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The Rock Cycle Figure 3.1

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Page 1: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

The Rock Cycle

Figure 3.1

Page 2: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Igneous rocks

Formed by cooling and solidifying magma

Magma – molten rock

Lava – magma on the Earth surface

Magma and igneous rocks can be:

Extrusive – on the Earth surface

Intrusive – magma solidifies underground

Page 3: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Rock cycle – plate tectonic example

A

Figure 3.2

Page 4: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Textures of igneous rocks

Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye

Magma cools slowly, enough time to form large crystals

Intrusiverocks are very good insulators

Page 5: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Textures of igneous rocks

Fine grained – mineral grains smaller than 1 mm

Magma cools quickly

Glass forms when quenched quickly,such as lava flowing into water

Extrusive

Page 6: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Intrusive granite – coarse texture

Quartzgray

Plagio-clasewhite

Figure 3.5

K feldspar is stained yellow

Page 7: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Intrusive granite – thin section

Note interlocking mineral grains Figure 3.1

Page 8: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Composition and Texture

Magma Coarse Finetype grained grained

Mafic

Intermediate

Silicic

Gabbro

Diorite

Granite

Basalt

Andesite

Rhyolite

Page 9: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Table of igneous rocks

Figure 3.6

Ferromagnesian

Silicic

Page 10: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Granite and diorite

Si, Al, K Fe, Mg, Na

Page 11: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Granite and diorite

Granite

Diorite

Page 12: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Diorite and gabbro

Na,less Fe, Mg

Ca,

Fe, Mg

Page 13: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Diorite and gabbro

Diorite

Gabbro

Page 14: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Table of igneous rocks

Figure 3.6

Page 15: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Intrusive (granite) vs. extrusive (rhyolite)

Rhyolite

Granite

Page 16: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Intrusive (diorite) vs. extrusive (andesite)

Diorite

Andesite porphyritic

Page 17: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Intrusive (gabbro) vs. extrusive (basalt)Gabbro

Basalt

Page 18: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Sierra Nevada batholith

A

Page 19: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Forming a batholith

Page 20: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

How magma forms

Thegeothermal

gradient

about 3o Cin 100 m

Page 21: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Factors that control melting temperatures

Pressure

Water

Page 22: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Igneous activity & plate tectonics

Divergent boundaries – seafloor spreading

Page 23: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Igneous activity & plate tectonics

Mantle plume under continental crust

Page 24: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Igneous processes at convergent margins

Washington-Oregon coast Juan de Fuca Ridge offshore

Shallow angle of subduction

Page 25: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Igneous processes at convergent margins

Page 26: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Two modes of forming magmaMany batholiths are mostly granite, not diorite

Heating of crustproduces granite

Intermediate magmaproduces diorite

Page 27: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Diorite batholith,Antarctica

Page 28: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

Granite batholith, Chile

Page 29: The Rock Cycle - utoledo.edu cycle – plate tectonic example A Figure 3.2 Textures of igneous rocks Coarse grained – mineral grains greater than 1 mm, can see with the eye Magma

End


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