the role of archives in strengthening...
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The Role of Archives in
Strengthening DemocracyStrengthening Democracy
Trudy Huskamp Peterson
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Location: Pristina, Kosovo
Photographer: Capt Gallagher
Date: 13 June 1999
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Right to know government
informationLast half 20th century, governments adopted freedom of information laws
1993 United Nations Commission on 1993 United Nations Commission on Human Rights appointed Special Rapporteur on right to freedom of opinion and expression
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1997 report of Special
RapporteurGovernments “to fully promote and protect” . . The right “to seek and receive information”receive information”
“Fundamental prerequisite to ensure public participation”
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UN Principles against impunity
of perpetrators
Adopted in 1997
Drafted by Louis JoinetDrafted by Louis Joinet
Updated in 2005 by Diane Orentlicher
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Joinet Principles Concerning
Archives
Right to know (personal and collective)
Duty to remember (State)Duty to remember (State)
State to “ensure the preservation of, and access to, archives concerning violations of human rights and humanitarian law.”
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International Council on
Archives actions1993 CITRA in Mexico City called for advice on handling archives of security servicesservices
1995 UNESCO-funded study, “Archives of the security services of former repressive regimes”
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4 Categories of Transitional
Justice Rights
Right to justice—no impunityRight to justice—no impunity
Institutional reform—no recurrence
Right to know
Right to reparations
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Right to justice—no impunity
Prosecuting
Protecting witnessesProtecting witnesses
Monitoring trials
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Institutional reform—no recurrence
Rebuilding government structures
Vetting public officialsVetting public officials
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Right to know
Locating the missing
Truth tellingTruth telling
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Right to reparations
Restitution
Moral and material compensationMoral and material compensation
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UN Principles against impunity
of perpetrators
Adopted in 1997
Drafted by Louis JoinetDrafted by Louis Joinet
Updated in 2005 by Diane Orentlicher
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Archivists as duty-bearers for Archivists as duty-bearers for
human rights
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Prosecution and the right to justice
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Prosecution and the right to justice
Prosecution in domestic, “hybrid,” international courts
Need to understand organizational structuresNeed to understand organizational structures
Wide variety of records used
Court monitoring
Court and police records needed
Investigation of patterns and trends
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Institutional reform and the promotion of non-recurrence
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Institutional reform and the
promotion of non-recurrence
Vetting
Personnel records, police records, court records, others
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Truth-seeking and the right to know
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Truth-seeking and the right to know
I. Locating missing personsNeed to understand organizational structuresstructures
Need to analyze temporality of event
Link structures and event to records
Medical records to support exhumations
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Truth-seeking and the right to know
II. Truth commissions
Wide use of records
Records of any type of institutionRecords of any type of institution
Records in any format
Personal papers
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Restitution
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Restitution“Restore the victim to the original situation before gross violations”
Relating to ownership of property: who owned whatwhat
Return of property:
Real property
• Land records, notarial, cartography
Personal property
• Many records useful
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Restitution, continued
Restore citizenship, right to vote, employment
Birth, death and marriage recordsBirth, death and marriage records
Employment records
Court records
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Compensation
Payment for “economically assessable damage”
Government records, including security Government records, including security forces
NGO records
Employment records
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Preserve the records of transitional
justice institutions
State decision
Maintain as a whole
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Archivists as duty-bearers
Weigh human rights uses when appraising records
Right to know includes right to know what is in archives
Access (description and legal authorization) key
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“It was necessary to turn the
page of history but first we
needed to read that page.”needed to read that page.”
Alex Boraine, South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission