed

Especially no intermarriage

The one significant institution under the control of Black citizens:Their churches.

1. What is the purpose of education, in your opinion? Give at least 2 purposes.

2. Now, share with the class and copy the list:

Quick-Write: On loose-leaf- 1 paragraph – 10 minutes- 10 points!

Rank the reasons in order of importance…


What was going on at the time?

Timeline



Most African Americans were excluded from “white” colleges

African American colleges founded:HowardAtlantaFisk

Very few African Americans actually attended colleges

Higher Education and African Americans

Booker T Washington- stressed vocational over cultural educationStated that "there is as much dignity in

tilling a field as in writing a poem.”Believed racism would end if African

Americans acquired labor skillsFounded Tuskegee University in

Alabama- vocational school

Booker T. Washington

https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_1265677405&feature=iv&index=13&list=PLRlmwKnv77Ho_g50XMlhP8snKk4A4QPSw&src_vid=TGOEED_MexI&v=07cispyOhWQ

3 Facts from each clip:

Disagreed with Washington- focus of education should be reading, writing, liberal arts

Stated “the object of all true education is not to make men carpenters, it is to make carpenters men”.

Founded Niagra Movement- goal was for African Americans to seek college education

W.E.B. DuBois

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGOEED_MexI

DuBois- higher education – well –rounded, blacks can better themselves through education in all areas, against blacks doing manual labor

Washington-believed education should just prepare you for a specific skilled job- “tech school”- not necc. Well-rouned education, wanted blacks to accept their place in society as manual laborers

What were the main differences in their views?


Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, Episode 1- start at 17 minutes

Answer the questions after viewing



With whom do you agree (on education)- Booker T. Washington or W.E.B. DuBois? Why?

In a paragraph, please support your opinion with 2 pieces of evidence from the notes/text (pg. 491)

Mini-Essay – 15 minutes- 1 paragraph20 points

Central relationship betweenWhites and Blacks:

Dominance(tinged with paternalism)

• Blacks restricted to menial jobs• Blacks supervised by whites, never

the other way around• Whites control wealth and political

institutions• Blacks denied even the right to vote

Frederickson’s Criteria for an Overtly Racist Regime

1. Ideology: The differences between us and them are permanent and unbridgable.

2. Intermarriage is forbidden by law.

3. Segregation mandated by law, not merely by custom or private acts.

4. Disenfranchisement of vote and public office-holding.

5. Economic opportunities are so limitated that members of outgroup kept in poverty or deliberately impoverished.

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)Back to Africa!

W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963)•Sociologist•Journalist•Pan-Africanist•Socialist/Communist•Ghanian

The Civil Rights Movement1954-1968

Three notable events near the beginning of the movement:

• Brown v. Board of Education• The Murder of Emmitt Till• The Montgomery Bus Boycott

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

“We conclude that, in the field of public education, ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.“Any language in Plessy v. Ferguson contrary to this finding is rejected.”

The Murder of Emmitt Till (1955)

“Thar he.”Moses Wright, Sumner, Mississippi, September 22, 1955

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

The OrganizationsNAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference

CORE Congress of Racial Equality

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersSNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

The Objectives• Overthrow the Jim Crow

Laws• Integrate Public Facilities• Eliminate Racial

Discrimination Generally

The MethodNonviolent Civil Disobedience

M. K. GandhiSatyagraha

Why nonviolence?• Ethical view: Pacifism• Violence does not work• Violence is incompatible

with the appeal to conscience

Do ethical arguments make any difference?How moral argument might lead to social change:The people making the argument keep things stirred up, so that . . .The only way to settle things down--and keep society running peacefully--is to grant the point and make the required changes; and . . .The majority are willing to concede the ethical point, however, grudgingly. Then,The change is made.

• Nonviolent• Public• Aimed at specific laws, not at law itself• Willing to accept punishment• Addresses to conscience of the majority• Last resort

Characteristics of Civil Disobedience

• Boycotts• Marches and Public Demonstrations• Sit-ins• Freedom Ride• Voter Registration Drives• Law Suits• Speeches, newspaper articles,

publicity, publicity, publicity

Tactics

Were the civil rights demonstrators really breaking the law?Was “civil disobedience” really disobedience to the law?

Ronald Dworkin

The White Resistance

Strom ThurmondDixiecrat Candidate for President 1948


Jesse HelmsSenator from North Carolina


“Massive Resistance”• Refusal to obey court orders,

citing doctine of States’ Rights• Integration of schools did not

really become effective until 1960s

• Notable battles over school integration in Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas

In 1963, Birmingham’s First High School Integration

• Richard Walker• From Ullman to Ransom• Later graduated from

UAB Medical School• Now a local physician

Odessa Woolfolk

1964 Civil Rights Act• Voting rights• Public accommodations• Equal opportunity in employment• Desegregation of public facilities• Nondiscrimination in federally

funded programs• Establishes Civil Rights Commission• Affirmative action training programs

The Original Arguments for Affirmative Action

• Lyndon Johnson’s argument: the analogy of the foot race

The Original Arguments for Affirmative Action

• Lyndon Johnson’s argument: the analogy of the foot race

• Role models and the vicious circle• Necessary for combatting racism• Compensation

1968: The Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Three features of our current situation that resulted from the policy of massive resistance:• Multiple school systems• The private Christian

Academies• Republicans as the

conservative party

The Present1968-2003

The Civil Rights Movement

The Women’s Movement

The Gay Rights Movement

The Rights of the Handicapped

The Animal Rights Movement

Where do we stand now on the question of race?

• Jim Crow laws are gone• Public facilities and schools (mostly)

integrated• Housing and social life (mostly) segregated• African-Americans hold many local political

positions• The economy, wealth, and national political

power still (mostly) in the hands of Whites• Affirmative action restricted and

controversial

Median Income (Men), 1960-2000

Whites Afr-Amer Percentage*2000 29,696 21,662 73%1990 27,182 16,522 61%1980 26,519 15,936 60%1970 27,088 16,069 59%1960 21,294 11,202 53%

*Income of African-American men expressed as a percentage of the income of White men

What ideal should we embrace?

Two competing ideas:1. The Color-Blind Society


Two competing ideas:1. The Color-Blind Society2. Black Pride and Heritage


Two competing ideas:1. The Color-Blind Society2. Black Pride and Heritage

A model that might combine these two: The position of American Jews within the larger society