the role of business in sustainable development in … · the role of business in sustainable...

The first Mitrovica Innovations Scientific International Conference – MISIC 2015

Hosted by the INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS COLLEGE MITROVICA (IBCM)

THE ROLE OF BUSINESS IN SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT IN THE WESTERN BALKANS

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Pristina and Mitrovica, 15th – 16th September 2015

The Role of Business in Sustainable Development in the Western Balkans

15-16 September 2015, Kosovo

Publisher:

Stichting Spark International Business College Mitrovica (IBCM)

Van Diemenstraat 70, 1013 CN Amsterdam, Netherlands

North Campus: str. Cara Dusana nn, 38220 Mitrovica

South Campus: str. Pajazit Boletini no 22, 40000 Mitrovica

Editors:

Charlene Miller

Dori Pavloska – Gjorgjieska

Jelena Stanojević

Mihone Kerolli-Mustafa

Remzije Istrefi

Key Speakers:

Ilirjan Malollari, University of Tirana, Albania

Johan Håkansson, Dalarna University, Sweden

Petr Hajek, Central Bohemia University, Czech Republic

Sukru Dursun, Selçuk University, Turkey

Themistokles Lekkas, University of Aegean, Greece

Reviewers:

Aleksandar Djikić, International Business College Mitrovica

Aleksandar Jovanović, University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica

Ali Berktay, Usak University, Turkey

Alush Musa, University of Mitrovica ‘Isa Boletini’

Amela Lukač Zoranić, International University of Novi Pazar, Serbia

Angelina Sredovska Bozhinov, MIT University, Macedonia

Asllan Vitaku, University of Mitrovica ‘Isa Boletini’

Besnik Krasniqi, University of Prishtina ‘Hasan Prishtina’

Blagica Rizoska, International Business College Mitrovica

Bojan Krstić, University of Nis, Serbia

Dori Pavloska – Gjorgjieska, International Business College Mitrovica

Dusko Minić, University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica

Ekrem Gjokaj, University of Prishtina ‘Hasan Prishtina’

Fatma Kunt, Selçuk University, Turkey

Florin Peci, University of Mitrovica ‘Isa Boletini’

Gezim Tosuni, University of Gjilan “Kadri Zeka”

Gabrijela Velicković, International Business College Mitrovica

Hysen Mankolli, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA

Ilija Nasov, MIT University, Macedonia



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Ilirjan Malollari, University of Tirana, Albania

Iraj Hashi, Staffordshire University, UK

Jelena Djokić, International Business College Mitrovica

Johan Håkansson, Dalarna University, Sweden

Krista Tuulik, Estonian Entrepreneurship University of Applied Sciences, Estonia

Lidija Curkovic, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Marijan Stevanovski, MIT University, Skopje, Macedonia

Muje Gjonbalaj, University of Prishtina ‘Hasan Prishtina’

Mihone Kerolli-Mustafa, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Nenad Mikulić, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Petr Hajek, Central Bohemia University, Czech Republic

Petrit Balija, International Business College Mitrovica

Regitze Sparre Kristensen, Tietgen School, Denmark

Remzije Istrefi, University of Prishtina ‘Hasan Prishtina’

Rifat Morina, University of Mitrovica ‘Isa Boletini’

Salih Turan Katircioglu, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, Turkey

Sameeksha Desai, Indiana University, USA

Sinan Bilgili, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey

Srdjan Marinković, University of Nis, Serbia

Sukru Dursun, Selçuk University, Turkey

Themistokles Lekkas, University of Aegean, Greece

Violeta Lajqi-Makolli, University of Tirana, Albania

Vladislav Marjanović, University of Nis, Serbia

Organizing Committee

Mihone Kerolli – Mustafa, PhD, Chair

Charlene Miller, M.Phil.

Dori Pavloska – Gjorgjieska, PhD

Jelena Stanojević, PhD candidate

Remzije Istrefi – PhD

Spencer Dudley, MA

Technical support: Mithat Sejdiu

Printed by:

Circulation:

ISSN: 2452-2902 Authors are responsible for the content of their texts, as well as for their proof readings and translations.



P R E F A C E

The Mitrovica Innovations Scientific International Conference (MISIC) aims to provide a platform for

leading academic scientists, researchers and scholars in the international community to share ideas,

present research findings and discuss professional issues relevant to sustainable business growth in

the region. This conference is organised by the International Business College Mitrovica (IBCM).

IBCM is situated in the town of Mitrovica in Kosovo, at the centre of the Balkan region’s most

pressing social, economic and environmental challenges. Located near the widely known Trepca

mine, the tension between profit and prosperity, lack of scalability for imperative business in a

healthy economy, society and environment, all come together in the Mitrovica region, symbolizing

much of the wider struggles of the Western Balkans. At the core of all of these elements is the

fundamental goal to achieve sustainable solutions for long term growth.

The sustainability revolution towards “green growth” has emerged in order to find ways to

make growth compatible with economic and environmental sustainability without neglecting

social sustainability. The rich natural resources located in the Western Balkans have the potential

to contribute to sustainable opportunities for both the local and global communities. However,

due to the region’s geopolitical instability in recent history, cooperation among Western

Balkan countries to further goals related to sustainable growth is progressing at a slow speed.

For the first time, IBCM hosts a scientific conference, bringing together a variety of experts to

present current projects and developments dressing the topic of sustainability in

business, particularly as it is relevant to the challenges of the Western Balkan region:

In exploring scalability for a sustainable business development; and

Identifying new models and innovations with a potential to make the biggest

economical, environmental and social impact on business.

This conference has attracted researchers from a variety of fields to discuss and give visibility

to successful initiatives on the role of sustainability in business and to promote the

cooperation, prosperity and business regional sustainable development in the Western Balkans.

The MISIC 2015 Organizing Committee

Donors:

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Contents

Key Speakers - abstracts ............................................................................................................. 12

Ilirjan Malollari

Considering some biomass resources in Albania and engineering trends for energy profit and CO2

reduction ........................................................................................................................................... 13

Johan Håkansson

The Effects of Taxing Truck Distance on CO2 Emissions from Transports in Retailing ..................... 14

Petr Hájek

Typology of Financial Crisis Contagion .............................................................................................. 15

Sukru Dursun

Phytotoxicity Tests For Measurement of Environmental Pollution ................................................... 16

T.D. Lekkas, Y. Razis, L. Komis

Recycle for what its worth................................................................................................................. 17

1. Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainable product development ................................... 18

Ajtene Avdullahi, Vjosa Fejza

The Role of Competitive Strategies to Develop a Strong Competitive Advantage ............................ 19

Besnik Krasniqi, Florin Peci

Determinants of Technological Innovation:The Role of Anticompetitive Behaviour and Access to

Finance .............................................................................................................................................. 20

Blagica Rizoska

Measuring the Factors That Contribute Towards Managing and Leading People in a Complex

Global Environment........................................................................................................................... 21

Bojan Krstić, Jelena Stanojević, Tanja Stanišić

Education as One of the Core Indicators of Sustainable Development – A Comparative Analysis of

the Western Balkans ......................................................................................................................... 22

Dori Pavloska - Gjorgjieska, Jelena Stanojevic

Formalizing the Informal Waste Collectors – Factor for Growth of the Recycling Industry of the

Western Balkans ............................................................................................................................... 23



Eriona Deda

Relationship Between GDP Inflation - Interest and their Role in the Economic Growth for the

Albania's Case ................................................................................................................................... 24

Florin Peci, Besnik Krasniqi

The Impact of Firms’ Capabilities and External R&D Collaboration on Innovation Input: Evidence

from 28 Transition Economies .......................................................................................................... 25

Gönenc Dalgic

Corporate Sustainability Culture and the Role of Intrapreneurship for Sustainability: A Comparative

Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 26

Marijan Stevanovski

Electronic Commerce as an Intergral Part of the Digital Economy ................................................... 27

Moshe Porat

On Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Israel as a case study .................................................................. 28

Slavko Simić

Application of Strategic and Operational Controlling Instruments in Enterprises in Bosnia and

Herzegovina ...................................................................................................................................... 29

Suzana Trajkovska Kochankovska

The Sustainability Support to the SMEs in Western Balkan Economies: The Case of Macedonia .... 30

Tijana Nikolić

Energy Efficiency Logistic Office in Gracanica ................................................................................... 31

2. Corporate social responsibility ................................................................................................ 32

Daniel Dujava, Ján Dráb

How Different Monetary Rules Lead to Different Performances during the Crises: The Case of the

Western Balkans Countries ............................................................................................................... 33

Elvira Fetahu, Ilir Bejtja

Reinforcment of Meso-Level Trust Within The Community of Albanian Immigrants Precondition For

Their Economic And Social Development .......................................................................................... 34

Fisnik Morina

Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility in the Economy of Kosovo ................................... 35

Jelena Djokić, Irma Dervišević



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Case study: Was the Highest Gas Discharge Stack Construction in Trepca Really Useful? .............. 36

Kaltrina Gashi, Gëzim Tosuni

Corporate Social Responsibility of Banks in Kosovo .......................................................................... 37

Lennard Nijenhuis, Tina Ehrami

Social Return on Investment in Public Service can Help Europe’s Youth Acquire Human Capital

Needed to get Started on the Job Market ......................................................................................... 38

Miguel Ángel Quintana-Paz

Whistleblowing as a Form of Corporate Social Responsibility in Environmental Issues ................... 39

Mihallaq Qirjo, Fjona Kuqo, Valbona Aliko

Contribution of the School Education Methods in Addressing the Challenge of Diminishing Link of

Children with Nature ......................................................................................................................... 40

Milan Veselinović, Jelena Stanojević

Social Responsibility of Oil Companies .............................................................................................. 41

Miloš Pavlović, Tadija Djukić, Tanja Vujović

CSR Reporting in Serbia ..................................................................................................................... 42

Remzije Istrefi

Accommodating Right to Development in Kosovo: a Human Right Perspective ............................. 43

3. Environmental Management (waste management, green technologies and green energy,

environmental pollution and solution, policies and regulations) .................................................. 44

Behxhet Shala, Trandelina Cakaj - Baraku, Mimoza Dugolli

Clean-up and Land Reclamation Project in Energy Corporation of Kosovo ...................................... 45

Biljana Nikolić

Water Saving Options for the Municipality of Gracanica ................................................................. 46

Blerim Baruti, Ilirjan Malollari, Safet Kamberi, Mensur Kelmendi, Nushe Lajqi

“Germova” Regional Landfill in Mitrovica, Like a Source of Pollution and Influence on Public Health

.......................................................................................................................................................... 47

Elnur Abbasov



The Status of Environmental Friendly Agriculture in Azerbaijan and its improvement directions

(Based on the Experience of Korea) .................................................................................................. 48

Flora Ferati, Mihone Kerolli-Mustafa, Arjana Kraja–Ylli

Multivariate Statistical Analysis for the Surface Water Quality of Trepça and Sitnica Rivers, Kosovo

.......................................................................................................................................................... 49

Gjok Vuksani, Haki Kurti, Arjan Tollumi

“City Park” of Elbasani the Vegetation Situation and Realization of the Project to Improve it ....... 50

Gordana Milentijević, Jelena Djokić, Blagoje Nedeljkovic

Exploring Possibilities for Tailing Waste Deposit Management ....................................................... 51

Hyrie Koraqi, Fatlinda Tërmkolli, Azem Lajqi, Esat Behrami, Fidan Feka

Assessment of the Contamination of Trace Metal in Sitnica River Water, Kosovo ........................... 52

Ilija Nasov

Application of Green Solar Energy in Facade of Buildings ................................................................ 53

Irma Dervišević, Jelena Djokić, Nataša Elezović, Gordana Milentijević, Vladan Ćosović, Almin

Dervišević

The impact of leachate on the quality of surface and groundwater ................................................ 54

Irma Dervišević, Jelena Djokić, Vladan Ćosović, Almin Dervišević

Treatment of Municipal, Industrial, and Leachate Landfill Membrane Bioreactor and the

Solidification of Residual Sludges ...................................................................................................... 55

Jelisaveta Marjanović, Jelena Djokic

Method of Multi Criteria Analysis in Process of Location Selection for Wastewater Treatment Plant

in Mitrovica Region ........................................................................................................................... 56

Mihone Kerolli-Mustafa, Lidija Curkovic

Utilization of Jarosite Generated from Lead-Zinc Smelter in Trepça, Kosovo for Various Applications

.......................................................................................................................................................... 57

Muharrem Salihaj, Aida Bani

Heavy Metals Uptake by Hyperaccumulating Flora in the Serpentine Soill of Kosovo ..................... 58

Murya Habbash



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Corporate Governance, Ownership, Company Structure and Environmental Disclosure: Evidence

from Saudi Arabia ............................................................................................................................. 59

Nataša Elezović, Ljiljana Takić, Živče Šarkočević

Environmental Changes of the River Ibar in the Function of Oxygen Regime .................................. 60

Nevena Dutina, Velimir Dutina

Implementation of Renewable Energy Sources for Prison Heating .................................................. 61

Remzije Istrefi, Mihone Kerolli-Mustafa

Building Environmental Capacities in Kosovo and its Challenge to Comply with EU Environmental

Acquis ................................................................................................................................................ 62

Salih Katircioglu

Interaction Between Energy Consumption and Imports: An Empirical Evidence from Turkey ......... 63

Sami Behrami, Fadil Bajraktari

Causes and Consequences from Ecological Disbalance in Mitrovica ................................................ 64

Sanda Rončević

Relevance of Elemental Profiling and Fingerpriniting in Biomonitoring and Provenancing Studies . 65

Sezen Kucukcongar, Muhammed Kamil Öden, Muhammed Gocer

Removal of Reactive Red 141 from Aqueous Solutions Using Sodium Bentonite with Adsorption

Mechanism ........................................................................................................................................ 66

Suzan Sönmez, Şükrü Dursun

Microbiologic Assessment of Drinking Water of Selçuk University Alaaddin Keykubat Campus Site

.......................................................................................................................................................... 67

Valbona Aliko, Qirjo Mihallaq, Morina Valon, Hajdaraj Gerta, Qyli Marsilda

Physiological Responses of Mediterranean Green Crab (Carcinus Aestuarii) to Toxicity Iinduced by

Ibuprofen ........................................................................................................................................... 68

Violeta Lajqi Makolli, Ilirian Malollari, Sami Makolli, Mimoza Hyseni

The Issues with the Composition and the Use of Detergents ............................................................ 69

4. Sustainable agricultural development ..................................................................................... 70



Alaa Eadan Hasan, Ali M. Selman

Inhibitory Effeciency of Some Plant Extracts, Antibiotics and Biocontrol Agent on Growth of Erwinia

Carotovora SubSp. Carotovora .......................................................................................................... 71

Aleksander Djikić

Fly-ash of Kosovo Powerplants in Calsiation of Soil Type Distric Cabilsol ......................................... 72

Ayhan ÖZTÜRK

Reproductive Performance of Akkaraman and Awassi Sheep Flocks in the State Farm of TİGEM

GÖZLÜ ............................................................................................................................................... 73

Birol Dağ, Nazira M. Mammadova, İsmail Keskin, Yasin Altay, Derviş Topuz

Developing Expert Systems Based on Fuzzy Logic in Dairy Cattle Husbandry .................................. 74

Ekrem Gjokaj, Muje Gjonbalaj

Agricultural Finance in Kosovo .......................................................................................................... 75

Eyüp ÖNCÜ, Uğur ZÜLKADİR

The Estimation of Parameters of Some Production Traits of Holstein Friesian Cattle Raised at The

Ereğli District of Konya Province ....................................................................................................... 76

Ibrahim Aytekin, Nazira M. Mammadova, Yasin Altay, Derviş Topuz, İsmail Keskin

Determination of the Factors Effecting Lactation Milk Yield of Holstein Friesian Cows by the Path

Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 77

Ilirjan Malollari, Joana Lena, Violeta Lajqi, Petrit Kotori, Majlinda Sena

Pretreatment of Agro-forestry Organic Wastes Before Being Used for Bio Degradation and Heat

Recovery ............................................................................................................................................ 78

İsmail Keskin, Nazira M. Mammadova, Derviş Topuz, Yasin Altay, Ibrahim Aytekin

Development of Support Decision Systems in Agriculture by Using Artificial Intelligent Systems .... 79

Jamal Selman, Mushtaq Talib Al-Zurfy, Sadeq Mohommd Ali

Effect of Spraying Fenugreek Seed Extract Rigonella Foenum – Graecum L. and Salicylic Acid on

Growth and Flowering Parameters of Snapdragon Plant (Antirrhinum Majus L.) ........................... 80

Muhammad Qudrat Ullah Farooqi

Genetic Diversity and Relationships Among Rice Accessions (Oryza Sativa L.) of Cultivated and

Weedy Types Using CACTA and AFLP Markers ................................................................................. 81



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Key Speakers - abstracts



13

Considering some biomass resources in Albania and engineering trends for

energy profit and CO2 reduction

Ilirjan Malollari

Chemical Process Engineering Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, http://www.fshn.edu.al/, Albania

([email protected])

Abstract

This study examines biomass utilization in the energy sector for heat (energy) production. It reveals

the policy options that exist to support a biomass allocation that can be considered as the most

desirable. Emphasis has been given to the agricultural and forestry wastes as well as animal organic

wastes, aimed to proceed some tendency reaching a proper hydrolyzed status of a mixture prepared

from these organic wastes, in order to reach as much as possible biogas (Methane).

The local potential of each option to reduce carbon emission depends on a number of factors such as

the quality of waste chosen as a feedstock, conversion route, processing technology, its maturity and

possibility to improve, finally total efficiency of the cycle, its optimization that also depends on

management issues.

Alternative methods of disintegration of waste such as: composting or burning does not resolve

permanently the accumulation of waste, since that they themselves leave a certain residue.

On the other hand we have performed different pretreatment methods for residues and their

combinations, leading to a easier process for anaerobic biodigestion which may be engineering

considered as a "biological reactor” in which operating a number of organisms which produce a

mixture of gases (Biogas composed of 65% methane and 35% carbon dioxide) and a mixture of liquid

(which carries a high value of mineral nutrient elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.

Key words: Bio-resources, food residues, biomass, waste water, bio-energy, biogas.

http://www.fshn.edu.al/



The Effects of Taxing Truck Distance on CO2 Emissions from Transports in

Retailing

Johan Håkansson

Dalarna University, www.du.se/en, Sweden

([email protected])

Abstract

To finance transportation infrastructure and to address social and environmental negative

externalities of road transports, several countries have recently introduced or consider a distance

based tax on trucks. In the competitive retail market such tax can be expected to lower the demand

and thereby reduce CO2 emissions of road transports. However, such tax might also slow down the

transition towards e-tailing. Considering that previous research indicates that a consumer switching

from brick-and-mortar shopping to e-tailing reduces her CO2 emissions substantially, the direction

and magnitude of the environmental net effect of the tax is unclear. In this presentation I will assess

the net effect in a Swedish regional retail market where the tax not yet is in place. Our studies

predict the net effect on CO2 emissions to be positive, but off-set by about 50% because of a slower

transition to e-tailing. This indicate, that distance based tax on trucks should be used with some

cautions since they can be rather inefficient from a environmental point of view.

Key words: transport, taxes, trucks.

http://www.du.se/en



15

Typology of Financial Crisis Contagion

Petr Hájek

Central Bohemia University, www.cbuni.cz/, Czech Republic

([email protected])

Abstract

The term contagion is a rather new concept. It has been studied since mid-1990s yet there is little

agreement on any typology that would shed light on big picture of financial crisis contagion. We

analyzed more than a hundred scientific papers to create such a typology. We defined contagion as a

transfer of negative impact of specific negative shock of varying intensity between markets or

countries. Based on the review we can define two major types of transmission: real crossmarket non-

crisis-contingent linkages and financial crisis-contingent linkages.Real linkages exist before the crisis

in same intensity as during the crisis, just during the crisis they are more visible. No new crossmarket

linkages emerge and no shift-contagion is generated (creation or increase in cross-market linkages).

This model explains adjustments of trade effects, relative prices of tradable and nontradable goods,

coordination of politics, and related reassessment of the market or the country. Financial crisis-

contingent linkages always generate shift-contagion and can emerge through changes in investor

expectations and/or endogenous liquidity models (type 1 with asymmetric information or type 2 with

portfolio adjustments). These models explain adjustments e.g. of cross-market credit exposures,

liquidity/funding lines, access to markets, changes in asset prices due to changes in macroprudential

policies that may alter demand for certain assets, relative cost of lending, changes in term structure,

or shadow banking activities. Several of these channels were present in many financial crises

contagion episodes and therefore, high quality supervision and related diligent stress-testing of

financial institutions is critical.

Key words: contagion, financial crysis, typology.

http://www.cbuni.cz/



Phytotoxicity Tests For Measurement of Environmental Pollution

Sukru Dursun

Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering,

http://www.selcuk.edu.tr/muhendislik/en, Turkey

([email protected])

Abstract

Toxic pollutants are dramatically increasing in the environment of soil and water. There are

several methods that are used to measure concentration of pollutants in the environmental

conditions in the laboratory after cleaning-up processes at very sensitive level by using well

developed expensive equipments. Most of these methods are expensive and measurement

takes time with cleanup process using different methods. Toxic level measurements of

pollutants as well as pesticides, heavy metals etc. are very important, because the usage of

artificial agricultural chemicals are outrage and unconsciously high at some part word

countries as well as Turkey. Sometimes, measured concentrations may not be effective for

the living organisms in environmental conditions. Effect of pesticides residue concentrations

on the uncontrolled organisms in their natural environmental conditions must be known. For

this reason, effect of some hazardous chemicals in different concentration were investigated

using different phytotoxicity test methods and compared their sensitivity. These

measurements are basic methods that can be used in basic laboratory without using

expensive and quality equipments. They may be also developed and used by professional

personal for further environmental investigations. The earned results in a very short period

of time can describe the real biological effect occurring during the biological materials

growth.

Key words: Pesticides, plant, phyotoxicity, wastes. water, soil, test, method.

http://www.selcuk.edu.tr/muhendislik/en



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Recycle for what its worth

T.D. Lekkas1, Y. Razis2, L. Komis2,

1University of Aegean, Environmental Science Department, http://www.aegean.gr/, Greece

2Hellenic Recovery-Recycling Corporation SA (HERRCo), www.herrco.gr/, Greece

([email protected])

Abstract

Recovery and valorization of packaging materials from solid wastes is well developed in the majority

of the European counties. The percentage targets for the recovery of the packaging materials are set

at European and national levels. In Greece the relevant project started in 2003 on a voluntary base

by Greek industry and continued since 2003 according the law. Today the quantities of the recovered

packaging materials are nearing the targets set by the European and National law.

However there are a number of questions to be answered in connection with the exact quantities of

packaging materials contained in the MSW and the Commercial and Industrial Solid Wastes, the

methods used for the separation at household level, the collection, the recovery of market worthy

products at the MRF and the quality and therefore market prices of the recovered materials. These

methods are judged with economic criteria with the understanding that best economic result, in this

case, is the lowest recovery cost for marketable product of comparable quality.

In this presentation we will discuss all these issues and will present the figures which demonstrate

what has been achieved and at what cost so far in Greece.

Key words: recycling, recovery, solid waste.

http://www.aegean.gr/

http://www.herrco.gr/



1. Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainable product development



19

The Role of Competitive Strategies to Develop a Strong Competitive Advantage

Ajtene Avdullahi1, Vjosa Fejza2

1Regional Joint Doctoral Program in Entrepreneurship and SME Management,

http://www.docsmes.edu.mk/ 2 University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, Faculty of Economics, http://www.uni-pr.edu/

([email protected])

Abstract

Nowadays we are living in a period of intense domestic and foreign competition. Companies are

facing very strong competition. Therefore, companies are having no choice but to be “competitive”.

Understanding customer’s needs is not enough for them. They must start to pay as much attention

to tracking their competitors as to understanding target customers. For the purpose of this paper we

have reviewed existing literature, related publications and other secondary data aiming to

fundamentally understand and present the role and importance of developing competitive strategies

that strongly position the company against competitors and provide to the company the strongest

possible competitive advantage.

In this paper, we have studied and analyzed a particular case study of a local Constructing Company

known as “Lin Project”. The paper presents competitive strategies that Construction Company has

developed to build a strong competitive advantage.

Finally, the conclusions extracted from findings during the review of the literature, publications and

other secondary data obtained from the archive of “Lin Project” company are included.

Key words: strategy, competition, advantage, differentiation, focus, cost oriented.

http://www.docsmes.edu.mk/

http://www.uni-pr.edu/



Determinants of Technological Innovation:The Role of Anticompetitive

Behaviour and Access to Finance

Besnik Krasniqi1, Florin Peci2*

1University of Prishina, “Hasan Prishtina”, www.uni-pr.edu/

2 University of Peja, “Haxhi Zeka”, http://unhz.eu/

([email protected])

Abstract

This study investigates factors influencing incidence of technological innovation (TI) in transition

economies. The study uses firm level data based on Business Environmental and Enterprise

Performance Survey (BEEPS) in 28 transition economies. Findings from logit regression suggests that

pressure from international competition has a positive impact on incidence of TI. Anticompetitive

behavior and limited access to finance has a negative impact on TI. The study suggests some policy

implication to promote competitive environment in order to foster innovation.

Key words: technological innovation, transition economies, anti-comptetetive behavior, finance.


http://unhz.eu/



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Measuring the Factors That Contribute Towards Managing and Leading People

in a Complex Global Environment

Blagica Rizoska

International Business College Mitrovica, www.ibcmitrovica.eu

([email protected])

Abstract

Organization has a huge power in contributing to all segments of human life, as well as in directing

human development in its search for conformism and responsibility. This paper examines the person-

organization relationship in one Information Technology (IT) organization. Employees and managers

in IT companies are facing numerous challenges in today’s rapidly changing environment, and

therefore should find multiple and flexible ways of working with people and projects. The managers

should be effective and should possess the capability of setting valuable goals and achieving them

regardless of the available resources. In order to handle successfully the responsibility of managing

and leading people in a complex global environment and complicated organizational structures, the

managers should possess certain personality traits, various capacities, appropriate experience, and

knowledge, as well as the ability to face numerous roles.

The study provides a precise knowledge of the personality traits and characteristics needed for

effective management by measuring the factors that contribute to managerial effectiveness. The

gathered information is helpful for recruiters and selectors when choosing managerial candidates, as

well as for promotion and development of the already existing employees. The evaluation of

managerial effectiveness in relation with the employees’ satisfaction and quality of work life provides

valuable information for creating an efficient tool for measuring the managerial performance in

terms of managerial care, for themselves and for the employees.

Key words: organization, human development, IT companies.

http://www.ibcmitrovica.eu/



Education as One of the Core Indicators of Sustainable Development – A

Comparative Analysis of the Western Balkans

Bojan Krstić1, Jelena Stanojević2, Tanja Stanišić2

1University of Nis, Faculty of Economics, www.eknfak.ni.ac.rs/en/

2 University of Nis, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, http://www.pmf.ni.ac.rs/

([email protected])

Abstract

Sustainable development implies growth that needs to be inclusive and environmentally in order to

reduce poverty and create current prosperity, having in mind at the same time the needs of future

generations. Multidimensional nature of sustainable development includes economic growth,

environmental stewardship and social inclusion. In order to formulate effective policies and

strategies, the creators of development policies need adequate information related to all vital

determinants of sustainability. Therefore, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social

Affairs has been developed the CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development. The CSD indicators

contain a set core of 50 indicators related to 14 main themes. Education, as one of the core

indicators of sustainable development is a measure of human capital and therefore a major element

of economic growth and development. Based on the Human development report that provides the

information related to education, the paper explores changes in the level of education of the

Western Balkans (Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Albania) for the

period from 2009 to 2013. The aim of the analysis is to identify the position of Western Balkan

countries with regards to education, and to explore critical determinants that require urgent and

great development. The methods used in this paper are the method of analysis, synthesis,

comparison, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results show that Western Balkan

countries have the potential to improve the all determinants of education as one of the core CSD

indicators and contribute to their sustainable development.

Key words: sustainable development, education, CSD indicators, Western Balkans.

http://www.eknfak.ni.ac.rs/en/

http://www.pmf.ni.ac.rs/



23

Formalizing the Informal Waste Collectors – Factor for Growth of the Recycling

Industry of the Western Balkans

Dori Pavloska - Gjorgjieska, Jelena Stanojevic


([email protected])

Abstract

By converting waste into valuable raw materials recycling creates jobs, decreases cost of production,

builds more competitive manufacturing industries, and contributes significantly to the economy. In

Europe the eco-industry accounts for around 2.5% of the GDP and it is steadily growing.

In the Western Balkans there is a high potential for development of the recycling industry. With a

population of around 17 million people, over 400 SMEs, 20 mills, and 20,000 individuals involved in

the recycling industry, from 6 million tons waste annually only 1.8 million tons is recycled. That

results in over 0.4 billion EUR annual turnover, which can grow much more if the potential is used.

Individual waste collectors comprise the informal recycling sector, which contributes with 40% of the

total collected recyclables in the Western Balkans. In order to research the economic, social and

environmental benefits of formalizing the status of the informal waste collectors, a sample of 19

informal waste collectors from Macedonia were selected and provided with a contract with the

public utility company (PUC) to collect recyclable waste. Their performance was measured over a

period of time. The results were: increased income and improved social status of the informal waste

collectors, increased quantity of collected recyclables for the PUC, less waste dumped in the

environment. Having in mind the similarities of the recycling sector in all of the Western Balkan

countries, this paper considers the results applicable to the Western Balkan region.

Key words: waste collectors, informal sector, public utility company, recycling, contractual relations.




Relationship Between GDP Inflation - Interest and their Role in the Economic

Growth for the Albania's Case

Eriona Deda

Agricultural Univesrity of Tirana, Faculty of Economics and Agribusiness, http://www.ubt.edu.al/en

([email protected])

Abstract

This project has addressed the link between GDP, inflation, and interest as an important factor of

sustainable growth and the development economy. It has handled the monetary policy and inflation,

considering the latter as an important factor for economic growth and stability. Economic stability is

a necessary condition for sustained economic growth of a country and for improving its welfare in

the long term. This assertion does not remain merely on the level of theoretical considerations. It is

also evidenced by the experience of different countries. As the experience as well as theory have

shown that the establishment and maintenance of equilibrium within and between sectors of the

economy is a necessary condition of economic growth. Specifically in this study is given a

presentation of inflation on years in our country, giving the factors that have influenced in it. Also in

this study we have received some data from government statistics: dependence of the nominal

stated interest rate on loans from the consumer price index, which is used to measure inflation and

measurement of (GDP) Gross Domestic Product. Here they emerge and the variables of the model.

Key words: inflation, economic growth, GDP

http://www.ubt.edu.al/en



25

The Impact of Firms’ Capabilities and External R&D Collaboration on

Innovation Input: Evidence from 28 Transition Economies

Florin Peci1, Besnik Krasniqi2

1University of Peja, “Haxhi Zeka”, unhz.eu/

2 University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, www.uni-pr.edu/

([email protected])

Abstract

The aim of this research is to identify the impact of R&D spending on innovation output, taking into

account the nature of the firm’s relationship to external bodies and other firms in 28 transitional

economies. There is no evidence on these relationships in countries that differ in their institutional

environment as compared to more mature market economies. This is particularly important for the

internal and external R&D collaboration which is influenced by the quality of the institutions. The

institutional context enables us to test the impact of the institutional environment on creating firms

relationships with external producers of knowledge.

A low share of high tech sectors in these countries implies its limited impact on productivity growth

and competitiveness while on the other hand manufacturing industry in these countries is based on

low-medium technology (LMT) sectors. Our unique data set based on Business Environment and

Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) conducted by World Bank allows us to check for robustness

using various measures of innovation output such as the share of sales attributable to new products

and processes and number of patent applications.

For this purpose, we use a unique survey of 28 transition economies, conducted in three rounds of

cross section survey in 2003, 2005 and 2009/10 focusing business environmental issues and on

innovative activities of firms and their relationship with other firms and institutions.

Key words: firm capabilities, absorptive capacities, transition countries.




Corporate Sustainability Culture and the Role of Intrapreneurship for

Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis

Gönenc Dalgic

Yasar University, www.yasar.edu.tr/en/

([email protected])

Abstract

Corporate sustainability provides a new perspective to organizational activities, decisions, objectives

taking into account of generating balanced solutions of problems which have occurred due to

industrialization. However, organizations which are aware of ecological and social concerns in

addition to economic interests face difficulties during the adoption of corporate sustainability. This

process can be viewed as a transition period from existing organizational culture towards corporate

sustainability culture. One reason of the difficulties experienced in this transition period is embedded

in the differences of interpretation of corporate sustainability within subcultures. Although there are

several occasions that stimulate the formation of subcultures in organizations, hierarchical roles or

departmentalization within organizational structure appear as the most frequently cited drivers for

the formation of subcultures. The current paper aims to shed light on organizational culture within

the framework of corporate sustainability. Specifically, this paper seeks to measure the differences of

interpretation between executives and employees through a modified organizational culture scale

regarding corporate sustainability culture. In addition, it is assumed that the proposed gap between

executives and employees regarding corporate sustainability culture could be reduced through the

practices of intrapreneurship for sustainability. Semi-structured interviews will be applied to test this

assumption.

Key words: sustainable development, corporate sustainability, organizational culture,

intrapreneurship for sustainability.

http://www.yasar.edu.tr/en/



27

Electronic Commerce as an Intergral Part of the Digital Economy

Marijan Stevanovski

MIT University, www.mit.edu.mk/

([email protected])

Abstract

The modern world is faced with the application of the means provided by modern information and

digital technology. These agents cause processes through which change elements of the business.

Along with the extensive application, changing the forms of management based on information

technology and the benefits it brings. This occurs eminent process of fast creation of appropriate

solutions. Benefits enabling conditions for sustainable growth and development. The electronic

system of operation is a significant potential that should make the most of the benefit of achieving its

goals, retaining existing and winning new market positions.

Electronic commerce is not just buying and selling products and services electronically. It covers a

much wider area because in itself includes all forms of trade and services that create and circulate

material values. Thus completely rounded system of exchange in the system of social reproduction.

The paper is mostly devoted to electronic commerce as an integral part of the digital economy.

Essential aspects are consistent with the aspects which are characteristic for the economy as a

whole. They all contribute to the growth and development that significantly affect not only the

company's sphere but wider society. Digitalization and electronic access operation enables

comprehensive expansion of activity, creating new directions in the development of the company

and inclusion in the modern business trends.

Key words: digital, economy, trade, social, trade, company, technology, management.

http://www.mit.edu.mk/



On Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Israel as a case study

Moshe Porat

Technion, Department of Electrical Engineering, webee.technion.ac.il/

([email protected])

Abstract

Despite being a young country established after WWII, science and technology in Israel are presently

the most economically developed sector. The gross domestic expenditure on research and

development in Israel as a percentage of the GDP is the highest in the world, at above 4%.

Accordingly, Israel boasts the highest number of scientists, technicians, and engineers per capita in

the world with more than 130 scientists, technicians, and engineers per 10,000 employees. More

than 3,850 start-up enterprises have been established in Israel, making it second only to the USA in

this sector. This is highly correlated with Israel's number of scientific publications worldwide, which is

almost 10 times higher than its percentage of the world's population. It is also reflected by the fact

that 2 out of the 10 presidents of Israel so far were scientists. The Israeli government provides grants

that cover 50–80% of the outlay for new start-ups, with no shareholding and no participation in

management. High initial investments are needed, however, financially it is balanced by the

government's income when these companies become successful. In my presentation I plan to

provide details about the investments made and the profit earned in several Israeli high-tech

companies, including M-Systems (invented the USB flash memory), Waze (navigation systems,

recently purchased by Google for US$1.3 billion) and Check-Point (firewall, revenue of US$1.394

billion in 2013). Our conclusion is that science and technology are key to sustainable development.

Key words: R&D, science, technology, start-up company, publications.



29

Application of Strategic and Operational Controlling Instruments in Enterprises

in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Slavko Simić

International Controller Verein (ICV) Bosnia and Herzegovina, www.icv-controlling.com/

([email protected])

Abstract

Controlling a young and modern management concept today is one of the most important functions

in solving problems of internal and external adaptation companies coming changes. This research

study examines controlling function and its necessity in the modern enterprise management. Study

was conducted in small, medium and large companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of this

research is multifaceted. It emphasizes importance of controlling function in management, its

functional dimensions and shows its contribution to company’s business success. The conducted

research supports hypothesis that controlling function is a necessary in organizational management.

Analysis results show that Controlling successfully masters the inner and outer complexity and

dynamics. Controlling in its work applies relevant strategic operational planning tools and controlling

function largely contributes to successful business performance of Bosnian-Herzegovinian

companies. It is expected that the business function of controlling in the future will become

increasingly important for companies and will pursue its greater use, both in our region and in other

countries.

Key words: controlling, concept, introduction, enterprises, organizations.

http://www.icv-controlling.com/



The Sustainability Support to the SMEs in Western Balkan Economies: The Case

of Macedonia

Suzana Trajkovska Kochankovska

Gauss Institute Macedonia, www.gaussinstitute.org/

([email protected])

Abstract

This paper will present the sustainability of SMEs in the Western Balkan by using the case of

Macedonia. SMEs are one of the key driver of the economic growth and development in the

economy with high contribution to the GDP and reduction of unemployment.

The methodology will be based on the qualitative analyses; extracted data from the State Statistical

office, GDP contribution, theoretical analyses and analyses of data from Doing Business World Bank

report.

The sustainability in this case is monitored from the aspect of governmental support for creating

adequate ecosystem. The state investment in development and support of SMEs as an efficacy tool

to reduce unemployment and contribute to the economic growth and development of the country.

The purpose is to create a canvas from the current situation and create recommendations for

improvements of the entrepreneurial environment based on the Macedonian case that will be used

by all stakeholders’ government, SMEs, nongovernmental institution, researchers and other

interested parties.

Key words: sustainability of SMEs, governmental support, Macedonian case.



31

Energy Efficiency Logistic Office in Gracanica

Tijana Nikolić

Municipality of Gracanica, http://kk.rks-gov.net/gracanice/

([email protected])

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to make an assessment of the logistical operations in energy

consumption in order to make it efficient. A proposal for organizing the energy efficient use of

appliances and materials in Gracanica Region will be created as the end result. The special emphasis

will be put on the question of the main obstacles in the efficient energy consumption in Gracanica, as

well as on the measures that can be taken to improve the organisation and management of energy

usage in Gracanica.

The focus on energy efficiency, as the most important subject in this research, has been chosen for

the following reasons: energy efficient usage is not an established practice in Gracanica, but a grand

potential for development of organization of transport, installments and usage of modern technology

and energy efficient systems can be identified. Local citizens are beginning to learn about new ways

of energy consumption and are showing a great amount of interest in its implementation, since

Gracanica is a newly formed Municipality that has just begun its development.

Key words: energy efficiency, sustainable.

http://kk.rks-gov.net/gracanice/



2. Corporate social responsibility



33

How Different Monetary Rules Lead to Different Performances during the

Crises: The Case of the Western Balkans Countries

Daniel Dujava, Ján Dráb

University of Economics in Bratislava, www.euba.sk/

([email protected])

Abstract

The Great Recession reopened macroeconomic issues that had been previously considered solved.

One of them is the use of monetary and fiscal policy to stabilize macroeconomic development.

Although the prevailing consensus used to be that monetary policy is powerful enough to ensure

smooth economic performance, the Great Recession produced the need for fiscal stimulus in many

countries. This paper analyzes the impact of different policy-mix with emphasis on different

monetary policy rules in the Western Balkans countries. Using data for main macroeconomic

indicators we demonstrate that the monetary policy regime still remains a key determinant of

economic performance during an economic crisis.

Western Balkan countries provide evidence that floating exchange rate with responsible inflation

targeting might be the best combination if economic stabilization is a policy goal.

Key words: monetary policy, the great recession, Western Balkans, Mundell fleming model,

international trade.

http://www.euba.sk/



Reinforcment of Meso-Level Trust Within The Community of Albanian

Immigrants Precondition For Their Economic And Social Development

Elvira Fetahu, Ilir Bejtja

University of Elbasan “Aleksander Xhuvani”, www.uniel.edu.al/

([email protected])

Abstract

Once the fall of the communist regime, one of the cruellest dictatorships round Europe, the deep

economic crisis induced all Albanians to the exodus versus neighbour European countries. Their

exodus was short, immediate, uncontrolled, and not organized. Finding themselves in such difficult

conditions of survival, they didn’t preserved strong links with their home-country, and the

conationals. They had a very hard beginning, dealing with their need to be employed, to have a

house to live, and to be integrated to the new societies. In these conditions, we look today the

Albanian immigrant community in lower levels of social hierarchy in the host countries, and this is

reflected to the second generation of Albanian immigrants too. They have lower social status, occupy

business and economic sectors of a lower social status, and are less developed. They still lack strong

social capital and high level trusts too. But they are much more oriented to alter ties than the other

immigrant communities and more addicted to the host country living. They own weaker ties to the

outside enclave community, and this is a good case for development and success. They need to

reinforce strong ties within Albanian enclaves at least to community level, meso-level of trust, in

order to increase the level of social capital, necessary to support the economic development for

tFhem. Identifying ways and possibilities to increase social capital, social status and the economic

development is the main question of this study, focussing in the Albanian immigrant community of

the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Key words: enclave, trust at meso-level, social capital, economic development, image.

http://www.uniel.edu.al/



35

Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility in the Economy of Kosovo

Fisnik Morina

Univeristy of Peja, "Haxhi Zeka”, unhz.eu/

([email protected])

Abstract

Corporate governance is now a mainstream issue of concern in the business world. Corporate social

responsbility (CSR) reporting appears as to be one of the most important new worldwide governance

practices, as CSR reporting can be regarded as reflecting the evolution of companies governance

systems from a shareholder perspective to reflect broader stakeholders concerns (Igalens and Point,

2009).

The best corporate governance constitutes an essential factor for the survival of large corporations

and enterprises or businesses in any country, but more important for countries in transition. The

objective of this paper is to explore the development of corporate governance practices, their legal

framework and specifically in Kosovo. An important place in this paper is the role and corporate

social responsibility in society, governance based on the best models possible. Moreover, corporate

social responsibility (CSR) has increasingly focused on corporate governance as a vehicle for

incorporating social and environmental concerns into the business decision-making process,

benefiting not only financial investors but also employees, consumers, and communities. Currently,

corporate governance is being linked more and more with business practices and public policies that

are stakeholder-friendly. At the end of this paper will also explain the current situation analysis of

how corporate governance and their social responsibilities in a transition economy such as Kosovo.

Key words: corporate governance, social responsibility, economy in transition.



Case study: Was the Highest Gas Discharge Stack Construction in Trepca Really

Useful?

Jelena Djokić, Irma Dervišević

University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica, http://www.pr.ac.rs/en

([email protected])

Abstract

In this paper, there will be presented the analysis of the efficiency of the gas discharge stack in lead

smelter Trepca, The results were obtained by mathematic modeling and simulation of the lead

production process. The initial data included physical, chemical and mechanical parameters of the

gases, which were being discharged during the production process. The topography, landscape and

climatic conditions were taken into consideration as well. For pre-defined stack height, diameter and

location, the particular matters were scattered in the range from 700 to 5000 meters, depending on

the wind classes. The results will confirm the validity of the modeling process, as the environmental

management tool, because the calculated results have shown a good agreement with the data

obtained on the field.

Key words: gas discharge, stack height, landscape, environmental impact.

http://www.pr.ac.rs/en



37

Corporate Social Responsibility of Banks in Kosovo

Kaltrina Gashi1, Gëzim Tosuni2

1Staffordshire University, http://riinvest.net/Staffordshire/?page_id=8

2 University of Gjilan, “Kadri Zeka”, www.upgj.org/en-us

([email protected])

Abstract

The latest trends in developed economies indicate that corporate social responsibility (CSR) is gaining

in its importance. This is partially due to public pressure that companies are subjected to and the fact

that companies which care about the environment, appear to enjoy stronger relationships with their

commercial partners (clients, suppliers, government).

Given that the perception by the public is crucial to banking business model, then it can be expected

that the banking industry will use CSR as a vehicle to improve their image. This study embarks on a

study to evaluate CSR practices of banks operating in Kosovo. With the macroeconomic settings of

Kosovo in mind, the focus will be on the social (improvement of welfare) aspect of the CSR, rather

than, the education or some other aspect.

The study will rely on a survey, planned to encompass the whole banking sector of Kosovo. For this

purpose, a questionnaire will be prepared with the intention to capture the efforts and investments

of banks operating in Kosovo which intend to improve the public welfare. The questionnaires will be

designed in a way that will allow the researcher to assign a value for good/bad CSR practice, and

finally will produce a simple individual CSR index for the surveyed banks. However, given the limited

number of banks in Kosovo, consequently, a small number of observations, this approach will not

allow for quantitative modeling and the study will present a qualitative report of the status of CSR

practices in the banking industry of Kosovo.

Key words: corporate social responsibility, CSR, banking, banking industry, Kosovo

http://riinvest.net/Staffordshire/?page_id=8

http://www.upgj.org/en-us



Social Return on Investment in Public Service can Help Europe’s Youth Acquire

Human Capital Needed to get Started on the Job Market

Lennard Nijenhuis, Tina Ehrami

Municipality of The Hague, Department of Public Service, http://www.denhaag.nl/en/

([email protected])

Abstract

In the last decade financial downturn caused backsets in economic participation of European youths.

In countries with little sign of economic recovery the emergence of a lost generation lurks. To

produce economic value and to be able to perform labor a stock of knowledge, habits and social and

personality attributes is needed (Human Capital). Without opportunities to obtain these assets, this

group fails to make that first step, are at risk of missing out and may become unable to make a living.

Literature study on social theory, policy analyses and best practices for policy development on local

level shows that in response to reduction of public budgets civil society, commercial parties and

government are developing successful methods as partners, proving that public-private partnerships

can help battle unemployment.

Government policies on public procurement based on shared responsibility stimulate cooperate

social responsibility. Tender and contracting requirements aiming for social return on investment

facilitate apprenticeship positions that allow young people to earn salaries whilst gaining essential

work experience. Public-private partnerships with contractors in public services, partners in

education and local government can attract job opportunities for deprived communities. Community

interest companies founded in cooperation with aforementioned parties provide in maintenance of

public space, technical services and public services concerning care and education. Policy on public

spending can trigger social corporate responsibility and stimulate fair distribution of wealth by

spending tax money in local communities that would otherwise remain unaffected by public

procurement, increasing their self-reliance and sustainably improving their social economic outlook.

The purpose of this paper is to examine what local governments can do to include young people on

the labour market in a time of high unemployment and low government budgets.

Key words: CSR, youth unemployement, public-private partnerships, human capital, public

procurement.

http://www.denhaag.nl/en/



39

Whistleblowing as a Form of Corporate Social Responsibility in Environmental

Issues

Miguel Ángel Quintana-Paz

Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes, www.uemc.es/

([email protected])

Abstract

Whistleblowing is not always considered a part of corporate social responsibility in environmental

issues. This is may be due to the fact that corporate social responsibility has focused more on the

concrete environmental actions that a corporation accomplishes towards its social context than in

the mechanisms that can assure to this context that the corporation is behaving properly in relation

to its environment. Therefore, the whistleblowing is one of these mechanisms. Despite the significant

advantages, the whistleblowing has serious weaknesses from an ethical point of view. This research

addresses some of those weaknesses such as: the ethical conflict between loyalty and search of the

common good, potential misuses of whistleblowing and conflicts between whistleblowing and data

protection. The paper also intense to explore the possible factors influencing the weakness of

whistleblower ethical dilemma in Spain and elsewhere. We will discuss to what extent does an

environmental orientation of corporate social responsibility help to solve many of those ethical

dilemmas, provide best practice and suggest new steps that can be taken towards ensuring its

effectiveness.

Key words: ethics, values, ethical dilemmas, environment.

http://www.uemc.es/



Contribution of the School Education Methods in Addressing the Challenge of

Diminishing Link of Children with Nature

Mihallaq Qirjo, Fjona Kuqo, Valbona Aliko

Tirana University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, www.fshn.edu.al/

([email protected])

Abstract

Nature offers unlimited opportunities to learn and practice for children. The study helps to identify

reason why the link of children and nature is diminishing, therefore the education values of nature

for children, are not used. Although the school curricula contains information, knowledge and

exercises which require the link to nature, in practice the process is not encouraged or used

efficiently. Students and Biology teachers of 11th and 12th in four urban schools of Tirana were

subject of the study during the academic year 2013-2014.

Among the finding, the average coefficient for the student-nature link is low (1.71). A list of

arguments are identified such the load of the curricula, lack of opportunities, technology and modern

society living patterns. The study provides a list of policy recommendation on addressing that

challenges of actual (non)sustainable development and living patterns.

Key words: nature, school curricula, education methods, education policies.




41

Social Responsibility of Oil Companies

Milan Veselinović1, Jelena Stanojević2

1High School of Economics and Trade Gjilan / Gnjilane

2 International Business College Mitrovica, www.ibcmitrovica.eu

([email protected])

Abstract

Contemporary circumstances of production cause the fact that the long-term survival and business

development cannot be imagined without a positive reciprocity between serious business and the

responsible society. Since the environmental protection is an essential precondition for doing

business corporate social responsibility is becoming an indispensable link in the strategy of their

intended business policy. This circumstances are especially relates to the oil companies and their

policy of business. Thus, the overall responsibility for the successful business policy of the oil

companies lies in it’s management. Besides the favorable debt-to-income ratio, a special emphasis in

the management policy is put on the sustainability in the company’s attitude towards the country,

society and environment. Oil companies should strive for rational use of natural resources and

reduce negative impact on people's lives and the environment.

Key words: oil industry, environmental protection, renewable energy sources, responsibility of

corporations.




CSR Reporting in Serbia

Miloš Pavlović1, Tadija Djukić2, Tanja Vujović1

1 Univesity of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica, www.pr.ac.rs/en

2 University of Nis, Faculty of Economics, www.eknfak.ni.ac.rs/en/

([email protected])

Abstract

Corporate social responsibility is a concept by which economic entities that adopt it consciously and

voluntarily go beyond its primary function of business and strive to positively affect their working,

social and natural environment. This way of doing business, in essence, is the awareness of the new

position and importance that companies have in the global society as well as the responsibilities that

their business involves.

The level of well-being of a certain company does not depend solely on the decisions on the

allocation of financial resources, but also of the reactions of other entities that recognize their

interests in the company. Sustainable competitive advantage in the modern business environment

when consumers evaluate not only the quality and price of products and services, but also many

other aspects, certainly can not be imagined without if not all, then certain elements of corporate

social responsibility. Therefore, the conditionality and the need for corporate social responsibility

and sustainability is more than obvious, and the need for reporting on corporate social responsibility

appears as a logical consequence.

The companies in Serbia dont have legal obligation to report on CSR, but some of the companies,

that adopt CSR concept, voluntary report about CSR. In this paper we will discuss about the CSR

concept and reporting on CSR in Serbia.

Key words: CSR, CSR reporting, sustainability, Serbia.


http://www.eknfak.ni.ac.rs/en/



43

Accommodating Right to Development in Kosovo: a Human Right Perspective

Remzije Istrefi

1University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, Faculty of Law, www.uni-pr.edu/

([email protected])

Abstract

The right to development is the right of individuals and peoples to an enabling environment for

development that is equitable, sustainable, participatory and in accordance with the full range of

human rights and fundamental freedoms. A wide range of international law on development exists,

a variety of international human rights and environmental treaties, and the Declarations and

Programs of Action of a round of UN World Conferences from Rio to Beijing. Nevertheless, due to its

nature and its legal status the right to development continues to be one of the most contested rights

in academic and political circles. The conflicting interpreation of the right to development and its

contested legal status results in the failure to realise in practice the process of development to

which every human person is entitled by virtue of the right to development. However, if the right to

development is read through the human rights ‘lenses’, it can result in an interpretation that can be

most helpful for its realisation in practice. The relevance of interpretation of the right to

development as a human right becomes imperative in transitional society such as the one in Kosovo

where the environment continues to encounter structural and unfair obstacles to development. In

light of this situation the present paper analyses the relationship between human rights and

development and how does it help the process of development of Kosovar society if right to

development is identified as a human right?

Key words:right to development, human rights, Kosovar society.




3. Environmental Management (waste management, green technologies and

green energy, environmental pollution and solution, policies and

regulations)



45

Clean-up and Land Reclamation Project in Energy Corporation of Kosovo

Behxhet Shala1, Trandelina Cakaj - Baraku2, Mimoza Dugolli3

1University of Mitrovica, “Isa Boletini”, www.umib.net/

2 World Bank, Pristina, www.worldbank.org/en/ 3Kosovo Energy Corporation, www.kek-energy.com/en/

([email protected])

Abstract

Electricity production based on coal, through decades, has caused considerable environmental

damages in the area of mining and power plants in Kosovo. Kosovo Energy Corporation, supported

also by donors, is opting to improve such situation. With the support from World Bank and the

Kingdom of the Netherlands since 2006, KEK is implementing the Clean-up and Land Reclamation

project. Project was targeting reclamation of ca. 1200 hectares of degraded land and removal/final

disposal of about 22,000 tons of hazardous chemical waste. Investigations such as geotechnical,

hydrogeological, geochemical and physical-chemical were conducted for the project design and to

ensure its safe and proper implementation. A total of 77 drilling were conducted (ca. 1500m) with

more then 200 geotechnical analysis, 150 groundwater and surface samples were analyzed, and 147

samples of soil taken and analyzed and more than 30 reservoirs or other objects containing hazard

waste were sampled and tested. So far more than 196 ha of land out of 266 ha have been reclaimed.

Approximately 80% of the Kosovo A ash dump, considered as one of main dust generators, has been

reshaped and covered with soil from nearby overburden areas. More than 22,000 tons of hazardous

waste was treated locally or exported. Besides direct benefits from improvement of key

environmental aspects, such as the reclamation of degraded lands, reduced dust generation and

reduced risk from chemical residues, KEK has also benefit in terms of increased capacities for future

land reclamation, as a part of ongoing mining activities.

Key words: energy sector, land reclamation, hazardous waste, ash dump.

http://www.kek-energy.com/en/



Water Saving Options for the Municipality of Gracanica

Biljana Nikolić

Lizardi Colegio, colegiolizardi.mx/

([email protected])

Abstract

Gracanica Municipality has a number of environmental issues caused by the unsustainable practices

and is in need for more sustainable ways to achieve the full potential of economic development.

Being rich in surface and ground waters, and having a suitable geographic location, this municipality

has a great potential for development.

The alternative solutions presented are wastewater treatment and effluent water use, grey water

system installation and rainwater harvesting option. These alternatives aim to use the adequate

technology to protect public health and environment, meet the demand for water and establish the

grounds for gradual improvement of the current state of water management in this municipality.

The positive and negative aspects of each alternative show that the rainwater harvesting option

represents the most efficient solution for water saving, as it utilizes additional source of water which

has not been utilized in this area. External factors are in favor of this alternative as it is economically

efficient, ecologically friendly and socially acceptable by the people in this municipality and there are

no legislative regulations that forbid this kind of water utilization. In addition, the technology for

implementing this kind of system is available and easy to install and maintain.

As a result, there will be an additional water resource for domestic household use which will cover

over 70% of the domestic household needs for water. In this way water intake from the lake will be

relieved enabling the lake to recharge to its fullest potential.

Key words: sustainability, development, solution, gray water, effluent water, rainwater, economy,

natural resources.



47

“Germova” Regional Landfill in Mitrovica, Like a Source of Pollution and

Influence on Public Health

Blerim Baruti1, Ilirjan Malollari2, Safet Kamberi1, Mensur Kelmendi3, Nushe Lajqi3

1Municipality of Mitrovica, https://kk.rks-gov.net/mitrovice/

2 University of Tirana, www.unitir.edu.al/ 3 University of Mitrovica, “Isa Boletini”, www.umib.net

([email protected])

Abstract

Together with human society development, there is more and more waste. Besides the fact that the

chemical composition of waste is more complicated, they more and more endanger public health and

the environment. Pollutants emissions represent the greatest danger for population living near

dumps, and for people employed in the dumps too. Waste management is one of the major

environmental problems in Mitrovica Municipality, therefore the approach to this concern should be

more efficient. Gas and dust emissions from the dump, especially in the waterless summer period,

can cause air quality deterioration and in the future can possibly cause certain health problems for

people, especially for children, elderly people, and pregnant women. The research goal is to address

the introduction of the mechanisms of mobilization and awareness-raising of public and local

communities towards:

- risks on public health and the environment,

- waste treatment concepts, and

- usage of wastes for profits.

The paper also provides recommendation on the sustainability of best practical developed

mechanisms.

Key words: landfill, public health, emission, dump, environment.



The Status of Environmental Friendly Agriculture in Azerbaijan and its

improvement directions (Based on the Experience of Korea)

Elnur Abbasov

PhD Candidate, Scientific Research Institute of Economic Reforms, Baku, www.ier.az/

([email protected])

Abstract

The Development Concept “Azerbaijan 2020: Look into the Future” was approved by the presidential

decree to fight poverty and reduce food insecurity, and the agricultural sector was set to play a key

role in achieving these goals. A goal of achieving 100 percent in food self-sufficiency for food crops

reflects Azerbaijan’s strategic value is on food independence, while it serves as an engine for

agricultural policies. Our findings suggest that there are still some weakness points in the agricultural

production such as:

1) inefficiency in the legal and institutional system;

2) constraints of market access from producers;

3) and uncertainty of profitability for farmers due to agricultural product prices lower than

production cost.

On the other hand, Azerbaijan do not apply specific Promotion Strategic and Plans with more

favorable subsidy and other direct payments for environmentally friendly agriculture. For

development of environmentally friendly agriculture development the environment measures are

usually implemented for the promotion of a more environmentally friendly agriculture in the world.

The future development policy for organic production based on OECD countires’ experience is

proposed.

Key words: environmentally friendly agriculture, subsidy, organic production, direct payments.

http://www.ier.az/



49

Multivariate Statistical Analysis for the Surface Water Quality of Trepça and

Sitnica Rivers, Kosovo

Flora Ferati1, Mihone Kerolli-Mustafa2, Arjana Kraja–Ylli3

1University of Mitrovica, “Isa Boletini”, www.umib.net

2 International Business College Mitrovica, www.ibcmitrovica.eu 3University of Tirana, www.unitir.edu.al/

([email protected])

Abstract

The study was performed to investigate the concentration of toxic heavy metals like As, Cd, Cr, Co,

Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in water of Trepça and Sitnica Rivers. It was observed that concentration of most of

analyzed heavy metals was much higher than the European and Kosovo permissible limits. Water

quality parameters including DO, BOD, EC, temperature, TDS, pH, and turbidity were measured in

samples collected from 6 stations. The highest concentration of As, Cd, Pb and Zn originate primarily

from anthropogenic sources such discharge of industrial water from mining flotation and from the

mine waste eroded from the river banks. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as cluster analysis

(CA) were applied to evaluate water quality and to identify potential pollution sources of Trepça and

Sitnica River. Cluster analysis suggests that As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn are derived from

anthropogenic sources, particularly discharges from mining flotation and erosion form waste from

zinc mine plant.

Key words: heavy metal, Trepça and Sitnica Rivers, multivariate cluster analysis, quality of water.

http://www.umib.net/


http://www.unitir.edu.al/



“City Park” of Elbasani the Vegetation Situation and Realization of the Project to

Improve it

Gjok Vuksani1, Haki Kurti2, Arjan Tollumi1

1University of Tirana, www.unitir.edu.al/

2 Kosovo Agency of Statistics, https://ask.rks-gov.net/eng/

([email protected])

Abstract

Elbasan one of the largest cities in Albania, has its most important part the city park called “Youth

Park " which lies in the northeast of the city. “Youth Park” is a traditional park of the city of Elbasan

with an area of 70 000 m², out of which about 59 000 m² are ornamental grass surface and about 700

m² area are covered with decorative flowers of different species. Very few studies on decorative

flora, public parks and realization of modern parks in the architectural and environmental point of

view were done so far in Albania, while in Kosovo there is almost nothing. Therefore, the study of the

green surface, its structure and professional suggestions of the Project of the City Park for the

improvement of its landscape, from the landscape architecture point of view is the main purpose of

the study.

The standard method was used for herbalization, while the mapping and digitalization were

performed using the geographic informative system (GIS). The programs “Archicad 7.0” and “Home

Architecture 4.0” were used for graphical presentation of the stages of the project at “City Park”. As

e result the Elbasan City Park’s green surface is overall in a very good condition. While the

interceptions in these parts are amateurish, and have no organic connection to the park as a whole

which gives a reduced landscape value to the park. This requires the urgent intervention from the

Municipality of ELBASAN, as well the cultivation of high decorative plants, decorative bushes,

seasonal flowers, regulation of spaces for family rests for all age groups etc.

Key words: Public Park, green project, ornamental species, landscape.


https://ask.rks-gov.net/eng/



51

Exploring Possibilities for Tailing Waste Deposit Management

Gordana Milentijević, Jelena Djokić, Blagoje Nedeljkovic

University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica, www.pr.ac.rs/en

([email protected])

Abstract

Tailing waste deposit Gornje Polje, as one of the largest deposit in Ibar catchment has potential for

valorization, but also a potential for pollution of soil, air and water. There were several studies on its

environmental impact, but not on its potential value. In this paper there will be presented

characterization of the deposited material, its physical and chemical composition, as well as

mineralogy and granulometry, as the essential properties for recycling process. Large quantity of

minerals, some 12,000,000 tones situated on 50 ha of fertile alluvial river bank represents the

valuable resource and the sustainability factors were discussed. In order to select the treatment

process, the environmental criteria were proposed and evaluated by experimental data obtained by

instrumental methods of Scanning Electronic Microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and Differential

Thermal Analysis, as well as mathematic modeling. The economic value of the deposit was estimated

based on the metals content and treatment efficiency, and social factor was evaluated by the social

criteria.

Key words: tailing waste, recycling, environment, management.




Assessment of the Contamination of Trace Metal in Sitnica River Water,

Kosovo

Hyrie Koraqi, Fatlinda Tërmkolli, Azem Lajqi, Esat Behrami, Fidan Feka

University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, www.uni-pr.edu/

([email protected])

Abstract

The aim of this study is to assess and present trace metal contamination of water samples of Sitnica

River, Kosovo. Sitnica River is one of the main rivers in Kosovo. The river is located in the area with

high anthropogenic pressure, were the contamination of river with different pollutants presents a

complex long-term environmental problem. The water samples from Sitnica River were collected

from five stations every three months. These stations are covering the upstream and downstream

sites of major industrial area of Obiliq city close to Thermo Power Plant (TPP) Kosovo “B” as the main

power plant in the country. This Thermo Power Plant apart from air and soil pollution is considered

as main source of contamination for the river water as well due to the direct discharged of waste

water without any prior treatment. International permissible limits (75/440/EEC) and Kosovo

National limits (UA13/2008) were applied to assess the river water contamination. The concentration

of heavy metal: Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and trace metal: Co, Al, Fe, Cr, Mn, As, K, Si, Na, Ba, Mo, Sb in water

samples from Sitnica Rivers were determined to assess the level of contamination. The

concentrations of trace metals were measured using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission

spectrometry (ICP–OES) in accordance with standard method US EPA 6010C. The results showed that

the Sitnica River is heavily polluted and is classified to category IV to V. The results were summarized

using the box plots descriptive statistical method. In order to protect the river water from further

contamination, the remediation options in order to reduce the anthropogenic discharges are

suggested.

Key words: trace metal, Sitnica River, contamination, ICP/OES.



53

Application of Green Solar Energy in Facade of Buildings

Ilija Nasov

MIT University Skopje, www.mit.edu.mk/

([email protected])

Abstract

The CO2 pollution is a real environmental problem that can lead to a global warming. The biggest

pollutants are fossil sources during their combustion. One way to overcome this problem is

replacement of fossil sources with renewable energy. Solar energy is one of the most ecological

renewable. Solar energy application for domestic use is one way of total solar energy needs. But,

solar energy application in buildings has many barriers either small roof surface needed for

installation of required number of solar thermal collector, usually a long distance between solar

thermal collectors and boilers, synchronisation between neighbours in the building for tubes path

and destroying the common residential space, big heat losses, sharing heat between neighbours and

one of the most important issue is the cost for the used heat. Installation of facade collector or

window module collectors on facade, window or balcony is very simple, easier and without any of

the above-mentioned problems. For this purpose, it is necessary a special designed facade-window

collector. Façade solar thermal collectors show double benefits in new architectural goods:

integrated functional elements that do not disturb the architectural appearance and there is a high

fraction of solar energy as a part of total energy needs of the building. These are the main

characteristics of facade solar thermal collectors.

The new model of the window façade collector is described in this work. The façade

collectors/modules appearance provides more thermal and visual comfort and have energy

consumption. At the same time those build-in elements are more functional because participate with

a great portion of total energy needs of the building. This is a sustainable way of use of solar energy

and consequently decrease the CO2 impact to the environment.

Key words: facade solar thermal collectors, energy-efficiency, solar architecture, building integration,

long term stability.

http://www.mit.edu.mk/



The impact of leachate on the quality of surface and groundwater

Irma Dervišević1, Jelena Djokić1, Nataša Elezović1, Gordana Milentijević1, Vladan Ćosović2 and Almin

Dervišević3

1University of Prishtina in Kosovska Mitrovica, www.pr.ac.rs/en

2University of Belgrade, www.bg.ac.rs/en/ 3State University of Novi Pazar, http://www.np.ac.rs/en/

([email protected])

Abstract

This paper analyzes the concentration levels of pollutants in the leachate at the landfill Balaban and

unregulated (informal) landfill Grabovac in the territory of the northern part of Kosovo. All

investigated were conducted according to the Regulations on Hazardous Substances in Water

(Official Gazette of RS, no. 31/82) and the Regulation on Water Classification (Official Gazette of RS,

no. 5/68), which is in line with the EU Landfill Directive (COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/31/EC) and BAT

(Best Available Techniques) and IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control). Based on the

analysis of water samples with landfill in the north of Kosovo (landfill Balaban), and filtrate water

from unregulated landfill in Grabovac obtained an overview of the parameters that were performed

comparing the concentrations of pollutants in the leachate (filtrate) with limits values defined by

European standards. Was analyzed the impact of unregulated landfill leachate on surface and

groundwater. Particularly worrisome multi increased content of heavy metals in surface and ground

waters.

Key words: leachate, the concentration of pollutants, surface and groundwater, environment.


http://www.bg.ac.rs/en/

http://www.np.ac.rs/en/



55

Treatment of Municipal, Industrial, and Leachate Landfill Membrane Bioreactor

and the Solidification of Residual Sludges

Irma Dervišević1, Jelena Djokić1, Vladan Ćosović2, Almin Dervišević3

1University of Prishtina in Kosovska Mitrovica, www.pr.ac.rs/en

2University of Belgrade, www.bg.ac.rs/en/ 3State University of Novi Pazar, http://www.np.ac.rs/en/

([email protected])

Abstract

Direct discharge of urban, industrial and leachate (originating from the informal landfill) into the

recipient without prior purification is very common in developed countries and developing countries.

Also, irresponsible and wrong selection of sites for industrial and municipal dumps, which are often

located close to or on the shore of the river, contributes significantly to pollution of srediine. Based

on the analysis of physical-chemical parameters of the filter water at the sites Zitkovac, Grabovac and

Balaban and analysis of samples of surface water and groundwater at the site of Grabovac, suggested

the possibility of rehabilitation of the existing pollution and lasting treatment solution of waste

utilities, industrial and leachate from landfills informal. Remediation and ensuring a unified system

for water purification, using Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR), with the process of stabilization of

residual sludge solidification method, the end product would be a neutral powder material

completely safe for the environment, which has wide application.

Key words: wastewater treatment, membrane bio-reactor, solidification, neutral, environment.


http://www.bg.ac.rs/en/

http://www.np.ac.rs/en/



Method of Multi Criteria Analysis in Process of Location Selection for

Wastewater Treatment Plant in Mitrovica Region

Jelisaveta Marjanović1, Jelena Djokić2,

1Municipality of Zvecan, http://www.opstinazvecan.rs/


([email protected])

Abstract

In this paper there will be presented application of Multi Criteria Analysis in process of location

selection for important community projects, in this case Wastewater Treatment Plant for Mitrovica

Region. The purpose of this work is to analyze and set criteria for location selection based on

multiple factors, or terrain factors – topological predisposition, terrain levels and hydrologic

condition, social factors – impact on community and nearest residents, environmental factors –

pollution, impact on biodiversity etc. Sustainable solution for problem of location selection is

achieved through analytical comparison of numerous factors and consequences which follow

construction and operation of the WWTP on different locations. By analyzing each location, positive

and negative sides are easily noticeable. There is no perfect location for a plant, since in every case

there will be some trades off; the point is to choose the location where this trading makes the least

impact and uses potential of the WWTP. Since there are many stakeholders their interest must be

represented and taken into consideration during all phases. It helps to ensure the support from the

community, to explain easily reasons for decision and given value for criteria. The most important is

to find balance between all factors. One of the best characteristics of the MCA is that even the

analysis has some flaws, it allows rechecking and recalculating after new information which comes

available.

Key words: Multi Criteria Analysis, location selection, sustainable development, decision making

process, community management.

http://www.opstinazvecan.rs/




57

Utilization of Jarosite Generated from Lead-Zinc Smelter in Trepça, Kosovo for

Various Applications

Mihone Kerolli-Mustafa1, Lidija Ćurković2


2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,

www.unizg.hr/homepage/

([email protected])

Abstract

Jarosite waste released from zinc extraction process during the hydrometallurgical leaching of

concentrates in Trepça lead-zinc smelter, Kosovo possess serious environmental problem due to the

presence of toxic metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn, As etc. Its disposal in open tailing damps has become a

major environmental concern with contamination effects of water, soil and vegetation. The current

paper considers the jarosite waste in Mitrovica Industrial Park, Kosovo in order to evaluate the

characteristics of jarosite waste, identify the potential environmental impacts and understand its

potential for recycling or utilization as a challenge for development of positive “green” image

environmental protection and sustainable hazard waste management in future. XRD, SEM and

TG/DTA were used to analyze the characterization features of jarosite. The results give an initial

understanding of the jarosite strengths as recycled material in construction industry. The utilization

options showed very useful contribution towards proper environmental, social and economic

management development.

Key words: jarosite waste, characteristics, utilization.


http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/



Heavy Metals Uptake by Hyperaccumulating Flora in the Serpentine Soill of

Kosovo

Muharrem Salihaj, Aida Bani

Agricultural University of Tirana, Faculty of Agronomy and Environment, www.ubt.edu.al/

([email protected])

Abstract

Abstract-Ultramafic (serpentine) soils, are widely distributed in different parts of the world (Brooks

1987). These soils contain high concentrations of Mg and Fe, and relatively high concentrations of

heavy metals. Throughout the territory of Kosovo there are some basic and ultra-basic rocks, which

are known by their common name as “serpentine”. They host some widespread species and several

nickel hyperaccumulating species. The aim of this study was to determine the content of heavy

metals in some of serpentine soils of Kosovo and identifying the hyperaccumulation flora in general,

and nickel hyperaccumalators species in particular.

Furthermore the objective of this study was to research relationship between their nickel uptake

behavior and characteristics of their native soil environment as well. The sampling was conducted on

June 2014. Three serpentine areas have been surveyed and 7 soil samples in total have been taken in

various depths of soil profiles and the entire flora was collected.

The serpentine soils at all sites were characterized by elevated levels of heavy metals such as Ni, Cr,

Mn, Cd that show typical properties of ultramafic environments. Ni availability at studied areas

varied from 1543 and 2570 mg/kg respectively. In addition 2 taxa of hyperaccumlators were

collected. The Alyssum markgrafii which was common for all three mentioned sites, and the Thlaspi

which was present to one site (Radoniq). The highest Ni concentration was found in aerial part of

Alyssum markgrafii (0.40%), while at Thlaspi we found 0.08% of Ni concentration. Full knowledge of

Kosovo Ni hyperaccumulator plants and their properties is of interest because of their possible use in

phytoremediation and phytostabilization of contaminated soils.

Key words: serpentine flora, Ni hyperaccumulation, serpentine soil, alyssum specie.

http://www.ubt.edu.al/



59

Corporate Governance, Ownership, Company Structure and Environmental

Disclosure: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

Murya Habbash

King Khalid University, www.kku.edu.sa/en/

([email protected])

Abstract

This study examines the Environmental Disclosure (ED) practices in Saudi Arabia and the potential

relationship with Corporate Governance (CG), ownership and company structure, following the

application of the Saudi 2006 CG code in 2007. The study deepens the understanding of ED and its

main determinants in one of the largest economies in the Middle East.

Methodology: A self-constructed ED checklist, based on ISO 26000, is used. We employ regression

and content analyses to examine a sample of 267 annual reports covering the period 2007-2011.

Findings: The analysis finds that the average ED has improved following the application of the Saudi

2006 CG code to 30%, more than double the 14.61% found by Al-Janadi et al. (2013) during 2006-

2007. The analysis also finds that audit committee effectiveness, role duality, state and institutional

ownerships, firm profitability, and industry sensitivity positively affect ED. However, board

independence, family ownership, and firm size are found not to be significant determinants, while a

negative significant correlation was found with firm leverage.

Originality/value: The results imply that CG regulators and stakeholders should acknowledge the

importance of active audit committees comprising relevant experts and independent directors, in

addition to the role of state and institutional ownership in enhancing ED. The study covers a five-year

period, contrary to the majority of ED studies which focus on only one year. The study helps to fill the

gap in ED literature in developing countries. Finally, the study provides a recent evaluation for the

Saudi CG code recently applied in 2007.

Key words: corporate governance, ownership structure, environmental disclosure, Saudi Arabia.

http://www.kku.edu.sa/en/



Environmental Changes of the River Ibar in the Function of Oxygen Regime

Nataša Elezović1, Ljiljana Takić2, Živče Šarkočević3

1University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica, www.pr.ac.rs/en

2 University of Nis, Faculty of Technology Leskovac, http://www.tf.ni.ac.rs/ 3 Polytechnic School of Professional Studies Zvecan, http://vts-zvecan.edu.rs/

([email protected])

Abstract

Values of parameters that indicate the concentration of the oxygen in the water determine the

status of water quality and existence of the aquatic ecosystem. Using the data of the Agency for

Environmental Protection for 2013 and the current national legislation in the field of water, the

paper analyzes the parameters of the oxygen regime. The results of comparative analysis show that

mean annual concentration values of concentrations of dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation,

biological oxygen demand (BOD 5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC)

correspond to the first class of surface water quality of the river Ibar. Environmental changes

presented by the parameters of the oxygen regime, slightly deviate from the ambiance natural water

quality and conditions for the functioning of the aquatic ecosystem of the river Ibar are not

disturbed.

Key words: oxygen regime, the river Ibar, environmental changes.


http://www.tf.ni.ac.rs/

http://vts-zvecan.edu.rs/



61

Implementation of Renewable Energy Sources for Prison Heating

Nevena Dutina1, Velimir Dutina2

1Union Nikola Tesla University, www.unionnikolatesla.edu.rs/

2 University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica, www.pr.ac.rs/en

([email protected])

Abstract

Construction of housing facilities, as well as other types of architectural structures, in many ways,

creates significant adverse effects in our surroundings. The main idea of sustainable architecture is to

minimize human impact on the environment. This paper is directed towards solving the problem of

heating for the author’s conceptual design of the prison complex in the city of Kraljevo. Researches

include analysis of all available renewable energy sources and potential opportunities for the

utilization of these energies for this case. According to the results presented in this paper, an optimal

solution is suggested.

Key words: renewable energy sources, heating, sustainable architecture, prison complex.

http://www.unionnikolatesla.edu.rs/




Building Environmental Capacities in Kosovo and its Challenge to Comply with

EU Environmental Acquis

Remzije Istrefi1, Mihone Kerolli-Mustafa2

1University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, Faculty of Law, www.uni-pr.edu/

2International Business College Mitrovica, www.ibcmitrovica.eu

([email protected])

Abstract

This paper analyses the development of the environmental governance in Kosovo, environmental

laws, regulations, processes, and their conformity with the EU environmental acquis. Kosovo, as

other countries in Balkan willing to join the EU, in the process of accession will have to align its entire

legislation with the Copenhagen accession criteria. So far Kosovo authorities voluntarily have

adopted laws on environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments

broadly in line with EU standards. The legal framework to implement EU air quality standards and a

framework law on nature conservation to transpose EU nature protection acquis is in place. Other

laws are in the process of adoption. While Kosovo authorities have progressed in the process of legal

harmonization there has been little progress in escorting the legal framework with institutional

design, necessary process and policy developments which in practice rendered with the lack of

implementation and with it with non-compliance with EU acquis on environment and climate

change. The key question posed in this paper is: Does the environment governance building

approach in Kosovo synonymous with the EU accession process represent an appropriate framework

for dealing with the country’s environmental problems?

The current Kosovo legal framework, institutional set up, and current practice will be evaluated

against conformity with the EU acquis. The implementation of EU environmental acquis in Kosovo is

to be seen as an important opportunity to create environmental governance and stable processes of

assessing the environmental impacts and increase the environmental policy integration.

Key words: Kosovo, national legislation, EU environmental acquis.





63

Interaction Between Energy Consumption and Imports: An Empirical Evidence

from Turkey

Salih Katircioglu

Eastern Mediterranean University, ww1.emu.edu.tr/

([email protected])

Abstract

The present study investigates interactions between imports and energy consumption in the case of

Turkey, which heavily depends on energy imports over the years. Empirical results reveal that energy

consumption exerts significant and elastic effects on imports both in the long-term and short term

periods. Results from causality, impulse responses, and variance decompositions have also shown

that energy consumption exerts significant effects on real income and real exchange rates in Turkey.

The major findings of this study reveal that alternative local energy sources and renewable energy

sources are needed in order to reduce foreign import dependency and current account deficits in

Turkey.

Key words: energy consumption, imports, multiple structural breaks, ARDL, Turkey.



Causes and Consequences from Ecological Disbalance in Mitrovica

Sami Behrami, Fadil Bajraktari

Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.ammk-rks.net/

([email protected])

Abstract

The major couse of the ecological disbalance is the attitude of mankind to the surrounding

environment. Mitrovica’s environmental development is far from principles of being sustainable

development followed with consequences for the population. This ecological imbalance is the result

of the human activity and the human "appropriation" of nature to produce different products.

Causes of an environmentally unsustainable development in Mitrovica are: 1). Maximum use of

minerals based on the concept of "maximum use" not in the concept of "sustainable use", 2).

Processing of their irrational - many assets with low concentration and supports the contents are

thrown as garbage. So the use of new technologies in future may be used as mines, 3). Old

technology, which exploited mineral resources causes a high level of pollution and inefficient use of

mineral properties and 4). Inappropriate location of industrial facilities in urban area with highest

concentration of population.

The current environmental issues effecting the existence of the present and future generations

include: air pollution, poor management of waste, water pollution, preservation and quality of

forests, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation. Thus, Mitrovica is in a state of

an environmental degradation due to the rapid industrial development and the highest

concentration of population in urban areas (almost 70% of population live in urban areas).

The future activation of any industrial building in Mitrovica, should be subject to ecological criteria

for sustainable development, in order of attaining an optimal ecological balance and preventing

the environmental pollution.

Key words: environmental, pollution, population, consequences, sustainable development.

http://www.ammk-rks.net/



65

Relevance of Elemental Profiling and Fingerpriniting in Biomonitoring and

Provenancing Studies

Sanda Rončević

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, www.unizg.hr/

([email protected])

Abstract

Chemical characterization of elemental content has become a basic requirement in monitoring of

environmental quality and processes as well as in fingerpriniting of natural and anthropogenic

pollution sources. Instrumental analytical techniques such as inductively coupled plasma with optical

or mass spectrometry detection (ICP-AES, ICP-MS) show an exclusive advantage in “elemental

profiling” due to highly sensitive simultaneous multielement analysis with high precision, large

dynamic range and low detection limits. Analytical approaches of fingerprinting which rely on

combination of element content determination and with aid of chemometrics is remarkably useful in

monitoring studies of air, water, sediments and biota. Improvements of laboratory preparation

techniques and analytical schemes for large number of samples with complex matrices also showed

great benefit in growing application area such as biomonitoring and food provenancing. The results

of investigation in these fields which relies on combination of analytical and chemometric methods

are presented by several examples. In order to determine current environmental status and estimate

possible anthropogenic influences on the marine ecosystems, the elemental profiling of mussel shells

from Adriatic Sea is described. In addition is presented the potential of obtaining elemental signature

of food products derived from plants which provides valuable information regarding quality,

authenticity, botanical origin as well as tracking of pollution sources.

Key words: biomonitoring, elemental fingerprinting, inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.

http://www.unizg.hr/



Removal of Reactive Red 141 from Aqueous Solutions Using Sodium Bentonite

with Adsorption Mechanism

Sezen Kucukcongar1, Muhammed Kamil Öden2, Muhammed Gocer1

1 Selcuk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, www.selcuk.edu.tr

2 Selcuk University, Department of Environmental Protect and Control, www.selcuk.edu.tr

([email protected])

Abstract

In this study, sodium bentonite which is cheap and readily attainable source of our country was used

as an adsorbent to remove dye from synthetic and aqueous solutions. The aim of study was to

investigate the wastewater treatment availability of this natural resource as environmental

tecnology. There are many types of dyestuff such as direct, azoic, reactive, basic, acid, mordant, vat,

sulfur, disperse, natural, plastic etc. dyes. Some dyes are more difficult to biodegrade. Reactive dyes

are very soluble and hardly biodegraded under conventional biological treatment processes.

Adsorption process is widely used to remove various pollutants from aqueous solutions , especially

those that are not easily biodegradable. The parameters influencing the adsorption process such as

initial concentration, mixing speed, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature were investigated and

optimum conditions to be applied to industrial wastewater were determined.

According to the results, the highest removal efficiency was obtained as 58.8% at optimum

conditions (adsorbent mass=0,6 g; shaking speed=250 rpm; original pH=7-8; contact time=150

minutes and initial dye concentration=100 mg/L). The parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich

adsorption isotherms have been determined using the adsorption data. The adsorption isotherm of

sodium bentonite was determined by Freundlich adsorption isotherm.

Key words: sodium bentonite, color removal, reactive dye, adsorption.

http://www.selcuk.edu.tr/




67

Microbiologic Assessment of Drinking Water of Selçuk University Alaaddin

Keykubat Campus Site

Suzan Sönmez, Şükrü Dursun2

1 Selçuk University, Faculty of Engineering, www.selcuk.edu.tr

([email protected])

Abstract

The present study will be conducted to investigate the hygienic quality of drinking water of Selçuk

University Alaaddin Keykubat Campus. Drinking water samples will be analyzed microbiologically.

Aerobe bacteria, anaerobe bacteria, E.coli, Coliform and similar microbiologic parameters of drinking

water samples will be investigated. In microbiologic analyses, pour plate method will be used in

general viable aerobe count; membrane filtration method will be used in enterococcus, coliform,

Escherichia coli and sulfide-reducing anaerobe counts. The water quality will be assessed through

comparing the resultant data with national and international standards.

Key words: coliform bacteria, Selçuk University, drinking water, water pollution.




Physiological Responses of Mediterranean Green Crab (Carcinus Aestuarii) to

Toxicity Iinduced by Ibuprofen

Valbona Aliko1, Qirjo Mihallaq1, Valon Morina 2, Hajdaraj Gerta1, Qyli Marsilda1

1University of Tirana, www.unitir.edu.al/

2 University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, www.uni-pr.edu/

([email protected])

Abstract

Nowadays, the presence of pharmaceutical drugs in water ecosystems is becoming a real concern.

Ibuprofen is one among the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which belongs to over-the-

counter group of medicines detected in surface and ground waters worldwide. In Albania, studies to

determine the risk of pharmaceutical related with their occurrence in water bodies and their adverse

effects on living organisms, are missing. The physiological response to ibuprofen toxicity potential to

Carcinus aestuarii, due to micrograms per liter in vitro exposure, was evaluated using the lysosomal

membrane stability test (LMS). Acute (48h) assay was carried out at 5 µg/L ibuprofen aquatic

concentration comparing with the negative control group (without treatment), with 10 animals per

group. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) in crabs was visualized by the neutral red retention

(NRR) assay. Haemolymph glucose concentration was also measured. Results showed that NRR time,

measured at experiment group was significantly reduced (p<0.05). Glucose concentration in

haemolymph of treated animals were significantly increased (p<0.05). The observed ibuprofen toxic

effects demonstrated an aquatic environmental risk of this pharmaceutical which seems to affect the

crab physiology at even low concentrations. Understanding the biological effect of this drug on

Mediterranean green crab experimental model can help in using this species as bio indicator of

pharmaceutical toxicity in aquatic environments, particularly in human beings.

Key words: lysosomal membrane stability, ibuprofen, crab, toxicity.





69

The Issues with the Composition and the Use of Detergents

Violeta Lajqi Makoli1, Ilirian Malollari2, Sami Makolli2, Mimoza Hyseni3

1Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning Kosovo, www.mmph-rks.org/en-us/

2University of Tirana, www.unitir.edu.al/ 3University of Peja, “Haxhi Zeka”, www.unhz.eu/

([email protected])

Abstract

The use of detergents in everyday life is growing; a number of detergents may contain potentially

harmful chemicals that can cause problems at home and the environment. A large number of cases

of poisoning and deaths of children are reported (OECD) worldwide from detergents especially those

gel-shaped capsules that promote children's curiosity. In order to soften the hardness of the water

and to make detergents more effective until now are used phosphates. The negative effect of their

use is when detergents are flushed in the environment after their use. They stimulate the growth of

certain plants in water which contributes to the unbalance of the ecosystem, the massive growth of

algae in the waters effects on spending of O2 which is very important for aquatic life. The legislation

of EU and R. of Kosova limits the use of phosphates in detergents, regulates the biodegradation of

surfactants in detergents, the limits or banding of surfactants use in detergents. Not all states have

prohibited or restricted the use of phosphates in detergents. Fortunately, many companies have

reduced or eliminated the use of phosphates from detergents advertised them as "low-phosphate"

or "phosphate-free". We recommend to check the production and import of detergents,

compatibility with national legislation, to be used detergents as environmental friendly, the

consumer notification and their awareness for the content of dangerous chemicals that detergents

contain, their safe use by controlling their labeling, packaging before purchasing them and keeping

away from children.

Key words: detergents, environment, legislation, risk of phosphates.

http://www.mmph-rks.org/en-us/


http://www.unhz.eu/



4. Sustainable agricultural development



71

Inhibitory Effeciency of Some Plant Extracts, Antibiotics and Biocontrol Agent

on Growth of Erwinia Carotovora SubSp. Carotovora

Alaa Eadan Hasan, Ali M. Selman

1 University of Kufa, Faculty of Agriculture, www.uokufa.edu.iq/

([email protected])

Abstract

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three factors (Plant

extracts, antibiotics and Bacillus cereus) to protect potato tubers from soft rot disease which is

caused by Erwinia carotovora SubSp. Carotovora (Ecc). It was studied the effect of four plant extracts

( Allium sativum, Nerium oleander, Penagum harmala and Eucalyptus gunnii ) and the sensitivity of

Ecc bacteria to six antibiotics: (Cefotaxime, Methoprim, Gentamicin, Cephalexin, Amikacin and

Nitrofurantoin) and using of biological agent as Bacillus cereus to study the inhibitory effect on Ecc.

The second laboratory experiment deals with studying the longevity of Bacillus cereus and Ecc in

both sterile and non-sterile soils by determining the viable cells of both bacteria. The results of

laboratory experiments revealed that Cefotaxime gave the largest inhibitory zone of Ecc which was

13.56 mm. Whereas, the Allium sativum extract had a largest zone of inhibition which was 11.2 mm

on potato dextrose agar (P.D.A.) media as compare with other plant extracts. Bacillus cereus had a

highly inhibitory ability against Ecc on the P.D.A. medium, that is, the rate of colonies diameters of

Ecc was 3.5 mm with using Bacillus cereus as compared with control treatment which was 16 mm

with inhibitory percentage reached 78.12%. However, the use of Bacillus cereus with Ecc reduced the

viable cells accounts of Ecc to 3.5 x106CFU/ml medium and 1.8 x 106 CFU / gm dry soil.

Key words: Erwinia, plant extracts, Bacillus, antibiotics, inhibition.

http://www.uokufa.edu.iq/



Fly-ash of Kosovo Powerplants in Calsiation of Soil Type Distric Cabilsol

Aleksander Djikić


([email protected])

Abstract

Objectives: In this paper have been investigated effects of fly-ash application on chemical properties

of the soil type pseudoglay.

Methods: There have been done trials in laboratory conditions. The investigated soil type was

pseudoglay, with pHKCl 4.7 and T-S value of 42mekv/10g. Dosages of fly ash were 1mt/ha, 3mt/ha,

5mt/ha and control without fly-ash. Fly-ash average pH was 8.7 with the average content of CaO,

35.7 %. Content of heavy metals Pb, Cd and Ni, were at the acceptable level. As the catalyser, we

have used matured stable manure, 10mt/ha. Barley was the plant breeded in the trial.

Results: Up to applied quantities of fly-ash, it has been achieved increase pHKCl up to 5.8, with the

simultaneous increase of cations in the adsorptive complex. Yield of barley also increased from

2.5mt/ha up to 3,6mt/ha with the highest dosage of fly ash.

Conclusion: Fly-ash from the dry deposits of Kosovo power plants has favourable effects in calcisation

of acid soils type pseudoglay.

Key words: pseudoglay, fly-ash, calcisation.




73

Reproductive Performance of Akkaraman and Awassi Sheep Flocks in the State

Farm of TİGEM GÖZLÜ

Ayhan ÖZTÜRK

Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, www.selcuk.edu.tr

([email protected])

Abstract

In this study, 3581 Akkaraman and Awassi ewes were used in order to determine the effects of age,

year and breed on the conception rate, prolificacy, viability and productivity. The least-squares

means for these parameters of all flock were found as follows; 91.65±0.80 %, 127.74±1.26 %,

95.56±0.48 % and 110±1.57 %, respectively. In addition, the effects of sex of lamb and birth type on

viability were also studied.

Except for conception rate, effects of the age on these parameters were found to be statistically

significant (p<0.01). The maximum productivity was obtained with 5-years old ewes. Effect of breed

was significant only on the prolificacy (p<0.05). With regard to prolificacy, Awassi ewes were superior

to Akkaraman (129.27 % vs. 126.21 %). The year factor had a significant effect on all parameters

(p<0.01). Sex effect on the viability was not significant, but birth type effected viability significantly;

single lambs being superior to twin ones.

Key words: sheep, Akkaraman, Awassi, reproduction.




Developing Expert Systems Based on Fuzzy Logic in Dairy Cattle Husbandry

Birol Dağ1, Nazira M. Mammadova2, İsmail Keskin1, Yasin Altay3, Derviş Topuz4

1 Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, www.selcuk.edu.tr

2 Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, www.siirt.edu.tr/ 3Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture, www.ogu.edu.tr/

4 University of Niğde, www.nigde.edu.tr

([email protected])

Abstract

Making the best decision and modeling applications in uncertainty situations at the automations by

expert systems which is widely used today’s technology is based on fuzzy logic inference. Fuzzy logic

has been used commonly in different applications such as business management, remote sensing,

disease diagnosis, appropriate treatment selection and drug dosage determination.

In this paper a new approach based on expert systems have been introduced to interpret the data of

dairy cattle farming industry such as: selection, culling, estrus detection, mastitis, daily milk yield,

electrical conductivity, automatic milking duration and season in dairy farms using management

software etc. In addition, the possibility of developing a fuzzy logic in dairy cattle husbandry is

discussed both in technical and economical aspects.

The results show that expert system applications based on fuzzy logic in dairy cattle husbandry could

be used not only for selection, culling, estrus detection, early diagnose of some diseases such as

mastitis, common herd health monitoring but also in determining the optimum production patterns

and preparing the minimum-cost feed rations.

Key words: Dairy Cattle Husbandry, Fuzzy Logic, Expert Systems.


http://www.siirt.edu.tr/

http://www.ogu.edu.tr/

http://www.nigde.edu.tr/



75

Agricultural Finance in Kosovo

Ekrem Gjokaj1, Muje Gjonbalaj2

1Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development of Kosovo, www.mbpzhr-ks.net/en/

2 University of Pristina, “Hasan Prishtina”, www.uni-pr.edu/

([email protected])

Abstract

The importance and the specifics of the agro- rural sector has reflected in increase of support for this

sector, thus based on the economic development action plan (EDAP) compiled by the Government,

projected that at the end of the planning period (2013 – 2015) the MAFRD budget will have the 3%

participation from the total national budget. Hence, the budget increase will serve to the

consolidation, sustainability and growth of agri-processing industry. Investments will support all

chain of commands, in order that the final products to be competitive with prices and to meet

criteria of quality and security in conformity with the European standards.

Henceforth, agriculture may not be treated any longer as a sector with the high risk level for crediting

by the banking sector, and the farmers shall have much easier access on agriculture loans.

Consequently, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, the US Embassy in

Kosovo and six largest banks in the country have entered into an agreement for the guarantee fund

for agricultural loans, through which crediting of 20.1 million Euros is guaranteed (26 million dollars)

for the sector of agriculture.

From the research conducted in all the banks and MFI of Kosovo we understood that the application

level of financial statement applied is low and in few banks it does not exist at all. The following

research questions were used for this research:

Does establishment of this fund provides a temporary solution for crediting in the sector of

agriculture?

Is the fund going to facilitate the access of farmers to agricultural loans and create conditions

for agriculture not to be treated as a sector of high risk any longer?

To what extend are farmers familiar with the financial statement analysis?

What criteria are applied from the banks?

What is the minimum and maximum amount of aimed loans?

Key words: financial statement analysis, farms, agriculture loan, microfinance institutions.

http://www.mbpzhr-ks.net/en/




The Estimation of Parameters of Some Production Traits of Holstein Friesian

Cattle Raised at The Ereğli District of Konya Province

Eyüp ÖNCÜ1, Uğur ZÜLKADİR2

1Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of the Republic of Turkey, http://www.tarim.gov.tr/

2 Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, www.selcuk.edu.tr/

([email protected])

Abstract

In this research, the phenotypic and genetic parameters were determined with regard to six

reproductive and two milk production traits in the Holstein Friesian cattle reared at four private

enterprises in Ereğli district of Konya province.

The phenotypic and genetic parameters were determined using the first service age (FSA), first

calving age (FCA), number of insemination per conception (NIPC), service period (SP), gestation

length (GL), calving interval (CI), lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation length (LL).

The phenotypic and genetic improvement of dairy cattle are an important statistical models that

recognize the factor for economically important traits, eliminates the defects in business

management and other negative environmental factors, which considered important for overall

strategy on profitability and sustainability of dairy cattle. The heritability for six reproductive and two

milk production traits were low ranging from 0.363±0.237 for first service age (FSA), 0.374±0.110 for

first calving age (FCA), 0.075±0.066 for number of insemination per conception (NIPC), 0.178±0.160

for service period (SP), 0.261±0.171 for gestation length (GL) to 0.264±0.143 for calving interval (CI),

0.233±0.100 for lactation milk yield (LMY) and 0.168±0.095 for lactation length (LL). The effect of

enterprises factor, the effect of year and season of calving (or insemination) and the effect of parity

were included in the model and were significant for all the traits analyzed.

The obtained results showed that the estimation of parameters of some production traits of Holstein

Friesian had a great impact on the profitability and sustainability of a dairy operation.

Key words: calving interval, gestation length, heritability, lactation length, milk production, service

period, Holstein Friesian, milk yield.

http://www.tarim.gov.tr/




77

Determination of the Factors Effecting Lactation Milk Yield of Holstein Friesian

Cows by the Path Analysis

Ibrahim Aytekin1, Nazira M. Mammadova2, Yasin Altay3, Derviş Topuz4, İsmail Keskin1


2 Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, www.siirt.edu.tr/ 3Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture, www.ogu.edu.tr/

4 University of Niğde, www.nigde.edu.tr/

([email protected])

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the direct and indirect relationships, and total effects

between lactation milk yield (LMY; Y) and lactation length (LL; X1), average daily milk yield

(DMYmean, X2), Maximum Daily milk yield (DMYmax, X3), service period (SP; X4), first calving age

(FCA; X5), gestation lenght (GL; X6) of 130 head of first lactating Holstein Friesian cows.

When the direct determination coefficients of independent variables on dependent variable were

analyzed via path analysis, it was determined that the lactation lenght (LL; X1) and average daily milk

yield (DMYmean; X2) were found to be more effective than the other independent variables.

Key words: Holstein Friesian, Path Analysis, correlation coefficient, partial regression coefficient.







Pretreatment of Agro-forestry Organic Wastes Before Being Used for Bio

Degradation and Heat Recovery

Ilirjan Malollari1, Joana Lena1, Violeta Lajqi2, Petrit Kotori3, Majlinda Sena4

1 University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, www.fshn.edu.al/

2 Ministry of Environmental and Spatial Planning Kosovo, www.mmph-rks.org/ 3University of Vlora, www.univlora.org/

4 University of Durres, www.uamd.edu.al/

([email protected])

Abstract

Pretreatment of lignocelluloses biomass is usually intended for preparing disposable organic material

for the enzymatic reactions, dividing hemicelluloses from the structure and destroying crystalline

structure of the cellulose.

During this process it is expected change of the composition ratio within lignin: hemicelluloses:

cellulose, which influence on the particle size, degree of polymerization, pore volume, solubility rate

etc. Although there are different types of pretreatment such as mechanical, thermique, acidic,

alkaline, (said chemical), as well as biological method.

Our study has been focused in preparing biomass for the anaerobic digestion for methane profit,

using calculated mixtures of different agro-forestry residues such as wheat straw, mais straw etc.,

premixing them with animal wastes like manures and other organic wastes. Experimental series have

been performed with wide ratios C:N and the results ware positive promising for the great future.

Then we have followed a systematic procedure for the anaerobic biologic digestion process design

simulated in a fixed capacity chosen. As a result we have recommended an engineering flow sheet

for the specified biochemical process.

Key words: biomass pretreatment, methane process design, organic wastes, biodegradation.


http://www.mmph-rks.org/

http://www.univlora.org/

http://www.uamd.edu.al/



79

Development of Support Decision Systems in Agriculture by Using Artificial

Intelligent Systems

İsmail Keskin1, Nazira M. Mammadova2, Derviş Topuz3, Yasin Altay4, Ibrahim Aytekin1


2 Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, www.siirt.edu.tr/ 3 University of Niğde, www.nigde.edu.tr/

4 Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture, www.ogu.edu.tr/

([email protected])

Abstract

In the contemporary world, computers with appropriate decision support systems can not only

gather information associated with the events, it can also make decisions about these events.

Decision support systems, are software processed by computer with the aim of to develop human

thought, and the goal is to realize transferring accumulation of knowledge and experience of

specialized persons in a particular subject.

At the present time, agricultural production is a complex problem and has become a task that

involves collecting information from various sources. The goal of this study is to attract the attention

of the researchers in agriculture area to decision support systems, and to introduce these systems as

assistance for the solution of agricultural problems.

The paper presents an overview of the impact of Artificial Intelligence techniques on the

development of modern agricultural production through the highlights of the desirable features. The

paper concludes with a selection of successful applications to a wide range of agricultural problems.

Key words: artificial intelligence, agriculture, decision support systems.







Effect of Spraying Fenugreek Seed Extract Rigonella Foenum – Graecum L. and

Salicylic Acid on Growth and Flowering Parameters of Snapdragon Plant

(Antirrhinum Majus L.)

Jamal Selman, Mushtaq Talib Al-Zurfy, Sadeq Mohommd Ali

1 University of Kufa, Faculty of Agriculture, www.uokufa.edu.iq/

([email protected])

Abstract

An experiment was conducted at the nursery of Agriculture Faculty/ Kufa university during growing

season 2013–2014 to study the effect of spraying Fenugreek seed extract and Salicylic acid on some

vegetative and flowering parameters of Snapdragon plant. Experiment was adopted in Randomized

Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates in two factors: First three concentration of

Fenugreek extract (i.e. 0, 3 and 6) mg L-1: Second three concentration of Salicylic acid (i.e. 0, 25 and

50) mg L-1 and their interaction using Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test to compare the mean

values.

Results showed that spraying with Fenugreek seed extract at concentration 6 mg L-1 or Salicylic acid

at concentration 50 mg L-1 increased significantly the growth parameters (plant height, number of

leaves, shoot dry weight, total content of chlorophyll and total soluble carbohydrates in leaves, root

height, root dry weight, height of inflorescence, numbers of florets per inflorescence and dry weight

of florets) in addition to the reduced number of days before the first opening of flower buds. While

the spraying of Fenugreek seed extract at concentration 6 mg L-1 and Salicylic acid at concentration

50 mg L-1 increased significantly the plant height, the total content of chlorophyll, the total soluble

carbohydrates in leaves, the root height and the root dry weight. The spraying of Fenugreek seed

extract at concentration 6 mg L-1 and Salicylic acid at concentration 25 mg L-1 increased significantly

the number of leaves, shoot dry weight, number of florets per inflorescence, dry weight of florets in

addition to to the reduced number of days before the first opening of flower buds. The obtained

results showed that the effect of spraying the Fenugreek Seed Extract Rigonella Foenum – Graecum

L. and the Salicylic acid effects significantly the growth and flowering parameters of the Snapdragon

plant.

Key words: Fenugreek seed extract (Rigonella foenum – graecum L.), Salicylic acid, Snapdragon plant

(Antirrhinum majus L.), flowering plant.

http://www.uokufa.edu.iq/



81

Genetic Diversity and Relationships Among Rice Accessions (Oryza Sativa L.) of

Cultivated and Weedy Types Using CACTA and AFLP Markers

Muhammad Qudrat Ullah Farooqi

Kangwon National University, http://www.kangwon.ac.kr/

([email protected])

Abstract

Genetic Diversity and relationship of 80 rice accessions in which 42 were cultivated and 38 were

weedy were evaluated with the help of conventional AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism)

and transposons based CACTA markers. With four primer combinations of AFLP and four transposons

based CACTA; in overall 542 polymorphic bands were detected. Among these polymorphic bands 255

were in AFLP and 287 were in CACTA based method. The percentage of polymorphism was relatively

higher in transposons based CACTA (93%) than the AFLP (75%) markers. Based on 72% similarity of

80 different weedy and cultivated accessions were divided into three major cluster groups (AFLP and

CACTA markers combined). From the result of gene diversity, major allele frequency and polymorphic

information content (PIC); the genetic diversity among different rice accessions showed higher level

in transposons based CACTA than conventional AFLP markers. Therefore, the study revealed that the

application of AFLP and CACTA based techniques is very important in studying the genetic diversity,

the relationship between different rice species and the further development of rice breeding

program.

Key words: AFLP, CACTA, genetic diversity, similarity, polymorphism, rice accessions.

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