The Roaring 1920’sThe Roaring 1920’s

““returning to normalcyreturning to normalcy””

Disorder in American Society:Disorder in American Society:Racial Conflict, Labor Unrest & the Red ScareRacial Conflict, Labor Unrest & the Red Scare

I. Racial ConflictI. Racial ConflictA. return from war – belief in equalityA. return from war – belief in equalityB. racial riots break outB. racial riots break out

II. 1919 – Strikes!!!II. 1919 – Strikes!!!A. Boston Police Strike & Calvin CoolidgeA. Boston Police Strike & Calvin CoolidgeB. Image of Unions & Labor Movements DwindleB. Image of Unions & Labor Movements DwindleC. Fear of Radicalism running wild in America - C. Fear of Radicalism running wild in America -

Unions full of anarchist, socialists, radicalsUnions full of anarchist, socialists, radicalsIII. Red ScareIII. Red Scare

A. Fueled by:A. Fueled by:1) immigration1) immigration2) radicalism & riots,2) radicalism & riots,3) Russian Revolution3) Russian Revolution

B. Palmer RaidsB. Palmer Raids1) A. Mitchell Palmer (Attorney General) – no Wilson1) A. Mitchell Palmer (Attorney General) – no Wilson2) Radicalism - raids & arrests2) Radicalism - raids & arrests3) J. Edgar Hoover - FBI3) J. Edgar Hoover - FBI3) May 1, 1920 – (May Day) – Labor related holiday3) May 1, 1920 – (May Day) – Labor related holiday

C. Sacco & VanzettiC. Sacco & Vanzetti

The Rise of NativismThe Rise of Nativism::“America must be kept American“America must be kept American””

- Calvin Coolidge- Calvin Coolidge

II. Origins:. Origins:A. See Red ScareA. See Red ScareB. native born white protestants looked at society and said:B. native born white protestants looked at society and said:

””what has happened to us”what has happened to us”II. Immigration RestrictionII. Immigration Restriction

A. Immigration Act of 1921A. Immigration Act of 1921B. National Origins Act of 1924B. National Origins Act of 1924

1) established a quota system1) established a quota system2) cut immigration quotas to 2 % of each nationality2) cut immigration quotas to 2 % of each nationality3) 1929 – increased restrictions setting a cap of 3) 1929 – increased restrictions setting a cap of

150,000 immigrants per year from Europe 150,000 immigrants per year from Europe & & essentially banned immigration essentially banned immigration from Asia.from Asia.

III. The Revival of the KlanIII. The Revival of the KlanA. Promoted A. Promoted “Native, White, Protestant supremacy” – 100% American“Native, White, Protestant supremacy” – 100% American

1) Foreigners were a threat to their life1) Foreigners were a threat to their lifeB.B. Went afterWent after

1) Blacks 2) Jews & Catholics 3) Immigrants1) Blacks 2) Jews & Catholics 3) Immigrants

Rural vs. Urban ConflictRural vs. Urban Conflict

The Scopes “Monkey” TrialThe Scopes “Monkey” Trial

The Roaring 20’sThe Roaring 20’s

►

The Economy of the 20’sThe Economy of the 20’s

►Recession: 1919-21Recession: 1919-21►Harding balances the budgetHarding balances the budget►Economic GrowthEconomic Growth

White goodsWhite goods►Fridges, Stoves, washers, dryers, ironsFridges, Stoves, washers, dryers, irons

Ready made clothingReady made clothing

The Economy of the 20’sThe Economy of the 20’s

Cars, Cars, Cars, Cars and more CarsCars, Cars, Cars, Cars and more Cars►Road building- US Highways, State HighwaysRoad building- US Highways, State Highways►Urban pavingUrban paving►ParkwaysParkways►Fast food- White Castle, A & WFast food- White Castle, A & W►MotelsMotels►Expansion of SuburbsExpansion of Suburbs►Supermarkets and Department storesSupermarkets and Department stores

RadioRadio

KDKA Pittsburgh- first commercial KDKA Pittsburgh- first commercial stationstation

Chicago: WMAQ, WBBM, WLS. WGNChicago: WMAQ, WBBM, WLS. WGNWorcester: WTAG Boston : WEEI, WRKOWorcester: WTAG Boston : WEEI, WRKOHartford: WTIC Des Moines WHOHartford: WTIC Des Moines WHODetroit: WJR Cleveland: WTAMDetroit: WJR Cleveland: WTAMMinneapolis-St. Paul WCCOMinneapolis-St. Paul WCCOMilwaukee: WTMJ St. Louis KMOXMilwaukee: WTMJ St. Louis KMOX

ProhibitionProhibition

►1818thth Amendment Amendment►Volstead ActVolstead Act►Speakeasies, Bathtub GinSpeakeasies, Bathtub Gin►Rise of the crime syndicates Rise of the crime syndicates

(Capone, Luciano, Lansky, Kennedy, and (Capone, Luciano, Lansky, Kennedy, and many others)many others)

FlappersFlappers

► Boyish figureBoyish figure► Short hair – bob cutShort hair – bob cut► FlirtyFlirty► Short skirts, rolled up sleevesShort skirts, rolled up sleeves► Exposed skinExposed skin► Wore make-upWore make-up► Danced to jazzDanced to jazz► Smoking & swearingSmoking & swearing

Readings:Readings: A Revolution in Manners & MoralsA Revolution in Manners & Morals

The Flappers Grew BoldThe Flappers Grew Bold No Women Can Call herself FreeNo Women Can Call herself Free

Politics of the 1920’sPolitics of the 1920’s 1920-1924: Warren G Harding1920-1924: Warren G Harding

““return to normalcy” with “Uncle Warren”return to normalcy” with “Uncle Warren” Appointed his friends and Ohio buddies to Appointed his friends and Ohio buddies to

cabinet positionscabinet positions VP – CoolidgeVP – Coolidge Charles Evans Hughes – State Dept.Charles Evans Hughes – State Dept. Andrew Mellon – TreasuryAndrew Mellon – Treasury Herbert Hoover – Secretary of CommerceHerbert Hoover – Secretary of Commerce Albert Fall – Secretary of the InteriorAlbert Fall – Secretary of the Interior

Harding remained loyal to his friends; a major faultHarding remained loyal to his friends; a major fault ““I have no trouble with my enemies. I can take care of my I have no trouble with my enemies. I can take care of my

enemies in a fight. But my friends, my goddamned friends, enemies in a fight. But my friends, my goddamned friends, they're the ones who keep me walking the floor at nights!” they're the ones who keep me walking the floor at nights!”

Teapot Dome Scandal & Cabinet CorruptionTeapot Dome Scandal & Cabinet Corruption Dies of a heart attack in San Francisco in August 1923Dies of a heart attack in San Francisco in August 1923

Politics of the 1920’sPolitics of the 1920’sCalvin Coolidge (Silent Cal)Calvin Coolidge (Silent Cal)

1924-19281924-1928““He is the first President to discover that what the American He is the first President to discover that what the American

people want is to be left alone” – Will Rogerspeople want is to be left alone” – Will Rogers► VP to HardingVP to Harding► From VTFrom VT► Supporter of business & limited Supporter of business & limited

government interventiongovernment intervention► Believed inBelieved in::

Reduction of world arms productionReduction of world arms production►Kellogg-Briand TreatyKellogg-Briand Treaty

Hands off government & economyHands off government & economy Reduction in government debtReduction in government debt

► Dawes PlanDawes Plan Against labor arbitrationAgainst labor arbitration

►Boston Police StrikeBoston Police Strike

Foreign AffairsForeign AffairsIsolationism….not so muchIsolationism….not so much

►Washington Naval Arms Washington Naval Arms Conference (1921)Conference (1921)

►5:5:35:5:3

►Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)►End war forever, man…End war forever, man…

►Dawes PlanDawes Plan Lending money to the Germans, so they could Lending money to the Germans, so they could

pay back the British and French, so they could pay back the British and French, so they could pay US back! OMG!!!!pay US back! OMG!!!!

Economic Problems of the 1920’s Economic Problems of the 1920’s

1) Prices flat- productivity soars hidden inflation1) Prices flat- productivity soars hidden inflation

2)2) Stagnant WagesStagnant Wages

3)3) Unbalanced distribution of wealthUnbalanced distribution of wealth

4)4) Overbuying on creditOverbuying on credit

5) Stock Market Issues5) Stock Market Issuesa) speculationa) speculationb) buying on marginb) buying on margin--------------------------------------------------------------

Causes of the Great DepressionCauses of the Great Depression

1)1) Old & Decaying Industrial BaseOld & Decaying Industrial Base

2)2) Farming CrisisFarming Crisis

3)3) Easy Availability of CreditEasy Availability of Credit

4)4) Unequal distribution of wealthUnequal distribution of wealth

5)5) Stock Market CrashStock Market Crash

6)6) The Fed The Fed

Herbert Hoover’s ResponseHerbert Hoover’s Response

Hoover Takes Action:Hoover Takes Action:►Federal Home Loan Bank ActFederal Home Loan Bank Act►Reconstruction Finance CorpReconstruction Finance Corp►Hoover Dam (see pictures)Hoover Dam (see pictures)►Large expansion of the Federal GovernmentLarge expansion of the Federal Government►Bonus ArmyBonus Army

Response to Hoover:Response to Hoover:- Hoovervilles - Hoovervilles - Hoover blankets, - Hoover blankets, - Hoover Flags- Hoover Flags

The Emergence of F.D. RooseveltThe Emergence of F.D. Roosevelt

Who is FDR?Who is FDR?- Personal background- Personal background

- Political background/career- Political background/career

What did he have to offer Americans?What did he have to offer Americans?Great Issues: Commonwealth Club Reading Great Issues: Commonwealth Club Reading

Election of 1932 Election of 1932 (See attached map)(See attached map)

FDR (Dem) vs. H. Hoover (Rep) FDR (Dem) vs. H. Hoover (Rep)

The Ideology Behind “The New Deal”The Ideology Behind “The New Deal”

Roosevelt’s LeadershipRoosevelt’s Leadership► Proposed New Deal Proposed New Deal ► Threw a lot of stuff against the wallThrew a lot of stuff against the wall► Roosevelt’s charisma & personality– “Fireside Chats”Roosevelt’s charisma & personality– “Fireside Chats”► Provided Americans with “hope” & actionProvided Americans with “hope” & action► New Deal Plan had three basic componentsNew Deal Plan had three basic components

► Relief (relief for the needy)Relief (relief for the needy)► Recovery (economic recovery)Recovery (economic recovery)► Reform (Financial reformReform (Financial reform

The First Hundred DaysThe First Hundred Days

Bank Holiday (kicked off the Hundred Days)Bank Holiday (kicked off the Hundred Days)- Emergency Banking Act- Emergency Banking Act

THE NEW DEAL PROGRAMSTHE NEW DEAL PROGRAMS► HLCHLC – Homeowners Loan Corporation – Homeowners Loan Corporation► Glass - Steagall ActGlass - Steagall Act► FDICFDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. – Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.► CCCCCC – Civilian Conservation Corp – Civilian Conservation Corp► AAAAAA – Agricultural Adjustment Act – Agricultural Adjustment Act► NIRANIRA – National Industrial Recovery Act – National Industrial Recovery Act ► NRANRA – National Recovery Administration – National Recovery Administration ► FERAFERA – Federal Emergency Relief Admin. – Federal Emergency Relief Admin.► PWAPWA – Public Works Administration – Public Works Administration► CWACWA – Civil Works Administration – Civil Works Administration

Opposition& Conflict Surrounding the New DealOpposition& Conflict Surrounding the New Deal

► Father Charles CoughlinFather Charles Coughlin► Radio host who criticized the New DealRadio host who criticized the New Deal► Organized National Union for Social JusticeOrganized National Union for Social Justice► Attacked FDR’s New Deal demanding nationalization Attacked FDR’s New Deal demanding nationalization

of the banking system and expansion of the money supply of the banking system and expansion of the money supply ► Believed the economic problems were a Jewish conspiracyBelieved the economic problems were a Jewish conspiracy

► Francis Townsend Francis Townsend ► New Deal did not go far enoughNew Deal did not go far enough

► Huey LongHuey Long► ““Share Our Wealth Plan”Share Our Wealth Plan”

• Fr. Charles CoughlinFr. Charles Coughlin

► Supreme CourtSupreme CourtUnconstitutional ActsUnconstitutional Acts

- AAA - AAA - NIRA (Schechter v. United States)- NIRA (Schechter v. United States)

Roosevelt RespondsRoosevelt Responds- Court Packing- Court Packing

Roosevelt addresses the Supreme Court Reform (G.I. 363)Roosevelt addresses the Supreme Court Reform (G.I. 363)

Election of 1936Election of 1936FDR vs. Alf Landon (Kan)FDR vs. Alf Landon (Kan)

FDR had the support of:FDR had the support of: Organized laborOrganized labor Midwestern farmersMidwestern farmers Northern blacksNorthern blacks Middle class families (grew during this period)Middle class families (grew during this period) Elderly (SSA)Elderly (SSA) JewsJews IntellectualsIntellectuals Progressive RepublicansProgressive Republicans White southernersWhite southerners

Second New DealSecond New Deal

TBATBA