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Database principles

Matteo Mazzucato

Overview

• What is a database?

• DBMS

• Type of database

• Tables, Relationships

• Introduction to Query, Joins

• Working with data in GIS

• Shapefiles

• Geodatabases

• Spatial RDBMS

What is a Database?

The database is a data collection organized in a logical

structure, stored in persistent memory, managed through

specific software called DBMS (Database Management

System).

What is a DBMS?

A software to manage database:

• Manage and interact with data:

• Insert, Update, Delete …

• Query

• Manage database

• Create, Drop …

• Manage users and data access, permission

• Data consistency, relationships between data

Type of database

• Hierarchic

• Reticular

• Relational

• Object-oriented

• No-SQL

Hierarchic DB

• Simple structure (Parent-child) Rigid, not flexible

• Interrogations only from root to leaves

• Redundancy of information

Reticular DB

• Quite efficient structure for interrogations

• Reduce the redundancy of information

• Complex to manage and maintain

Relational DB

• Based on relations

• Flexible logic structure

• Reduce the redundancy of information

• Quite simple to manage and maintain

A

row 1

row 2

…

B

row 1

row 2

…

C

row 1

…

D

row 1

row 2

…

Relational DB

Main concepts:

• Entities (tables)

• Relationships (links between tables)

Tables

Logic structure:

• Records

• Fields

• Keys

• Primary *Unique, Mandatory (not null)

UserID Surname Name Born date

RSSMRO97D11C441R Rossi Mario 11/04/1987

CHRGRG98C17F205L Chiari Giorgio 21/08/1982

BNCLRA96A61B333C Bianchi Laura 09/02/1994

Tables – data type

Main data type

• Text / Character

• Numeric

• Date / Time

• Boolean

• …

Different RDMS can have quite different data-type

Relationships

Entities may be related / connected

• Database relationships

• Stable;

• Defined during the database creation

• Prevent database incosistency

• Joins

• Logical relationships (volatile)

• Defined when the user needs, using query or other tools

• Allows to connect external data

Database Relationships

Entities may be related / connected

• 2 structured tables

• Key fields• Primary * is unique, is mandatory (not null)

• Foreign * must have an associated record in the reference table



VRDGRG98C17F205L Verdi Giorgio 21/08/1982


UserID Address City Country AID

RSSMRO97D11C441R Via Colombo Milano Italy 1

CHRGRG98C17F205L Piazza Capitale Venezia Italy 2

BNCLRA96A61B333C Via Roma Roma Italy 3

Database Relationships

• 1-1

• 1-N

• N-M



VRDGRG98C17F205L Verdi Giorgio 21/08/1982


UserID Address City Country AID

RSSMRO97D11C441R Via Colombo Milano Italy 1

CHRGRG98C17F205L Piazza

Capitale

Venezia Italy 2

BNCLRA96A61B333C Via Roma Roma Italy 3

1

1UserID Book Title BID

RSSMRO97D11C441R Moby Dick 19229

RSSMRO97D11C441R The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 17742

RSSMRO97D11C441R 1984 99180

N

Same type

Same information

Joins

1 – 1

• One element in A is connected to one element in B, and vice versa

Primary Key

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

Foreign Key

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

Primary Key

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

Foreign Key

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

Joins

1 – N

• One element in A is connected to many elements in B

• There is no viceversa

Primary Key

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

Foreign Key

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

Primary Key

A1

A1

A2

A3

A3

A3

A3

A5

Foreign Key

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

Relates

• N – 1

• N – M

SQL?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for

storing, manipulating and retrieving data in databases.

It is composed by:

• DDL - Data Definition Language (Create, Drop)

• DML - Data Manipulation Language (Insert, Update, Delete)

• DQL - Data Query Language (Select)

• DCL - Data Control Language

View data in a database

Query allows to:

• View data

• Filter and create a data-subset

• Create joins

Basic structure

Query

Select … <field list>

From … <table list>

Where … <conditions / filters>

Order by … <field list>

Group by … <field list>

Innested structure

Query

Select …

From …

( Select …

From …

Where …

)

Where …

Basic structure

Select• field list

• * all fields

• functions min, max, first, last … (must be useed with group by)

Operators:• Arithmetic + ; - ; / ; *

• Comparisons > ; < ; >=; <=; =; <>;

between … and;

IN; NOT IN; EXISTS; NOT EXISTS; LIKE; IS; IS NOT

• Logic AND, OR, NOT

Query

Select … <field list>

From … <table list>

Where … <conditions / filters>

Examples:

• All information about Closed farms

• Code and owner of Farms with backyard

• All information of active Farms with turkeys that has more than 30000 animals;

• Total number of animals per species

Query data example

code species production_type backyard nanimals owner address date_starting date_ending

001RO134 CHICKENS BROILERS YES 200 Paul Star Via Galli, 7 01/04/2000

045PD145 TURKEYS MEAT TYPE NO 50000 La Faraona Via Roma, 1 01/07/2007

066VE222 TURKEYS MEAT TYPE NO 0 Little Tony Via Bianca, 43 01/01/2006 01/01/2018

022VE201 CHICKENS YES 300000 KFC Via Bella,100 13/05/2006

FARMS

All information about Closed farms

Query data example

Select *

From farms

Where date_ending is not null


066VE222 TURKEYS MEAT TYPE NO 0 Little Tony Via Bianca, 43 01/01/2006 01/01/2018

Code and owner of Farms with backyard

Query data example

Select code, owner

From farms

Where backyard = ‘yes’

code owner

001RO134 Paul Star

022VE201 KFC

All information of Active Farms with turkeys that has more than 30000 animals

Query data example


045PD145 TURKEYS MEAT TYPE NO 50000 La Faraona Via Roma, 1 01/07/2007

Select *

From farms

Where date_end is null

and species = ‘turkeys’

and nanimals > 30000

Total number of animals per species

Query data example

Select species, sum(nanimals) as totnumber

From farms

group by species

species totnumber

TURKEYS 50000

CHICKENS 300200

Working with data in GIS

csv database shpweb

services

GISWorks with different data format

Shapefiles and Geodatabases

Shapefile

.dbf.shp

Different files

• dbf Attributes (database)

• prj Projection and coordinate system

• shp Geometry

• shx spatial indexes

.shx

Shapefiles and Geodatabases

Personal GeoDatabase

Single file with different tables

Microsoft Access SQLite

How to make RDBMS Spatial

+

RDBMS

Spatial componentAdd to the RDBMS functions and dataTypes to

“understand” and Manage Spatial Data.

A software program for data management;

=

SPATIAL

RDBMS and Geo Database

Geo Database

Farm IDGeo ID Spatial data

In a Spatial RDBMS it is possible to create a database with geographical data

RDBMS and Geo Database

[ … ]

Database

PERSONAL

CON’S

Single user

Limited number of data

Not Web-oriented

PRO’S

Free/Low cost

Graphic interface

PRO’S

Multiusers

Large number of data

Web-oriented

Security

CON’S

Expensive

Advanced Users

ENTERPRISE ORACLE

Postgre SQL

Microsoft Access

SQLite

IZSVe Spatial RDBMS

SDE

++

FREE and OPEN SOURCE COMMERCIAL

RDBMS

Spatial

component Server

Practical exercise

• Create a table

• Create relationships

• Input data

• Query data

For this exercise we use Graphical tool of Microsoft Access

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