The role of proteins and amino acids in food intake and satiety

Daniel TOME

AGROPARISTECH – Departement of Life Sciences and Health INRA, UMR914 Nutrition physiology and ingestive behavior,

Paris, France

1 Food Matters Live, London, November 2014

A control of protein intake • As dietary protein is indispensable for survival there is a control of protein

intake from the diet in order to meet protein needs.

• Protein intake is constituted by meal with 10-40 g Protein /meal in adult , resulting in protein content (g/d) in the diet :

• A low protein diet (below 20 g/d) tends to induce strategy for increasing protein intake by modification of food choice (when possible) or increase in food intake (questioned)

• A protein-rich meal (above 30 g/meal) or diet (above 100 g/d) increases protein intake above protein requirement and tends to (slightly) increase satiety and decrease energy intake.

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Protein g/d

very high high normal low

50 100 150 0 requirement 50-60 g/d

Strategy for increasing protein intake

Increased satiety , decreased energy intake

Protein and satiety • The relation between protein intake, satiety, energy

intake and body weight control is a matter of debate

• Satiation and satiety is a state of energy sufficiency related to meal termination and to the time interval between eating episodes that operates after meal termination with suppression of hunger and desire to eat

• Protein-rich meal (above 30 g) or diet (above 100 g/d) are beleived to induce satiation and satiety more efficiently than other macronutrients

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Protein intake Satiety Energy intake Body weight ? ? ?

A high protein preload transiently increases satiety compared to a high fat preload in humans

Mean (SEM) variation of satiety after subtraction of the fasting values (n = 14)

M. Porrini, A. Santangelo, R. Crovetti, P. Riso, G. Testolin, J. E. Blundell. Physiology & Behavior, 62, 563–570, 1997 4

Postprandial fullness responses following 350 kcal meals varying in protein content (15g to 30g)

“In several recent studies and

reviews, there is general

agreement that approximately

30 g of protein is required to

elicit an optimal or measureable

change in a number of outcome

variables ...” including satiety

Paddon-Jones D, Leidy H. Dietary protein and muscle in older persons. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Jan;17(1):5-11.

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AUC, area under the curve (2h)

Changes from baseline for hunger and satiety scores in subjects fed diet with 10% or 25% of energy from casein over 24h

Hochstenbach-Waelen et al, Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Mar;89(3):831-8

Dose effect on satiety : The diet with 25% of energy from casein is more efficient to induce satiety and to reduce hunger than the diet with 10% of energy from casein in human subjects over 24h …

Satiety

Hunger

10%P 55%C 35%F

25%P 55%C 20%F

Exchange protein/fat

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Protein, energy intake and body weight

• Protein intake above 30g/meal or 100g/d induces satiety more efficiently than other macronutrients.

• Does this effect lead to a decrease in energy intake and body weight?

• Some controled studies in human conclude that an increase in protein content of the diet (above 25-30% energy) reduces food intake, body weight and adiposity.

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Protein intake Satiety Energy intake Body weight ? ?

Effect of protein in liquid preload treatments on food intake 1 h later in adult men

Anderson et al. Protein Source, Quantity, and Time of Consumption Determine the effect of Proteins on Short-Term Food Intake in Young Men J. Nutr. 134: 3011–3015, 2004.

Compared with the water control and liquid preload of sucrose, liquid preloads (45–50 g) of whey and soy protein, reduced food intake at a pizza meal consumed 1 h later.

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A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite,

ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight in humans

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(DS Weigle et al, Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:41– 8)

Energy intake

Body weight

Satiety

Hunger

A protein-rich diet (above 100 g/d) induces satiety and a decrease in food intake and body weight

Changes in body weight during strictly controlled dietary intervention (months 0–6), dietary counseling (months

6–12) and at 24 months follow up.

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Due et al. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28, 1283–1290.

Comparing an ad libitum, fat-reduced diet (30% of energy) either high in protein (25% of energy, HP) or medium in protein (12% of energy, MP)

Efficacy for body weight control of an ad libitum fat

reduced diet with high protein compared to high

carbohydrate in overweight and obese subjects

control

HP: 25%P

HC: 12%P

High protein (HP - 25%) or high carbohydrate (HC - 58%), with reduced

fat (30%), during 28 weeks (Skov et al, 1999)

Intra-abdominal fat are more reduced

with the HP diet 12

HP HC

control

Energy restricted diet • Energy restricted diet (600-1600 kcal/d) with protein intake 60-120 g/d

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Weight loss diet 2-8 weeks

Maintenance diet 6-36 months

Normal diet

Body weight during 1 month weight loss and 3 months weight maintenance in overweight men

Long-term efficacy of a high protein diets : a systematic review

Lepe et al, Nutr Hosp 2011; 26, 1256-1259 14

Comparison of 750 kcal restricted Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates

Sacks et al, N Engl J Med 2009;360:859-73.

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Each participant’s caloric prescription represented a deficit

of 750 kcal per day from baseline, as calculated from the person’s resting energy expenditure and activity level.

833 overweight subjects

No difference between diets in body weight change

Response of the brain to high protein intake

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Protein decreases the activity of the central

mesolimbic reward system

Decreases the motivation for food

Pre-lunch a priori brain activation following a normal protein (NP) vs. higher protein (HP) breakfast treatments in overweight “breakfast skipping” adolescent girls

(Leidy et al, 2011)

(b) Bold effect depicting treatment differences (normal protein vs. higher protein breakfast) in average percent signal change (food vs. nonfood) from the maximum voxel of the activations in Figure a.

The addition of breakfast led to alterations in brain activation in regions previously associated with food motivation and reward with additional alterations following the higher-protein breakfast. These data suggest that increased dietary protein at breakfast reduces reward-driven eating behavior

(a) Averaged functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain activation contrast map; *greater activation following the normal protein vs. higher protein breakfast in the (A) insula and (B) middle prefrontal cortex.

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Brain activation contrast maps before dinner after the breakfast skipping (BS), normal protein (NP), and high protein (HP) testing days in 20 adolescent girls

Leidy HJ, Ortinau LC, Douglas SM, Hoertel HA. Beneficial effects of a higher-protein breakfast on the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals controlling energy intake regulation in overweight/obese, "breakfast-skipping,« late-adolescent girls. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Apr;97(4):677-88. 18

Repeated-measures

ANOVA examining the

main effect of treatment

with post hoc pairwise

comparison analyses

were performed when a

main effect was detected.

All contrasts represent

food greater than

nonfood (animal) fMRI

scans.

P , 0.01 represented

significance. COR, coronal view

Amino acids and satiety

Effect on satiety

L-Tryptophan Nieuwenhuizen et al, Br J Nutr. 2009 Jun;101(12):1859-66

Precursor of brain serotonin

Not confirmed in human

L-leucine Cota et al, Science 312, 927 (2006) ; Ropelle et al. Diabetes, 2008 Mar;57(3):594-605

Direct activation of hypothalamic satiety pathways

Not confirmed in human

L-Glutamate, MSG

Uneyama et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 291: G1163–G1170, 2006. Masic et al, Physiology & Behavior 116–117 (2013) 23–29

Activation of vagus nerve satiation signals

Potential for enhanced satiety in the context of protein ingestion

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Change in hunger ratings post-ingestion across three levels of soup : low energy control, high energy protein and high energy carbohydrate with and without added Monosodium

Glutamate (MSG) over time

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Masic, Yeomans, Does monosodium glutamate interact with macronutrient composition to influence subsequent appetite? Physiology & Behavior 116–117 (2013) 23–29

MSG may have potential for enhanced post-

ingestive satiety particularly in the context of

protein ingestion.

Conclusion

• High Protein intake induces a short term brain response related to an increase in satiety. – This effect requires a meal with a protein content

above 30g or a diet with a protein content above 100g/d

• This increase in satiety can induces a decrease in energy intake and in body weight – There is in some studies showing a short term decrease

in energy intake and in body weight – The long term effect on energy intake and body weight

remains questionable 21

Energy intake (short term vs long term)

Protein intake Satiety Body weight ? ?