the role of mineralogy in process engineering€¦ · the role of mineralogy in process engineering...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Role of Mineralogy in Process Engineering€¦ · The Role of Mineralogy in Process Engineering . Orway Mineral Consultants ... ~5g/L H 2 SO 4 ... Pyrolusite (MnO 2)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022021514/5b0cdb147f8b9a2f788ce206/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Orway Mineral Consultants (WA) Pty Ltd
The Role of Mineralogy in Process Engineering
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Overview
Uranium Mineralogy
Primary Uranium Minerals
Secondary Uranium Minerals
Liberation
Gangue Mineralogy
Case Study
Mineralogy
Comminution
Leach
Mass Balance
Conclusion
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Primary Uranium Minerals
Type Name Composition
Oxides Uraninite /
Pitchblende
UO2
Silicates Coffinite U(SiO4)1-x(OH)4x
Uranothorite UThSiO4
Nb-Ta-Ti
Complex Oxides
Brannerite (U,Ca,Ce)(Ti,Fe)2O6
Davidite (La,Ce,Ca)(Y,U)(Ti,Fe+3)20O38
Betafite (Ca,U)2(Nb,Ti)2O6OH
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Secondary Uranium Minerals
Type Name Composition
Silicates Sklodowskite (H3O2)Mg(UO2)2(SiO4)2.2H2O
Uranophane Ca(UO)2Si2O7.6H2O
Uraniferous Zircon Ca(UO)2Si2O7.6H2O
Phosphates Autunite Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2.10-12(H2O)
Torbenite Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2.10-12(H2O)
Saleeite Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2.12H2O
Vanadates Carnotite K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.1-3(H2O)
Tyuyamunite Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2.8H2O
Arsenates Zeunarite Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2.10-12H2O
Carbonates Schroeckingerite NaCa3(UO)2(CO3)3(SO4)F.10H2O
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Liberation
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Gangue Minerals Chemistry
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Carbonates (Dolomite)
CaMg(CO3)2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq) → CaSO4 (aq) + MgSO4 (aq) + 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
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Sulfides (Pyrrhotite)
Fe7S8(s) + 7H2SO4(aq) → 7FeSO4(aq) + 7H2S(g) +S(s)(aq)
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Calcium Sulfate
CaSO4 (s) + Na2CO3 (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + CaCO3 (aq)
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Fluoride / Chloride and Phosphate (Apatite)
3Ca5(PO4)3Cl(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 4Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 3CaSO4(aq) + 3HCl(aq) + H3PO4(aq)
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Fluoride / Chloride and Phosphate (Apatite)
Effect of Cl on Solvent Extraction :
2HCl (aq) + (R3NH)2SO4(o) → 2R3NHCl(o) + H2SO4(aq)
Effect of Cl on Ion Exchange :
4HCl (aq) + ResN4(SO4)2 (r) → ResN4Cl4(r) + 2H2SO4(aq)
Effect of Phosphate:
Fe2(SO4)3 (aq) + 2H3PO4 (aq) → 2FePO4 (s) +3H2SO4 (aq)
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Carbonaceous Ores
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ura
niu
m R
ec
ove
ry (
%)
Leach Time (Hours)
Aqueous Uranium Deportment – Weak Acid Leach
U Ext (Calcfrom LiquorAssay) %
Conditions
Temperature : Ambient
U Conc. in Initial Lixiviant : 269ppm U
SG : 19% Solids
Eh : ~500mV (Ag/AgCl)
Lixiviant Concentration : ~5g/L H2SO4
Acid Consumption : 13 -14 kg/t
P80 : 75μm
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Soluble Silica (Albite)
2NaAlSi3O8(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + Al2SiO5(s) + 5SiO2(s) + H2O(l)
SiO2(s) +2H2O(l) → H4SiO4(aq)
Colloidal
Silica in
SX
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Clay (Palygorskite)
Palygorskite mineralogy Secondary Uranium Minerals
Trapped in Palygorskite
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Case Study
• Hard rock (granite hosted)
• 400ppm U – All Primary
• Low level sulfides
• Acid leach
• Remote from road, power, water and
infrastructure
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Uranium Mineralogy
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Gangue Mineralogy
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Uranium by Size
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Ore Breakage Opportunities
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Micro Cracking in a Brannerite Crystal
QEMSCAN particle map
analysed at a 1µm resolution
showing that, even at this
highest resolution, the
coffinite +/- uraninite veins
have been defined as "Fine
Uranium Intergrowths" due to
their very fine-grained nature.
The micro-cracking is not
visible in the particle maps
since the maps are based on
chemical composition, not
texture.
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Micro Cracking in a Brannerite Crystal
The fine-grained nature of
the coffinite +/- uraninite
veins and the presence of
micro-cracking in the
brannerite particle. The
coffinite in the veins has been
partially leached.
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Ore Preparation Flowsheet
• Coarse grind P80 710μm
• Microfractures
• Minimise gangue acid consumption while not
sacrificing the uranium extraction
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Comminution Flowsheet
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Leach Flowsheet
• Degassing tank ahead of leach circuit.
Calcite: CaCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → CaSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Pyrrhotite: Fe7S8 (s) + 7H2SO4 (aq) → 7FeSO4 (aq) + 7H2S (g) + S (s)
• Leaching at high slurry density (70% solids)
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Leaching Flowsheet
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Mass Balance Development
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Input
Mineral Distribution (%w/w) Formula
Uraninite 0.027 UO2
Coffinite 0.019 U(SiO4)1-x(OH)4x
Brannerite 0.003 (U,Ca,Ce)(Ti,Fe)2O6
Thorite 0.02 ThSiO4
Sulfide (Pyrrhotite) 1.1 Fe7S8
Carbonate (Calcite) 6.4 CaCO3
Apatite (Fluoroapatite) 0.15 Ca5(PO4)3F
Feldspar (Albite) 44 Na(AlSi3O8)
Kaolinite 2.5 Al2Si2O5(OH)4
Quartz 46 SiO2
Total 100
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Feed Vs Residue – Uranium Mineralogy
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Feed Vs Residue – Uranium Mineralogy
Uranium Minerals Chemistry
Reaction
Extent
Unit Value
Uraninite
UO2(s) + Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) → H4UO2(SO4)3(aq) + 2FeSO4(aq) % 99
Coffinite USiO4(s) + Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) → H4UO2(SO4)3(aq) + 2FeSO4(aq) + SiO2 (s) % 95
Brannerite UTi2O6(s) + Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) → H4UO2(SO4)3(aq) +2FeSO4(aq) + 2TiO2 ( s) % 1.5
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Feed Vs Residue – Gangue Mineralogy
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Gangue Chemistry
Gangue Minerals Chemistry
Reaction
Extent
Unit Value
Reaction in the First Tank
Calcite Leaching
CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) % 21
CaSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) → CaSO4.2H2O(s)
g/L
Ca 0.64
Sulfide (Pyrrhotite) Leaching
Fe7S8(s) + 7H2SO4(aq) → 7FeSO4(aq) + 7H2S(g) +S(s) % 1
Reaction in the Second and Subsequent Leach Tanks
Ferric Generation (with Reagents)
Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) → Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2O(l) % 100
MnO2(s) + 2FeSO4(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) → Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + MnSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) % 99
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Gangue Chemistry
Gangue Minerals Chemistry
Reaction
Extent
Unit Value
Reaction in All Leach Tanks
Albite Leaching
2NaAlSi3O8(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + Al2SiO5(s) + 5SiO2(s) + H2O(l) % 9
Al2SiO5(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + SiO2(s) + 3H2O(l) % 1.65
SiO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → H4SiO4(aq)
∆g/L
Si 2.6
Fluoroapatite Leaching
6Ca5(PO4)3F(s) + 6H2SO4(aq) → 7Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6CaSO4(aq) +3CaF2(s) +4H3PO4(aq) % 31
Kaolinite Leaching
Al2Si2O5(OH)4(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 2SiO2(s) + 5H2O(l) % 1
Thorite Leaching
ThSiO4(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → Th(SO4)2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + SiO2 (s) % 64
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Mass Balance Output
Parameters Unit Value
Leach
Leach Recovery % 93
Leach Discharge TDS g/L 64
Leach Sulfates Concentration g/L 42
Residue Filtration
Overall Wash Recovery % 88
Interstitial Liquid TDS g/L 56
Leach Sulfates Concentration g/L 39
Uranium mg/L 75
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Leach Reagent Consumption Rates
Parameters Unit Value
Reagents
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) (kg /dry tonne ore) 27
Pyrolusite (MnO2) (kg /dry tonne ore) 1.4
Hematite (Fe2O3) (kg /dry tonne ore) 1.0
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Effluent – H2S and CO2 Off-gases
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Effluent “Dry Tailings”
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Conclusion
Mineralogy of the feed and residue with respect to uranium
and gangue mineralogy is required for:
• Basis for the design of the processing plant
• Selection of process equipment for the preparation of
the ore for the leach
• Optimising the leach process with respect to reagent
consumption and uranium yield
• Basis for the development of mass balances for
uranium recovery processes
• Providing an early understanding of what the liquid
and solid effluent could comprise.
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Thank You