THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN ECONOMY, BUSINESS

AND FINANCE

BA 344 Special Topics in Accounting and Auditing

Dr. Yasemin ZENGİN KARAİBRAHİMOĞLU

Is it possible to run a business without an accountant?

YES YOU CAN RUN A BUSINESS WITHOUT AN ACCOUNTANT, ONLY IF YOU CAN DRIVE A CAR WITHOUT FUEL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

BOOKKEEPING!!!

Accountant !!!!!!!!!!!!

Reference: Mugan-Akman 2007

Environment of a Business Organization

Reference: Mugan-Akman 2007

Business Activities

Operating Activities

Financing Activities

Investing Activities

AccountingFinance

Marketing & Sales

Production

Human Resources

Management

Accounting Information in a Business

What is Accounting? Accounting is an information system Accounting is the language of a business

Users of Accounting Information

Financial Accounting

Managerial Accounting Cost Accounting

Fields of Accounting

Accounting lies at the heart of business. It is possible to survive, for a while at

least, without an effective marketing plan, poor human resource management and indeed a poorly designed business strategy. However, if there are serious faults with the management and control of the business’s financial systems, it will fail.

Role of Accounting in a Business

Basic Roles; Measuring, recording,

analyzing, summarizing and reporting economic activities

Fullfil the information need of internal and external users

Provide management with information to assist them in their decision making and other activities.

Role of Accounting in a Business

Financial AccountingManagement AccountingCost Accounting

Beside recording, summarizing, and reporting; Accounting and Stewardship Accounting and Control Accounting and Planning Accounting and Information

Role of Accounting in Today’s Business

Primary Financial Statements Income Statement Statement of Changes in Equity Balance Sheet- Statement of Financial

Position Cash Flow Statement (or Statement of

Cash Flows) NOTES

Income Statement Summarizes the revenues and expenses of

an entity for a certain period in time Reveals the results of operations during a

period Shows whether an entity is successful in

achieving the goal of profitability

Example of an Income Statement TURKCELL-English TURKCELL-Turkish

Statement of Changes in Equity

14-28

Summarizes the transactions that affect the shareholders’ equity in a given period

Increases in the share capital or payments of dividends to shareholders during the period are presented

Example of a Statement of Changes in Equity TURKCELL-English TURKCELL-Turkish

Balance Sheet Reports financial situation of a company Gives information about a company’s

assets, liabilities and capital. Snapshot of the financial position at a

given date

Example of a Balance Sheet TURKCELL-English TURKCELL-Turkish

Cash Flow Statement Deals with cash in-flows and out-flows

company resulting from operating, financing and investing activities for a specific period

Presents information regarding the goal of liquidity

Example of a Cash Flow Statement TURKCELL-English TURKCELL-Turkish

Auditing and Auditors’ Opinion Independent audit of financial

statements: the examination of the financial statements,

accounting system and internal controls, and the accounting records of a company

purpose of an independent audit is to express an opinion on the financial statements- whether they are prepared in accordance with

the generally accepted accounting principles whether they fairly present the financial

position of the company auditors’ report implies that the financial

statements are free of material misstatements

Unqualified opinion: (The Best) A clean opinion meaning that the financial statements appear to be presented fairly.

Qualified opinion: The auditor finds some situations that don't comply with GAAP. The auditor determines the financial statements are presented fairly except for (the situation that doesn't comply) and declares the reasons.

Disclaimer opinion: The auditor doesn't want to or can't give an opinion on whatever's being audited.

Adverse opinion: (The Worst) It states that the financial statements do not fairly present the financial position, results of operations, and changes in financial position, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.

Types of Auditors’ Opinion

Regulatory Bodies National

Capital Markets Board (CMB) Ministry of Finance TURMOB (Union of Chambers of Certified Public

Accountants of Turkey) Turkish Accounting Standards Board (TASB)-

Changed on 26/09/2011 Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards

Authority International

International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)-

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) -US

Development of Accounting Commercial transaction records - 3600 BC Accounting in ancient times and Middle Ages- clay

tokens & money- single-entry system Evolution of Double Entry System- Accumulation of

wealth - Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli- in 1494- Summa de arithmetica

19th century – distinction between creditors and owners - national accounting standards

Early 20th century - standardization of financial reports End of the 20th century, these developments had

resulted in the global standardization of accounting standards, and in the beginning of the 21st century, the International Financial Reporting Standards were issued

Development of Accounting in Turkey Commercial Code of 1850 - translation of the

French Commercial Code A second Commercial Code was enacted in 1926-

based on the German commerce and company laws that controlled the accounting rules

1950s on- American expertise has been utilized and the Turkish economic system - heavily influenced by the American system

A new Commercial Code came into effect in 1956 Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) came out in 1984;

full operations started in 1986.The foundation of the Capital Markets Board (CMB) and the Istanbul stock exchange, and the increase in foreign investments

The first set of financial accounting standards was developed in January 1989 by the CMB, to be effective for the fiscal years that started on or after January 1, 1989

The Ministry of Finance published the committee’s report in a communiqué on 26 December 1992, establishing the principles and the uniform chart of accounts to be in effect starting 1 January 1994

Turkish Accounting and Auditing Standards Board (TAASB) was founded in 1994

Turkish Accounting Standards Board (TASB-IFRS) First set of Turkish Accounting Standards to be effective in 2006 which are converged with IFRS (2005)

Development of Accounting in Turkey

Full set of Turkish Accounting Standards (TMSs)/Turkish Financial Reporting Standards (TFRSs) fully convergent with the IASs /IFRSs by TASB (2010)

New Turkish Commercial Code which requires all the companies to use TMS/TFRS and subject to audit and give authority to TUDESK to set the Turkish Auditing Standards (2011)

Turkish Financial Reporting Standards for SMEs (TFRS for SMEs) to be effective in 2013 (2010)

Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority(2011)

Development of Accounting in Turkey

Accounting is a back bone of economic development. Accounting in Investment & Financial Appraisal Accounting for Efficient Markets Cost function of Accounting for Economic

Development Fraud, Accounting & Economy Accounting, Financial Services &Economy

Accounting is the language of business to communicate the results with others, without

accounting information there will be confusion in the whole society and economy.

Role of Accounting in Economy

Accounting information for Prosopective Analysis - Firm Valuation Enterprise Risk Management Strategic scenario planning Capital budgeting and management Financial Management

Role of Accounting in Finance

Myth 1: Accounting is boring

Myth 2: Accounting is mathematical

Myth 3: There is a lot to learn

Myth 4: It is all done by computers by those days-accountants are obsolete

Myths about Accounting

Welcome to the world of accounting…