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Work Based Learning e-Journal, Vol. 9, No.1, (2020)
132
TheroleofindustryinimplementingWork-based
LearningPedagogy
REVATINAMJOSHI1
MaharashtraKnowledgeCorporationLtd,Pune,India.
Work-based Learning (WBL) models being implemented across the globe highlight theimportanceoftheroleofindustryinmakingthework-environmentconducivetolearning.Thispaperdiscussesvariousparametersthatcontributetobuildafavorableecosystemforsuccessfulimplementation of WBL pedagogy. The findings are based on practices followed by criticalobservation of an integrated Work-based Learning model based on M.K.Gandhi’s Nai Talimprinciple of ‘Learning through Working’ (M.K.Gandhi 1968) implemented in the state ofMaharashtra,India.(MKCL2001)
In this system, the open universities in collaborationwith industries offerwork-based degreecourses to suit the nature and needs of the businesses (Sawant 2017) and admit the youthespecially from the economically weaker sections of the society at affordable fees. Thebusinesses/industriesofferpaidinternshipstothestudentsforperformingattheworkplace.
Theinternsbuildthetheorybasedontheworkperformed.TheseniorsintheindustryassisttheinternsinsynthesizingknowledgethroughdailyreflectionsessionsbyaccessingeLearningstudymaterials. The interns record their reflections through blogs and undertake evidence-basedcomprehensiveassessmentsessionsontheeLearningplatformontheworkcontentandrelatedcoursemodules.
The interns thusobtain two typesof credits viz.workcreditsgivenby the industryappraisersandknowledgecreditsearnedontheeLearningplatform leadingtotheawardofadegreeattheendofthreeyears.
It is in this context and in view of the crucial role of the industries offering real life work-environments,thekeyaspectsoftheWBLecosystemdesirableattheworkplacearediscussedandanalyzed.
Keywords:Work-basedLearning,Roleofindustry,Pedagogy,WBLEcosystem
1Email:[email protected]
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Introduction
Work-basedLearning(WBL)modelunderstudyattemptsconvergenceofworkingandlearning.
(Vinoba,955)IndustryisinvolvedintheacademicproceedingsofundergraduateWBLstudents,
withoutcompromisingonthebusinessobjectives,goalsandprocesseswithintheindustry
settings.
Fromthestudent’sperspectivetheWBLmodelunderstudyisasfollows:Figure1
Figure1:WBLmodel
(RevatiN2017)
WBLstudentsgainhands-onpracticalskillsinalocalcontextthroughexposuretoreallifework
experienceprovidedbyindustry.Theirconnectionwithglobalcontextandbestpracticesis
establishedthroughsituation-basedeLearningmodulesbeforeandafterofficehours.eLearning
contentcoverstheoreticalconceptsandeAssessmentslinkedtothecurriculumstipulatedby
theUniversity.Finally,thederivationoftheoryoutofpracticeatthework-labi.e.industry
workplaceisenabledthroughreflectionsessionsconductedbymentors(seniorprofessionals/
industryexperts)fromtheindustry.
• eLearning• ReflectionsessionswithMentor
• eLearning• IndustryWorkLab• Reallifeworkexperience
Practicalinlocalcontext
Situationbased
Learning-GlobalContext
TheoryConcepts
DerivingTheoryoutofPracticeatWorkLab
(Workplace)
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VariouscomponentscontributetotheWBLpedagogy.(Figure2)
Figure2:WBLAcademicprocessataglance
TheWBLecosystemincludingreal-lifeworkplace,peers,appraisers,mentorsandeLearning
environmentcontributestooffer‘LearningthroughWorking’experienceforWBLstudent.
Itisinthiscontext,theroleofindustryincreatingWBLecosystemwithintheworkplaceandits
keyparametersisdiscussed.
Methodology
ResearchliteratureprovidesexamplesofWBLpedagogies.JosephRaelininhisbook–Work-
basedLearning(Raelin,2008)conceptualizesamodelofWBLthatcombinesexplicitandtacit
formsofknowledgewiththeoryandpracticemodesoflearning.Thesignificanceofthe
students’ownreflectionsisemphasizedinthemodel,anditisconsideredimportantto
articulatethetacitknowledgethatmanyworkplacepracticesarebasedon.MichaelEraut
(Eraut,2004)providesananalyticalframeworkthatfocusesonfactorsthataffectlearning
intheworkplace.Heidentifiedboth-learningfactors(confidence,supportandchallenge)and
contextfactors(allocationofwork,relationshipsatworkandexpectationsofperformance).
FromconceptualizationofboththesemodelsandtheWBLmodelunderstudy,itcanbe
derivedthattheroleofindustryofferingreal-lifeworkplaceforimplementingWBLiscrucial
anditcomprisesofroleofactorsinvolved,theprocessesandpoliciesadaptedbyindustry.
Work Based Learning e-Journal, Vol. 9, No.1, (2020)
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Further,inordertoensureconfident,committedandperformingWBLstudents(SFIA:Levelsof
responsibility2003-2020)withasoundexposuretoformaltheoreticalknowledge,itis
necessarytoimplementenrichingacademicprocesseswithintheworkplace.
Focusofthispaper,therefore,istodocumenttheroleofindustryintermsofkeyparameters
essentialforsettingtheWBLenvironmentwithintheworkplace.
ProcessthatledtodocumentationofkeyparametersofWBLecosystemwithintheworkplace
andfurtheranalysiswasasfollows:
1. Mockinterviews:MockinterviewsofThirdYearstudentswereconducted.
a. Ratinganalysis:Analysisofratingswasdoneanditwasfoundthatthe
performanceofthestudentsvariedsignificantly.
b. WorkLab-wiseanalysisofratings:Thisledtofurtherstudyofdataanditwas
observedthatthestudentswhoperformedwellinthemockinterviewsand
thosewhodidnot,belongedtodifferentwork-labs.
2. IdentifyingWBLimplementationpracticesatawork-labwherestudentsperformed
betterinmockinterviews:Itwasdecidedtoidentify,observeandifnecessaryconduct
surveystodocumentthepracticesfollowedbycompanywithintheworkplaceasapart
ofWBLimplementation.Thisexercisewasplannedfortheorganizationwherestudents
performedwellinthemockinterviews.
3. KeyparametersofWBLEcosystem:Duringobservations,fewkeyparametersforminga
WBLenvironmentwithintheworkplacewereidentified.Thisyieldedinteresting
findings.Keyactors,processesandfunctionsortoolsoftheWBLenvironmentwithin
theworkplacearedocumentedbasedonthefindings.
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4. StudentSurvey:Further,asurveyofstudentswasconductedtounderstandifsimilar
practiceswerefollowedbyothercompanies,wherethestudentsdidnotperformwellin
themockinterviews.
5. ComparativeAnalysis:ComparativeanalysiswasdonetocheckifWBLenvironmentis
toberecommendedforreplication.
Mockinterviews
MockinterviewswerescheduledforthirdyearstudentspursuingWBLdegreeprogram.The
interviewswereconductedbyseniorprofessionals(seniorgeneralmanagersandgeneral
managers).
Primaryobjectivesofthisexercisewastogiveaclose-to-realkindofexperienceofinterviewto
thestudents.Researchesstatetheimportanceofconductingmockinterviewsandjob-search
seminarsforundergraduatestudents.(Reddan,2008)Studentsdevelopareasonablyhighlevel
ofconfidenceinpreparationfor“real-world”scenarios.
ThisisparticularlyfoundtobeessentialforWBLunderstudy,becauseWBLstudentscomplete
theirtenureofassociationwiththeindustry/organizationofferingwork-labastheyreceivethe
degree.Whiletheindustry/organizationhasachoicetoretainthestudentswhowouldhave
attainedthreeyearsofwork-experience,itisnotmandatoryforthemtocontinueanystudent.
Itisinthiscontextandinordertoensurethereadinessofstudentsforreal-lifeinterview
experience,mockinterviewswereconducted.
FindingsandOutcome
Analysisofratingsreceivedinthemock-interviewswasdone.
Ratingparameterswere:
• EnglishConversationAbilities
• EthicalValues
• ExposuretoSkills(NewSkills)
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• Interactionswiththementor
• SelfConfidence
• Theoreticalknowledge
IP:IndustryPartner(i.e.Work-Lab)
Figure3:Work-Labwiseaverageratingsofstudents
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IP:IndustryPartner(i.e.Work-Lab)
Figure4:Work-LabwiseAverageInterviewScoresforeachparameter
Qualitativefeedback
Qualitativefeedbackwasalsoreceivedfromtheinterviewpanelmembers.Fewstudentslacked
confidencewhileappearingfortheinterviewandwerenotabletoestablisheventheeye-
contactwiththeinterviewer.Fewofthemwereunabletoexplaintheworktheyaredoing.
Clarityaboutthejobroletheyarelookingforwasfoundtobemissinginsomecases.However,
someofthestudentswereextremelyclearabouttheircurrentjobrole,theirstrengthsand
theiraspirations.Theydidwellintheinterview.Theywereevenawareofthewaytheywere
learning.Theycouldmentionthattheircourseisbasedon‘WBLpedagogy’.However,though
werenotabletoexpressitinfurthertechnicalterms.
Fewinterviewswereconductedoverphoneandmixedobservationswerereceivedfromthe
interviewersonthesimilarlinesofface-to-faceinterviews.
Thisfeedbackandtheanalysisofratingsofmock-interviewledtoinvestigateifthestudents
whodidwellandwhodidnot,belongtodifferentwork-labs.SincetheeLearninginputwas
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sameforall,itwashypothesizedthatdifferenceinperformancecouldberelatedtoworkplace
environment.
ItledtofurtherinquiryofWBLecosystemattheworkplacesofthestudentswhoperformed
wellinthemockinterviews.
ThefindingsofthisinquirymayleadtoaprobablehypothesisthatincaseofavailabilityofWBL
ecosystemattheworkplacewithcertainkeyparameters,theperformanceofthestudentsas
expectedbytheindustryforrecruitmentisassuredafterthreeyears.
Whilesuchahypothesisneedstobecloselyinspectedandvalidatedbyastructuredresearch,
thecurrentanalysiscreatesaworthwhilebaseforestablishingsuchacorrelation.
KeypracticesimplementedatWork-Lab
Work-reporting
Aformatforreportingevery-dayworkissharedwiththeWBLstudents.Itisobservedthat
studentsperformthetaskssatisfactorilyhoweverarenotabletoformcompleteandprecise
sentencesforreportingthetaskinEnglishlanguage.Hence,initialformatofwork-reportisin
formof‘fillintheblanks’.Thisisonthebasisofthescaffoldingtechniquesoastohelpstudents
reportfactsaboutthetasks,theirindividualrolesincompletingthetasksetc.Graduallythe
studentsaregivensheetwithopenendedquestionsandareaskedtofilluptheworkreport
underbroadheadingssuchas:Tasksallotted,Roleperformed,Skillsattained,Timetaken,Steps
followed,Challengesfacedetc.(TheWritingProcess:AScaffoldingApproach,2015)
Theobjectiveofusingthisformatwithleadingquestionsatabroadlevelistoassessifthe
studentsareabletoexplainthetaskscompletedinaprofessionalandtheoreticallanguage.
Qualitativeanalysisofthework-reportsonfollowingparameterswasdone.
1. Specificityinexplainingthetask
2. Clarityaboutthemethod
3. Clarityaboutexpectedoutput
4. Clarityaboutpurpose
5. Clarityaboutchallenges
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6. Specificityinexplainingthesolution
7. Istheskillmentionedbythestudentrelatedtotheworkortask
8. MeaningfulExpression
Everydayreflection
Seniormembersofwork-labconductreflectionsessionswiththestudentseveryday.The
attendancetothesessionsismandatoryforallstudents.
Reflectingonwork-reports–Peerexercise
Apeerexerciseintheformofquestions&answersisconductedduringeverydayreflection
session.(Rivers,2017)
Theobjectiveoftheexerciseistocheckif:
- Studentscanaskmeaningfulquestions
- Studentscananswerquestionsreasonablywell
- Studentscanunderstandtheworkdonebyothers
Theworkreportssubmittedbythepeersarecirculated.Everystudentisgivenaccesstotwo
work-reports.Minimumtwoquestionsaretobeaskedbyeachstudentaftergoingthroughthe
reportindetail.Fact-basedandobviousquestionssuchas–‘howmuchtimedidittaketo
completethetask’or‘whatwasyourrole’arediscouragedanddiscarded.Studentsare
expectedtoaskquestionssoastolearnnewthings.
Initiallythestudentsarerequiredtobeprompted.However,afterfollowingthepracticefor
morethan1month,meaningfulquestionsareaskedbypeersForex.-Inwhatwayyourworkis
linkedtothebusinessofthecompany?Whichstepinthisprocesscouldhavebeenavoided?
Enrichmentactivities
SpecialactivitiesinordertoofferajoyfulenvironmenttoWBLstudentsareconducted.These
include:
• Readingsessions
• SpokenEnglishsessions
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• Involvingstudentsinorganizationalevents
• Fitnessactivities
• Sportscompetitions
• Presentationcompetitions
• Givingresponsibilitytoconductfewactivitiesforemployeesoftheorganization
WBLEnvironmentwithintheworkplace:Actors,ProcessesandFunctions
Afteranalyzingfindingsofallthekeypracticesimplementedwithinawork-labwherestudents
performedbetterinmockinterviews,itisobservedthatWBLecosystemisaninterplayof
actors,processesandfunctions&toolswithintheworkplace.
Processes
FunctionsandTools
Actors
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Outcomesandimpactofimplementingaforementionedprocesses
Actorsperformvariousfunctionsandusetoolstoexecuteprocessesleadingtosuccessful
implementationofWBL.
Mentionedbelow(Table1)theinter-linksalongwithfewexamplesoffunctionsperformed
and/ortoolsusedandtheirimpact.
Table1:Theinter-linksalongwithfewexamplesoffunctionsperformedand/ortoolsusedand
theirimpact.
Actors:
Keypersononnelinimplementationof
WBL
• HRDepartment/HRManager• Appraiser• Mentor
Processes:
LearningthroughWorking
• Taskallocation• Performancemonitoringwithcorrectivefeedbak• Reflecting• eLearning
FunctionsandTools
• SpecialHRpolicies• Workreport• Performancemonitoringcriteria• Reflectionsessions• eLearningframework• Enrichmentactivities
Work Based Learning e-Journal, Vol. 9, No.1, (2020)
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Actor: HRDepartment/HRManager
ProcessExample(1): SpecialcadreforWBLStudents/Interns
Function/Tool Outcome/Impact
• SpecialHRpolicies
(Ex.PF,Holidays,Specialtimings
foreLearning)
• Students(undergraduate,betweentheagegroup
18–20),getablendedenvironmentoflearningand
working.Manymaysufferfromhomesickness
becauseofmigration.Suchreliefpolicieshelpin
buildingtheircommitmenttowardslearningand
working
• ImportanceofWBLimplementationatorganization
levelgetshighlighted
• Uniforms • PolicieslikeUniformsbenefitstudentscomingfrom
differentbackgrounds,mostlyfromunderprivileged
sectionsofthesociety.Suchpoliciesalsogive
organization-widerecognitiontoWBLprogram
• Specialeventssuchassports,
Culturalevents,Picnicsetc.
includingEnrichmentActivities)
• Specialeventshelpstudentsshowcasetheirtalents.
Thisisnecessarybecausethestudentsdonotgeta
traditionalcollegeenvironment.
ProcessExample(2): Taskallocation
• Rotationwithinteams • Studentsgetanexposuretovariousdepartments/
functionsoftheorganization
• Studentsgetdiversifiedworkexperienceduringthe
threeyearsofinternship
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Actor: Appraiser
ProcessExample(3): PerformanceMonitoringwithcorrectivefeedback
Function/Tool Outcome/Impact
• WorkReports • Everydayinteractions
• Personalmentoringandguidance
• Friendlyandcaringrelationship
• Specialprojectassignments
• Posingchallenges
• Involvementinthestudent’slearning
• Encouragingreflections
Actor: Mentor
ProcessExample(4): Reflection
Function/Tool Outcome/Impact
• ReflectionSessions • Helpingstudentsderivetheoryoutofpracticeatthe
workplace
Conclusions
Thereisascopefordeterminingapositiveeffectontheperformanceandoveralldevelopment
ofthestudents,providedtheyaregivenaWBLecosystemwithintheworkplacethatensures
‘LearningthroughWorking’.Appropriateuseofwork-basedlearningmanagementsystemcan
helpinreplicatingthekeypracticesforimplementingWBLeffectively.Thekeychallengehereis
toensuremotivationandcommitmentofactorsinvolved.Continuoustraining,retraining,
orientationofappraisersandtheirinputsinordertofurtherstreamlinetheWBLprocessesin
theorganizationiscrucialforthesuccessfulimplementationofWBL.
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Notesoncontributors:
(1) Dr.RevatiNamjoshi
Dr.RevatileadsEducationalTransformationProgramofMKCL-agovernmentpromoted,public
limitedcompanyestablishedasafasttrackenablerforbringingintransformationsinthefieldof
education,governanceandempowerment.Herresearchinterestsincludework-basedlearning
pedagogies,technologyenabledlearning,teachereducation.
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Figure1:WBLmodel.................................................................................................................133
Figure2:WBLAcademicprocessataglance............................................................................134
Figure3:Work-Labwiseaverageratingsofstudents...............................................................137
Figure4:Work-LabwiseAverageInterviewScoresforeachparameter..................................138