the role of public infraestructure in market development in rural peru
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7/30/2019 The Role of Public Infraestructure in Market Development in Rural Peru
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7/30/2019 The Role of Public Infraestructure in Market Development in Rural Peru
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\mn Wd`n df S~g`oaOefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Biwjn|
Lnvn`dsbne| oe W~wi` Snw~
Kivonw Nqadgi`
7/30/2019 The Role of Public Infraestructure in Market Development in Rural Peru
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\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Biwjn| Lnvn`dsbne| oe W~wi` Snw~%
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7/30/2019 The Role of Public Infraestructure in Market Development in Rural Peru
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Nqadgi` K% -733</; \mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Biwjn| Lnvn`dsbne| oe W~wi`
Snw~% SmL \mnqoq Xihneoehne ^eovnwqo| \mn En|mnw`ielq% 7>< ss%
\moq q|~l swdvolnq i adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj |d iei`qn |mn obsia| df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne| de biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| fdw |mn nemieanbne| df oeadbn hnenwi|oeh dssdw|~eo|onq
fdw |mn sddw oe w~wi` Snw~% \mn q|~l ~qnq lnqawos|ovn bn|mdlq iel wnhwnqqode iei`qoq |dhn|mnw
xo|m wn`i|ovn` enx obsia| nvi`~i|ode |nameoy~nq ojn swdsneqo| qadwn bi|amoeh |d ~elnwq|iel
|mn ai~qi` si|mq |mwd~hm xmoam iaanqq |d enx dw obswdvnl oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iffna|q |mn
`ovn`omddl q|wi|nhonq iel `ovn`omddl d~|adbnq df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq% \mn li|i qd~wanq ~qnl oe
|moq q|~l oea`~ln wnhodei` |obn qnwonq li|i qnvnwi` awdqq"qna|ode md~qnmd`l `nvn` li|i qn|q
adboeh fwdb w~wi` wnswnqne|i|ovn @ovoeh Q|ieliwl Bniq~wnbne| Q~wvnq i md~qnmd`l sien`
li|i qn| adboeh fwdb |mn qibn qd~wan |dhn|mnw xo|m qsnaoi`o{nl q~wvnq lnvn`dsnl g |mn
i~|mdw% \mn iei`qoq qmdxq |mi| |mnwn iwn obsdw|ie| adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|% Xmo`n ie siw|oa~`iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| -wn`i|nl |d wdilq n`na|woao|
|n`nadbb~eoai|ode xi|nw dw qieo|i|ode qnwvoanq/ bi gn q~gkna| |d loboeoqmoeh wn|~weq of
lden oe oqd`i|ode |moq nffna| aie gn dvnwadbn of o| |ijnq s`ian oe adbgoei|ode xo|m d|mnw
oevnq|bne|q% Oe |moq xi o| oq sdqqog`n |d hn| i q~q|ioenl hwdx|m nffna| de w~wi` oeadbnq fwdb
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|% \mn q|~l qmdxq |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q wnl~an |wieqia|ode
adq|q iel nemiean |mn dssdw|~eo| fdw qsi|oi` iwgo|wihn sivoeh |mn xi fdw obswdvoeh biwjn|nffoaonea% Mdxnvnw |mn q|~l xiweq |mi| nffoaonea iel ny~o| hioeq bi ed| daa~w
qob~`|iend~q` gnai~qn |mdqn |mi| iwn gn||nw dff oe w~wi` iwniq bi dg|ioe mohmnw wn|~weq |d
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q gnai~qn df i `iwhnw swovi|n iqqn| giqn dw gnai~qn df i gn||nw iaanqq
|d d|mnw s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
Jnxdwlq; Snw~ w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn sdvnw| nadedboa hndhwism w~wi` wdilq obsia|nvi`~i|ode ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` nbs`dbne|
7/30/2019 The Role of Public Infraestructure in Market Development in Rural Peru
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Swnfian iel iajedx`nlhbne|q
O| |ddj `deh |d xwo|n |moq q|~l% O| wni`` q|iw|nl giaj oe 9??8 xmne O lnaolnl |d wn|~we
|d Snw~ if|nw foeoqmoeh i`` df b SmL ad~wqn xdwj i| Enx _dwj ^eovnwqo|% \mne O xiq ed|
wnil |d adbbo| bqn`f |d xwo|n i |mnqoq% O lol ed| mivn |mn fon`l n}snwonean dw |mn oe|~o|ode |d
|w |d n}s`dwn |mn adeena|odeq gn|xnne sd`oa oe|nwvne|odeq iel w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|% I| |mi|
|obn O |md~hm| |mi| |mn bdwn qdsmoq|oai|nl |mn sd`oa |mn hwni|nw |mn amiean o| bi xdwj% If|nw
qo}|nne niwq edx O ilvdai|n fdw bdwn qobs`n ieqxnwq |d adbs`n} y~nq|odeq% O gn`onvn |mi|
|moq q|~l oq i swdl~a| df |mi| adevoa|ode% G swdvoloeh giqoa oefwiq|w~a|~wn |d |mn w~wi` sddw
xn bi |w~` amiehn |mnow `ovnq iel hovn |mnb ie dssdw|~eo| fdw i gn||nw `ovn`omddl%
\moq q|~l xd~`l ed| mivn gnne sdqqog`n xo|md~| |mn mn`s df bie oelovol~i`q iel
oeq|o|~|odeq xmoam O xoqm |d iajedx`nlhn% Fowq| df i`` O xd~`l `ojn |d |miej |d b Swdbd|nw
Swdf% Lw% Iwon J~vnemdvne fdw iaans|oeh bn iq i SmL q|~lne| dffnwoeh vi`~ig`n awo|oaoqb
iel hovoeh bn ie dvnwi`` voqode xmoam O |w~` isswnaoi|n% O xd~`l i`qd xie| |d n}swnqq b
lnnsnq| hwi|o|~ln |d b Ad"Swdbd|nw Lw% W~nwl W~gne xmd ed| de` adbbne|nl oe ln|io`
nvnw qoeh`n lwif| df |moq xdwj g~| mn`snl bn |d s~| qdbn dwlnw oe|d o|: iel igdvn i`` xiq
|mnwn xmne b li |d li |iqjq giaj oe Snw~ bijn bn |moej |mn nel df |moq kd~wen xiq xn``
gndel b wniam% \miejq W~nwl) O xd~`l i`qd `ojn |d n}swnqq b isswnaoi|ode |d i`` b
ad``nih~nq iel fwonelq fwdb |mn Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq Hwd~s i| Xihneoehne ^eovnwqo|
fdw |mnow mdqso|i`o| iel q~ssdw|%
\d foeoqm i q|~l `ojn |mn den d~ mivn oe d~w mielq d~ ennl |obn bden mn`s iel
i `o||`n `~aj% Niam df |mn amis|nwq df |moq q|~l miq i `deh q|dw gnmoel iel i bo} df |mnqn
oehwnlone|q% \mn oeo|oi` nffdw| gnmoel Amis|nw 1 xiq lden |dhn|mnw xo|m Kiobn Qiivnlwi iel
Bé}obd \dwnwd wnqniwam ad``nih~nq i| HWILN iel o| xiq lnvn`dsnl oe |mn fwibnxdwj df
|mn @i|oe Ibnwoaie Wnqniwam En|xdwj qsdeqdwnl g |mn Oe|nw"Ibnwoaie Lnvn`dsbne| Giej%
\mn wnqniwam xiq iolnl g |mn vi`~ig`n ad``igdwi|ode df bie wnqniwam iqqoq|ie|q oea`~loeh
Kdwhn Ihðnwd K~ie Kdqï Loi{ iel Agn`n G~whi oe i fowq| q|ihn: iel |mne Kdwhn ln `i Wdai
Nl~iwld Eijiqden Kdwhn Bnqoeiq Sig`d Q~iwn{ iel Ovdeen Hi``nhdq% Amis|nw < xiq
lnvn`dsnl iq i kdoe| xdwj xo|m Bé}obd \dwnwd xo|m |mn iqqoq|iean df Kdwhn Ihðnwd iel xiqi`qd lnvn`dsnl ~elnw |mn i~qsoanq df @i|oe Ibnwoaie Wnqniwam En|xdwj df OLG%
\mn Snw~voie Nadedboa iel Qdaoi` Wnqniwam Adeqdw|o~b -AONQ/ f~elnl g AOLI
iel OLWA df Aieili q~ssdw|nl |mn oeo|oi` q|ihn df |mn wnqniwam oe xmoam Amis|nw > oq giqnl%
\mn fon`l xdwj xiq adel~a|nl ~elnw |mn q~snwvoqode df Voa|dw Ihwnli iel ad~e|nl xo|m |mn
oevi`~ig`n iqqoq|iean df ^wq~`i I`liei% O ib |w~` oelng|nl |d gd|m% Df ad~wqn |moq xdwj xo``
ed| mivn gnne sdqqog`n xo|md~| |mn mn`s df bie iedebd~q sniqie|q iel fiwbnwq oe \iiaiki
xmoam hivn |mnow |obn |d ieqxnw y~o|n `neh|m y~nq|odeeiownq% \d i`` df |mnb |miejq%
Amis|nw 6 ad~e|nl xo|m |mn oevi`~ig`n iqqoq|iean df Iw|~wd Vé{y~n{ xmo`n Amis|nw 8xiq lden xo|m |mn mn`s df Kdwhn Ihðnwd iel Voa|dw Ihwnli% Wnqniwam de adbs`nbne|iwo|
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oqq~nq xmoam miq gnne fnl oe|d amis|nwq 1 iel 8 xiq q~ssdw|nl g |mn f~elq swdvolnl g |mn
H`dgi` Lnvn`dsbne| En|xdwj -HLE/ ~elnw |mn H`dgi` Lnvn`dsbne| En|xdwj Ixiwlq fdw
|mn D~|q|ieloeh Wnqniwam de Lnvn`dsbne| 7333% O ib hwi|nf~` |d Kdwhn ln `i Wdai Aiwbne
Sdean Hoqqn`n Hiki|n iel A`i~loi Bnelon|i fdw n}an``ne| wnqniwam iqqoq|iean oe |mi| swdkna|%
AONQ ~elnw |mn igdvn bne|odenl Aieiloie f~eloeh q~ssdw|nl |mn oeo|oi` q|ihn df |mnwnqniwam adel~a|nl |d xwo|n Amis|nw =% I| |moq niw` q|ihn O ad~e|nl xo|m |mn wnqniwam iqqoq|iean
df Woaiwld Fdw|% Q~gq|ie|oi` swdhwnqq iel xwo|oeh df |moq q|~l xiq lden xmo`n O xiq issdoe|nl
iq i H~hhnemnob fn``dx |d xdwj de |mn `oejq gn|xnne w~wi` swdl~anwq iel biwjn|q gn|xnne
7339 iel 7337% O ib hwi|nf~` |d |mn i~|mdwo{i|ode swdvolnl g |mn Xdw`l Giej iel |mn W~wi`
Wdilq Swdhwib -SAW/ df |mn Boeoq|w df \wieqsdw| fdw |mn ~qihn df |mn q~wvn de xmoam |moq
amis|nw oq giqnl% Igdvn i`` |moq sonan df wnqniwam xd~`l ed| mivn gnne sdqqog`n of o| xiq ed|
fdw Aiwbne Sdean% Aiwbne q|iw|nl |moq xdwj iq i wnqniwam iqqoq|ie| iel foeoqmnl o| iq i wnqniwam
ad``nih~n fwdb xmdb O mil bdwn |d `niwe |mie |d |niam% O ib |w~` oelng|nl |d mnw%O xd~`l `ojn |d |miejq |d |mn bie wnvonxnwq df oeo|oi` lwif|q df |mdqn sisnwq |mi|
nvne|~i`` xnwn |wieqfdwbnl oe amis|nwq df |moq q|~l% Sn|nw @iekd~x \db Wniwlde Ldboeoy~n
Vie ln Xi``n Nwed J~osnw I`gnw|d Iwan Eoad Mnnwoej adbbne|nl de qdbn df |mnqn lwif|q%
O qmd~`l i`qd |miej |d |mdqn iedebd~q wnvonxnwq fwdb Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| \wobnq|wn
Nadeñboad iel |mn Xdw`l Giej Nadedboa Wnvonx xmd adbbne|nl de |mdqn sisnwq |mi| xnwn
q~gbo||nl |d |mnqn kd~wei`q%
O xd~`l `ojn |d iajedx`nlhn xo|m hwi|o|~ln |mn q~ssdw| swdvolnl g Ovdeen Hi``nhdq oe
wnq|w~a|~woeh qdbn df |mn |ig`nq adbs`n|oeh |mn wnfnwneanq iel amnajoeh |mn `id~| df |mn foei`vnwqode df |mn bie~qawos|% \moq xd~`l mivn gnne ie oeq~wbd~e|ig`n |iqj xo|md~| mnw mn`s%
Oe Snw~ b lnns qneqn df hwi|o|~ln hdnq |d i`` |mn q|iff df HWILN% \mnow eibnq iwn
|dd bie |d bne|ode g~| O |miej |mnb i`` fdw |mn q~ssdw| addsnwi|ode iel nead~wihnbne| O
wnanovnl fwdb |mnb l~woeh |moq deh kd~wen% \d q|iw| xwo|oeh |moq swnfian O ad~e|nl |mn e~bgnw
df wnqniwam iqqoq|ie|q |mi| O mivn xdwj xo|m qoean 9?=8% O ad~e| <= iel |mdqn xmd jedx b
fwiho`n bnbdw xo`` ihwnn xo|m bn |mi| O bi gn `nivoeh qdbnden gnmoel% \d i`` df |mnb b
lnnsnq| |miejq%
\d b a`dqnq| fwonelq Hoiefwiead Sonwoei Snsn N`qi M~hd Hig Boh~n` Bo`ihwdqIei @~aoi I~h~q|d Snlwd Wi~` -gd|m/ iel Aiwbne xmd adsn xo|m bn% \miej d~ fdw d~w
q~ssdw| |mwd~hm i`` |mnqn niwq% Foei`` b lnnsnq| |miejq hd |d b bd|mnw gwd|mnwq iel
qoq|nw fdw |mnow si|onean iel nead~wihnbne|% \miejq |d i``)
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\ig`n df ade|ne|q
9% OE\WDL^A\ODE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%98
9%9% Qn||oeh df |mn Swdg`nb %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%98
9%7% Wnqniwam y~nq|odeq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9=
9%1% Li|i qn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9?
9%<% D~| oen df |mn q|~l %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%73
7% OEFWIQ\W^A\^WN IEL W^WI@ LNVN@DSBNE\ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7>
7%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7>
7%7% Biawdnadedboa obsia|q; sdvnw| iel hwdx|m%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7=
7%1% Boawdnadedboa obsia|q; biwjn| iel md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa obsia|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%17
7%1%9% Biwjn| qsnaofoa obsia|q; |mn wd`n df |wieqia|ode adq|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%11
7%1%7% Md~qnmd`l iel fiwb qsnaofoa obsia|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1<
7%<% Loq|wog~|odei` oqq~nq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%16
7%>% Adea`~qodeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%18
1% \MN IQQN\Q DF \MN SDDW OE SNW^ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1?
1%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1?
1%7% Sdvnw| oe Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<3
1%7%9% Moq|dwoai` |wnelq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <3
1%7%7% Wnane| |wnelq oe w~wi` sdvnw| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<<
1%1% Loq|wog~|ode df iqqn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<8
1%<% Wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne iqqn|q iel sdvnw|; i adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj %%%%%%%%%%%%%%>3
1%>% Wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne iqqn|q iel sdvnw| oe w~wi` Snw~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>7
1%>%9% Nbsowoai` wnq~`|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>7
1%>%7% Iqqnqqoeh |mn nffna| df adbs`nbne|iwo|onq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>?
1%6% Iqqn|q iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel |wieqo|ode gn|xnne q|i|nq df sdvnw| %%%%%%69
1%8% Adea`~qodeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%66
<% S^G@OA OEFWIQ\W^A\^WN ELNW HNDHWISMOA ADEQ\WIOE\Q%%%%6?
<%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6?
<%7% Giqoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df Snw~voie hndhwism %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%89
<%1% Iei`|oai` fwibnxdwj |d |nq| |mn nffna|q df hndhwism %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8<
<%<% \mn li|i %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%88
<%>% Nbsowoai` wnq~`|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8=
<%>%9% Snw~‟q hndhwism iel o|q wnhodei` loffnwneanq oe n}snelo|~wn %%%%%%%%%%%%8=
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<%>%7% \nq|oeh |mn ai~qi` wd`n df hndhwism de |mn nvd`~|ode
df xn`fiwn; swdvoeaoi` nvn` li|i %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=9
<%>%1% \nq|oeh |mn ai~qi` wd`n df hndhwism oe |mn nvd`~|ode
df xn`fiwn; md~qnmd`l li|i%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=1
<%>%<% Gwnijldxe df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn; |mn wd`ndf swovi|n iqqn|q iel s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw hndhwismoa
adeq|wioe|q oe w~wi` Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%==
<%6% Adea`~qodeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?7
Ieen} I<%9 Li|i lnqawos|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?<
>% \MN WD@N DF S^G@OA OEFWIQ\W^A\^WN OE @DXNWOEH
\WIEQIA\ODE ADQ\Q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%??
>%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%??>%7% \mn wd`n df s~g oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe i adq|` n}amiehn nevowdebne|;
adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%933
>%1% Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel |wieqia|ode adq|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 937
>%1%9% Wnvonx df |mn o|nwi|~wn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%937
>%1%7% Q|wi|nhonq ~qnl |d bniq~wn |wieqia|ode adq|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%93<
>%<% \wieqia|ode adq|q oe w~wi` Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 93>
>%<%9% \mn q|~l iwni%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%93>
>%<%7% Qibs`n lnqohe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%936>%<%1% Bioe wnq~`|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%938
>%>% Adea`~qodeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%99=
6% BIWJN\ OE\NHWI\ODE FDW IHWOA^@\^WI@ D^\S^\ BIWJN\Q
OE SNW^; \MN WD@N DF S^G@OA OEFWIQ\W^A\^WN%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%979
6%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%979
6%7% Ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel iwgo|wihn wn`i|odeq; i gwonf
`o|nwi|~wn wnvonx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9776%7%9% Loqade|oe~o| iel iqbbn|w oe |mn swoan bnamieoqbq df
ilk~q|bne| oe wnhodei` ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%97<
6%7%7% I`|nwei|ovn fwibnxdwjq fdw |mn iei`qoq df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode
oe |mn swnqnean df |wieqia|ode adq|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%976
6%7%1% Q|w~a|~wi` ln|nwboeie|q df |mn oe|nhwi|ode wn`i|odeq iel |mn
iwgo|wihn adq|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%97=
6%1% I qobs`n |mwnqmd`l adoe|nhwi|ode bdln` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%97?
6%1%9% \mn bdln` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%97?6%1%7% Bn|mdld`dh%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%911
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6%<% Q|~l df |mn Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%91<
6%<%9% Gwonf lnqawos|ode df |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn biwjn| ~elnw q|~l %%%91<
6%<%7% \mn li|i %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%91>
6%<%1% Bdln` nq|obi|ode iel |nq| df msd|mnqoq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%916
6%<%1%9% Bioe wnq~`|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9<36%<%1%7% Olne|ofoai|ode df |mn loffnwne| iwgo|wihn wnhobnq iel |mnow
adeqoq|nea xo|m |mn sd|i|d adeq~bs|ode oe Snw~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9<9
6%<%<% Ln|nwboeie|q df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe |mn sd|i|d biwjn| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9<6
6%>% Adea`~qodeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>3
8% \MN WD@N DF S^G@OA OEFWIQ\W^A\^WN OE NEMIEAOEH
W^WI@ @IGDW BIWJN\Q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>9
8%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>98%7% Oqq~nq iel wnvonx df |mn o|nwi|~wn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>7
8%1% Si||nweq df oeadbn hnenwi|oeh ds|odeq fdw w~wi` Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>>
8%1%9% \mn li|i %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>>
8%1%7% \obn i``dai|ode iel oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode gn|xnne fiwb
iel ede"fiwb qna|dw ia|ovo|onq oe w~wi` iwniq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9>6
8%1%1% Oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode viwoi|ode dvnw oeadbn q|wi|i %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>?
8%<% Bdln`oeh oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq; |mn wd`n df s~g`oa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9698%>% Obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq dvnw w~wi` igdw oeadbn %%%%%%%%%%961
8%>%9% Amiehnq oe |d|i` igdw md~wq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%96<
8%>%7% Amiehnq oe `igdw i``dai|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%96<
8%>%1% Ihhwnhi|n obsia|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%96>
8%6% Adea`~qodeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%966
=% NVI@^I\OEH \MN XN@FIWN OBSIA\ DF S^G@OA
W^WI@ OEFWIQ\W^A\^WN; \MN AIQN DF W^WI@ WDILQ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%96?
=%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%96?
=%7% \mn gnenfo|q df w~wi` wdilq; i gwonf gog odhwismoa wnvonx%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%989
=%1% Li|i iel bn|mdld`dh %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 98>
=%1%9% \mn li|i %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%986
=%1%7% Bn|mdld`dh%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%988
=%<% Wnq~`|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9=1
=%<%9% \mn obsia| df w~wi` wdilq wnmigo`o|i|ode de md~qnmd`lq
oeadbn `nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9===%<%7% Obsia| de adeq~bs|ode iel qivoehq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9?3
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=%>% Adea`~qodeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9?1
Ieen} I=%9 Adeq|w~a|ode df |mn Xn`fiwn Oeloai|dw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9?6
?% ADEA@^QODEQ IEL IEI@_\OAI@ IEL SD@OA_ OBS@OAI\ODEQ %%%%%%9??
?%9% \mndwn|oai` iel ade|ne| ade|wog~|odeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%739?%7% Bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|odeq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%738
?%1% Obs`oai|odeq fdw sd oa %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 73?
Wnfnwneanq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%798
Q~bbiw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 711
Qibnevi||oeh %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7<9
D|mnw wn`i|nl s~g`oai|odeq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7<?
\wioeoeh iel q~snwvoqode s`ie %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7>9A~wwoa~`~b vo|in %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7>1
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@oq| df |ig`nq
\ig`n 1%9 Sdvnw| oeloai|dwq g wnhode; 9?89 9?=> 9??9 9??< iel 9??6 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<9
\ig`n 1%7 Sdvnw| g hndhwismoa {den 7337 -e~bgnw iel snwane|ihn
df sddw snds`n/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<>
\ig`n 1%1 Sdvnw| wi|nq g hndhwismoa {denq -snwane|ihn df sddw/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<>
\ig`n 1%< Sdvnw|"hwdx|m n`iq|oao|onq fdw w~wi` Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<8
\ig`n 1%> Sdqqnqqode iel iaanqq |d jn iqqn|q oe ~wgie iel w~wi` Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<=
\ig`n 1%6 Wnhwnqqode iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn
-~qoeh viwoig`nq xo|md~| oe|nwia|odeq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>8
\ig`n 1%8 Wnhwnqqode iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oe |mn md~qnmd`l
-~qoeh viwoig`n oe|nwia|odeq/%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>=
\ig`n 1%= Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q
-G y~oe|o nq ‑ snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>?
\ig`n 1%? Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q
-Snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%63
\ig`n 1%93 Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm qob~`|iend~q iaanqq |d qn`na|nl
iqqn|q -G y~oe|o nq ‑ snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%63
\ig`n 1%99 Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl
iqqn|q -Snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%69
\ig`n 1%97 Loq|wog~|ode df md~qnmd`l sien` gn|xnne 9??9 iel 9??< -Snwane|ihn/ %%%%%%%%67
\ig`n 1%91 Bdln`‟q swnloa|ode wi|n %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%61
\ig`n 1%9< B~ |oedboi` iei`qoq df amiehnq oe q|i|nq df sdvnw| -biwhoei` nffna|q/%%%%%%%6<
\ig`n 1%9> Mi~qbie |nq| fdw OOI %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6>
\ig`n 1%96 Swdgigo`o| df |wieqo|ode %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6>
\ig`n <%9 Wnhodei` oeadbn snw"aiso|i loqsnwqode oe @i|oe Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq %%%%%%%%%%%%83
\ig`n <%7 Hndhwism iel nadedboa xn fiwn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 81
\ig`n <%1 Wnhodei` loffnwneanq oe iaanqq |d qnwvoanq iel iqqn|q; Snw~ 9??8 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%81
\ig`n <%< Loq|wog~|ode df enx iaanqq |d giqoa iel qdaoi` qnwvoanq; Snw~ 9??< ‑ 9??8 %%8<
\ig`n <%> Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode df swdvoean"`nvn` n}snelo|~wn viwoig`nq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8?
\ig`n <%6 Mohm` qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|nl viwoig`nq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=3
\ig`n <%8 Ln|nwboeie|q df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|n; 9?87"9??1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=7
\ig`n <%= Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode df hwdx|m wnhwnqqode wnqol~i`q g bdln` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=1
\ig`n <%? Ln|nwboeie|q df snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| md~qnmd`l nvn`; 9??< %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =<
\ig`n <%93 Y~ie|o n wnhwnqqodeq df - dh/ snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn; 9??< %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=8
\ig`n <%99 Sien` li|i iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m
wi|n; 9??9"9??< 9??<"9??8 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ==
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\ig`n <%97 Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq
-@dh loffnwneanq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%=?
\ig`n <%91 Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq
g bdln` %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?3
\ig`n <%9< Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq-Hwdx|m wi|nq loffnwneanq i| swdvoean `nvn`/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?9
\ig`n <%9> Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i hwdx|m n}snelo|~wn
loffnwneanq g bdln` -I| swdvoean nvn`/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?9
\ig`n I<%9 Ln|nwboeie|q df -@dh/ snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn
-D@Q Nq|obi|ode xo|m wdg~q| nwwdwq/%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?>
\ig`n >%9 Qibs`n lnqohe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%938
\ig`n >%7 Ivnwihn iel q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode df |mn bioe viwoig`nq iaadwloeh
|d iaanqq wd~|n %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%93=\ig`n >%1 Md~qnmd`l iqqn|q iel biwjn| iaanqq%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 999
\ig`n >%< \wieqsdw| adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 999
\ig`n >%> Oefdwbi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%997
\ig`n >%6 Enhd|oi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%991
\ig`n >%8 Bdeo|dwoeh adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%99<
\ig`n >%= Ln|nwboeie|q df fiwbhi|n qi`nq
-Swdgo| nq|obi|nq df fiwbhi|n qi`nq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%99>
\ig`n >%? Ln|nwboeie|q df qi`nq swoan-D@Q nq|obi|ode df qi`nq swoan/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 996
\ig`n >%93 Ln|nwboeie|q df ibd~e| qd`l dff |mn fiwb
-D@Q Nq|obi|ode df qi`nq y~ie|o|/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%998
\ig`n >%99 Loqad~e| oe qi`nq swoan g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq|
-E~nvdq qd`nq snw jh/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 998
\ig`n >%97 Loqad~e| oe ibd~e| qd`l g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq| -Jh/%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%99=
\ig`n >%91 Loqad~e| oe ibd~e| qd`l g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq| -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ %%%%%%%%%% 99?
\ig`n 6%9 Wnhodei` loq|wog~|ode df sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oe Snw~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%916\ig`n 6%7 \wieqia|ode adq|q iel qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |d |mn ny~o`ogwo~b df
|mn Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%91=
\ig`n 6%1 @ojn`omddl wi|od |nq| -Md; IW-9/ vq M9; \NAB/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9<7
\ig`n 6%< Swdgigo`o|onq df daa~wwnean fdw |mn loffnwne| joelq df iwgo|wihn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9<<
\ig`n 6%> Nq|obi|ode df |mn ivnwihn sd|i|d adeq~bs|ode oe Snw~ g
lnsiw|bne|q fdw |mn OV y~iw|nw df 7339 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9<>
\ig`n 6%6 Ln|nwboeie| fia|dwq oe |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn
oeawniqn df |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| gn|xnne biwjn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9<=
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\ig`n 6%8 Amiehn oe |mn swdvoqode iq fia|dwq |mi| lnawniqn |mn |wieqia|ode
adq| iel oeawniqn |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| gn|xnne biwjn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9<?
\ig`n 8%9 @igdw i``dai|ode df Snw~voie w~wi` md~qnmd`lq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>8
\ig`n 8%7 Wnhodei` loffnwneanq oe igdw i``dai|ode% Snw~ ‑ 9??8 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9>8
\ig`n 8%1 Ivnwihn wn|~weq g oeadbn qd~wan% W~wi` Snw~ "9??8-^Q, snw xdwjli/%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>=
\ig`n 8%< En| oeadbn g qd~wan% W~wi` Snw~ ‑9??8 -^Q, snw aiso|i/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9>=
\ig`n 8%> En| oeadbn loq|wog~|ode g y~oe|o`n% W~wi` Snw~ ‑ 9??8 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%963
\ig`n 8%6 Oeadbn oeny~i`o| lnadbsdqo|ode g oeadbn qd~wan %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%963
\ig`n 8%8 Ln|nwboeie| df oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode% W~wi` Snw~ ‑ 9??8 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%967
\ig`n 8%= Nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de |d|i` igdw |obn snw
xnnj oe w~wi` Snw~; swdsneqo| bi|amoeh nq|obi|ode -Giqn adbsiwoqde
hwd~s iwn |mdqn xo|m ed iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 96<\ig`n 8%? Nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de igdw i``dai|ode
oe w~wi` Snw~% Swdsneqo| bi|amoeh nq|obi|ode% -Giqn adbsiwoqde
hwd~s iwn |mdqn xo|m ed iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 96>
\ig`n 8%93 Nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de snw aiso|i oeadbn
oe w~wi` Snw~% Swdsneqo| bi|amoeh nq|obi|ode -Giqn adbsiwoqde
hwd~s iwn |mdqn xo|m ed iaanqq |d Oefwiq|w~a|~wn Qnwvoanq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 966
\ig`n =%9 Loq|wog~|ode df |mn qibs`n -fdw md~qnmd`lq iel |dxeq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%98=
\ig`n =%7 Q~bbiw q|i|oq|oaq df bioe viwoig`nq -Bnie vi`~nq iel q|i|oq|oai`qoheofoaiean df |mnow loffnwneanq/%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9=>
\ig`n =%1 Swdgo| wnhwnqqode fdw iaanqq |d i wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdil
-Md~qnmd`l nvn` nq|obi|nq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9=8
\ig`n =%< Nffna| df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de |mn swdgigo`o| df iaanqqoeh
`igdw biwjn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9==
\ig`n =%> Bnie nffna| df wdil wnmigo o|i|ode de md~qnmd`l‟q snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode
-^Q ld``iwq snw niw/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9?9
\ig`n =%6 Bnie nffna| df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de md~qnmd`l‟q `ovnq|daj-^Q ld``iwq snw niw/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9?9
\ig`n =%8 Bnie nffna| df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de md~qnmd`l‟q snw aiso|i oeadbn
-^Q ld``iwq snw niw/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9?7
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@oq| df foh~wnq
Foh~wn 9%9 Q|~l fwibnxdwj%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%77
Foh~wn 7%9 Adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%78
Foh~wn 1%9 Oeadbn loq|wog~|ode oe Snw~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<7
Foh~wn 1%7 Nvd`~|ode df w~wi` sdvnw| wi|nq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<6
Foh~wn 1%1 Hoeo adnffoaone| df iaanqq |d iqqn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<?
Foh~wn 1%< Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>1
Foh~wn 1%> Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; |wilo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iqqn|q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%><
Foh~wn 1%6 Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; oefdwbi|ode iel adbb~eoai|ode
|named`dhonq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>>
Foh~wn <%9 Amiehnq oe snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8?
Foh~wn 6%9 Nq|obi|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q; @obi vq% M~ieaid%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9<3
Foh~wn 6%7 Swoan loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne @obi iel M~ieaid snw |de df sd|i|d
7333"7339 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9<6
Foh~wn ?%9 Biwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn -~elnw i`|nwei|ovn iqqn|
i``dai|odeq/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%731
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Amis|nw 9
Oe|wdl~a|ode
9%9 Qn||oeh df |mn swdg`nb
Edxiliq o| oq 'adbbde xoqldb' |d q~hhnq| |mi| den df |mn f~elibne|i` ai~qnq df sdvnw|
`iaj df nadedboa hwdx|m iel mohm oeadbn oeny~i`o| oq ie oeq~ffoaone| iel ~eny~i` iaanqq iel
sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q% Oe |moq wnqsna| obswdvoeh |mn iqqn| giqn df |mn sddw iel wioqoeh |mn wi|n
df wn|~weq df |mn iqqn|q |mn sdqn edx iwn jn n`nbne|q df ie q|wi|nh |mi| iobq |d obswdvoeh
|mn `ovn`omddlq df |mn w~wi` sddw%
Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| iaanqqoeh s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q ade|oe~nq |d gn wnq|woa|nl iel
~envne` loq|wog~|nl oe w~wi` Snw~ amiehnq oe |mn `nvn` iel oe |mn si||nwe df dxenwqmos dw
iaanqq |d |mnqn iqqn|q l~woeh |mn `iq| fof|nne niwq mivn gnne y~o|n lwibi|oa% Fdw n}ibs`n oe
9?=> |mn nvn` df qamdd`oeh df mnilq df md~qnmd`l xiq vnw dx iel ~eny~i` oe w~wi` qna|dw% Oe
9??8 ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode mil oeawniqnl fwdb 7%? |d > iel oeny~i`o| mil lna`oenl;
ibdeh |mn sddwnq| qna|dwq |mn qamdd`oeh df |mn mnil i`bdq| ld~g`nl xmo`n ibdeh |mn woamnq|
|mn oeawniqn xiq >3 snwane|% \mn ivnwihn fibo` qo{n oe |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n xiq >3 snwane|
mohmnw |mie oe |mn woamnq| y~oe|o`n% De |mn d|mnw miel iaanqqoeh awnlo| xiq wn`i|ovn` qnhbne|nl
gnoeh vnw dx oe |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n% \mn 9??8 Snw~voie @QBQ9 q~wvn wnvni`nl |mi| i`|md~hm
h`dgi` iaanqq |d awnlo| mil fi``ne fwdb 71 snwane| df fiwbnwq |d 96 snwane| o| mil oeawniqnl fdw
|mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n iel fi``ne fdw |mn d|mnw y~oe|o`nq siw|oa~`iw` |mn woamnq|% \moq ad~`l gn
n}s`ioenl g |mn loqissniwiean df |mn lnvn`dsbne| giejq xmoam adeane|wi|nl de iwhnw qai`n
ihwoa~`|~wn% Oe |mn aiqn df giqoa qnwvoanq oefwiq|w~a|~wn -n`na|woao| |n`nsmden qnwvoanq iel
xi|nw iel qnxnwihn/ nvn`q df iaanqq xnwn dx iel mohm` oeny~o|ig`n oe 9?=>% Oe ade|wiq| oe
9??8 i| `niq| oe |mn aiqn df xi|nw iel n`na|woao| iaanqq mil ld~g`nl; 78 snwane| iel 7<
snwane| df md~qnmd`lq mil iaanqq |d |mnqn qnwvoanq wnqsna|ovn`% Mdxnvnw loqsnwqode oe iaanqq
g qsneloeh lnao`nq |~wenl edx |d gn b~am bdwn swded~eanl |mie fof|nne niwq ihd% \moq oq qd
gnai~qn |mn si||nwe df oevnq| oe s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn mil gnne goiqnl ihioeq| |mn sddwnq|
qnhbne|q oe w~wi` Snw~ `nivoeh |mnb oe i sdvnw| |wis%
Lnqso|n |mn dgvod~q obsdw|iean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q o| miq ed| hwdxe i| |mn
sian ennlnl fdw wnqmisoeh Snw~‟q sdvnw| swdfo`n% Iq o| miq missnenl oe bie lnvn`dsoeh
ad~e|wonq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| miq q|ihei|nl dw fi``ne oe wnqsdeqn |d foqai` loffoa~`|onq
iqqdaoi|nl xo|m q|w~a|~wi` ilk~q|bne|% \mn bi mivn i`qd lnawniqnl gnai~qn oe|nwei|odei`
addsnwi|ode miq olne|ofonl o| iq i '`dx swodwo|' oe |mnow ihneliq% Loboeoqmoeh g~lhn|q fdw w~wi`
oevnq|bne|q s~|q ie illo|odei` swnqq~wn |d hdvnwebne|q; |mn ennl |d ld 'bdwn xo|m `nqq'%
9 Oe Qsieoqm |moq q~wvn oq jedxe iq NEEOV -Nea~nq|i Eiaodei` ln Eovn`nq ln Voli/
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Mdxnvnw |mn oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh ldnq ed| mn`s fdw bijoeh |moq sdqqog`n% ^q~i`` ei|odei` iel
`dai` g~wni~awiaonq ld ed| addwloei|n iel nvne adbsn|n oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|ode% \mn foei`
d~|adbn df q~am ie oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh oq |mi| |mn ad~e|w boqqnq |mn gnenfo|q df i addwloei|nl
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iel i gn||nw oe|nhwi|nl w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|% ^elnwq|ieloeh mdx
adbs`nbne|iwo` xdwjq bi hovn ~q i a`~n igd~| mdx |d bi}obo{n |mn xn`fiwn obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%
9%7 Wnqniwam y~nq|odeq
\moq q|~l fda~qnq oe fd~w oe|nw"adeena|nl wnqniwam y~nq|odeq;
9% Xm iel mdx oq w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn obsdw|ie| fdw fdq|nwoeh oeadbn hnenwi|ode
oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode iel ~`|obi|n` w~wi` sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode4
7% Iwn |mnwn ie adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|4 Xmi| iwn |mn
obsia|q df loffnwne| adbgoei|ode df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| de d~|s~| iel`igdw w~wi` biwjn|q4
1% Aie w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| mn`s dvnwadbn ie ilvnwqn hndhwism iel i``dx
|mn sddw iaa~b~`i|n iqqn|q iel nqaisn fwdb |mn sdvnw| |wis |mn bi gn fiaoeh4
<% Xmi| joel df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oq gn||nw q~o|nl |d obswdvn biwjn|
oe|nhwi|ode iel wnl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q fdw |mn w~wi` sddw4
I`|md~hm |moq wnqniwam y~nq|odeq iwn wn`nvie| fdw bdq| of ed| i`` lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq
|mn mivn gnne illwnqqnl oe i qsnaofoa ade|n}| xmoam oq |mi| df w~wi` Snw~% Snw~ oq den df |mn
bdq| lovnwqn ad~e|wonq oe |mn xdw`l -o| neadbsiqqnq =< df |mn xdw`l 93< jedxe ovoeh nad`dhoai`wnhodeq iel 7= loffnwne| a`obi|nq/ |mn oej gn|xnne |moq hndhwismoa lovnwqo| iel lnvn`dsbne|
miq ed| gnne q|~lonl% Iq fiw iq xn aie |n`` |moq oq |mn fowq| q|~l |mi| iqanw|ioeq mdx hndhwismoa
viwoig`nq oe|nwia| xo|m oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d n}s`ioe snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q
iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~%
Xn i`qd loqa~qq adeena|odeq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel biwjn| nffoaonea%
I`|md~hm biwjn| nffoaonea iel biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq gnne |mdwd~hm` q|~lonl oe Snw~ |mnwn
iwn vnw fnx i||nbs|q |d adeena| |mnqn adeans|q |d sd`oa viwoig`nq -oe siw|oa~`iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|/% Oe |mn oe|nwei|odei` `o|nwi|~wn |moq miq gnne lden iq o| oq f~`` iajedx`nlhnl oeAmis|nw 6 df |moq q|~l% Wnane| iei`qoq de |mn ln|nwboeie|q df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq hden
fwdb goviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode iei`qoq |d b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode% I| |mn qibn |obn |mnwn oq
wnqniwam |mi| miq n}s`oao|` adeena|nl jn s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m goviwoi|n bniq~wnq df
oe|nhwi|ode% Mdxnvnw |moq miq ed| gnne lden n| oe i b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode fwibnxdwj iq
xn ld oe |moq q|~l%
Oe wn`i|ode |d |mn boawdnadedboa obsia|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q vnw `o||`n nffdw|
miq gnne lowna|nl |dxiwl |mn bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe w~wi` biwjn|q% Fd``dxoeh |mn
sodennwoeh xdwj df Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??9/ xn lnvn`ds i lowna| bniq~wn df |mn |wieqia|ode adq|iel qmdx mdx |mn bign gn wnl~anl |mwd~hm ie ilny~i|n swdvoqode df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
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Foei`` i`|md~hm iamonvoeh a`niw ai~qi` `oejq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel
biwjn| nffoaonea d~|adbnq dw md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn d~|adbnq oq dgvod~q` i loffoa~`| |iqj: |mn
~qn df isswdswoi|n ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq swdvolnq i hddl isswd}obi|ode |d |moq oqq~n% Oe
|moq iwni |moq q|~l miq i`qd i bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|ode q~hhnq|oeh i |xd"q|ns swdanl~wn
|d nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df anw|ioe oevnq|bne|% Olne|of fowq| |mn hwd~s -|dxe dw wnhode/ |mi| biadeq|o|~|n i sdqqog`n 'bi|am' iel |mne ~qn i qob~`i|ode |nameoy~n |d f~w|mnw ade|wd` fdw |mdqn
md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| i`|md~hm bi ed| gn obsdw|ie| fdw |mn lnaoqode"bijnw
|d i``dai|n ie oevnq|bne| |mn anw|ioe` iffna| |mn d~|adbn viwoig`nq%
9%1 Li|i qn|q
\moq q|~l ~qnq i `iwhn e~bgnw df li|i qn|q fdw ieqxnwoeh d~w fd~w wnqniwam y~nq|odeq% Qdbn df
|mn li|i giqnq iwn awdqq"qna|ode md~qnmd`l `nvn` li|i qn|q adboeh fwdb @ovoeh Q|ieliwl
Bniq~wnbne| Q~wvnq xmoam Xdw`l Giej q|iw|nl obs`nbne|oeh oe |mn niw` nohm|onq iq i xidf obswdvoeh |mn |sn iel y~i`o| df md~qnmd`l li|i ad``na|nl g hdvnwebne| q|i|oq|oai` dffoanq
oe lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq% \mnqn q~wvnq iwn wnswnqne|i|ovn i| |mn ei|odei` iel wnhodei` `nvn`q
iel |mn iwn b~`|o"|dsoa y~nq|odeeiownq lnqohenl |d q|~l b~`|os`n iqsna|q df md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn
iel gnmivodw% Fdw |xd df |mn wd~elq |mi| xnwn obs`nbne|nl oe Snw~ -9??8 iel 7333/ |mn
i~|mdw df |moq q|~l xiq ig`n |d oea`~ln i fnx y~nq|odeq oe |mn ei|odei` q~wvn qd iq |d n}s`dwn
oqq~nq wn`i|nl |d iaanqqoeh biwjn|q iel |wieqia|ode adq|q oe w~wi` Snw~% Oe |mi| xi xn mil |mn
sdqqogo`o| df adeena|oeh iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel jn oqq~nq df w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne|%
Illo|odei` wd~elq df @QBQ |sn df q~wvn w~e |mn hdvnwebne| q|i|oq|oai` dffoan -OENO/ fdw7333 7339 iel 7337 i``dx ~q |d mivn i gn||nw olni df wnane| |wnelq oe w~wi` sdvnw| iel |mn
nffna| |mi| wnane| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi mivn mil oe amiehoeh |mn sdvnw| swdfo`n df
w~wi` Snw~% Oe Amis|nw 1 xmne xn adbsiwn gd|m qn|q df li|i i aiwnf~` adbsiwoqde df
bn|mdld`dhonq oq lden iel swdsnw ilk~q|bne|q fdw iqq~woeh adbsiwi|ovnenqq iwn snwfdwbnl%
Ie illo|odei` qd~wan df oefdwbi|ode oq |mi| adboeh fwdb qnadeliw qd~wanq |mi| aie hovn
~q i gn||nw iqqnqqbne| df |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn ivio`ig`n oe |mn wnhodeq xmnwn
|mnqn md~qnmd`lq iwn `dai|nl% Adbb~eo| y~nq|odeeiownq lden i| |mn qibn |obn |mnqn q~wvnq
xnwn adel~a|nl oe illo|ode xo|m oefwiq|w~a|~wn aneq~q lden igd~| |mn qibn |obn |mn li|i xiqad``na|nl -9??< iel 7333/ hovn ~q swnaod~q oefdwbi|ode igd~| |mn q~ss` df oefwiq|w~a|~wn
xmoam mn`sq ~q |d ivdol sd|ne|oi` neldhneno| goiqnq adboeh fwdb |mn lnaoqode df i md~qnmd`l
df ed| lnbieloeh i qsnaofoa oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan nvne of ivio`ig`n oe o|q wnqolnean iwni%
Xn mivn i`qd ~qnl oe Amis|nw < ihhwnhi|odeq giqnl de Snw~voie Aneq~q li|i fdw 9?87
9?=9 iel 9??1 iel oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn OOO Ei|odei` Ihwiwoie Aneq~q df 9??< |d adeq|w~a|
loq|woa| `nvn` oeloai|dwq |mi| iwn ~qnf~` |d amiwia|nwo{n |mn q~g"wnhodeq xmnwn |mn q~wvnnl
md~qnmd`lq xnwn `dai|nl% \d nq|obi|n snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| swdvoeaoi` `nvn`q fdw Aneq~q
niwq 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1 xn fd``dxnl |mn bn|mdld`dh q~hhnq|nl g Mne|qamn` -7333/ n|i`% adbgoeoeh aneq~q iel md~qnmd`l `nvn` li|i%
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_n| ied|mnw qd~wan df li|i |mi| xiq adbgoenl xo|m |mn @QBQ q~wvn li|i xiq |mi| df |mn
hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn iwniq xmnwn |mnqn md~qnmd`lq `ovn% Qoean xn mil iaanqq |d |mn
eibn df |mn ao|onq |dxeq iel vo``ihnq xmnwn niam md~qnmd`l ovn xn xnwn ig`n |d oeadwsdwi|n |d
md~qnmd`lq li|i giqnq i xni`|m df oefdwbi|ode de ivnwihn |nbsnwi|~wn |nbsnwi|~wn viwoigo`o|
i`|o|~ln qdo` amiwia|nwoq|oaq q`dsn df |mn |nwwioe n|a% |mi| bi iaad~e| fdw |mn hndhwismoaadelo|odeq ~elnw xmoam |moq md~qnmd`l iwn bijoeh |mnow ovn`omddl% Foei`` i| |mn bdwn ihhwnhi|n
`nvn` xn i`qd ~qnl ie n}|neqovn li|i giqn de wnhodei` swoanq qd iq |d nvi`~i|n mdx wnhodei`
ihwoa~`|~wi` swoanq xnwn wnqsdeloeh |d n}dhned~q qmdajq iel xmn|mnw dw ed| |mn si||nwe df qsi|oi`
biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oq iffna|nl g loffnwneanq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q%
Mdxnvnw qdbn df |mn y~nq|odeq wn`i|nl |d |moq q|~l aieed| gn ieqxnwnl xo|m hnenwi`
s~wsdqn @QBQ"|sn df q~wvnq% \mn `iaj |mn ln|io` oe wn`i|ode |d qsnaofoa |wieqia|odeq iel
ln|io`q igd~| mdx |mn adeena| |d d~|s~| iel oes~| biwjn|q iel qsnaofoai`` mdx |mn adeena|
|d |wilnwq% \m~q oe illo|ode |d |mn bdwn hnenwi` ei|odei` nvn` wnswnqne|i|ovn q~wvnq xn mivni`qd iaadbbdli|nl xo|moe |mn q|~l |xd bdwn qbi`` qsnaofoa s~wsdqn q~wvnq% Den xiq iobnl
|d nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode iel bioe|neiean oe wn`i|ovn `iwhn qibs`n df
md~qnmd`lq adboeh 731= md~qnmd`lq loq|wog~|nl ibdeh 19< df |mn sddwnq| loq|woa|q df Snw~%
\mn d|mnw adeqolnwq i vnw qbi`` qibs`n df md~qnmd`l |mi| adeena|q |d biwjn|q |mwd~hm vnw
loffnwne| xiq -i fowq| hwd~s |mwd~hm w~wi` bd|dwo{nl wdilq iel |mn d|mnw |mwd~hm ede"bd|dwo{nl
|wiajq/% \moq ade|wiq| i``dxq ~q |d wnadwl ed| de` loffnwneanq oe |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q g~| i`qd
oe |wieqia|ode adq|q iel bdwn hnenwi`` oe |mn xiq |mnqn adq|q iffna| |mn adbs`n}o| df |mnow
biwjn| n}amiehn wn`i|odeqmosq% \mn i~|mdw df |moq q|~l xiq oevd`vnl oe adeq|w~a|oeh |mnqibs`oeh fwibnxdwj iel y~nq|odeeiown df |mn fowq| q~wvn iel xiq oe amiwhn df lnqoheoeh iel
obs`nbne|oeh |mn qnadel den%
I`|md~hm o| qmd~`l gn dgvod~q |mi| q~am lovnwqn li|igiqnq bi oelnnl mivn qdbn
oeadeqoq|neaonq gn|xnne |mnb -|d q|iw| loffnwnean oe |mn niwq xmne |mn xnwn ad``na|nl iel
loffnwne| qibs`oeh fwibnxdwjq/ xn q|wdeh` gn`onvn |mi| xn ad~`l ed| |iaj`n |mn adbs`n}o|
df d~w wnqniwam y~nq|odeq of xn lol ed| mivn |~wenl oe|d |moq gwdil q|wi|nh% Df ad~wqn i`deh
niam amis|nw iel oe d~w adea`~loeh amis|nw xn gwoeh i||ne|ode |d |mn bn|mdld`dhoai`
adbs`n}o|onq |mi| |moq q|wi|nh miq hnenwi|nl%
9%< D~|`oen df |mn q|~l
\mn q|~l oq q|w~a|~wnl iaadwloeh |d |mn wnqniwam y~nq|odeq lnqawognl oe qna|ode 9%7 adbgoenl
xo|m |mn adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj |mi| oq `iol ldxe oe ln|io` oe Amis|nw 7 xmnwn |mn wnqniwam
y~nq|odeq xn illwnqq iwn qmdxe oe |mn ade|n}| df xmi| |mn `o|nwi|~wn miq qiol igd~| |mn
wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel w~wi` sdvnw|%
O| oq obsdw|ie| |d mohm`ohm| |mi| |moq o|nwi|~wn wnvonx oq lden ~qoeh iq i giqn i ilis|nl ovn`omddl
adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj xmnwn iq xn xo`` qnn oe Amis|nw 7 oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q aie gnadeena|nl |d ovn`omddl d~|adbnq -obswdvnl iaanqq |d qnwvoanq amiehnq oe swdl~a|ovo| igdw
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i``dai|odeq biwjn|oeh lnaoqodeq oeadbn qd~wanq iel ~`|obi|n` |d oeadbn n}snelo|~wnq
iel iqqn| iaa~b~`i|ode/ |mwd~hm i e~bgnw df bnloi|oeh fia|dwq wn`i|nl |d biawd"sd`oa
hndhwism qdaoi` wn`i|odeq iel oeq|o|~|odeq dw nvne n}|nwei` qmdajq%
Foh~wn 9%9 swdvolnq i wdil bis igd~| |mn loffnwne| adbsdene|q oe xmoam |mn q|~l miq
gnne lovolnl% Iq xn aie qnn mnwn xn aie mivn loffnwne| si|mxiq |mwd~hm xmoam w~wi`oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi iffna| biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| w~wi` nadedboa hwdx|m iel
~`|obi|n` |mn `ovn`omddlq df w~wi` Snw~% \mn adeena|odeq gn|xnne w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn swdvoqode
iel biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel nadedboa hwdx|m ad~`l dsnwi|n i| biawdnadedboa dw i|
boawdnadedboa nvn`% Oe |mn fowq| aiqn xn bi qnn amiehnq oe |mn `nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode df |mn
iqqn| giqn iel amiehnq oe |mn wi|n df wn|~we df swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q% \mnqn wi|nq df wn|~we
iwn iffna|nl g |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn qsnaofoa dai|odeq xmnwn |mn sddw `ovn iel bi i`qd gn
iffna|nl g ie adbs`nbne|iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| |mi| |ijnq s`ian% Nvi`~i|oeh |mnqn
adeena|odeq xo`` mn`s ~q |d wnqsdel |mn fowq| |mwnn y~nq|odeq swnqne|nl oe qna|ode 9%7% I| |mnboawdnadedboa `nvn` |mn adeena|odeq gn|xnne w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel w~wi` `ovn`omddlq bi
daa~w i| biwjn| `nvn` |mwd~hm `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q mohmnw qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel
amiehnq oe wn`i|ovn swoanq xmoam iffna| mdx md~qnmd`l wnia| |d biwjn| amiehnq mdx |mn
adeena| |d |mnb iel |mn obsia| |mi| |moq adeena|ode bi mivn oe |mnow `ovn`omddlq% \mnqn
md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa obsia|q bi gn wn`i|nl |d amiehnq oe fia|dw i``dai|ode -`igdw i``dai|ode
`iel ~qihn awds amdoan dw oes~| bo}/ dw amiehnq oe biwjn|oeh si||nweq -qi`n bo} dw biwjn|oeh
amieen`q/% I`` df |mnqn si|mxiq |mwd~hm xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn iffna|q biwjn| lnvn`dsbne|
bi ~`|obi|n` mivn ie obsia| oe |mn ovn`omddlq df w~wi` oemigo|ie|q qmisoeh sdvnw| oeadbnloq|wog~|ode iel iqqn| iaa~b~`i|ode oe |mn iwniq xmnwn q~am oevnq|bne|q iwn i``dai|nl%
Amis|nw 1 oe |moq q|~l hovnq ~q i fowq| ddj |d w~wi` sdvnw| oe Snw~ fwdb ie iqqn| giqnl
sdoe| snwqsna|ovn% Xn mivn lnaolnl |d `ddj i| sdvnw| ed| k~q| iq i oeadbn dw n}snelo|~wn
hi~hn g~| wn`i|n o| |d i bdwn adbswnmneqovn lnfoeo|ode giqnl de iqqn|q iaanqqoeh iel |mn
igo`o| df w~wi` md~qnmd`l |d iaa~b~`i|n dw mivn bdwn iel gn||nw iaanqq |d |mnb% \moq amis|nw
qmdxq |mn qmdw| w~e leiboaq df iqqn| iaa~b~`i|ode iel qmdxq mdx jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q bi iffna| |mn wi|n df wn|~we df |mdqn swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q |mi| iwn i`wnil oe
|mn miel df |mn sddw%En}| oe Amis|nw < xn ill i awo|oai` n`nbne| |d |mn iei`qoq; xmoam oq |mi| df hndhwism%
Xn mivn i`wnil bne|odenl |mn obsdw|iean df hndhwism oe Snw~% \moq amis|nw illwnqq xmn|mnw
hndhwism oq |mn bioe ln|nwboeie| df biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel w~wi` `ovn`omddlq oe Snw~ dw
i`|nwei|ovn of oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi mn`s |d dvnwadbn |mn sd|ne|oi` enhi|ovn nffna|q df ie ilvnwqn
hndhwism% Xn gn`onvn |mi| oe |mn iei`qoq df |mn oe|nwia|ode gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q
iel hndhwism `onq qdbn df |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| ade|wog~|odeq df |moq q|~l%
G adeq|w~a|oeh i qsnaofoa iel edvn` bniq~wn fdw |wieqia|ode adq|q Amis|nw > q|~lonq
xmi| oq |mn wd`n df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe qmisoeh |mdqn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel iffna|oeh |mn wn`i|ovnswoanq |mn md~qnmd`l fian oe oes~| iel d~|s~| biwjn|q% Amis|nw 6 fd``dxq i wn`i|nl si|m ddjoeh
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F o h ~ w n 9 % 9
Q | ~ l y f w i b n x d w j
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i| iwgo|wihn adq|q iel qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% G adeena|oeh oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d
|mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne|q df ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q |d n}|nwei` qmdajq |mn amis|nw sivnq |mn xi
|d loqa~qq qsi|oi` biwjn| nffoaonea iel |mn wd`n df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe obswdvoeh biwjn|
snwfdwbiean% \d d~w jedx`nlhn |moq oq |mn fowq| |obn |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| miq gnne
adeena|nl |d b~`|oviwoi|n bniq~wnq df qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode%\mn q|~l df igdw i``dai|odeq oe loffnwne| oefwiq|w~a|~wn qn||oehq oq s~wq~nl oe Amis|nw
8% Iq xn xo`` a`iob oe Amis|nw 7 |mwd~hm ie n}|neqovn o|nwi|~wn wnvonx xn gn`onvn |mi| |dhn|mnw
xo|m amiehoeh iaanqq |d jn s~g`oa qnwvoanq w~wi` `igdw d~|adbnq iwn |mn fowq| den xn qmd~`l
qnn dean ie oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| qn||`nq% \moq missneq gnai~qn oe |mn ade|n}| df |moe
`igdw biwjn|q iel vnw `dx dssdw|~eo| adq|q w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn dsneq enx xihn iel ede
xihnl qd~wanq df oeadbn xmoam |mn w~wi` md~qnmd`l q|iw|q n}s`dwoeh oe i xi |d lovnwqof o|q
oeadbn sdw|fd`od% \moq lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nh bi gn i xi |d adsn xo|m |mnow v~`enwigo`o|
-fdw n}ibs`n fdw |mdqn xo|m o||`n iel iqqn|q/ g~| bi i`qd gn wn`i|nl |d |mn n}s`dwi|ode df enxiel bdwn swdfo|ig`n `igdw dssdw|~eo|onq fdw |mdqn |mi| mivn |mn adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q |d |ijn
ilvie|ihn df |mn f~`` sd|ne|oi` df i enx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%
Amis|nw = fd``dxq |mn si|m oeo|oi|nl oe |mn swnvod~q amis|nw `ddjoeh i| |mn oeadbn
n}snelo|~wn iel qivoehq nffna|q |mi| i enx oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi gwoeh igd~|% \moq oq lden ilis|oeh
wn`i|ovn` enx obsia| iqqnqqbne| bn|mdld`dhonq |d |mn siw|oa~`iwo|onq df oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q% Ihioe mnwn xn aie qnn |mi| `igdw biwjn|q iwn |mn fowq| |d wnia| |d |mnqn enx
biwjn| dssdw|~eo|onq% Mdxnvnw xn i`qd qmdx |mi| |mn sdqqogo`o| df |~weoeh |moq `ovn`omddl
obswdvnbne| oe i q~q|ioe den oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oehq ennl |d iaadbsie |mn swdanqq qd iq |dadeena| |moq enx oeadbn hnenwi|oeh dssdw|~eo|onq |d bdwn snwbiene| gnmivodwi` amiehnq |mi|
bi wnelnw nvne bdwn gnenfo|q of |mn iwn q~q|ioenl oe |obn%
Foei`` Amis|nw ? s~``q |dhn|mnw i`` d~w wnqniwam wnq~`|q iel swnqne|q |mnb oe q~am i xi
o| illwnqqnq d~w fd~w wnqniwam y~nq|odeq% Xmo`n ldoeh |mi| |mn amis|nw hdnq oe|d |mn bioe |mndwn|oai`
iel ade|ne| ade|wog~|odeq iq xn`` iq |mn bioe bn|mdld`dhoai` denq |mi| xn gn`onvn xn mivn s~|
fdwxiwl% \mn sd`oa obs`oai|odeq df |mdqn ade|wog~|odeq iwn |mn foei` lnq|oei|ode sdoe| oe |moq
ibgo|od~q wnqniwam wdil adeena|oeh w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne|%
Of adwwna| xn bi gn oe |mn wohm| si|m |d bijn |mn biwjn|q wni`` xdwj fdw |mn sddw%
Amis|nw 9
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Amis|nw 7
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|;
i wnvonx df |mn `o|nwi|~wn
7%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode
\mn 9??< Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| Wnsdw| lnfoenq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe i eiwwdx` xi iq '`deh ovnl
nehoennwnl q|w~a|~wnq ny~osbne| iel fiao`o|onq iel |mn qnwvoanq |mn swdvoln |mi| iwn ~qnl oe
nadedboa swdl~a|ode iel g md~qnmd`lq' Xdw`l Giej -9??</% Imbnl iel Ldedvie -9??7/
mdxnvnw |ddj oqq~n de |mn lnfoeo|ode df 'oefwiq|w~a|~wn' qmdxoeh mdx |mn adeans| miq nvd`vnl
qoean |mn xdwj df Iw|m~w @nxoq iel |mi| df I`gnw| Mowqambie% Imbnl iel Ldedvie -9??7/
wnadheo{n |mi| xo|m |mn oeawniqoeh obsdw|iean df |mn wd`n df ihwoa~`|~wn oe nadedboalnvn`dsbne| |mn `o|nwi|~wn q|iw|nl oea`~loeh ihwoa~`|~wi` wnqniwam n}|neqode qnwvoanq foeieaoi`
oeq|o|~|odeq dw$iel owwohi|ode iq siw| df i b~am gwdilnw adeans| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
I| |mn bdwn adeans|~i` nvn` |mn adevne|odei` |mndwonq de s~g`oa hddlq q|iw|oeh fwdb
|mn qnboei` iw|oa`n xwo||ne g Qib~n`qde -9?></ wnadheo{n |mi| s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iwn hddlq
|mi| iwn |soai`` |nameoai` oelovoqog`n mivn dx n}a`~ligo`o| deh ofn iel iwn wiwn` |wilnl%
\mnqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq mivn biln |mnb |mn joel df hddlq |mi| iwn |soai`` swdvolnl g |mn
s~g`oa qna|dw%
Fdq~ n| i`% -9??>/ g~o`loeh oe |mn lnfoeo|ode `iol d~| g Xmiw|de -9?68/ loq|oeh~oqmnl|mn fd``dxoeh 99 adbsdene|q df ihwoa~`|~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn; -9/ owwohi|ode iel s~g`oa xi|nw
fiao`o|onq: -7/ |wieqsdw| fiao`o|onq: -1/ q|dwihn fiao`o|onq: -</ biwjn|oeh iel n}sdw| fiao`o|onq: ->/
swdanqqoeh fiao`o|onq: -6/ ~|o`o|onq: -8/ ihwoa~`|~wi` wnqniwam iel n}|neqode qnwvoanq: -=/
adbb~eoai|ode iel oefdwbi|ode qnwvoanq: -?/ qdo` adeqnwvi|ode qnwvoanq: -93/ awnlo| iel foeieaoi`
oeq|o|~|odeq: iel -99/ nl~ai|ode iel mni`|m fiao`o|onq%
I`|md~hm xn bi ihwnn xo|m |mn igdvn `oq| xn |moej |mi| o| qmd~`l gn `oq|nl ~elnw |mn
eibn df w~wi` oeq|nil df ihwoa~`|~wn oefwiq|w~a|~wn gnai~qn iq Fdq~ n| i`% -9??>/ wnadheo{n o|
oea`~lnq o|nbq |mi| fiao`o|i|n ed| de` ihwoa~`|~wi` g~| i`qd ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` -xihnl dwoelnsnelne|/ oeadbn hnenwi|oeh ia|ovo|onq% D~w q|~l `ddjq i| w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~qoeh iq i
q|iw|oeh sdoe| |moq gwdil lnfoeo|ode iq o| neadbsiqqnq i wiehn df s~g`oa hddlq iel qnwvoanq |mi|
mivn dx n}a`~ligo`o| mivn deh ofn iel iwn wiwn` |wilnl% I`|md~hm fwdb amis|nw |d amis|nw
|mn qsnaofoa fda~q df iei`qoq eiwwdxq ldxe |d i qsnaofoa oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan dw i adbgoei|ode
df |mnb xn gn`onvn |mi| i`` iei`|oai` iel bn|mdld`dhoai` adea`~qodeq iwn iss`oaig`n |d bdq|
of ed i`` oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq `oq|nl igdvn%
\mn ihhwnhi|n oejihnq gn|xnne sdvnw| iel w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn mivn gnne n}|neqovn`
loqa~qqnl oe |mn o|nwi|~wn% Qnn fdw n}ibs`n Xdw`l Giej -9??</ @os|de iel Wivi``ode -9??>/Kobnen{ -9??>/ Vie Ln Xi``n -9??6/ ibdeh bie d|mnwq% Fdw qna|dw qsnaofoa loqa~qqodeq
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-`ojn |mn wd`n df w~wi` wdilq dw n`na|woao| oe sdvnw| wnl~a|ode/ qnn fdw n}ibs`n Mdxn iel
Woamiwlq -9?=</ Goeqxiehnw n| i`% -9??1/ Kiadg -9??=/ dw @ngd iel Qamn``oeh -7339/%
Bdq| df |mnqn q|~lonq wnadheo{n |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| miq oelnnl i sdxnwf~` obsia|
oe w~wi` oeadbn% \mn qsnaofoa `oejihnq iel |mn ai~qi` amioe |mi| gwoehq igd~| |moq d~|adbn
mdxnvnw iwn ~q~i`` ed| q|~lonl% \mn swdg`nb xo|m |moq `iaj df ~elnwq|ieloeh df |mn ai~qi`wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel oeadbn hnenwi|oeh dssdw|~eo|onq
iel xn`fiwn obswdvnbne| oq |mi| |mnwn oq `o||`n wddb fdw sd`oa wnadbbneli|ode d|mnw |mie
q~hhnq|oeh ie dvnwi`` oeawniqn oe s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|% \mn sdqqogo`o| df niqoeh
jn gd||`nenajq |mi| iffna| |moq ai~qi` amioe oq ~elnwboenl%
Oe i xdw`l xo|m qaiwao| df foeieaoi` wnqd~wanq `ojn |mn den |mi| swnvio`q oe bdq|
lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq jedxoeh |mn wn`i|ovn swdfo|igo`o| df niam |sn df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oq
awo|oai`: |mi| oq jedxoeh xmnwn iel oe xmi| |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| qmd~`l niam
illo|odei` ld``iw gn qsne|% Oe illo|ode iq awo|oai` iq jedxoeh xmoam |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo``
wnelnw |mn mohmnw wn|~we oe |nwbq df hwdx|m sdvnw| dw oeadbn loq|wog~|ode o| oq i`qd awo|oai` |d
~elnwq|iel |mn ai~qi` si|mxiq |mwd~hm xmoam |mnqn obsia|q daa~w% \moq oq nqsnaoi`` obsdw|ie|
of xn iwn oe|nwnq|nl oe lnvoqoeh sd`oa wnadbbneli|odeq |mi| bi bi}obo{n |mn xn`fiwn obsia|
df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|% Oe |moq ade|n}| qdbn df |mn ami``nehnq oe |moq iwni iwn;
) Olne|ofoeh oevnq|bne| dssdw|~eo|onq |mi| hnenwi|n i b~`|os`onw nffna| g i||wia|oeh
illo|odei` s~g`oa iel swovi|n oevnq|bne|q |d w~wi` nadedbonq
) ^elnwq|ieloeh |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq gn|xnne loffnwne| |snq df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn
iel gn|xnne s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn| neldxbne|q -m~bie aiso|i` smqoai`
iel foeieaoi` aiso|i` dw qdaoi` aiso|i`/ |mi| iwn i`wnil oe |mn mielq df w~wi` lxn``nwq qd
iq |d bi}obo{n |mn obsia| df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|
) ^elnwq|ieloeh xmi| gd||`nenajq -smqoai` dw oeq|o|~|odei`/ ~elnwboen |mn f~`` sd|ne|oi`
df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%
\d bnn| |mnqn ami``nehnq xn ennl |d ~elnwq|iel f~`` |mn ai~qi` `oejq gn|xnne s~g`oa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel amiehnq oe w~wi` md~qnmd`l gnmivodw%
Oe dwlnw |d i||ioe |moq d~w adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj oq wdd|nl oe |mn wnane| o|nwi|~wn de ovn`omddl
q|wi|nhonq9% Iq aie gn qnne oe Foh~wn 7%9 |mn `ovn`omddl giqn bi oea`~ln |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn
qnwvoanq i w~wi` md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d% Of |mnwn oq i sdqo|ovn qmdaj |d |moq ovn`omddl giqn fdw
n}ibs`n |mwd~hm qdbn joel df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| -o%n% i enx dw obswdvnl wdil iaanqq
|d n`na|woao| w~wi` |n`nadbb~eoai|ode xi|nw dw qieo|i|ode fiao`o|onq/ |moq xo`` iffna| md~qnmd`l
`ovn`omddl q|wi|nhonq% Mdx ovn`omddl q|wi|nhonq amiehn gnai~qn df |moq sd`oa qmdaj xo`` lnsnel
de |mn ade|n}| xmnwn q~am oevnq|bne| |ijnq s`ian xmoam bi oea`~ln ed| de` |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq
df |mn smqoai` nevowdebne| xmnwn |moq md~qnmd`l oq `dai|nl -qdbn|moeh |mi| xn wnfnw iq
9 Qnn fdw n}ibs`n Aiwen -9??=/dw N``oq -7333/
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; i wnvonx df |mn `o|nwi|~wn
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Amis|nw 7
F o h ~ w n 7 % 9
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Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; i wnvonx df |mn `o|nwi|~wn
'hndhwism'/ g~| i`qd |mn qdaoi` iel oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh |mn biawd sd`oa iel |mn oe|nwei|odei`
|wnelq iel foei`` ie d|mnw qmdaj |mi| |mn md~qnmd`l bi gn q~gkna| |d%
Iq ie oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| amiehnq |mn `ovn`omddl giqn o|q obsia| xo`` gn wnf`na|nl
oe ie obswdvnl iaanqq |d qnwvoanq oe amiehnq oe |mn ~|o`o{i|ode df igdw iel d|mnw fia|dw biwjn|q
oe amiehnq oe biwjn|oeh lnaoqodeq iel ~`|obi|n` oe amiehnq oe ovn`omddl lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq%Oe |~we |mnqn lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq lnsneloeh de |mn iqqn| giqn xo`` mn`s adsn xo|m dw
wnl~an v~`enwigo`o|onq dw xo`` gn ~qnl iq i qniwam bnamieoqb fdw enx biwjn| dssdw|~eo|onq |mi|
xd~`l nemiean |mn iqqn| giqn iel i``dx |mnqn w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |d nqaisn fwdb sdvnw|%
Fd``dxoeh |moq adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj |moq q|~l `ddjq i| |mn loffnwne| si|mq |mwd~hm
xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| bi iffna| w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel ~`|obi|n` |mn
`ovn`omddl df |mn w~wi` sddw% Iq xn mivn qnne oe Amis|nw 9 oe siw|oa~`iw oe Foh~wn 9%9 xn
nevoqihn |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi mivn biawdnadedboa iel boawdnadedboa obsia|q%
I| |mn biawdnadedboa `nvn` obswdvnl iaanqq |d enx oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq bi amiehn |mnbiwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we df |mn bioe oefwiq|w~a|~wn xn bi gn nvi`~i|oeh g~| o| bi i`qd iffna|
|mn biwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we df d|mnw s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq xn`` iq |mn wn|~weq |d |mdqn swovi|n
iqqn|q |mi| iwn i`wnil oe |mn miel df |mn sddw% \m~q fwdb amiehnq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q
iel |mn wi|n df wn|~weq df s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q xn bi |wian |mn obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q de w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m%
De |mn d|mnw miel boawdnadedboa nffna|q aie gn |wianl |mwd~hm amiehnq oe biwjn|
qsnaofoa wn`i|odeqmosq dw md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa gnmivodwi` amiehnq% Oe |mn fowq| aiqn biwjn| qsnaofoa
obsia|q aie gn wn`i|nl |d |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q dw |mn obswdvnbne| df biwjn|oe|nhwi|ode iffna|oeh oe |moq xi biwjn| nffoaonea iel |mn q|w~a|~wn df wn`i|ovn swoan i w~wi`
md~qnmd`l xo`` fian% Boawdnadedboa nffna|q aie i`qd gn |wianl i| |mn md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa nvn`
iq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q amiehnq fia|dw biwjn|q iffna|oeh oes~| amdoan iel bo} iq xn``
iq igdw i``dai|ode% I`` |mnqn obsia|q aie gn q~bbiwo{nl iq xn qmdx oe Foh~wn 9%9 oe amiehnq
oe xni`|m oeloai|dwq -oeadbn iel iqqn|q/ nemieaoeh `ovn`omddl qna~wo| df |mn w~wi` sddw%
Oe dwlnw |d s~| oe snwqsna|ovn d~w wnqniwam y~nq|odeq iel |mn adeans|~i` iel bn|mdld`dhoai`
ade|wog~|odeq df |moq q|~l oe |mn wnbioeoeh qna|odeq df |moq amis|nw xn hd |mwd~hm xmi| |mn
`o|nwi|~wn miq qiol igd~| |mn loffnwne| si|mxiq |mwd~hm xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|iffna|q biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel |mwd~hm o| w~wi` `ovn`omddl qna~wo|%
7%7 Biawdnadedboa obsia|q; sdvnw| iel hwdx|m
Xn aie |wian |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel hwdx|m iq fiw giaj iq |mn xwo|oehq df
nadedboq| Ild`f Xihenw iel Hndhwismnw Kdmiee Mnoewoam vde \m~ene xmoam iajedx`nlhnl
|mn obsdw|iean df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe lnvn`dsbne|7% Bdq| df |mn |mndwn|oai` lnvn`dsbne|q
7 Xihenw‟q xdwj de |mn wd`n df s~g`oa n}snelo|~wnq xwo||ne oe 9=?3 aie gn fd~el oe B~qhwivn iel Sniadaj -9??</%Vde \m~ene xdwj oq loqa~qqnl oe ln|io` oe Qib~n`qde -9?=1/%
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oe |moq iwni oea`~loeh |mn q|ieliwl enda`iqqoai` |mndw mivn |soai`` iqq~bnl |mi| aiso|i`
iaa~b~`i|odeq -oe siw|oa~`iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q/ iwn q~gkna| |d loboeoqmoeh wn|~weq% Of
|moq oq |mn aiqn |mn sd|ne|oi` gnenfo|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi gn wnq|woa|nl g i
wiehn df obo|oeh fia|dwq oea`~loeh |mn iaj df adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q dw |mn swnqnean df
oeq|o|~|odei` gd||`nenajq% Mdxnvnw neldhned~q hwdx|m |mndw ZWdbnw -9?=6/ @~aiq -9?==/Rmiq qmdxe i| niq| i| |mn |mndwn|oai` nvn` |mi| loboeoqmoeh wn|~weq nffna| aie gn sdq|sdenl dw
n`oboei|nl qd |mi| |mn hwdx|m wi|nq oe |mn nadedb aie gn sdqo|ovn` iffna|nl g oevnq|bne|q
oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe |mn `deh w~e% Oe illo|ode |mn `o|nwi|~wn adboeh fwdb |mn 'enx nadedboa
hndhwism' Jw~hbie -9??9/ miq sdoe|nl d~| |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi oel~an |d|i`
fia|dw swdl~a|ovo| hwdx|m |mwd~hm nadedbonq qai`n gwd~hm| fwdb biwjn| n}sieqode
ihh`dbnwi|ode nadedbonq oe qsi|oi` a`~q|nwq dw oeedvi|ode"oel~anl nffna|q% \m~q xmn|mnw
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q aie mivn i q~q|ioenl hwdx|m nffna| de w~wi` oeadbnq dw ed| oq ie
nbsowoai` bi||nw |mi| xo`` lnsnel ed| de` de |mn qo{n iel |sn df |mi| s~g`oa oevnq|bne| g~|de i wiehn df d|mnw fia|dwq |mi| bi gddq| dw moelnw o|q nffna|q%
I`|md~hm n}|neqovn` wnvonxnl fdw lnvn`dsnl ad~e|wonq |mn `o|nwi|~wn gn|xnne
oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel nadedboa lnvn`dsbne| iel hwdx|m oq wn`i|ovn` qaiwan oe lnvn`dsoeh
ad~e|wonq% Bdq| xdwj oq adeane|wi|nl oe |mn lnvn`dsnl ad~e|wonq iel iq Awnohm|en -9??1/
wnadheo{nq o| oq bdq|` wnq|woa|nl |d nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df s~g`oa oevnq|bne| de ihhwnhi|n
lnbiel iel d~|s~|%
\mn xdwjq df Fie iel Mi{n`` -9???/ [mieh iel Fie -7333/ Fie n| i`% -7333i/ Fie n|
i`% -7333g/ iel Fie n| i`% -7337/ oe Oeloi iel Amoei iwn |mn fowq| iel bdq| adbswnmneqovni||nbs|q |d oej oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d w~wi` hwdx|m iel sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode% \moq wnqniwam
nffdw| qmdxq |mi| oevnq|bne| oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn nqsnaoi`` owwohi|ode wdilq n`na|woao| iel
|n`nadbb~eoai|odeq ade|wog~|nl ed| de` |d ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode hwdx|m g~| i`qd |d |mn
wnl~a|ode df w~wi` sdvnw| iel wnhodei` oeny~i`o| oe |mnqn ad~e|wonq% \mn qmdx |mi| |mn biwhoei`
wn|~weq df s~g`oa oevnq|bne|q |d swdl~a|ode iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode loffnwq iaadwloeh |d
hndhwismoa qn||oehq iel |nelq |d gn mohmnw oe |mn sddwnq| wnhodeq -|mwnn |obnq `iwhnw |mie
ei|odei` ivnwihn fdw wdilq |n`nadbb~eoai|ode iel n`na|woao|/ % \m~q oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q
bi gn ed| de` sdvnw| wnl~aoeh g~ bi xn`` gn ny~i`o| nemieaoeh% \moq `oen df wnqniwammiq gnne q~aanqqf~` oe wiejoeh |mn biwhoei` nffna|q df s~g`oa oevnq|bne|q de hwdx|m oeny~i`o|
iel sdvnw| swdvoloeh i sdxnwf~` bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj |mi| swdvolnl |mn iaanqq |d
q~ffoaone| li|i aie gn vnw ~qnf~` fdw iei`{oeh d|mnw ad~e|wonq%
\mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl g Fie [mieh Mi{n` iel |mnow ad``nih~nq fdw Oeloi iel Amoei
dgvod~q` lnsnel awo|oai`` de |mn loq|wog~|ode df swovi|n iqqn|q gn|xnne wnhodeq iel |mn lnhwnn
df adbs`nbne|iwo|onq |mi| iwn swnqne| gn|xnne s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe aiqn
xmnwn swovi|n iqqn| bi gn mohm` adeane|wi|nl oe i wnhode biwhoei` wn|~weq " l~n |d q|wdeh
adbs`nbne|iwo|onq " bi gn mohmnw oe |mi| wnhode iffna|oeh enhi|ovn` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode%\moq oq df ad~wqn ie nbsowoai` y~nq|ode |mi| ennlq |d gn |nq|nl oe niam ade|n}|%
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\ijoeh oe|d iaad~e| |mn wnqniwam y~nq|odeq xn iwn illwnqqoeh oe |moq q|~l |xd iwniq df
ney~own iwn df siw|oa~`iw obsdw|iean xmne xn `ddj i| |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn
w~wi` sdvnw| iel hwdx|m; i/ |mn ei|~wn df |mn ai~qi` `oej gn|xnne |mnqn viwoig`nq: iel g/ |mn
n}oq|nean df adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq |mi| bi sdq|sdenl dw n`oboei|nl |mn loboeoqmoeh
wn|~weq nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% En}| xn xo`` wnvonx |mn o|nwi|~wn ade|wog~|ode deniam df |mnqn |xd iwniq%
Ai~qi`o|y `oejq
\mn ai~qi`o| oqq~n oq den |mi| miq wnanovnl qdbn i||ne|ode oe |mn `o|nwi|~wn% Ldnq oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne| `nil |d hwdx|m dw ldnq oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`ds iq i lnwovnl lnbiel wn`i|nl xo|m i
mohmnw hwdx|m sian4 Bdq| q|~lonq mivn ed| gnne ig`n |d qd`vn |moq oqq~n% Oe i qnboei` iw|oa`n de
|moq |dsoa Goeqxiehnw n| i`% -9??1/ olne|ofonq qnvnwi` `oejq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|
iel hwdx|m xmoam bi daa~w qob~`|iend~q`% Fdw n}ibs`n gn||nw neldxnl wnhodeq iwn bdwn
`ojn` |d swnqq fdw illo|odei` s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn hnenwi|oeh i qn`f"nefdwaoeh si||nwe% I| |mn
qibn |obn xn aie qnn hndhwismoa sdvnw| |wisq `ojn |mdqn bne|odenl g Ki`ie iel Wivi``ode
-7337/ xmnwn `nqq neldxnl iwniq iwn `nf| d~| fwdb s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|odeq%
Xdwjoeh xo|m wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn Y~nowd{ iel Hi~|ib -9??7/ ade|nelq |mi| |mnwn iwn
qnvnwi` oeloai|odeq |mi| wdilq qmd~`l swnanln lnvn`dsbne|% \mn iwh~n iq Goeqxiehnw n| i`%
-9??1/ lol |mi| |mn iaj df wdilq oq i qoheofoaie| adeq|wioe| de |mn q~ss` wnqsdeqn df ihwoa~`|~wn%
F~w|mnwbdwn |mn wnsdw| oe i q|~l de Oeloi g |mn Ane|wi` Wdil Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n qmdxoeh
|mi| `o|nwia ihwoa~`|~wi` on`l iel mni`|m aiwn oeawniqn xo|m wdil lneqo|% De |mn d|mnw miel
Iqami~nw -9??8/ miq qmdxe |mi| swdl~a|ovo| -o%n% d~|s~| snw ~eo| df swovi|n aiso|i` iel igdw/oq sdqo|ovn` wn`i|nl |d hdvnwebne| qsneloeh de oefwiq|w~a|~wn xmoam bi gn ie oeloai|dw df
hwdx|m iffna|oeh |mn wi|n df iaa~b~`i|ode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%
Li|| iel Wivi``ode -9??6/ `ddjoeh i| Oeloie li|i mivn qmdxe |mi| oeo|oi` adelo|odeq
bi||nw xmne o| adbnq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn% \mdqn xmd q|iw|nl |mn snwodl xo|m gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn
iel m~bie wnqd~wanq " xo|m bdwn oe|neqn owwohi|ode hwni|nw o|nwia iel dxnw oefie| bdw|i`o|
wi|nq " mil qoheofoaie|` hwni|nw deh"|nwb wi|nq df adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode%
@ìam`nw iel Iqami~nw -9??=/ mivn qmdxe |mi| |mnwn mivn gnne i qq|nbi|oa ad"bdvnbne|
df oefwiq|w~a|~wn n}snelo|~wnq iel nadedboa hwdx|m oe Bn}oad g~| |mn fd~el ed nvolnean |d
nq|ig`oqm ie ai~qi` wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel hwdx|m% Den
wniqde fdw |moq oq |mn s~g`oa oevnq|bne|‟q awdxloeh d~| nffna| de swovi|n oevnq|bne|% Ied|mnw
n}s`iei|ode bi gn wn`i|nl |d mdx |mn s~g`oa oevnq|bne| bi mivn gnne foeieanl iq o| bi
mivn iffna|nl d|mnw jn adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q lden g |mn s~g`oa qna|dw%
Hndhwism bi i`qd s`i i awo|oai` wd`n n}s`ioeoeh |mn ai~qi` oej gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q iel w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m dw sdvnw| wnl~a|ode%1 Vneig`nq iel @obád -9???/ fdw
1
Ie obsdw|ie| sdoe| |d gn mohm`ohm|nl mnwn oq |mi| hndhwism wn`i|nl viwoig`nq iwn den df |mn fnx |mi| bi gnadeqolnwnl |w~` n}dhned~q xmne iei`{oeh |mn ai~qi`o| gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel biwjn| lnvn`dsbne|dw w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m%
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; i wnvonx df |mn `o|nwi|~wn
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n}ibs`n fd~el |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel hndhwism oe|nwia| gn|xnne niam d|mnw iel ln|nwboen |mn
lowna|ode iel wn`i|ovn qo{n df |wiln f`dxq% \mnqn i~|mdwq lnfoen |wieqsdw| oe|neqo| iel qmdx mdx
`dai|ode iel |wieqsdw| oe|neqo| qmd~`l gn adbgoenl xo|m fia|dw ig~eliean iel fia|dw oe|neqo|
oe ln|nwboeoeh |wiln si||nweq% Nvne bdwn |mn q|i|n |mi| i |mndw giqnl de de` den qn| df |mdqn
viwoig`nq q~am iq fia|dw ig~eliean xo`` qq|nbi|oai`` bijn oeadwwna| swnloa|odeq%Mdxnvnw hndhwism bi i`qd gn i giwwonw |d hwdx|m iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode% Aiwenbiwj
n| i`% -9?86/ `ddjoeh i| |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne w~wi` wdilq iel nadedboa d~|adbnq q|i|n |mi|
bdq| df |mn q|~lonq |mi| wnsdw| oe |mn gnenfo|q df |moq |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn mivn fda~qnl oe |mn
y~ie|ofoai|ode df wdil ~qnw qivoehq ed| sioeh b~am i||ne|ode |d |mn nvi`~i|ode df swdkna|q xmnwn
|moq s~g`oa oevnq|bne| hnenwi|nl enx |wiffoa% \mn q|~lonq df|ne enh`na|nl |mn n}oq|nean df
hndhwismoa adeq|wioe|q oe |mn iwni df oef`~nean df |mn wdil xmoam obo| o|q lnvn`dsbne|i` obsia|%
Wivi``ode -7331/ ~qoeh oefdwbi|ode fwdb Amoei |iaj`nq |moq oqq~n iel qmdxq |mi| |mnwn iwn oelnnl
hndhwismoa n}|nwei`o|onq |mi| bi iwoqn fwdb |mn oe|nwia|ode gn|xnne |mn `nvn` iel adbsdqo|odedf `dai` nadedboa ia|ovo| iel |mn biwhoei` wn|~we |d swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|% Fdw |moq i~|mdw
|moq oe|nwia|ode oq i a`niw qohe |mi| |mn iaj df lnvn`dsbne| oe w~wi` iwniq adbnq fwdb ie oeilny~i|n
swdvoqode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel m~bie aiso|i` qd |d |ijn ilvie|ihn df |mnqn n}|nwei`o|onq%
Iq Nqfimieo iel Wibown{ -7331/ bioe|ioe |mn nbsowoai` iqqnqqbne| df |mn wn`i|odeqmos
gn|xnne obswdvnl iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iel w~wi` oeadbn dw d|mnw wn`nvie| d~|adbn
viwoig`n miq gnne q~gkna| |d e~bnwd~q awo|oaoqbq bdq| df |mnb iqqdaoi|nl |d swdg`nbq df
neldhneno| iel lowna|ode df ai~qi`o|% I`|md~hm |mn iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iffna|q swdl~a|ovo|
iel oeadbn nadedboa hwdx|m iel oeadbn n}sieqode i`qd iffna| |mn lnbiel iel |mn q~ss` df oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Loqwnhiwloeh |moq qob~`|iend~q wn`i|odeqmos bi goiq adeqolnwig` ie nbsowoai`
iqqnqqbne| df |mn obsia| df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|%
^e|o` wnane|` |mn sdqqogo`o| df olne|ofoeh ai~qi` wn`i|odeq gn|xnne iaanqq |d
oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iel ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ovo| dw w~wi` oeadbn xiq `obo|nl |d
biawdnadedboa q|~lonq giqnl de |obn qnwonq li|i xmnwn o| xiq olne|ofonl of |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne| swnanlnl dw ed| |mn nffna|q |mi| q~ssdqnl` xnwn i||wog~|nl |d |moq oevnq|bne|% Oe
nadedbn|woa |nwbq |moq oq ai``nl Hwiehnw ai~qi`o|% Oe wnane| niwq mdxnvnw |miejq |d |mn
lnvn`dsbne| df nvi`~i|ode bn|mdld`dhonq -Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/ dw Mnajbie n| i`%-9??=// |mn o|nwi|~wn miq ilvieanl oe nq|ig`oqmoeh ai~qi` oejq fwdb boawdnadedboa nvolnean
adbsiwoeh |mn |wikna|dw df oelovol~i`q q~gkna| |d qdbn oe|nwvne|ode oe adbsiwoqde xo|m |mn
|wikna|dw df d|mnw adbsiwig`n oelovol~i`q |mi| mivn ed| gnne q~gkna| |d |mn qibn oe|nwvne|ode%
Adbs`nbne|iwy oe|nwvne|odeq iel |mn wn|~weq |d w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q
Lnqso|n o| oq ie dgvod~q iel awo|oai` iwni fdw wnqniwam |mnwn oq vnw o||`n adeans|~i` dw swia|oai`
iei`qoq |mi| loqa~qqnq |mn sd|ne|oi` adbs`nbne|iwo|onq |mi| bi iwoqn g adbgoeoeh bdwn
|mie |xd |sn df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn dw |mn oe|nwia|ode |mi| bi hnenwi|n adbgoeoeh s~g`oaoefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q%
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I| |mn adeans|~i` nvn` Fnwwnowi -9??>/ swdsdqnq i bdln` df xni`|m loq|wog~|ode leiboaq
xo|m i aiso|i` biwjn| obsnwfna|odeq iel i swdl~a|ode f~ea|ode xmnwn s~g`oa aiso|i` oq
adbs`nbne|iw |d swovi|n aiso|i`% Mn qmdxq |mi| oeawniqnq oe ede"|iwhn|nl s~g`oa oevnq|bne|
dvnw qdbn wiehn `nilq |d ~eibgoh~d~q` `nqq oeny~i`o| df dssdw|~eo| iq xn`` iq |d hwni|nw
d~|s~|% Of |mi| xnwn |mn aiqn |mn wi|odei`n fdw ie ia|ovn wd`n fdw |mn hdvnwebne| oe oefwiq|w~a|~wnswdvoqode xo`` gn a`niw` hwie|nl%
De |mn nbsowoai` qoln den df |mn fnx q|~lonq |mi| n}s`oao|` |ijn oe|d iaad~e| |mn
adbs`nbne|iwo| ei|~wn df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oq |mi| df Vie Ln Xi``n -7333/% Mn qmdxq |mi|
|mn biwhoei` hioeq fwdb oevnq|bne| oe smqoai` aiso|i` lnsnel sdqo|ovn` de jedx`nlhn qd of
i md~qnmd`l aieed| mown qjo``nl `igdw |d adbsneqi|n fdw moq `dx qjo``q |mne nvne of o| miq
iaanqq |d awnlo| |mn md~qnmd`l xo`` iamonvn `dxnw wn|~weq |mie ie nl~ai|nl md~qnmd`l%
Aieeoeh iel Gneei|mie -7333/ q|~l s~g`oa oevnq|bne| oe n`na|woao|"hnenwi|oeh aisiao|
iel sivnl wdilq iel qmdx |mi| gd|m oevnq|bne|q xmnwn adbs`nbne|iw xo|m d|mnw smqoai`aiso|i` iel m~bie aiso|i` g~| mivn wisol` loboeoqmoeh wn|~weq wdil"of oeawniqnl oe oqd`i|ode%
\mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de |mn den miel iel loboeoqmoeh wn|~weq de |mn d|mnw sdoe| |d |mn
n}oq|nean df ie ds|obi` bo} df aiso|i` oes~|q bijoeh o| vnw niq fdw i ad~e|w |d mivn |dd
b~am " dw |dd `o||`n " oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
Wivi``ode -7331/ ~qoeh li|i fwdb Amoei qmdxq |mi| w~wi` ~elnwlnvn`dsbne| iwoqnq
fwdb ~elnwoevnq|bne| oe n}|nwei`o|"hnenwi|oeh ia|ovo|onq nqsnaoi`` |mdqn wn`i|nl |d ihwoa~`|~wi`
lnvn`dsbne|% Mn qmdxq |mi| |mnwn iwn obsdw|ie| n}|nwei`o|onq iq |mn fiwbnwq aie gnenfo| fwdb
|mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn i`wnil oe s`ian dai``% Oe siw|oa~`iw |moq i~|mdw qmdxq |mi| mohmnw `nvn`q df
`o|nwia iel dai`` iel mohmnw wdil lneqo| swdbd|n mohmnw adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m i| md~qnmd`l
`nvn`% Foei`` G`~b -9??=/ `ddjoeh i| |wieqsdw| oefwiq|w~a|~wn q|i|nq |mi| oevnq|bne| oe wdilq
aie wnl~an swnn}oq|oeh enhi|ovn n}|nwei`o|onq%
Ied|mnw obsdw|ie| oqq~n i| |mn biawd `nvn` |mi| oq wn`i|nl |d adbs`nbne|iwo| df
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q oq |mi| df awdxloeh oe dw awdxloeh d~| df s~g`oa oevnq|bne|% De |moq
oqq~n qnvnwi` q|~lonq `ojn |mdqn df G`nknw iel Jmie -9?=</ Awnohm|en -9??1/ dw Ki`ie iel
Wivi``ode -7337/ mivn qmdxe |mi| oe w~wi` iwniq oq vnw ~e`ojn` |mi| awdxloeh d~| ad~`l
daa~w% De |mn d|mnw miel awdxloeh oe bi daa~w |mwd~hm i viwon| df amieen`q `ojn |mn
awni|ode df enx lnbiel fdw swovi|n swdl~anl oe|nwbnloi|n swdl~a|q dw g `dxnwoeh |mn|wieqia|ode adq|q fdw |mn swdl~a|ode iel biwjn|oeh df ~ewn`i|nl hddl iel qnwvoanq%
7%1 Boawdnadedboa obsia|q; biwjn| iel md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa obsia|q
Xmiw|de -9?68/ xiq den df |mn fowq| wnqniwamnwq |mi| wioqnl |mn obsdw|iean df |mn wn`i|odeqmos
gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel n}|nwei` nadedbonq iel mdx |mnqn oevnq|bne|q qmisn biwjn| iel
swdl~anw gnmivodw% Mn wnadheo{nl |mi| ihwoa~`|~wi` lnvn`dsbne| xiq ed| n}a`~qovn` ln|nwboenl
g |mn 'nadedbo{oeh gnmivodw df fiwbnwq' g~| xiq i`qd ln|nwboenl g |mn 'nadedbo{oeh
qn||oeh' xmoam iaadwloeh |d mob xiq biln df smqoai`"a`obi|oa qdaod"a~`|~wi` iel oeq|o|~|odei`adbsdene|q |mi| fdwbnl |mn qd ai``nl 'ihwoa~`|~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn'% Xmiw|de -9?68/ lovolnl
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; i wnvonx df |mn `o|nwi|~wn
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Ihwoa~`|~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe |mwnn |snq; aiso|i` oe|neqovn -`ojn wdilq gwolhnq dw libq/: aiso|i"
n}|neqovn -bioe` qnwvoanq `ojn n}|neqode dw ihneaonq fdw s`ie| iel ieobi` mni`|m/: iel
oeq|o|~|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn -adbswoqnl df fdwbi` iel oefdwbi` oeq|o|~|odeq/% I jn sdoe| mnwn oq
|mi| |mn lnvn`dsbne| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iaadbsieonq |mn lnvn`dsbne| df biwjn|q |mn bdvnbne|q
|dxiwl qsnaoi`o{i|ode lovoqode df `igdw bden|o{i|ode df swdl~a|ode iel s~wamiqn df oes~|qXmiw|de -9?68/%
Fdq~ n| i`% -9??>/ nq|ig`oqmnl |mi| |d iei`{n |mn boawdnadedboa amieen`q |mwd~hm xmoam
s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iffna|q w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| iel w~wi` sdvnw| xn ennl loq|oeh~oqm gn|xnne
lowna| nffna|q iel oelowna| nffna|q% \mn fowq| den adbn igd~| xmne s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oeawniqn
d~|s~| g qmof|oeh |mn swdl~a|ode fwde|onw iel biwhoei` adq| a~wvn iel g oeawniqoeh |mn wi|n df
wn|~we df swovi|n oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` ia|ovo|onq% D|mnw s~g`oa oevnq|bne|q amiehn |mn wn`i|ovn
swoan q|w~a|~wn df oes~|q iel d~|s~|q wnl~aoeh |mnow |wieqia|ode adq|q iel hnenwi|oeh i adbs`n|n`
loffnwne| qn| df swoan qohei`q |mi| wnqmisn |mn adeena|ode df swdl~anwq xo|m |mn biwjn|% \mnqnadeena|odeq bi daa~w i| |mn biwjn| nvn` |mwd~hm dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q mohmnw qsi|oi` biwjn|
oe|nhwi|ode iel amiehnq oe wn`i|ovn swoanq% \mnqn adeena|odeq bi i`qd daa~w i| |mn md~qnmd`l dw
oelovol~i` `nvn` iq i wnqsdeqn |d |mnqn biwjn| amiehnq% Oe |moq `i|nw aiqn md~qnmd`l qsnaofoa
obsia|q bi gn wn`i|nl |d amiehnq oe fia|dw i``dai|ode -`igdw i``dai|ode iel ~qihn awds amdoan
dw oes~| bo}/ dw amiehnq oe biwjn|oeh si||nweq -qi`n bo} dw biwjn|oeh amieen`q/%
I`|md~hm bie i~|mdwq mivn wnadheo{nl |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn wn`i|nl n}|nwei`o|onq s`i i
wd`n oe w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| |mnwn oq vnw `o||`n nbsowoai` xdwj |mi| giajq |moq swdsdqo|ode i| |mn
boawdnadedboa nvn`% Of |mnqn n}|nwei`o|onq iwn wn`i|nl |d ovn`omddl q|wi|nhonq nbsowoai` xdwj
|mi| nvi`~i|nq mdx w~wi` md~qnmd`l xo|m loffnwne| iqqn| adbsdqo|odeq hnenwi|n loffnwne|oi|nl
`ovn`omddl q|wi|nhonq bi i``dx ~q |d nvi`~i|n |mn swnqnean iel obsdw|iean df q~am nffna|q%
7%1%9 Biwjn| qsnaofoa obsia|q; |mn wd`n df |wieqia|ode adq|q
Oeq|o|~|odei` Nadedboaq miq amibsodenl |mn olni |mi| biwjn| |wieqia|odeq iwn ed| adq|`nqq%
Iqoln fwdb |mn |wieqsdw| adq|q g~nwq iel qn``nwq mivn |d adbb~eoai|n |d nq|ig`oqm ade|ia|
iel |mne |d giwhioe ihwnn iel n}na~|n i siw|oa~`iw |wieqia|ode xmo`n lnvn`dsoeh bnamieoqbq
|d amnaj iel nefdwan |mn ln`ovnw iel sibne| df hddlq iel qnwvoanq |d gn n}amiehnl%
Xo``oibqde -9?8?/ Edw|m -9??3/ ibdeh d|mnwq mivn qmdxe |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q iwnoef`~neanl g ade|n}| oe xmoam |mn |wieqia|ode iwn snwfdwbnl% I`|md~hm |mn oeq|o|~|odei`
nevowdebne| -|mn w~`nq df |mn hibn/ iel oeq|o|~|odei` iwwiehnbne|q -|mn qsnaofoa iwwiehnbne|
|mi| snds`n qn| ~s fdw i siw|oa~`iw |wieqia|odeq/ iwn |mn |xd bikdw oef`~neanq de |wieqia|ode
adq|q iel de |mn woqjq df |wieqia|ode fio`~wn oefwiq|w~a|~wn i`qd s`iq i jn wd`n fiao`o|i|oeh dw
dgq|w~a|oeh i biwjn| n}amiehn% Oe ie n}|wnbn qo|~i|ode |mn `iaj df i siw|oa~`iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn
qnwvoan -o%n% i wdil oe hddl adelo|ode dw i |n`nsmden/ bi oeawniqn |wieqia|ode adq|q |d i sdoe|
|mi| o| bijnq swdmogo|ovn` adq|` |d snwfdwb i siw|oa~`iw |wieqia|ode%
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iffna| |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mwd~hm |mnb iffna| biwjn|lnvn`dsbne|% Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??>/ qmdxq fdw Bï}oad bio{n swdl~anwq |mi| oeq~ffoaone|
Amis|nw 7
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oefwiq|w~a|~wn ibdeh d|mnw jn fia|dwq xo`` oeawniqn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel ln|nwboen |mi| i
bikdwo| df |mnqn swdl~anwq bi ed| gn swdl~aoeh fdw |mn biwjn| iel adeqny~ne|` bi ed| gn
lowna|` iffna|nl iq swdl~anwq g sd`oaonq |mi| iffna| |mn swoan df bio{n% Md``dxi n| i`% -7333/
qmdxq mdx |mn swdvoqode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn -bniq~wnl g |obn |d |wieqsdw| bo`j |d biwjn|/
moelnwq siw|oaosi|ode% Ginq -7339/ fdw n}ibs`n qmdxq mdx |n`nsmdenq aie gn |~wenl oe|dswdl~a|ode hddlq `dxnwoeh |wieqia|ode adq|q iel gddq|oeh biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| oe Gieh`ilnqm%
D|mnw xdwjq |mi| adevoeaoeh` wnsdw| mdx |wieqia|ode adq|q iffna| biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iwn
|mdqn df Dbibd -9??=/ Jn iel W~eq|ne -9???/ iel Awixfdwl n| i`% -7331/%
W~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn i`qd s`iq i bikdw wd`n qmisoeh biwjn|q |wd~hm |mn wnl~a|ode df
|wieqsdw| iel |wieqia|odeq adq|q g obswdvoeh qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% Of |wieqsdw|i|ode iel
|wieqia|ode adq|q iwn dx biwjn|oeh oe|nhwi|ode oq sdqqog`n% Of ed| i~|iwam xo`` swnvio`% Giloien
iel Qmovn` -9??=/ J~osnw n| i`% -9???/ Igl~`io -7333/ ibdeh d|mnwq mivn ~qnl b~`|oviwoi|n
adoe|nhwi|ode |nameoy~nq |d nq|obi|n |mn lnhwnn df qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% \mnqn q|~lonqmivn qmdxe |mi| qdbn biwjn|q bi wnqsdel fiq|nw |mie d|mnwq xmne |mn iwn iffna|nl g qdbn
n}dhned~q qmdaj% Mdxnvnw xmi| fia|dwq iwn gnmoel |mnqn wnq~`|q oq q|o`` qdbn|moeh |mi| miq
ed| gnne q~ffoaone|` wnqniwamnl%
I`|md~hm |mn |mndwn|oai` `o|nwi|~wn de |wieqia|ode adq|q oq vnw n}|neqovn |mn `o|nwi|~wn
iqqdaoi|nl |d bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q oq qaiwan ZGdnwenw iel Biamnw -7337/ Xieh
-7331/R% Wnane|` Wnejdx n| i`% -733</ mivn nq|obi|nl fo} |wieqia|ode adq|q -|mi| oq |mdqn
adq|q |mi| ld ed| lnsnel de |mn vd`~bn |wilnl/ |mi| bi swnvne| iaanqq |d biwjn| |d anw|ioe
swdl~anwq% ^qoeh oefdwbi|ode df q~gqoq|nean fiwbnwq oe Jnei |mnqn i~|mdwq adeqolnw |mi||mnqn |wieqia|ode adq|q wnswnqne| ie il"vi`dwnb |i} ny~ovi`ne| |d 9>.% O| oq qdbnxmi| q|wiehn
mdxnvnw |mi| |mn fo}nl |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn ed| q~gq|ie|oi`` mohmnw oe |mdqn {denq xmnwn
iaanqq |mn wn`nvie| biwjn|q ~qoeh |w~ajq xo|m wnqsna| |d |mdqn {denq xmnwn ld qd ~qoeh ede"
bd|dwo{nl |wieqsdw| -`ojn goaa`nq dw b~`nq/% \mn fo}nl |wieqia|ode adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mnqn
|xd hwd~sq iwn ny~ovi`ne| |d 9>. iel 99. wnqsna|ovn`: i`|md~hm |moq loffnwnean oq ed|
q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|% \moq xd~`l mivn missnenl oe d~w dsoeode gnai~qn |mn qibs`n lnqohe
lol ed| s~| aiwn oe qnhbne|oeh swdl~anwq iaadwloeh |d |mn |sn df wdil iaanqq%
7%1%7 Md~qnmd`l iel fiwb qsnaofoa obsia|q
I q~o|ig`n iaanqq |d s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xd~`l i`qd mivn ie nffna| de fiwb iel oelovol~i`
gnmivodw iffna|oeh swdl~a|ovo| |mwd~hm |named`dh ilds|ode oes~| ~qn awds amdoan dw igdw
oe|neqo| gd|m xo|moe ihwoa~`|~wn iq xn`` iq oe ede"ihwoa~`|~wn wn`i|nl ia|ovo|onq% L~woeh |mn iq|
fnx niwq |mnwn miq gnne i xni`|m df sisnwq `ddjoeh i| mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iffna|
swdl~a|ovo| |mwd~hm |mnqn amieen`q%< Gnqolnq |mn qnboei` xdwj df Goeqxiehnw n| i`% -9??1/
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; i wnvonx df |mn `o|nwi|~wn
< O| oq gnai~qn df |moq fia| |mi| i`|md~hm xn lni` xo|m |moq oqq~n oe amis|nw 1 iel amis|nw 8 xn ld ed| illwnqq |mn nffna|df oefwiq|w~a|~wn de |named`dh ilds|ode iel oes~| ~qn oe b~am ln|io` oe |moq q|~l%
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xmoam xn i`wnil bne|ode -xmoam qmdxq mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q qmisn oes~| ~qihn
awnlo| lnbiel iel |named`dh amdoan/ bie d|mnw i~|mdwq mivn `ddjnl wnane|` i| |mn nffna|
df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q de swdl~a|ovo| |mwd~hm |mnqn amieen`q% Fdw n}ibs`n wnhiwloeh
|named`dh amdoan Li`|de n| i`% -9??8/ qmdxq |mn obsdw|iean df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe
ln|nwboeoeh swdl~a|ode adq|q iel qmisoeh |mn q~gq|o|~|igo`o| gn|xnne igdw godamnboai` oes~|qiel aiso|i`% Oe |mn qibn iwni Iee Md``ofon`l n| i`% -7333/ qmdx mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|
oe w~wi` |n`nadbb~eoai|ode iffna|q `dai` ilds|ode df enx |named`dhonq% Bdwn wnane|`
Hdajdxqjo iel Eld~bgn -733</ qmdxq |mi| ~eo| |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q qoheofoaie|` lnawniqn
|mn swdgigo`o| df ilds|ode df oe|neqovn bdedawds |named`dhonq iel Qsneanw -9??</ qmdxq
|mi| |mn isswdswoi|n qn| df ihwoa~`|~wn |named`dh |mi| oq oes~| nffoaone| ennlq |d |ijn oe|d
iaad~e| |mn qaiwao| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn nqsnaoi`` w~wi` wdilq iel owwohi|ode qq|nbq% Wnhiwloeh
|mn nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn de oes~| bo} xn qmd~`l i`qd bne|ode |mn xdwj df Dgiwn n| i`%
-7331/% \mnow xdwj nq|ig`oqmnq |mi| fiwbnwq fiaoeh mohm fiwb"|d"biwjn| iaanqq adq|q adbbo|`nqq `iel fnw|o`o{nw iel biamoenw wnqd~wanq |d swdl~a|ode g~| bdwn `igdw%
Qnvnwi` sisnwq aie gn wnsdw|nl |mi| mivn q|~lonl mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oeawniqnq
ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ovo|% Wnane| q|~lonq `ojn |mi| df Bibi|{ijoq -7331/ fdw Hwnnan qmdx
|mi| |mn s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn dsnwi|nq iq adbs`nbne| |d swovi|n iqqn|q iel |d jn oes~|q g~|
|mi| o| bi q~gq|o|~|n fiwb igdw% \moq foeloeh oq oe|nwnq|oeh gnai~qn o| qmdxq |mi| |mn iaanqq |d
oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq bi fivdw oe|neqofoai|ode swdanqqnq |mi| iwn aiso|i` iel oes~| oe|neqovn
wnl~aoeh ihwoa~`|~wn `igdw lnbiel xmoam xo`` gn wnsdqo|odenl oe|d |mn `igdw biwjn| iq ede"
ihwoa~`|~wn wn`i|nl ia|ovo|onq n}siel iq w~wi` biwjn|q gnmivn bdwn leiboai`` |miejq |doefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne|%
De |mn d~|s~| qoln Soehi`o iel Wdqnhwie| -9??>/ swdvolnq nvolnean wnhiwloeh mdx
ihwoa~`|~wi` adbbnwaoi`o{i|ode iel lovnwqofoai|ode swdanqqnq iwn iffna|nl g w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn
ivio`igo`o| xmo`n Dbibd -9??=/ qmdxq mdx gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iffna|q
|wieqia|ode adq|q iel swdbd|nq qsnaoi`o{i|ode%
Hovne |mi| bdq| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq iwn nehihnl oe b~`|os`n nadedboa ia|ovo|onq no|mnw
wn`i|nl |d ihwoa~`|~wn dw ede ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq -iqqdaoi|nl |d xihnl"nbs`dbne| dw qn`f"
nbs`dbne| qd~wanq/ o| oq ed xdelnw |mn iaanqq |d s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn i`qd iffna|q |mn `igdwi``dai|ode xo|moe |mn md~qnmd`l -lovnwqofoeh ovn`omddlq/% \moq lovnwqofoai|ode aie gn |mn wnq~`|
df |mn ennl |d adsn xo|m ~eie|oaosi|nl woqjq oe i ade|n}| xmnwn |mn awnlo| iel oeq~wiean biwjn|q
iwn no|mnw ~elnwlnvn`dsnl dw nvne eden}oq|ne| Z[obbnwbie iel Aiw|nw -7331/ dw N``oq n| i`%
-7331/R dw i`|nwei|ovn` o| aie gn l~n |d |mn n}oq|nean df ne|wiean giwwonwq |d bdwn swdfo|ig`n
`igdw biwjn|q swdl~a| gnai~qn df oeq~ffoaone| swovi|n dw s~g`oa iqqn|q ZWniwlde n| i`% -7339/R%
Oe no|mnw aiqn |mn iaanqq |d s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie mivn gd|m i lowna| iel oelowna| wd`n oe
nemieaoeh |mn dssdw|~eo|onq fdw oeadbn hnenwi|ode df |mn w~wi` sddw%
Amis|nw 7
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7%< Loq|wog~|odei` oqq~nq
Iq lnqawognl oe d~w adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj -lnsoa|nl oe Foh~wn 9%9/ amiehnq oe |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn
giqn aie amiehn `ovn`omddl q|wi|nhonq oe loffnwne| xiq lnsneloeh de |mn ade|n}| iel de |mn
iqqn| giqn |mi| |mn w~wi` md~qnmd`l sdqqnqq dw miq iaanqq |d% \mnwn oq adeqneq~q oe |mn o|nwi|~wn
|mi| |mn swdanqq df oeadbn iel iqqn| iaa~b~`i|ode |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| xo`` |wohhnw
miq a`niw sdvnw| wnl~a|ode nffna|q% Mdxnvnw xmi| obsia| bi mivn oe oeadbn iel iqqn|
loq|wog~|ode oq i bi||nw df lngi|n%
Fdw bie |mn Hdvnwebne| wd`n df oevnq|oeh oe s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie obswdvn gd|m
ny~o| iel nffoaonea% Nqfimieo -9?=8/ Ginq -7339/ dw Fie n| i`% -7337/ fdw n}ibs`n qmdx
nvolnean de |moq wnhiwl% Mdxnvnw fdw d|mnwq `ojn Swim`iliamiw -9?=1/ Gohq|ne n| i`% -7331/
Jwdehjinx iel Jijxieo -7331/ dw Gneivolnq -7331/ oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q of ed|
ilny~i|n` adbgoenl xo|m d|mnw s~g`oa oe|nwvne|odeq bi iffna| enhi|ovn` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode
iq |mn `nqq sddw oe w~wi` iwniq bi hwig bdwn gnenfo|q fwdb |moq oevnq|bne|q |mie |mn sddwnq|
qnhbne|q |miejq |d |mnow mohmnw swovi|n neldxbne|q%
\mn w~wi` sddw i`bdq| i`xiq q~ffnw |mn bdq| fwdb `iaj df isswdswoi|n oefwiq|w~a|~wn
iel s~g`oa qnwvoanq% Mdxnvnw xmo`n sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode oq adeqoq|ne|` i jn dgkna|ovn df
w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |mn y~nq|ode df mdx |d neq~wn |mi| |mn woamnw bnbgnwq df |mn
w~wi` sds~`i|ode ld ed| ais|~wn bdq| df |mn gnenfo|q oq fiw fwdb a`niw% \mn ede"n}a`~lig`n
ei|~wn df bdq| w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn bnieq |mi| i`|md~hm swdhwibq bi |iwhn| |mn sddwnq| |mn
gn||nw dff bi gnenfo| bdwn |mie |mn sddwnq| i| xmdb |mn swdkna| oq iobnl% \moq oq gnai~qn
oeo|oi` adelo|odeq ld bi||nw%
\mn oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh iel |mn ivio`igo`o| df qdaoi` aiso|i` bi i`qd gn ie obsdw|ie|
oehwnlone| |mi| aie nemiean dw moelnw |mn loq|wog~|odei` obsia|q df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q% Fdw n}ibs`n W~||ie iq ao|nl g @ngd iel Qamn``oeh -7339/ bne|odeq |mi| |mn
fio`~wn |d wnfdwb i adbb~eo| sdxnw q|w~a|~wn bi `nl |d dai` n`o|n ais|~woeh i loqswdsdw|odei|n
qmiwn df gd|m |mn nadedboa iel sd`o|oai` hioeq hnenwi|nl g oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% De |mn
d|mnw miel qdaoi` aiso|i` iq i bnloi|dw fdw ad``na|ovn ia|ode aie mn`s snds`n fdw n}ibs`n
g~o`l adbbde swdsnw| wnqd~wanq dw bioe|ioe s~g`oa swdvolnl oefwiq|w~a|~wn Dwq|wdb -9??3/%\mn iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie iffna| |mn wi|n df wn|~we df |mn iqqn|q |mi| iwn i`wnil
|mn sddw dxe dw mivn iaanqq |d% De |moq wnhiwl Vie Ln Xi``n -7333/ fdw n}ibs`n nvi`~i|nq
of |mn wn|~weq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iwn `dxnw dw mohmnw fdw sddw% Xn gn`onvn o| oq awo|oai`
|d nvi`~i|n |moq nbsowoai`` gnai~qn o| ad~`l gn |mn aiqn |mi| |mn gnenfo|q df |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne| bi gn ais|~wnl g |mdqn woamnw |miejq |d i hwni|nw iaanqq |d jn swovi|n iqqn|q
`ojn fdw n}ibs`n i `iwhnw neldxbne| df m~bie aiso|i`%
Amdeh iel Ai`lnwñe -7339/ swdvoln nvolnean i| |mn ihhwnhi|n `nvn` oe i ade|n}| df i
leiboa sien` df ad~e|wonq |mi| gd|m y~ie|o| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel y~i`o| df oefwiq|w~a|~wnbi gn enhi|ovn` `oejnl xo|m oeadbn oeny~i`o|% Mdxnvnw |moq nbsowoai` wnh~`iwo| `ojn
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; i wnvonx df |mn `o|nwi|~wn
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bie df |mn d|mnwq den wnsdw|nl mnwn iwn ed| fwibnl oe ie adeans|~i` bdln` |mi| bi i``dx
~q |d ~elnwq|iel xmi| bi gn |mn bioe lwovoeh fdwanq gnmoel |mnqn wnq~`|q%
7%> Adea`~qodeq
Fwdb d~w gwonf o|nwi|~wn wnvonx xn aie adea`~ln |mi| i`|md~hm nvolnean ldnq n}oq| fdw obswdvnlmd~qnmd`l xn`fiwn adboeh fwdb w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q wn`i|ovn` o||`n nvolnean aie
gn fd~el df q|~lonq |mi| swdvolnl adeawn|n `oejihnq gn|xnne qsnaofoa oevnq|bne|q oe w~wi`
oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel oeawniqnl xn`fiwn df |mn w~wi` sddw% I`|md~hm o| oq obsdw|ie| |d jedx |mn
biheo|~ln df |mn gnenfo|q |mi| iaanqq |d enx dw obswdvnl oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq gwoeh igd~|
o| oq i`qd awo|oai`` obsdw|ie| |d ~elnwq|iel |mwd~hm xmoam ai~qi` si|mq |mnqn gnenfo|q iwn
dg|ioenl% Gn||nw jedx`nlhn df |mnqn `oejihnq xo`` mn`s ~q |d ~elnwq|iel xm qsnaofoa
oe|nwvne|odeq ld ed| |wohhnw anw|ioe gnmivodwi` wnqsdeqnq iel xo`` mn`s ~q |d lnqohe
adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq |mi| xo`` i``dx ~q |d bijn |mn biwjn|q wni`` xdwj fdw |mn w~wi`sddw% Enx bn|mdld`dhonq `ojn |mdqn wn`i|nl |d swdsneqo| qadwn bi|amoeh bi swdvoln ~q
xo|m xiq |d illwnqq |moq |sn df iei`qoq% Mdxnvnw iq xn xo`` lnvn`ds f~w|mnw oe |moq q|~l
|mnwn oq i ennl fdw ilis|oeh |moq joel df bn|mdld`dhonq |d |mn siw|oa~`iwo|onq df oefwiq|w~a|~wn
lnvn`dsbne|% ^e|o` edx |moq bn|mdld`dhonq mivn fda~qnl de oelovol~i` giqnl oe|nwvne|odeq
-o%n% i |wioeoeh swdhwib/ mdxnvnw oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iwn oe|nwvne|odeq |mi| iffna| ed|
den oelovol~i` g~| i hwd~s df mn|nwdhnend~q oelovol~i`q xo|moe i adbb~eo|%
Xn mivn i`qd ddjnl i| mdx |mn o|nwi|~wn miq loqa~qqnl |mn xi hndhwism bi oe|nwia|
xo|m w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Xn mivn qnne |mi| fdw qdbn i~|mdwq hndhwism bi moelnw |mn sdqo|ovnnffna|q df oeawniqnl iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq% Fdw d|mnwq o| bi swdvoln |mn ei|~wi`
aiso|i` ennlnl |d obswdvnl w~wi` oeadbnq% Xn gn`onvn |mi| s~wq~oeh |moq oe|nwia|ode f~w|mnw iq
xn xo`` ld i`deh |moq q|~l oq awo|oai` hovne |mn siw|oa~`iw hndhwismoa lovnwqo| |mi| i ad~e|w
`ojn Snw~ miq%
Bie q|~lonq wnvonxnl oe |moq amis|nw mivn qmdxe |mi| md~qnmd`l iel biwjn| qsnaofoa
nffna|q gwd~hm| fwdb oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| aie gn awo|oai` |d wnl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q iel
obswdvn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% G ldoeh qd |mnqn i~|mdwq mivn qmdxe |mi| xn bi iamonvn
hwni|nw biwjn| nffoaonea xmoam oe |~we bi mivn ie obsdw|ie| obsia| oe w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m%Xn xo`` i`qd s~wq~n f~w|mnw |moq `oen df wnqniwam oe |moq q|~l g bniq~woeh fowq| |wieqia|ode
adq|q oe w~wi` Snw~ iel |mne g adeena|oeh |mn wnl~a|ode oe |wieqia|odeq adq|q |d w~wi` biwjn|
lnvn`dsbne|: qsnaofoai`` |d obswdvnl biwjn| nffoaonea%
Vnw fnx sisnwq oe d~w `o|nwi|~wn wnvonx mivn loqa~qqnl |mn nffna| df adbs`nbne|iw
oe|nwvne|odeq qd iq |d ivdol |mn xn`` jedxe swdg`nb df loboeoqmoeh biwhoei` wn|~we |d
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Xn gn`onvn |mi| |moq oq i aw~aoi` iel swdboqoeh iwni df wnqniwam%
\moq q|~l `ddj i| |moq oqq~n qmdxoeh i| |mn boawdnadedboa `nvn` |mi| o| oq snwfna|` sdqqog`n
|d wioqn |mn biwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we |d w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| g oevnq|oeh qob~`|iend~q`oe bdwn |mie den oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan dw adbgoen s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m swovi|n iqqn|q%
Amis|nw 7
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Foei`` |mn o|nwi|~wn |mi| xn mivn wnvonxnl qmdxq adef`oa|oeh wnq~`|q xmne illwnqqoeh
|mn loq|wog~|odei` obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Fdw qdbn o| oq snwfna|` sdqqog`n |d
mivn i 'xoe"xoe' qo|~i|ode xmnwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iwn gnenfoaoi` |d w~wi` md~qnmd`l
gd|m de nffoaonea iel ny~o| hwd~elq% Fdw d|mnwq o| bi||nwq |mn iqqn| neldxbne| iel
oeq|o|~|odei` giqn |mi| gd|m |mn w~wi` sddw iel ede"sddw mivn |d ieqxnw xmn|mnw dw ed| |mdqngn||nw dff xo`` dg|ioe dw ed| iwhnw gnenfo|q fwdb oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Xn gn`onvn xmn|mnw
|mnwn oq i |wiln dff dw ed| gn|xnne nffoaonea iel ny~o| de |mn swdvoqode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oq ie nbsowoai` y~nq|ode: den |mi| |moq q|~l xo`` i`qd |w |d illwnqq%
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; i wnvonx df |mn `o|nwi|~wn
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Amis|nw 1
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~++
1%9 Oe|wdl~a|ode
Gd|m oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iel sdvnw| nvn`q mivn n}snwoneanl obsdw|ie| bdlofoai|odeq l~woeh
|mn iq| fd~w lnailnq oe Snw~% Qn||oeh iqoln |mn swdg`nbq df adbsi|ogo`o| gn|xnne q~wvnq iel
bn|mdld`dhoai` loffnwneanq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn ai`a~`i|ode df |mnqn oeloai|dwq |mn nvolnean
q~hhnq|q |mi| dvnw |mn `iq| <3 niwq |mn loqsnwqode df oeadbn loq|wog~|ode miq lnawniqnl%
Illo|odei`` i qoheofoaie| wnl~a|ode oe sdvnw| nvn`q |ddj s`ian nqsnaoi`` oe |mn 9?83q% Oe |mn
9?=3q iel 9??3q |mn loqsnwqode oe oeadbn loq|wog~|ode ade|oe~nl |d fi`` i`|md~hm i| `dxnw
wi|nq xo|m obsdw|ie| f`~a|~i|odeq oe sdvnw| `nvn`q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m igw~s| amiehnq oe |mn
biawdnadedboa ade|n}|% I`|md~hm |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| amiehnq oe sdvnw| loq|wog~|ode df oeadbniel qsneloeh daa~wwnl gn|xnne 9?63 iel 9?=3 obsdw|ie| bdlofoai|odeq oe si||nweq df sdvnw|
mivn |ijne s`ian qoean |mn bol"9?=3q% \mn ivio`igo`o| df i li|igiqn fdwbnl g fovn Md~qnmd`l
Q~wvnq -9?=>"9?=6 9??9 9??< 9??8 7333/ iq xn`` iq i sien` df md~qnmd`lq fwdb 9??9 |d
9??< dsneq |mn xi fdw ie n}s`dwi|ode df |mn amiehnq oe |mn sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q g |mn sddw
sds~`i|ode iel |mnow obsia| de sdvnw| iel oeadbn loq|wog~|ode%
\mn isswdiam ilds|nl g |moq amis|nw oq |d iei`{n |mn swdg`nbq df sdqqnqqode iel
iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn g |mn sddw% Swovi|n s~g`oa iel dwhieo{i|odei` iqqn|q
iwn |mn swoeaosi` ln|nwboeie|q df md~qnmd`l qsneloeh iel oeadbn f`dxq iel iwn |m~q aw~aoi`oe ln|nwboeoeh xmn|mnw i fibo` oq q~aanqqf~` oe nivoeh sdvnw|% Oe |moq wnqsna| s~g`oa sd`oaonq
ennl |d gn aiwnf~`` lnqohenl |d wnqd`vn ~eny~i` iaanqq |d anw|ioe iqqn|q -`ojn s~g`oa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn/ |mi| iwn q~o|ig`n fdw q|i|n oe|nwvne|ode iel xmoam fiao`o|i|n iaanqq iaa~b~`i|ode
iel mohmnw wn|~weq de md~qnmd`l iqqn|q% Fdw |moq wniqde |mn lda~bne| nvi`~i|nq fowq| |mn ei|~wn
amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel wnane| |wnelq oe sdvnw| oe Snw~ iq xn`` iq |wnelq oe |mn loq|wog~|ode df
oeadbn$qsneloeh iel iqqn|q% En}| i |i}dedb df |mn iqqn|q df |mn sds~`i|ode oq biln
o``~q|wi|oeh |mn n}oq|oeh loqsnwqode iel |mn loffnwneanq oe sdqqnqqode iel iaanqq |d iqqn|q g
|mn sddwnq| qna|dw% qoeh |mnqn |dd`q wn`i|odeqmosq iwn nq|ig`oqmnl gn|xnne |mn loffnwne| |snqdf iqqn|q iel |mn q|i|~q df sdvnw| iq xn`` iq |mn bdgo`o| df md~qnmd`lq de oeadbn$n}snelo|~wn
qai`n% Illo|odei`` |mn nffna| df amiehoeh |mn iaanqq |d jn s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq de
|mn wn|~we fwdb swovi|n iqqn|q oq iqqnqqnl%
\mn amis|nw oq lovolnl oe|d qnvne bikdw qna|odeq oea`~loeh |moq oe|wdl~a|ode% \mn qnadel
qna|ode swnqne|q Snw~voie moq|dwoai` |wnelq wnhiwloeh sdvnw| iel oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iq xn``
++ Qna|odeq 1%7 iel 1%> df |moq sisnw iwn giqnl de '@dq Ia|ovdq ln `dq Sdgwnq ne n` Snw~' g Kivonw Nqadgi` Kiobn
Qiivnlwi iel Bé}obd \dwnwd% \wobnq|wn Nadeñboad Vd` @]VO-1/ Eûbnwd 761% ss% 69? " 6>?% K~` "Qns|nbgnw9???% i`qd oe; 'Sdw|wio| df |mn Sddw% Ie iqqn|q"giqnl isswdiam'% Dwi{od I||ieiqod iel Boh~n` Q{ïjn` -nlo|dwq/%@i|oe Ibnwoaie Wnqniwam En|xdwj% OILG% \mn Kdmeq Mdsjoeq ^eovnwqo| Swnqq% Xiqmoeh|de 7339% ss%73?"7<3%
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iq o|q qmdw| |nwb leiboaq xo|m siw|oa~`iw nbsmiqoq oe w~wi` Snw~% Qna|ode 1%1 lnqawognq iqqn|
dxenwqmos iel iaanqq |d jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq% \mne Qna|ode 1%< swnqne|q |mn adeans|~i`
iel iei`|oai` fwibnxdwj |mi| xn ~qn |d adeena| iqqn| dxenwqmos |d sdvnw| q|i|~q% En}| oe
Qna|ode 1%> xn swnqne| d~w bioe wnq~`|q qmdxoeh mdx iqqn| dxenwqmos iel iaanqq |d jn
oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iwn aw~aoi` fia|dwq ln|nwboeoeh |mn loq|wog~|ode df oeadbn iel qsneloehoe w~wi` Snw~% Oe illo|ode |moq qna|ode iqqnqqnq |mn obsia| df adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn
swdvoqode% Oe qna|ode qo} xn hd den q|ns f~w|mnw iel loqa~qq sdvnw| leiboaq iel mdx o|q
qmdw| |nwb leiboaq oq iffna|nl g amiehnq oe iqqn| neldxbne|q% Foei`` Qna|ode 1%8
q~bbiwo{nq |mn wnq~`|q iel loqa~qqnq mdx oevnq|bne|q oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie gn ie nffna|ovn
bnamieoqb |d q|wneh|mne |mn wn|~we df swovi|n iqqn|q fiao`o|i|oeh |mn wnl~a|ode df w~wi` sdvnw|%
1%7 Sdvnw| oe Snw~
1%7%9 Moq|dwoai` |wnelq
Oe |mn 9?63q iel 9?83q |mn nbsowoai` `o|nwi|~wn |mi| iei`{nl oeadbn iel qsneloeh fda~qnl
de |mn iei`qoq df oeadbn loq|wog~|ode enh`na|oeh nq|obi|nq df |mn biheo|~ln df sdvnw|% Oe
hnenwi` |mn |wnel oe oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iel sdvnw| xnwn obs`oao|` |wni|nl iq go~eovdai``
oe|nwwn`i|nl adeans|q -o%n% ie oeawniqn oe oeadbn adeane|wi|ode xd~`l enanqqiwo` wnq~`| oe ie
oeawniqn oe sdvnw|/% O| xiq ned~hm nq|ig`oqmoeh |mi| i mohm snwane|ihn df dx"oeadbn fibo`onq
xd~`l wnanovn i lnawniqoeh swdsdw|ode df |d|i` oeadbn dw qsneloeh |d iffowb |mi| sdvnw| xiq
oeawniqoeh% Obs`oao|` |mn n}oq|nean df i ei|odei` sdvnw| `oen xiq swnq~bnl xo|md~| |ijoeh
oe|d iaad~e| |mn loqsiwo| df wnhodei` giqjn|q iel wn`i|ovn wnhodei` swoan q|w~a|~wnq xmoambnie |mi| |mn qibn `nvn` df qsneloeh aie gn iqqdaoi|nl oe den wnhode xo|m i sddw fibo` iel
xo|m i ede"sddw fibo` oe ied|mnw wnhode% Bdwndvnw |mnwn xiq ed loqa~qqode df bdwn adbs`n}
wn`i|odeqmosq q~am iq |mn sdqqogo`o| df loq|wog~|ovn obswdvnbne|q oe ade|n}|q df oeawniqnq oe
sdvnw| dw df bdwn ~eny~i` loq|wog~|odeq oe ade|n}|q df wnl~a|odeq oe sdvnw|%
\mn Ei|odei` Fddl Adeq~bs|ode Q~wvn -NEAI/ df 9?89"9?87 xiq ~qnl |d nq|obi|n
|mn deh"|nwb amiehnq oe sdvnw| wi|n iss`oeh |mn wnhodei` sdvnw| `oenq ai`a~`i|nl g Ibi|
_ @nñe iel @nñe -9?=9/ iel Ibi| _ @nñe iel A~wdeoq -9?=8/% \d adbsiwn |mn sdvnw|
wi|nq lnwovnl fwdb |moq q~wvn xo|m sdvnw| wi|nq ai`a~`i|nl fwdb |mn Ei|odei` Q~wvnq df Q|ieliwl df @ovoeh -NEEOV/ fdw wnane| niwq |mn `oenq xnwn ilk~q|nl |d bijn |mnb
bn|mdld`dhoai`` adbsiwig`n xo|m |mn oenq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn NEEOV9% Ed|n |mi| gd|m q~wvnq
iwn wniqdeig` adbsiwig`n; gd|m ~qn fibo` qsneloeh iel |mn advnwihn df qsneloeh oq qobo`iw%
Sdvnw| oe Snw~ miq amiehnl lwibi|oai`` dvnw |mn `iq| |mwnn lnailnq -qnn \ig`n 1%9/
n}snwoneaoeh ed| de` ie obsdw|ie| wnl~a|ode g~| i`qd adbsdqo|odei` amiehnq% Xmo`n oe |mn
9
\xd ilk~q|bne|q xnwn biln |d |mn li|i fwdb Ibi| iel @nñe; mdbdhneo{i|ode df ai`dwofoa adeq~bs|ode df gd|mq~wvnq |d adeq|w~a| i giqoa qsneloeh de fddl: iel ~qn df |mn qibn bn|mdl |d n}|wisd`i|n |mn h`dgi` qsneloehwny~ownl -o%n% |mn `oen/ fwdb |mn giqoa fddl qsneloeh%
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
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niw` 9?83q sdvnw| xiq iwhn` w~wi` " |xd"|mowlq df |mn sddw xnwn w~wi` lxn``nwq nbs`dnl oe
ihwoa~`|~wn “ |mn soa|~wn wnvnwqnl oe |mn bol"9??3q i| xmoam sdoe| |xd"|mowlq df |mn sddw
xnwn wnsdw|nl |d gn ~wgie lxn``nwq% Mnean xmo`n ~wgie sdvnw| wi|nq mivn woqne |ne sdoe|q
dvnw |mn `iq| 7= niwq oe |mn w~wi` qna|dw sdvnw| miq fi``ne 9= sdoe|q% Oe |moq qneqn o| oq
sdqqog`n |mi| |mn ne|own `deh"|nwb wnl~a|ode oe sdvnw| ad~`l gn i w~wi` smnedbnede iwoqoehd~| df i bikdw bohwi|dw swdanqq7%
7 \mn 9??9 q~wvn ldnq ed| oea`~ln |wdsoai` fdwnq| iwniq iel |mn w~wi` adiq| xmo`n |mn d|mnw q~wvnq iwn wnswnqne|i|ovni| |mn ei|odei` `nvn`%
1 ^e`ojn |mn ai`a~`i|odeq swnqne|nl oe |mn wnq| df |mn lda~bne| |mn oeloai|dwq swnqne|nl mnwn iwn giqnl de s~g`oqmnlihhwnhi|n foh~wnq fwdb xmoam |mn Hoeo adnffoaone|q xnwn ai`a~`i|nl iq xn`` iq |mn oeloai|dwq df |mn oeaolnean his
iel qnvnwo| df sdvnw|% I y~ilwi|oa f~ea|odei` fdwb xiq nq|obi|nl oe niam aiqn fdw |mn @dwne{ a~wvn% Fdw |mnqsnaofoa bn|mdl ~qnl qnn Li|| -9??7/%< Fdw n}ibs`n oe 9?=>"=6 |mn Hoeo giqnl de fibo` oeadbn oq 3%<= xmo`n |mi| giqnl de oeadbn snw aiso|i oq 3%<?>%
Xngg iel Foh~nwdi -9?8>/ iel Foh~nwdi -9?=7/ mivn q~hhnq|nl |mi| oeadbn loq|wog~|ode
oe |mn 9?63q xiq vnw ~eny~i` iel |mi| |moq oeny~i`o| lnnsnenl oe q~gqny~ne| lnailnq% \mn
xdwjq df Ibi| @nñe -9?=9i iel 9?=9g/ giqnl de |mn Ei|odei` Fddl Q~wvn df 9?89"9?87
i``dxnl ~q |d ai`a~`i|n oeloai|dwq df |mn loq|wog~|ode df fibo` oeadbn iel qsneloeh giqnl de
s~g`oqmnl |ig~`i|odeq
1
xmoam aie gn adbsiwnl xo|m d~w dxe foh~wnq giqnl de bdwn wnane|q~wvn li|i adboeh fwdb |mn NEEOV q~wvnq%
Xmne xn ddj |d oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iq oe bdq| @i|oe Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq Snw~ qmdxq
ie obswdvnbne| oe |mn ihhwnhi|nl `nvn`q -qnn Foh~wn 1%9/% \mn Hoeo adnffoaone| fn`` |mwnn
snwane|ihn sdoe|q gn|xnne 9?69 iel 9?89% Mdxnvnw |ijoeh oe|d iaad~e| |mn fia| |mi| |mn Hoeo
adnffoaone| fdw snw aiso|i oeadbn oq mohmnw |mie |mn adnffoaone| dg|ioenl fdw fibo` oeadbn o| oq
ed| sdqqog`n |d q|i|n |mi| |mnwn miq gnne i wnl~a|ode oe oeadbn loqsnwqode% Wi|mnw o| oq bdq|
`ojn` |mi| |mn adeane|wi|ode `nvn`q df 9?69 iwn qobo`iw |d |mdqn df 9?89"9?87<% Qoean 9?89 i
a`niw si||nwe df wnl~a|ode oe loqsnwqode miq gnne dgqnwvnl% Iq qmdxe oe Foh~wn 1%9 |mn Hoeo
adnffoaone| df fibo` oeadbn fn`` fwdb 3%>> |d 3%<3 gn|xnne |mn niw` 9?83q iel |mn 9??3q% \mn
snwane|ihn df |d|i` oeadbn wnanovnl g |mn sddwnq| mi`f df |mn sds~`i|ode wdqn fwdb 93%8 snwane|
|d 7<%> snwane| oe 9??6 xmo`n |mn qmiwn df woamnq| mi`f fn`` fwdb 69 snwane| |d <1 snwane|%
Amis|nw 1
\ig`n 1%9 Sdvnw| oeloai|dwq g wnhode; 9?89 9?=> 9??9 9??< iel 9??6- G fibo` qsneloeh ‑ Snwane|ihnq/
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\mn |wnel oe oeadbn loq|wog~|ode fwdb |mn 9?83q aie i`qd gn adwwdgdwi|nl g |mn
nq|obi|ode df adeane|wi|ode oeloai|dwq giqnl de fibo` qsneloeh>% O| oq i`qd oe|nwnq|oeh ed|oeh
|mi| |mn wnl~a|ode oe |mn loqsnwqode df fibo` dw snw aiso|i oeadbn dw qsneloeh ad~`l mivn
|ijne s`ian gd|m oe snwodlq oe xmoam ivnwihn oeadbn xiq fi``oeh -n%h% 9?=>"=6 |d 9??9/ iel oe
snwodlq oe xmoam o| xiq woqoeh -9??9 |d 9??< dw 9??6/% Gw~ed n| i`% -9??=/ lnbdeq|wi|n |mi||mn nbsowoai` q~ssdw| fdw J~{en|q‟ q~hhnq|nl |mi| qq|nbi|oa wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne hwdx|m iel
oeny~i`o| oq vnw xnij% \mn Snw~voie aiqn i`qd qmdxq |mi| |mnwn oq ed nvolne| iqqdaoi|ode
gn|xnne |mn nadedboa aa`n iel oeny~i`o|6%
\mn adeena|ode gn|xnne iqqn| neldxbne|q iel sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode oq xn`` ~elnwq|ddl oe
|mn nadedboa `o|nwi|~wn% Fdw n}ibs`n Gowlqi`` iel @deldùd -9??=/ q~hhnq| |mi| den df |mn
f~elibne|i` ai~qnq df sdvnw| iel oeadbn oeny~i`o| oq ~eny~i` iaanqq |d iel sdqqnqqode df
iqqn|q% Oe |moq wnqsna| o| qmd~`l gn sdqqog`n |d foel bdlofoai|odeq oe |mn loq|wog~|ode df jn iqqn|q
|mi| ~elnw`on |mnqn `deh"|nwb amiehnq oe oeadbn loq|wog~|ode% I`|md~hm ed ln|io`nl oefdwbi|ode
-g md~qnmd`l/ oq ivio`ig`n de sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q gnfdwn |mn 9?=3q fdw bijoeh i qq|nbi|oanvi`~i|ode df |mnow wn`i|odeqmos |mn nvolnean swnqne|nl gn`dx q~hhnq|q |mi| |mn obswdvnbne| oe
|mn loq|wog~|ode df |xd jn iqqn|q `iel iel m~bie aiso|i` s`inl ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe wnl~aoeh
|mn adeane|wi|ode df oeadbn$qsneloeh iel oe sdvnw| wnl~a|ode iq xo`` gn qnne `i|nw%
\m~q i`deh xo|m |mn wnl~a|ode oe oeadbn loqsnwqode iel sdvnw| fwdb |mn 9?63q |d |mn
9?=3q ie oeawniqn daa~wwnl oe |mn ivnwihn neldxbne| df `iel iel nl~ai|ode qob~`|iend~q`
>
\mnqn wnq~`|q iwn qmdxe oe i bdwn adbs`n|n vnwqode df |moq lda~bne| -qnn Nqadgi` n| i`% 9??=/%6 Bdwn nvolnean de |mn |obn |wnel df oeny~i`o| df oeadbn iel qsneloeh ~qoeh loffnwne| li|igiqnq oq fd~el oe Qiivnlwiiel Lâi{ -9??=/%
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
Foh~wn 1%9 Oeadbn loq|wog~|ode oe Snw~
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xo|m i wnl~a|ode oe |mn loqsnwqode df |mnqn iqqn|q% Fdw n}ibs`n gn|xnne 9?69 iel 9?89 |mn
Hoeo adnffoaone| df `iel loq|wog~|ode fn`` fwdb 3%?< |d 3%=9 iel |mne |d 3%69 oe 9??<8% I| |mn
qibn |obn gn|xnne 9?89 iel 9??< |mn ivnwihn neldxbne| snw fiwbnw wdqn fwdb den |d |xd
mna|iwnq -q|ieliwlo{nl oe ny~ovi`ne| ~eo|q df owwohi|nl adiq|i` `iel/% \moq daa~wwnl iq i wnq~`|
df i q~gq|ie|oi` n}sieqode df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` fwde|onw -owwohi|ode oe |mn lnqnw| adiq|i` q|wos ieln}sieqode df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` fwde|onw oe fdwnq| iwniq/ iel ie oeawniqn oe fiwboeh mna|iwnq
~elnw owwohi|ode%
I| |mn nel df |mn 9?63q oe Snw~ |mn bo`o|iw hdvnwebne| gnhie ie ihwiwoie wnfdwb
swdanqq% Mdxnvnw gnfdwn wnloq|wog~|oeh |mn `iel n}swdswoi|nl fwdb `iwhn `ieldxenwq |mn
hdvnwebne| ad``na|ovo{nl ihwoa~`|~wn awni|oeh iwhn addsnwi|ovnq de |mn Adq|i iel oe |mn Qonwwi%
\mn fio`~wn df |moq wnfdwb xmoam gnaibn nvolne| oe |mn i|n 9?83q nl |d |mn qs`o||oeh ~s df |mn
addsnwi|ovnq% Oe 9?=3 |mn Gn`iûeln ilboeoq|wi|ode fdwbi`o{nl |moq swdanqq xmoam ade|oe~nl
l~woeh |mn 9?=3q% Oe 9??< iaadwloeh |d |mn OOO Ei|odei` Ihwoa~`|~wi` Aneq~q Snw~voieihwoa~`|~wn adeqoq|nl swnldboeie|` df mohm` i|dbo{nl qbi`` md`loehq n}a`~loeh |mn sniqie|
adbb~eo|onq df |mn Qonwwi xmoam wn|ioenl iwhn iwniq df wn`i|ovn` oefnw|o`n iel% De |mn Adq|i
isswd}obi|n` >3 snwane| df ihwoa~`|~wi` md`loehq xnwn gn`dx |mwnn mna|iwnq iel 67 snwane| oe
|mn Qonwwi% F~w|mnw niam swdl~anw mil ie ivnwihn df |mwnn ede"ade|oh~d~q s`d|q df `iel xo|m
oq amiwia|nwoq|oa df |mn Qonwwi, xmnwn i`bdq| den"|mowl df swdl~anwq mivn fovn dw bdwn s`d|q
ivnwihoeh `nqq |mie den mna|iwn%
\mn d|mnw obsdw|ie| amiehn oe ivnwihn dxenwqmos iel iqqn| loq|wog~|ode xiq oe nl~ai|ode%
Qamdd` newd`bne| oeawniqnl biqqovn` qoean |mn 9?>3q% \mn swdsdw|ode df qamdd` ihn amo`lwnexmd i||nelnl nl~ai|odei` oeq|o|~|odeq wdqn lwibi|oai``% Oe 9?<3 13 snwane| df amo`lwne ihnl
qo} |d fd~w|nne i||nelnl qamdd` g 9??1 |moq foh~wn mil woqne |d =6 snwane|% Q|iw|oeh oe |mn
niw` 9?83q |moq n}sieqode n}|nelnl |d sdq|"qnadeliw nl~ai|ode% \mnqn amiehnq oe newd`bne|
mil ie obsia| de |mn nl~ai|ode `nvn` df sds~`i|ode iel `igdw fdwan% Xmo`n i`bdq| 63 snwane|
df sds~`i|ode ihnl dvnw >3 mil ed nl~ai|ode oe 9?<= oe 9??6 |mn wi|n mil lwdssnl |d 9>
snwane|% Oe 9?<3 `nqq |mie > snwane| mil adbs`n|nl qnadeliw `nvn` g 9??6 den |mowl xnwn
iamonvoeh |moq `nvn` df nl~ai|ode% Ivnwihn niwq df qamdd`oeh wdqn adeqoq|ne|` fwdb |xd oe
9?<3 |d qo} oe 9?=9 iel nohm| oe 9??6%O| oq a`niw |mi| |mn nl~ai|odei` n}sieqode iel wnloq|wog~|ode df iel wnq~`|nl oe i amiehn
oe |mn si||nwe df iqqn| dxenwqmos ibdeh |mn sddw sds~`i|ode% Iq |mn wn|~we de |mnqn iqqn|q miq
ed| fi``ne dvnw |obn o| aie gn n}sna|nl |mi| |mnqn q|w~a|~wi` |wieqfdwbi|odeq wioqn i| `niq|
siw|oi`` |mn ivnwihn oeadbn df |mn sddwnq| qna|dw iel obswdvn oeadbn loq|wog~|ode% Oe |mn
aiqn df `iel |mnwn oq qdbn nvolnean df i wnl~a|ode oe wn|~weq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn wnq|woa|odeq
|mi| |mn ihwiwoie wnfdwb obsdqnl de |wiloeh |moq iqqn|% \moq ad~`l mivn iffna|nl fiwbnwq‟
8 \mn 9?69 foh~wn adbnq fwdb Xngg iel Foh~nwdi -9?8>/ |mdqn fdw 9?83 |d 9??< iwn |mn i~|mdwq‟ dxe ai`a~`i|odeqgiqnl de oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn Ihwoa~`|~wi` Aneq~q%
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dssdw|~eo|onq fdw ~qoeh iel iq i bnieq df wioqoeh |mnow oeadbn iel wnl~aoeh sdvnw|% Oe ade|wiq|
fdw nl~ai|ode |mn nvolnean swdvolnl g Sqiamiwdsd~`dq iel Xddlmi`` -9?=>/ fdw wn|~we wi|nq
oe |mn 9?83q iel niw` 9?=3q iq xn`` iq Qiivnlwi -9??8/ oe |mn bol"9?=3q iel niw` 9??3q
qmdxq o||`n swdgigo`o| df i fi`` oe |mn swovi|n wn|~we de nl~ai|ode oe |mn iq| |mwnn lnailnq% \mn
ed|ig`n oeawniqn oe ~wgie iel w~wi` nl~ai|odei` `nvn`q iel |mn wnl~a|ode oe |mn loqsnwqode df
|mnqn iqqn|q oeloai|n |mi| |mn nl~ai|odei` |wieqfdwbi|ode dvnw |mn iq| fnx lnailnq oq den df |mn
viwoig`nq |mi| bi gn n}s`ioeoeh |mn amiehnq olne|ofonl oe sdvnw| iel oeadbn loq|wog~|ode%
1%7%7 Wnane| |wnelq oe w~wi` sdvnw|y
Iaadwloeh |d |mn Ei|odei` Q~wvn df Md~qnmd`lq -NEIMD/ oe 7337 86%< snwane| df |mdqn
`ovoeh oe w~wi` iwniq aie gn adeqolnwnl sddw=% \moq foh~wn oq fiw mohmnw |mi| ~wgie sdvnw| -<9%>
snwane|/% Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| de` q`ohm|` bdwn |mie den |mowl df ei|odei` sds~`i|ode oe Snw~
oq w~wi` mi`f df |mn 9<%> bo``ode sddw gn`deh |d |mn w~wi` qna|dw% F~w|mnwbdwn |mn n}|wnbn
sdvnw| wi|n -|mn wi|od df md~qnmd`lq xmdqn n}snelo|~wnq iwn gn`dx |mn wny~ownbne|q ennlnl
fdw i||ioeoeh i boeob~b ai`dwoa edwb?/ oq <?%8 snwane|% \moq bnieq |mi| eniw` |mwnn d~| df
fd~w n}|wnbn sddw `ovn oe w~wi` iwni%
Nvne of |mnqn foh~wnq iwn mohm g oe|nwei|odei` q|ieliwlq |mnwn iwn obsdw|ie| loffnwneanq
oe sdvnw| iel n}|wnbn sdvnw| wi|nq xo|moe |mn w~wi` qna|dw% Xmo`n oe w~wi` Adq|i |soai``
gn||nw oe|nhwi|nl |d fia|dw iel hddlq biwjn|q 67%7 snwane| df w~wi` sds~`i|ode oq sddw oe |mn
Qonwwi iel oe |mn Qonwwi wnhodeq xmnwn o| oq bdwn loffoa~`| |d iaanqq biwjn|q iel iwhn fwia|ode
df |mn sds~`i|ode oq oelohned~q sdvnw| wi|nq iwn qoheofoaie|` mohmnw wniamoeh gn|xnne 83
snwane| iel =3 snwane|% I`qd |mnqn loffnwneanq aie gn dgqnwvnl gn|xnne sd`o|oai` wnhodeq
xmnwn w~wi` sdvnw| wi|nq wiehn fwdb 13 snwane| |d ?3 snwane|%
Mdx miq w~wi` sdvnw| nvd`vnl oe wnane| niwq4 \d ieqxnw |moq y~nq|ode fowq| df i`` xn
ennl i `deh iel adeqoq|ne| sdvnw| |obn qnwonq% Mdxnvnw |mnwn oq i swdg`nb df adbsiwigo`o|
iawdqq |mn loffnwne| ivio`ig`n q~wvnq% Envnw|mn`nqq Mnwwnwi -7337/ miq lden ie obsdw|ie|
nffdw| |woeh |d bijn adbsiwig`n nq|obi|odeq df sdvnw| ~qoeh NEIMD li|i% Fd``dxoeh |mn
awo|nwode nq|ig`oqmnl g Mnwwnwi -7337/ xn swnqne| oe \ig`n 1%1 |mn sdvnw| nvd`~|ode fdw |mn
snwodl 9?=8"7337% I`qd xn mivn oea`~lnl nq|obi|odeq fwdb NEEOV xmoam iwn ed| q|woa|`
adbsiwig`n xo|m |mdqn fwdb NEIMD i`|md~hm |mn iwn adeqoq|ne| iawdqq niwq xo|moe |mnow
dxe q~wvn%
Wnane| foh~wnq wnsdw|nl g OENO qmdx |mi| oe 7331 w~wi` sdvnw| wniamnl i q`ohm|`
`dxnw wi|n -9 snwane|ihn sdoe|/ |mie |mn 7337 sdvnw| wi|n% Mdxnvnw l~n |d |mn wnl~anl qibs`n
qo{n fwdb xmoam |mnqn enx wi|nq xnwn ai`a~`i|nl |mn den snwane|ihn sdoe| loffnwnean oq ed|
= NEIMD oq |mn ei|odei` q~wvn hnenwi|nl g ` OENO oe i adbsiwig`n giqoq qoean 9??8%? 7717 ai`dwonq snw aiso|i snw li fdw @obi ao| 7911 ai`dwonq fdw w~wi` Qonwwi iel Qn`vi iel 79?< ai`dwonq fdw i``d|mnw wnhodeq%
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
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\ig`n 1%1 Sdvnw| wi|nq g hndhwismoa {denq-. sddw/
\ig`n 1%7 Sdvnw| g hndhwismoa {den 7337-E~bgnw iel . sddw snds`n/
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q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|%93 Oe hnenwi` |mn swdfo`n fdw 7331 `ddjq igd~| |mn qibn iq |mn den
wnsdw|nl mnwn fdw 7337%99
I`|md~hm o| oq enanqqiw |d gn ai~|od~q oe oe|nwswn|oeh |mnqn foh~wnq |mnwn iwn qdbn
a`niw |nelneaonq |mi| aie gn qnne oe swnvod~q |ig`nq -iel oe Foh~wn 1%7/ xmoam iwn xdw|m
bne|odeoeh% Fowq| xn aie qnn |mi| sdvnw| wi|nq oe w~wi` Adq|i lna`oenl l~woeh |mn snwodl df fiq| hwdx|m |mi| n}snwonean |mn Snw~voie nadedb oe 9??9 iel o| q|iw|nl woqoeh ihioe iq |mn
nadedb q`dxnl ldxe% De |mn ade|wiw sdvnw| oe |mn w~wi` Qonwwi miq gnne hwdxoeh iawdqq
|mn snwodl df iei`qoq n}ans| fdw i biwhoei` wnl~a|ode xmoam |ddj s`ian gn|xnne 9??9 iel
9??< -bdq| anw|ioe` ed| q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|/% \mn foh~wnq dg|ioe fdw w~wi` Qonwwi i`|md~hm
wnf`na|oeh `dxnw sdvnw| wi|nq |mie |mn Qonwwi qmdx i qobo`iw si||nwe%
Of ieden `ddjq i| |mn NEEOV qibs`n |mnwn oq q|wojoeh oqq~n loffnwneanq oe |mn nvd`~|ode
df sdvnw| wi|nq i`deh wnhodeq l~woeh |mn snwodl 9??<"9??8 i snwodl xo|m |mn hwni|nq| nadedboa
leiboqb l~woeh |mn iq| |ne niwq xo|m i q~gq|ie|oi` oeawniqn oe s~g`oa iel swovi|n oevnq|bne|%Xmo`n sdvnw| wi|nq oe w~wi` Adq|i iel Qonwwi qmdx obsdw|ie| wnl~a|odeq -93%6 iel >%7 sdoe|q
wnqsna|ovn`/ oe mohm`iel |mn oeawniqn oe 1%< sdoe|q% \moq ad~`l gn i qohe df |mn dx wnqsdeqovnenqq
|d sdqo|ovn amiehnq oe biawdnadedboa nevowdebne| |mi| w~wi` mohm`iel mivn qmdxe%
93 Ihioe oe 7331 |mnwn xiq ied|mnw amiehn oe |mn bn|mdld`dh% Oeq|nil df ldoeh |mn q~wvn oe |mn fdw|m y~iw|nw |mnqibs`n miq gnne qs`o| iel xo`` gn ais|~wnl bde|m g bde|m% Qoean niam bde|m |mn qibs`n bioe|ioeq q|i|oq|oai`
wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i| |mn ~wgie$w~wi` iel wnhodei` `nvn`q OENO oq ioboeh |d mivn i bde|m` 'bdvoeh ivnwihn'sdvnw| wi|n |mi| xo`` i``dx |mnb |d ld qmdw| |nwb bdeo|dwoeh df sdvnw| iel |iwhn|oeh oeloai|dwq%99 \mn de` loffnwnean oq i qoheofoaie| wnl~a|ode df sdvnw| iel n}|wnbn sdvnw| wi|nq oe w~wi` Qn`vi iwni%
Foh~wn 1%7 Nvd`~|ode df w~wi` sdvnw| wi|nq-\wnelq/
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
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Den xi df `ddjoeh i| mdx wnqsdeqovn oq w~wi` Snw~ |d hwdx|m oq |d ai`a~`i|n sdvnw|"
hwdx|m n`iq|oao| nq|obi|nq% \ig`n 1%< qmdxq sdvnw|"hwdx|m n`iq|oao| nq|obi|nq giqnl de
L~a`dq n| i`% -733</ fdwb~`in% \mnqn foh~wnq oeloai|n oe xmi| snwane|ihn sdvnw| xo`` lwds
snw illo|odei` snwane|ihn sdoe| oe hwdx|m% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| |mnqn foh~wnq ld ed|
wnf`na| sdvnw| snwane|ihn sdoe|q% Fdw n}ibs`n i vi`~n df "3%?<9 fdw w~wi` Adq|i oq ny~ovi`ne||d i 3%>8 snwane|ihn sdoe| wnl~a|ode oe |moq iwni l~n |d hwdx|m -"3%?<9+3%63>23%>8/% \mn
wnq~`|q dg|ioenl mnwn iwn oe `oen xo|m |mdqn dg|ioenl g Gd~wh~ohede -7331/ iel Gmi``i -733</%
\mnqn n`iq|oao| ai`a~`i|odeq ad~`l adefowb d~w msd|mnqoq; w~wi` Adq|i oq b~am bdwn
wnqsdeqovn |d hwdx|m |mie |mn Qonwwi iel Qonwwi wnhodeq%
1%1 Loq|wog~|ode df iqqn|q
\mn loqsnwqode df qsneloeh dw oeadbn iq xn`` iq |mn swdgigo`o|onq df oelovol~i`q iel fibo`onq
gnoeh sddw dw ede"sddw lnsnelq de |mnow q|daj df iqqn|q iel o|q wn|~we dw biwjn| swoan% Iqq~boeh|mi| iqoln fwdb sdqqog`n oe|nwia|odeq gn|xnne loffnwne| iqqn|q |mn wn|~we de sdqqnqqode df i
~eo| df ie iqqn| df smqoai` m~bie foeieaoi` s~g`oa dw dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` ldnq ed| lnsnel
de o|q `nvn` |mn loq|wog~|ode df |mn iqqn|q s`iq ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe |mn ln|nwboei|ode df |mn
loq|wog~|ode df oeadbn iel qsneloeh%
\ig`n 1%> qmdxq |mn ivnwihn `nvn` df sdqqnqqode dw iaanqq |d loffnwne| jn iqqn|q oe
Snw~voie ~wgie iel w~wi` qna|dwq% Dgvod~q` iqqn|q iwn ed| |d|i`` n}dhned~q viwoig`nq% Iqqn|q
sdqqnqqode lnsnelq de |mn sdqqnqqode df d|mnw iqqn|q de amiehnq oe iay~oqo|ode swoanq iel de
|mn n}sna|nl wn|~we de |mn iqqn|q% Mdxnvnw adbsiwnl |d swnvod~q niwq -qnn Nqadgi` n| i`%-9??=/ si||nweq df sdqqnqqode iel iaanqq |d iqqn|q g y~oe|o`nq iwn wn`i|ovn` qobo`iw i`|md~hm
Amis|nw 1
\ig`n 1%< Sdvnw|"hwdx|m n`iq|oao|onq fdw w~wi` Snw~
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\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
\ i g ` n 1 % >
S d q q n q q o d e i e l i a a
n q q | d j n y i q q n | q o e ~ w g i e i e l w ~ w i ` S n w ~
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Amis|nw 1
|mn ivnwihn oe qdbn aiqnq mil amiehnl% Fdw n}ibs`n iaanqq |d xi|nw oeawniqnl xmo`n iaanqq
|d n`na|woao| mil oeawniqnl q~gq|ie|oi`` xo|m |mn n}ans|ode df |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n% Iaanqq |d
|n`nsmdenq ivnwihn nvn` df nl~ai|ode ivnwihn niwq df n}snwonean iel |mn ihn df |mn mnil df
md~qnmd`l i`qd wdqn i`|md~hm |mn loq|wog~|ode lol ed| viw q~gq|ie|oi``97%
Oe dwlnw |d ais|~wn |mn nvn` iel |mn amiehnq oe |mn loqsiwo|onq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode Hoeoadnffoaone|q xnwn ai`a~`i|nl fdw qdbn df |mn iqqn|q fwdb ~wgie iel w~wi` iwniq -qnn Foh~wn 1%1/%
Sdqqnqqode df l~wig`n hddlq iel mnil md~qnmd`l‟q `igdw n}snwonean iwn |mn iqqn|q xo|m |mn
mohmnq| lnhwnn df loqsnwqode oe |mn ~wgie iwni% Nl~ai|ode viwoig`nq wnvni` wn`i|ovn` `dx
loqsnwqode dgqnwvoeh |mi| |mn swdanqq df n}sieqode df |mn nl~ai|odei` qq|nb xmoam gnhie oe
|mn 9?83q oq q|o`` ade|oe~oeh% De |mn d|mnw miel xmne xn `ddj |d |mn w~wi` iwniq |mn mohmnq|
97 Iaanqq |d s~g`oa qnwvoanq xiq n}sna|nl |d oeawniqn qoheofoaie|` g 9??8 ~elnw adbbo|bne|q biln g |mn adbsieonq|mi| iay~ownl |mn swovi|o{nl adbsieonq%
Foh~wn 1%1 Hoeo adnffoaone|q df iaanqq |d iqqn|q
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oeny~i`o| oeln}nq iwn de vi`~n df iel -giqoai`` l~n |d loffnwneanq oe y~i`o|/ de |mn vi`~n df
l~wig`n hddlq iel de |mn swdsdw|ode df bnbgnwq xo|m bohwi|ode n}snwonean% Bniexmo`n iq
oe |mn ~wgie iwniq loqsnwqode oe nl~ai|ode miq gnne i`qd wnl~anl q~gq|ie|oi`` iq i adeqny~nean
df |mn n}sieqode swdanqq df |mn nl~ai|odei` qq|nb% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| of |mnqn
ai`a~`i|odeq xnwn i| ei|odei` `nvn` |mn oeny~i`o| df bie df |mnqn iqqn|q xd~`l gn b~amhwni|nw gnai~qn df |mn iwhn his oe iaanqq |d nl~ai|ode iel oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn gn|xnne ~wgie iel
w~wi` qna|dwq%
1%< Wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne iqqn|q iel sdvnw|; i adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj
Lnsneloeh de |mn adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj |mn wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne sdqqnqqode df dw iaanqq |d
anw|ioe iqqn|q iel sdvnw| adelo|ode aie gn vonxnl no|mnw iq i sdvnw| swdfo`n dw iq ie i||nbs|
|d ~elnwq|iel o|q ln|nwboeie|q% Giqnl de i q|i|oa ds|obo{i|ode bdln` df md~qnmd`l swdl~a|ode
iel adeq~bs|ode o| oq sdqqog`n |d lnwovn i wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne md~qnmd`l qsneloeh iel iqqn|`nvn`q xmoam oq dsne |d nbsowoai` nvi`~i|ode%
Oe fia| iqq~boeh |mi| md~qnmd`lq iq swdl~anwq bi}obo{n gnenfo|q q~gkna| |d |mn ~q~i`
|named`dhoai` wnq|woa|odeq -o%n% swdl~a|ode f~ea|ode/ iel iq adeq~bnwq bi}obo{n |mnow xn`fiwn
g ds|obo{oeh adeq~bs|ode iel xdwj lnaoqodeq hovne |mn nvn` df ~|o`o| dg|ioenl o| oq sdqqog`n
iq xn xo`` qmdx gn`dx |mi| xn aie nq|ig`oqm i lowna| adeena|ode gn|xnne sdqqnqqode iel
iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel md~qnmd`l qsneloeh `nvn`q%
Fd``dxoeh Qild~`n| iel Ln Kievw -9??>/ iel Qoehm n| i`% -9?=6/ xn iqq~bn |mi|
md~qnmd`l gnmivnq iq of swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode$xdwj lnaoqodeq xnwn biln qny~ne|oi``iel |mnwnfdwn xn aie qd`vn |mn ds|obo{i|ode swdg`nb wna~wqovn` oe |xd q|nsq% Oe |mn fowq| q|ns
|mn swdl~a|ode swdg`nb oq qd`vnl iel oe |mn qnadel q|ns |mn adeq~bs|ode swdg`nb oq qd`vnl%
\mnwnfdwn |mn swdg`nb df ds|obo{i|ode df |mn md~qnmd`l iq i swdl~anw xo`` gn;
Bi}-yi,},`/
σ2 si
yi
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q%|%; h-yi ,},`,Iy/23
xmnwn yi
oq |mn y~ie|o| swdl~anl i| i swoan si } iwn |mn viwoig`n fia|dwq ~qnl oe |mn
swdl~a|ode swdanqq iel ` oq |mn ibd~e| df md~wq df xdwj ~qnl xo|m i swoan x% h-‧/ wnswnqne|q
|mn swdl~a|ode f~ea|ode iel |mn iqqn|q iffna|oeh |mn swdl~a|ode lnaoqode -n%h% fo}nl aiso|i`
iel qo{n df |mn s`d|/ iwn ais|~wnl oe Iy%
\mn wnl~anl fdwb df |mn bdln` oq |mnwnfdwn
Q~ss` f~ea|ode; yi
2 yi- s
i , s
} , x : Iy /
Fia|dw lnbielq; } 2 } - si , s
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i , s
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\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
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Oe |mn qnadel q|ihn |mn adeq~bs|ode$xdwj swdg`nb oq qd`vnl hovne |mn `nvn` df swdfo|
σ+ iamonvnl oe swdl~a|ode;
Bi}- a , a` /
~-a,a`:Im/,
q%|; saa * xa
`2 σ+ * xN, -1/
a`* `q 2 N,
xmnwn a wnswnqne|q |mn qn| df hddlq adeq~bnl g |mn md~qnmd`l i| swoanq sa%
a9
iel `q iwn |mn
|obn |mn md~qnmd`l iqqoheq |d xdwj oe |mn md~qn iel md~wq df xdwj d~| df |mn md~qnmd`l
wnqsna|ovn` xo|m i |d|i` |obn adeq|wioe| df N % Foei`` Im wnswnqne|q iqqn|q iffna|oeh |mn
adeq~bs|ode lnaoqode%
\mn wnl~anl fdwb df |mn qny~ne|oi` bdln` aie |mne gn n}swnqqnl oe |nwbq df |mn lnbiel
f~ea|ode fdw hddlq;
a 2 a - si , s
} , x , + : I
m/ -</
xmnwn + 2 siy
i" s
} } " x` * xN% Fwdb |moq lnbiel f~ea|ode xn aie |mne dg|ioe ie n}snelo|~wn
f~ea|ode fdw |mn md~qnmd`l;
H 2 a % sa
2 H-s:I/ ->/
xmnwn s oq |mn swoan vna|dw iel I oq |mn vna|dw df iqqn|q dxenl g |mn md~qnmd`l |mi| oea`~lnq
i`qd i`` |mn iqqn|q |mn md~qnmd`l aie iaanqq% Nvne bdwn |mnqn iqqn|q aie gn q~glovolnliaadwloeh |d |mn lnhwnn df |wieqfnwigo`o| oe|d swovi|n iqqn|q -I
swov/ s~g`oa iqqn|q -I
s~g/ iel
dwhieo{i|odei` iqqn|q -Idwh
/% \mnwnfdwn d~w ny~i|ode df n}snelo|~wnq aie gn n}swnqqnl iq;
H 2 H-s:I swov
,I s~g
,Idwh
/ -6/
\d nvi`~i|n |mn wn`i|ovn obsdw|iean df niam |sn df iqqn|q xn w~e i qn| df bdln`q
oea`~loeh qnsiwi|n` niam df |mn fd``dxoeh hwd~sq df n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq; enohmgdwoeh s~g`oa
iqqn|q swovi|n iqqn|q iel oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq% \mne xn olne|of |mn lowna| n}|nwei`o|
nffna|q fwdb |mn swnqnean df niam df |mnb%
Foei`` xn |w |d olne|of |mn awo|oai` ibd~e| iel adbgoei|ode df s~g`oa iel swovi|n
iqqn|q ennlnl |d dvnwadbn sdqqog`n sdvnw| |wisq g adwwna|` |iwhn|oeh oevnq|bne| oe s~g`oa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe sddwnw loq|woa|q% Xn bdln` i| niq| |mwnn |snq df s~g`oa hddlq iel qnwvoanq; i/
'|wilo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn' q~am iq |wieqsdw|i|ode qnxnw qq|nbq xi|nw n`na|woao| xmoam ldnq
ed| hnenwi|n sdqo|ovn en|xdwj n}|nwei`o|onq: g/ 'm~bie"aiso|i`"hnenwi|oeh s~g`oa qnwvoanq'
|mi| iwn aisig`n df awni|oeh bdgo`n swovi|n iqqn|q q~am iq qamdd`oeh iel mni`|m qnwvoanq iel a/
'oefdwbi|ode iel adbb~eoai|ode |named`dhonq' q~am iq |n`nsmden dw Oe|nwen| i`` df xmoam
hnenwi|n en|xdwj n}|nwei`o|onq% Fdw n}ibs`n ie oefdwbi|ode mohmxi oq oe|woeqoai`` loffnwne|
fwdb i |wieqsdw|i|ode mohmxi%
Amis|nw 1
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\d |nq| |mn hwdx|m obsia| df |mn s~g`oa iqqn|q |mi| hnenwi|nq en|xdwj n}|nwei`o|onq xn
xo`` ~qn |mn fia| |mi| |mn obsia| df |mnqn |snq df iqqn|q de |mn oeadbn df |mn md~qnmd`lq xo``
ed| gn `oeniw -n%h% |n`nadbb~eoai|odeq/ iq |mn oeadbn obsia| bohm| gn `iwhnw xmnenvnw i
qoheofoaie| en|xdwj qo{n oq iamonvnl% \moq xd~`l obs` |mi| sdqo|ovn hwdx|m nffna|q oe oeadbn
bohm| gn q~gkna| |d mivoeh iamonvnl i awo|oai` biqq oe i hovne oefwiq|w~a|~wn%Oe dwlnw |d |nq| xmn|mnw q~am ede"`oeniwo|onq n}oq| iel of qd xmi| |mn awo|oai` biqq oq xn
xo`` oea`~ln oe ny~i|ode -6/ |mn y~ilwi|oa |nwbq df |mn q|daj df |mdqn iqqn|q oe |mn qsnaofoa
loq|woa|q df |mn md~qnmd`l% Of |mn adnffoaone| df |mn q|daj df |moq iqqn| oq enhi|ovn iel |mn adnffoaone|
df o|q qy~iwnl |nwb sdqo|ovn |mne xn xo`` mivn nvolnean oe q~ssdw| df i 'awo|oai` biqq' |mndw
oe xmoam |mn obsia| bohm| gn oeqoheofoaie| oe `dx oe|neqo|onq df q~am iqqn|%
Iqq~boeh fdw n}ibs`n i y~ilwi|oa f~ea|ode de |mn iqqn|q |mn nffna| df ie oeawniqn oe
den df |mnb de md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn aie gn n}swnqqnl iq;
-8/
xmoam obs`onq |mi| |mn iqqn| n`iq|oao| xo`` gn ny~i` |d;
-=/
iel |mn awdqq n`iq|oao| xo`` gn;
-?/
\mnwnfdwn xn aie nq|obi|n |mn dxe iel adbs`nbne|iw n`iq|oao|onq ‑hovne |mi| ade|wd`q
fdw i`` d|mnw s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q xo`` gn oea`~lnl" nffna|q df |mn loffnwne| |snq df iqqn|q%
\mn iei`qoq df |mnqn n`iq|oao|onq iq xn`` iq qdbn qob~`i|odeq |mi| iwn aiwwonl de qmd~`l qmnl
`ohm| oe |mn adbs`nbne|iw ei|~wn df s~g`oa oevnq|bne|q iel |mnow si||nwe iawdqq |mn oeadbn
-n}snelo|~wn/ loq|wog~|ode qmd~`l bijn nvolne| |mn swnqnean df obsdw|ie| ede"`oeniwo|onq oe
s~g`oa oevnq|bne|q%
1%> Wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne iqqn|q iel sdvnw| oe w~wi` Snw~
1%>%9 Nbsowoai` wnq~`|q
Foh~wnq 1%< 1%> iel 1%6 qmdx |mn loq|wog~|ode si||nweq fdw |mn loffnwne| iqqn|q ~elnw q|~l
gn|xnne sddw iel ede sddw w~wi` lxn``nwq% Mnwn o| oq dgvod~q |mi| |mdqn md~qnmd`lq xo|m bdwn
nl~ai|ode i`qd mivn oe ivnwihn i mohmnw nvn` df n}snelo|~wn% De |mn d|mnw miel |moq wn`i|odeqmos
oq ed| qd a`niw oe |mn aiqn df iaanqq |d i mni`|m ane|nw oe |mn vo``ihn% Nvne bdwn xmne iei`{oeh
|mn e~bgnw df sddw iel ede sddw md~qnmd`lq xo|m iaanqq |d i mni`|m ane|nw oe gd|m aiqnqisswd}obi|n` 13 snwane| df |mn md~qnmd`lq mil iaanqq% I sdqqog`n n}s`iei|ode ad~`l gn |mn
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
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qoheofoaie| n}sieqode s`ie df e~bgnw df mni`|m ane|nwq i`deh w~wi` Snw~ oe |mn `iq| niwq xiq
|iwhn|nl |d sddwnw md~qnmd`lq bijoeh |mn loq|wog~|ode df |moq iqqn| bdwn ny~o|i|ovn%
Xmne xn ddj |d xmi| xn ai``nl |wilo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq iaanqq |d lwoejig`n xi|nw
qnxnwihn iel n`na|woao| xn aie foel i sdqo|ovn wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne |mnb iel |mn `nvn` df
n}snelo|~wn df |mn md~qnmd`lq iq i swd} df oeadbn% @ojnxoqn |mn |obn |d i sivnl wdil oqsdqo|ovn` adwwn`i|nl |d |mn `nvn` df n}snelo|~wn df |mn md~qnmd`lq% \mnwn iwn qnvnwi` gnenfo|q
|mi| i fiq|nw iaanqq |d sivnl wdilq aie gwoeh |d |mn sddw w~wi` md~qnmd`lq fdw n}ibs`n |mn aie
wnl~an |mn |wieqsdw|i|ode iaanqq |d qdaoi` iel hdvnwebne| qnwvoanq q~am iq mni`|m nl~ai|ode
k~q|oan sd`oaoeh iel s~g`oa wnhoq|wonq: iw|oa~`i|n md~qnmd`lq xo|m biwjn|q: iel oeawniqn
dssdw|~eo|onq |d lnvn`ds oeadbn"niweoeh ia|ovo|onq%
Foei`` Foh~wn 1%6 ddjq |d |mn Jnwen` loq|wog~|ode df iaanqq |d den df |mn bdq| obsdw|ie|
iqqn|q xo|moe o| oq ai``nl Oefdwbi|ode iel Adbb~eoai|ode \named`dhonq -OA\/% OA\‟q oea`~ln
Amis|nw 1
Foh~wn 1%< Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q
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><
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
Foh~wn 1%> Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; |wilo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iqqn|q
i xoln wiehn df qnwvoanq g~| |n`nsmden oq |mn swnadelo|ode fdw bdq| df |mn d|mnw OA\q91 iel iq
qmdxe oe |mn foh~wn o| i`qd mil i sdqo|ovn adwwn`i|ode xo|m |mn nvn` df oeadbn -n}snelo|~wn/ df
|mn md~qnmd`lq% \mn a~wwne| `o|nwi|~wn mil olne|ofonl qnvnwi` sd|ne|oi` obsia|q df iaanqqoeh
OA\q% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn fia| |mi| iaanqq |d |n`nsmden bi snwbo| i wnl~a|ode oe loq|iean wn`i|nl
adeq|wioe|q xmoam mivn `obo|nl |mn sd|ne|oi` fdw nadedboa lnvn`dsbne| oe w~wi` iel wnbd|nwnhodeq% Nvne bdwn iaanqqoeh OA\q oeawniqnq nffoaonea iel wnl~anq |wieqia|ode adq|q oea`~loeh
|wieqsdw| adq|q: swdvolnq obswdvnl iaanqq |d oefdwbi|ode: iel o| q|wneh|mneq md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq‟
nadedboai` aisigo`o|onq iq |mn dg|ioe bdwn swdl~a| oefdwbi|ode iel obswdvnq |mn qsnnl df
|mn wnqsdeqnq |d biwjn| qohei`q%
\mn loq|wog~|ode df iqqn|q lnsoa|nl oe |mn igdvn hwismoaq wnvni`q |mi| i`|md~hm sddw md~qnmd`lq
mivn oe hnenwi` fnxnw iqqn|q |mi| ede sddw |moq si||nwe oq ed| enanqqiwo` |w~n fdw i`` iqqn|q%
91 O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| l~n |d |mn ilvnwqn hndhwismoa adelo|odeq |mi| swnvio` oe w~wi` Snw~ bdq| df |mn |n`nsmdenqnwvoanq ad~`l de` gn swdvolnl g xown`nqq |named`dhonq%
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>>
Amis|nw 1
Foh~wn 1%6 Iaanqq |d iqqn|q iel w~wi` sdvnw|; oefdwbi|ode iel adbb~eoai|ode |named`dhonq
\ig`nq 1%6 iel 1%8 qmdx |mn wnq~`|q df d~w nadedbn|woa bn|mdld`dh% Oe \ig`n 1%6 xn
k~q| w~e i xnohm|nl wnhwnqqode9< oe nvn`q iel i`qd |mn f~`` oe|nwia|ovn bdln`% Oe \ig`n 1%8 xn
oea`~ln oe illo|ode |mn qibs`oeh fwibnxdwj df |mn @QBQ df 73339>% Iq bne|odenl g Lni|de
-9??8/ of |mn a`~q|nw lnqohe df |mn li|i oq ohedwnl q|ieliwl fdwb~`iq fdw viwoieanq df nq|obi|nl
bnieq iwn |dd qbi`` i wnq~`| xmoam iss`onq nqqne|oi`` |mn qibn xi |d |mn fdwb~`iq fdw |mn
viwoiean"adviwoiean bi|woanq df wnhwnqqode siwibn|nwq nq|obi|nl g D@Q% \mnwnfdwn |d qd`vn
|moq swdg`nb xn ~qn |mn swdanl~wn lnvn`dsnl g Q\I\I fdw adwwna|oeh |mn nq|obi|nl q|ieliwl
nwwdwq df |mn `niq| qy~iwnq wnhwnqqode%
D~w wnq~`|q dean xn adwwna|nl fdw |mn qibs`oeh fwibnxdwj qmdx |mi| iaanqq |d m~bie
aiso|i` iqqn|q iwn df hwni| obsdw|iean oe n}s`ioeoeh |mn nvn` df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn% Nl~ai|ode
fdw n}ibs`n qmdxq i qoheofoaie| iel sdqo|ovn nffna| gd|m df |mn md~qnmd`l mnil iel df |mn
d|mnw bnbgnwq gohhnw |mie fd~w|nne niwq96% Qobo`iw` |mn viwoig`n bniq~woeh |mn bohwi|dw
n}snwonean df |mn md~qnmd`l oq qoheofoaie| iel sdqo|ovn% Gd|m df |mnqn viwoig`nq iwn obsdw|ie|
9< Xo|m wnqsna| |d |mn ~qn df qibs`oeh xnohm|q |mnwn oq ie obsdw|ie| ade|wdvnwq gd|m i| |mn |mndwn|oai` iel swia|oai``nvn`% \mn loqa~qqode giqoai`` adeqoq|q oe |xd oqq~nq; -o/ oea`~ln dw ed| |mn qibs`oeh xnohm|q iel |mn qibs`n lnqoheoe |mn nq|obi|ode df |mn adnffoaone|q -oo/ |d adwwna| dw ed| |d adwwna| |mn q|ieliwl nwwdwq iqqdaoi|nl |d |mdqn adnffoaone|q-Lni|de 9??8: Sfnffnwbiee9??1/% I xnohm|nl wnhwnqqode swdvolnq i adeqoq|ne| nq|obi|n df |mn sds~`i|ode wnhwnqqodef~ea|ode swdvolnl df ad~wqn |mn iqq~bs|ode igd~| f~ea|odei` fdwb oq adwwna|% \moq oq nqsnaoi`` wn`nvie| oe d~w aiqnoe xmoam xn iwn `ddjoeh i| |mn bnie df den viwoig`n adelo|odei` de d|mnwq%
9> Oe q~wvnq df w~wi` iwniq q~am iq |mn @QBQ a`~q|nwq iwn df|ne vo``ihnq qd |mn md~qnmd`lq oe i qoeh`n a`~q|nw ovn eniwden ied|mnw iel iwn oe|nwvonxnl i| b~am |mn qibn |obn l~woeh |mn snwodl |mi| |mn q~wvn |nib oq oe |mn vo``ihn% Iqi wnq~`| |mn dgqnwvi|odeq fwdb |mn qibn a`~q|nw iwn b~am bdwn ojn den ied|mnw |mie iwn dgqnwvi|odeq fwdb loffnwne|a`~q|nwq% I| |mn qobs`nq| |mn bi gn enohmgdwmddl nffna|q qd |mi| dai` naane|woao|onq iwn adsonl g |mdqn xmd ovneniw den ied|mnw iel gnadbn bdwn dw `nqq ~eofdwb xo|moe i vo``ihn -Lni|de 9??8/%
96 Nvne bdwn xmne oea`~loeh |mn qy~iwn |nwb |mn qohe oq i`qd sdqo|ovn iel qoheofoaie| oe gd|m |mn md~qnmd`l mnil iel
|mn ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode df |mn md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq: o| bnieq |mi| |mn wn|~weq |d nl~ai|ode oeawniqn iq |mne~bgnw df niwq df nl~ai|ode ldnq% Foei`` xn n}a`~ln |mn qy~iwn |nwbq fwdb |mn wnhwnqqode gnai~qn |mnwn xiqad`oeniwo| xo|m |mn oe|nwia|odeq%
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oe w~wi` iwniq gnai~qn |mn gnadbn siw| df i bdgo`n iqqn| fdw |mn md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq% \mn
iei`qoq i`qd adefowbq |mi| iaanqq |d awnlo| iel dxenwqmos df iqqn|q |mi| aie gn ~qnl iq ad``i|nwi`
miq i sdqo|ovn nffna| de qsneloeh iel |mnwnfdwn de |mn swdgigo`o| df ed| gnoeh sddw%
Oe illo|ode wnl~a|odeq oe fibo` qo{n mivn i qoheofoaie| sdqo|ovn obsia| de |mn wn|~we de
|mn igdvn"bne|odenl iqqn|q% \mn adeans| |mi| ie oeawniqn oe fibo` qo{n obs`onq ie oeawniqn oe|mn swdl~a|ovn wnqd~wanq df |mn fibo` iel |mnwnfdwn ie oeawniqn oe fibo` xn``"gnoeh oq ed|
nbsowoai`` q~q|ioenl% \moq ad~`l k~q|of s~g`oa oe|nwvne|ode oe |mn iwni df fibo` s`ieeoeh g~|
qoean |mn viwoig`n oq neldhned~q |d d|mnw lnaoqodeq iel wnq|woa|odeq |mi| iffna| |mn md~qnmd`l o| oq
ed| sdqqog`n |d vi`oli|n q~am i sd`oa wnadbbneli|ode xo|md~| fowq| ~elnwq|ieloeh |mn bnamieoqb
df |mn ln|nwboei|ode df fibo` qo{n% Iq qsnaofonl oe |mnqn ai`a~`i|odeq |mn viwoig`n ad~`l oe fia|
gn ais|~woeh |mn nffna| df m~bie aiso|i`"wn`i|nl viwoig`nq |mi| iwn ed| niqo` dgqnwvig`n%
Xmne iei`qoeh |mn obsia| df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq n}sna|nl xn foel i qoheofoaie|
iel sdqo|ovn obsia| dvnw n}snelo|~wn snw aiso|i df iaanqq |d n`na|woao| iel iaanqq |doefwiq|w~a|~wn fdw lwoejig`n xi|nw98% Oe |mn qsnaofoa aiqn df |obn |d sivnl wdilq iel iaanqq |d
swobiw dw qnadeliw qamdd`q gd|m df |mnqn viwoig`nq gnadbn qoheofoaie| iel xo|m |mn n}sna|nl
qoheq xmne |ijoeh oe |d iaad~e| |mnow adbs`nbne|iwo|onq xo|m d|mnw iqqn|q% Qsnaofoai`` oe |mn
aiqn df wdilq iel iq bne|odenl swnvod~q` ie obswdvnbne| oe |mn |wieqsdw| qq|nb ad~`l
adeqolnwig` wnl~an xmi| oq i qoheofoaie| adeq|wioe| de ihwoa~`|~wi` nffdw|q oe w~wi` iwniq% \mn
`iaj df i wn`oig`n |wieqsdw|i|ode wnf`na|nl oe mohm |wieqsdw| iel |wieqia|ode adq|q mibsnwq |mn
aisiao| df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |d iw|oa~`i|n xo|m biwjn|q iel fdwanq |mnb |d ade|oe~n oe q~gqoq|nean
ihwoa~`|~wn% Swd}obo| |d biwjn|q wnl~anq nffna|ovn swoanq df ihwoa~`|~wn oes~|q iel d~|s~|q%S~wamiqnq df bdlnwe oes~|q iel qi`nq df d~|s~|q lna`oen xo|m loq|iean fwdb biwjn|
iel |wieqsdw| adq|q oef`~nean fiwb swdfo|q |mwd~hm oes~| ~qn iel awds biwjn|oeh lnaoqodeq%
Nvne bdwn xn foel |mi| |mnwn oq i q|wdeh adbs`nbne|iwo| gn|xnne i a`dqnw iaanqq |d wdilq
iel |n`nsmdenq qdbn|moeh adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn olni df i wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel ie
oeawniqn |d swd}obo| df biwjn|q%
Ibdeh |mn illo|odei` bdq| obsdw|ie| oe|nwia|odeq |mi| iwn qmdxe |d gn qoheofoaie| xn
qmd~`l bne|ode qdbn dgvod~q ojn |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|‟q gn|xnne iaanqq |d wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn
iel |mn fia| |mi| |mn md~qn miq gn||nw wddfq xmoam ad~`l gn i wnq~`| df i bikdw biwjn| vi`~n df
|mn md~qn dean |mnwn oq i a`dqn sivnl wdil% I| |mn qibn |obn qnvnwi` oe|nwia|odeq sdoe| |d
adbs`nbne|iwo|‟q ei|~wn de s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q ojn |mn den nq|ig`oqmnl gn|xnne iaanqq
|d nl~ai|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel iaanqq |d n`na|woao|% Foei`` q|i|oq|oai` nvolnean xiq fd~el
|mi| viwoig`nq df s~g`oa iel dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` q~am iq gnoeh lowna|dw df |mn `dai`
dwhieo{i|odeq mivn i qobo`iw sdqo|ovn obsia|%
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
98 Oe |moq qsnaofoa aiqn |mn viwoig`n xmoam oq sdqo|ovn iel qoheofoaie| i| > snwane| `nvn` df adefolnean oq |mn e~bgnw df
md~qnmd`lq xo|m oefwiq|w~a|~wn fdw lwoejig`n xi|nw% Illo|odei`` |mnqn viwoig`nq ad~`l gn bniq~woeh |mn ennl |dmivn i awo|oai` biqq df md~qnmd`lq adeena|nl |d |mn lwoejig`n xi|nw qq|nb |d gn ig`n |d advnw |mn qoheofoaie| fo}adq| ennlnl |d oea~w%
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Amis|nw 1
\ig`n 1%6 Wnhwnqqode iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn-~qoeh viwoig`nq xo|md~| oe|nwia|odeq/
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>=
\ig`n 1%8 Wnhwnqqode iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oe |mn md~qnmd`l-~qoeh viwoig`n oe|nwia|odeq/
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
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Amis|nw 1
Oe |mn en}| qna|ode ~qoeh |mn siwibn|nwq nq|obi|nl fwdb |mn qsneloeh ny~i|odeq xn
ai`a~`i|nl |mn obsia| df amiehnq oe dxenwqmos iel iaanqq |d adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q de
n}snelo|~wn nvn`%
1%>%7 Iqqnqqoeh |mn nffna| df adbs`nbne|iwo|onq
^qoeh |mn n}snelo|~wn f~ea|ode nq|obi|nl oe |mn swnvod~q qna|ode xn mivn w~e qdbn qob~`i|odeq
|d qmdx ed| de` |mn obsdw|iean df jn iqqn|q oe n}s`ioeoeh snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn g~| i`qd
|mn obsdw|iean df adbs`nbne|iwo| oe |mn i``dai|ode df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
\ig`n 1%= qmdxq mdx b~am xo`` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oeawniqn of xn swdvoln qdbn
illo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn |d w~wi` lxn``nwq% Mnwn xn nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df s~g`oa smdenq
nl~ai|ode qnxnwihn qq|nbq iel wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe niam df |mn > y~oe|o`nq df |mn w~wi`
n}snelo|~wn loq|wog~|ode% Fdw n}ibs`n iaanqqoeh s~g`oa smdenq xo`` oeawniqn snw"aiso|i
n}snelo|~wn g `nqq |mie 7 snwane| oe |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n df |mn loq|wog~|ode iel xo`` oeawniqno| g 97 snwane| fdw |mn woamnq| y~oe|o`n df |mn loq|wog~|ode% I qobo`iw si||nwe aie gn dgqnwvnl
xo|m wnqsna| |d iaanqq |d d|mnw jn iqqn|q |mi| xn nvi`~i|n mnwn%
\ig`n 1%? qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q df |mnqn qob~`i|odeq ade|wiq|oeh |mn nffna|q df swdvoqode df
s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn gn|xnne sddw iel ede"sddw w~wi` lxn``nwq% Iq n}sna|nl i`|md~hm i``
w~wi` oemigo|ie|q gnenfo| xo|m |mn swdvoqode df illo|odei` s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn ede"sddw w~wi`lxn``nw |nel |d gnenfo| bdwn% \moq oq dgvod~q` |mn nffna| df |mn illo|odei` swovi|n -iel s~g`oa/
iqqn| neldxbne| |mi| ede"sddw mivn oe adbsiwoqde xo|m |mn w~wi` sddw% I gn||nw nl~ai|nl
w~wi` lxn``nw |soai`` sdqo|odenl oe |mn woamnq| y~oe|o`n bi ~qn |mn qibn s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oe bdwn swdfo|ig`n xi |mie i `nqq nl~ai|nl w~wi` lxn``nw sdqo|odenl oe |mn sddwnq| y~oe|o`n%
\ig`nq 1%93 iel 1%99 qmdx |mn adbgoenl nffna| df ln`ovnwoeh s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn |d
w~wi` oemigo|ie|q df Snw~% \xd vnw oe|nwnq|oeh adea`~qodeq nbnwhn fwdb iei`{oeh |mnqn
qob~`i|odeq% Fowq| |mn wnq~`|q qmdx i sdqo|ovn nffna| df gnoeh ig`n |d iaanqq |d bdwn |mie den
iqqn| i| |mn qibn |obn% \mn adbgoei|ode df den dw bdwn iqqn|q qdbn|obnq oeawniqnq |mn obsia|dvnw |mn xn`fiwn df |mn md~qnmd`lq oe bdwn |mie |mn q~b df o|q oelovol~i` obsia|q iel oe qdbn
\ig`n 1%= Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q-G y~oe|o`nq ‑ snwane|ihn/
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\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
\ig`n 1%? Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q-Snwane|ihn/
\ig`n 1%93 Oeawniqn oe md~qnmd`l n}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm qob~`|iend~q iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q-G y~oe|o`nq " snwane|ihn/
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Amis|nw 1
aiqn |mn nffna| oq b~`|os`oai|ovn% Qnadel adbs`nbne|iwo| oevnq|bne|q |nel |d a`dqn |mn his
gn|xnne sddw iel ede"sddw w~wi` lxn``nwq% Fdw n}ibs`n xmo`n oevnq|oeh oe s~g`oa smdenq
oeawniqnq snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq oe |mn woamnq| iel sddwnq| y~oe|o`n oe 97 snwane| iel nqq |mie
7 snwane| wnqsna|ovn` illoeh ie illo|odei` oevnq|bne| `ojn obswdvnl wdilq oeawniqnq snw
aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq oe |mn woamnq| iel sddwnq| y~oe|o`n oe 9= snwane| iel igd~| 8 snwane|
wnqsna|ovn`% Illoeh i |mowl iqqn| `ojn qnxnwihn oeawniqnq snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq oe |mn
woamnq| iel sddwnq| y~oe|o`n oe >7 snwane| iel <7 snwane| wnqsna|ovn`% \moq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m
|mn olni |mi| |mn qob~`|iend~q swdvoqode df s~g`oa iqqn|q oq ie nffna|ovn xi df ny~i`o{oeh
dssdw|~eo|onq gn|xnne |mn sddw iel ede sddw%
1%6 Iqqn|q, iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel |wieqo|ode gn|xnne q|i|nq df sdvnw|
Sdqqnqqode dw iaanqq |d iqqn|q df m~bie smqoai` foeieaoi` s~g`oa iel dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i`
xd~`l ed| de` wioqn |mn wn|~we de swovi|n iqqn|q g~| mivn ie nffna| de |mn swdanqq df iqqn|
iaa~b~`i|ode% \m~q |mn dwohoei` sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q |mnow swdanqq df iaa~b~`i|ode iel |mn
n}oq|nean df n}|nwei` qmdajq xd~`l gn |mn ln|nwboeie|q df |mn |wieqo|ode df md~qnmd`lq i`deh
\ig`n 1%99 Oeawniqn oe Md~qnmd`l N}snelo|~wn |mwd~hm iaanqq |d qn`na|nl iqqn|q-Snwane|ihn/
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\ig`n 1%97 Loq|wog~|ode df md~qnmd`l sien` gn|xnne 9??9 iel 9??<-Snwane|ihnq/
\mn nq|obi|n df ny~i|ode -93/ wny~ownq |mn ~qn df i loqawn|n viwoig`n oeloai|oeh amiehnq
gn|xnne |mn loffnwne| q|i|nq iel |mn ~qn df i b~`|oedboi` `dho| |d nq|obi|n |mn nffna| df |mn
sdqqnqqode df loffnwne| |snq df iqqn| de |mn swdgigo`o| |mi| fdw n}ibs`n i md~qnmd`l wnbioeqoe sdvnw| dw bijnq i q~aanqqf~` |wieqo|ode% Nq|obi|oeh |mn |wieqo|ode bi|wo} fwdb |mn
\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
|mn qai`n df oeadbn dw qsneloeh% ^elnw |moq awo|nwode o| oq sdqqog`n |d lnwovn ie ny~i|ode |mi|
wnswnqne|q |mn |wieqo|ode df i md~qnmd`l;
fwdb den `nvn` df qsneloeh |d ied|mnw dw i`|nwei|ovn` fwdb q|i|nq df sdvnw| dw ede"sdvnw|xmnwn i`` |mn viwoig`nq mivn gnne lnfoenl n}ans| m xmoam wnswnqne|q i vna|dw df qmdw|"|nwb
qmdajq |mi| iffna| a~wwne| oeadbn$qsneloeh% Oe d~w aiqn xn oe|wdl~anl |xd viwoig`nq |d ais|~wn
qmdw|"|nwb qmdajq; |mn qsneloeh df |mn Adbsneqi|ode iel Qdaoi` Lnvn`dsbne| F~el
-FDEADLNQ/ gn|xnne 9??9 iel 9??< iel |mn amiehn oe |mn `igdw q|i|~q gn|xnne gd|m niwq
-|mn loffnwnean gn|xnne |mn md~qnmd`l daa~si|ode wi|n bniq~wnl iq |mn e~bgnw df md~qnmd`l
xdwjoeh bnbgnwq adbsiwnl xo|m |mn e~bgnw df bnbgnwq ihnl dvnw 9</% Gd|m viwoig`nq i||nbs|
|d ais|~wn qmdw|"|nwb bdlofoai|odeq oe |mn biawd"nevowdebne| xmoam mivn ed| n| wnq~`|nl oe
amiehnq oe |mn sdqqnqqode df iqqn|q%\d nvi`~i|n |mn |wieqo|ode gn|xnne q|i|nq df sdvnw| i sien` df 9196 md~qnmd`lq
q~wvnnl oe 9??9 iel 9??< xiq ~qnl% \d qnn mdx wnswnqne|i|ovn |mn sien` oq xo|m wnqsna| |d
|mn 9??9 qibs`n |mn sien` oefdwbi|ode fdw |mn swoeaosi` viwoig`nq ~elnw q|~l xiq adbsiwnl
xo|m li|i |mi| xiq ed| siw| df |mn sien` gnai~qn |mn md~qnmd`lq xnwn ed| swnqne| oe |mn 9??<
q~wvn% \mn advnwihn df |mn sien` wnswnqne|q 89%> snwane| df |mn 9??9 qibs`n% \mn wnq~`|q
giqnl de |mn swoeaosi` viwoig`nq ~elnw q|~l qmdx |mi| oefdwbi|ode i| sien` `nvn` ldnq ed|
ade|ioe qoheofoaie| loffnwneanq oe wn`i|ode |d |mn h`dgi` qibs`n df 9??9% Mdxnvnw |mn sien`
iqqoheq hwni|nw xnohm| |d |mn ~wgie edw|m Adq|i iel `nqqnw xnohm| |d @obi ao|% Oe wn`i|ode |dsdvnw| wi|n |mn sien` ais|~wnq |mn loq|wog~|ode df |mn |d|i` qibs`n i`|md~hm xo|m i q`ohm| goiq
qoean o| ais|~wnq 8< snwane| df |mn sddw iel de` 89 snwane| df |mn ede"sddw% \ig`n 1%97 qmdxq
|mn loq|wog~|ode df md~qnmd`lq oea`~lnl oe |mn sien`%
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Amis|nw 1
b~`|oedboi` dho| oq iqbs|d|oai`` ny~ovi`ne| |d lowna|` nq|obi|n o| g bi}ob~b vnwoqobo`o|~ln%
\mn ilvie|ihn df |mn ds|ode ~qnl mnwn oq |mi| o| n}s`oao|` olne|ofonq |mn nffna|q df |mn sdqqnqqode
df loffnwne| iqqn|q de |mn |wieqo|ode swdanqq%
Qoean anw|ioe amiehnq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode aie gn adeqolnwnl neldhned~q |d |mn swdanqq
df md~qnmd`l lnaoqode"bijoeh |mnqn amiehnq mivn |d gn oeq|w~bne|i`o{nl nqsnaoi`` fdwamiehnq oe jn iqqn|q q~am iq nl~ai|ode foeieaoi` qivoeh iel dw ovnq|daj% Amiehnq oe s~g`oa
iqqn|q iwn adeqolnwnl n}dhned~q |d |mn swdanqq df md~qnmd`l lnaoqode"bijoeh iel |mn iwn
ed| |mnwnfdwn oeq|w~bne|i`o{nl% Fdw |mn oeq|w~bne|i`o{i|ode |mn neldxbne| df oeo|oi` iqqn|q
oq ~qnl gd|m |mdqn |mi| issniw oe |mn nq|obi|n iel d|mnwq ed| adeqolnwnl oe |mn nq|obi|nl
bdln` -n%h% nl~ai|ode df |mn wnq| df |mn md~qnmd`l/%
Qoean |mn qn| df n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq qmdxq ie obsdw|ie| lnhwnn df ad``oeniwo| anw|ioe
wnq|woa|odeq xnwn obsdqnl% Oe siw|oa~`iw |mn nq|obi|nl bdln` iqq~bnq |mi| amiehnq oe sdqqnqqode
df iqqn|q mn`s n}s`ioe |mn |wieqo|odeq g~| ld ed| iffna| md~qnmd`lq wnbioenl oe |mn qibn q|i|ngn|xnne 9??9 iel 9??<% O| oq i`qd iqq~bnl |mi| |mn iqqn| `nvn`q mn`s n}s`ioe xm anw|ioe
md~qnmd`lq wnbioe sddw dw ede"sddw g~| iwn `nqq obsdw|ie| oe n}s`ioeoeh |mn |wieqo|ode%9=
Illo|odei`` gnai~qn df |mn qbi`` e~bgnw df sien` dgqnwvi|odeq fdw |mn w~wi` qna|dw |mn bdln`
xiq nq|obi|nl fdw |mn ne|own qibs`n%
\ig`n 1%91 Bdln`¼q swnloa|ode wi|n
\ig`n 1%9< qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl fwdb |mn swdsdqnl b~`|o"edboei` dho| bdln`% \mn
bdln` bioe|ioenl 9> n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq swnvod~q` iei`{nl xmoam iwn oeloai|dwq df |mn
iqqn|q df m~bie aiso|i` -nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l sd|ne|oi` `igdw n}snwonean hnelnwloffnwneanq bohwi|dw igo`o| o``enqqnq oe |mn md~qnmd`l iel fibo` qo{n/ iqqn|q df smqoai` iel
foeieaoi` aiso|i` -foeieaoi` qivoeh l~wig`n hddlq `iel ovnq|daj/ iel df s~g`oa iel dwhieo{i|odei`
aiso|i` -iaanqq |d xi|nw n`na|woao| qnxnwihn |n`nsmden iel bnbgnwqmos df qdaoi` dwhieo{i|odeq/%
\mn swnloa|ode wi|n df |mn bdln` -qnn \ig`n 1%91/ oq wniqdeig` mohm fdw md~qnmd`lq |mi| wnbioe
oe |mnow oeo|oi` q|i|n -sddw dw ede"sddw/% Oe ade|wiq| |mn swnloa|ode wi|n fdw md~qnmd`lq |mi| bijn
9= \mnqn iqq~bs|odeq issniw wniqdeig`n oe |mn `ohm| df |mn wnq~`|q df |mn ~ewnq|woa|nl `dho| bdln` xo|m |mn qd`n
n}ans|ode df |mn nl~ai|odei` viwoig`n oe |mn ny~i|odeq |mi| n}s`ioe |mn |wieqo|odeq -viwoig`n |mi| xiq oe|wdl~anl oe|mn bdln`/% O| qmd~`l gn ed|nl |mi| l~n |d |mn mohm ad``oeniwo| vnwofonl gn|xnne |mn amiehnq oe |mn iqqn|q iel |mnow`nvn`q |mnqn wnq|woa|odeq xnwn obsdqnl n} ie|n%
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\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
\ig`n 1%9< B~`|oedboi` iei`qoq df amiehnq oe q|i|nq df sdvnw|-Biwhoei` nffna|q/
Sddw |d ede"sddw Ede sddw |d sddw
Adnffoaone|q { Adnffoaone|q {
O; Oe |wieqo|ode
Nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l "3%337 "3%>9? "3%336 "7%>Hnelnw 3%39= 3%<11 3%336 3%7<9∆-Nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l/ -9/ 3%338 9%<=? "3%397 "<%3?=∆-Sd|ne|oi` igdw n}snwonean/ "3%337 "9%671 "3%337 "7%978
∆-Bohwi|ode/ 3%9<6 7%<=6 "3%38= "7%3>1∆-@iel/ -9/ 3%379 9%>>7 "3%331 "9%1=<∆-Iaanqq |d sd|ig`n xi|nw/ 3%398 3%19 3%361 7%79=∆-Iaanqq |d qnxnwihn/ 3%379 3%7? 3 "3%338∆-Iaanqq |d n`na|woao|/ 3%37? 3%17< "3%361 "3%?1=∆-Iaanqq |d |n`nsmden/ 3%3>9 3%68 "3%9 "9%98<∆-Fibo` qo{n/ "3%31< ">%97< 3%37= 6%=<7∆-Foeieaoi` qivoehq/ 9$ "3%39< "3%36= 3%3<> 3%1<>∆-@ovnq|daj/9$ "3%339 "3%==7 "3%339 "9%8?6∆-Adbb~eo| aiso|i`/ "3%367 "3%8?? "3%331 "3%38>∆-@igdw q|i|~q/ 3%3>7 9%=36 "3%3>8 "1%9=<FDEADLNQ 3 3%13< 3 "3%=6<Adeq|ie| "3%3>= "3%?77 "3%361 "9%=8
OO; Adeq|ie|
Nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l "3%317 "8%3<8 3%3<? =%891Sd|ne|oi` `igdw n}snwonean "3%33> "<%9?1 3%33= >%<96Hnelnw 3%319 3%==1 "3%3=6 "9%66=Bohwi|ode "3%737 "1%>6? 3%918 9%??7O``enqq "3%337 "3%9<8 "3%331 "3%717Fibo` qo{n 3%367 =%1>8 "3%3?7 "93%399Foeieaoi` qivoehq "3%<66 "7%=<7 3%19> 1%<>L~wig`n hddlq 3 9%9=6 3 "3%6=7@iel 3 3%33= 3%339 3%1<8
Iaanqq |d sd|ig`n xi|nw "3%39= "3%>7 "3%3>6 "3%?==Iaanqq |d qnxnwihn "3%331 "3%93< 3%388 9%638Iaanqq |d n`na|woao| "3%3<? "3%?36 3%939 9%9<=Iaanqq |d |n`nsmden "3%<<6 "<%<98 3%<9= 6%396Adbb~eo| aiso|i` 3%<<= 9%=<> 3%361 3%98?@ovnq|daj 3%337 7%71< "3%33< "7%111@igdw q|i|~q 3%388 1%1?8 "3%937 "7%?9=FDEADLNQ 3 "3%331 3 "3%3=>Adeq|ie| 3%9=9 7%967 "3%9>6 "9%71?Sqn~ld W7 3%9?>
9$ \mnqn viwoig`nq xnwn oeq|w~bne|i`o{nl |d adwwna| sdqqog`n goiq l~n |d neldhned~q nffna|q%
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
|mn |wieqo|ode fwdb q|i|nq df sdvnw| oq `dx wnf`na|oeh oeigo`o| |d ais|~wn ilny~i|n` i`` |mn qmdw|"
|nwb qmdajq |mi| iffna| |mn |wieqo|dw oeadbn dw qsneloeh df |mn md~qnmd`lq%
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Amis|nw 1
\mn b~`|oviwoi|n `dho|"|sn bdln`q mivn |mn oelnsnelnean df owwn`nvie| i`|nwei|ovnq
swdsnw| -OOI/ |mi| oq |d ill dw wnl~an i`|nwei|ovnq dw q|i|nq: o| ldnq ed| iffna| |mn wn`i|ovn
swdgigo`o|onq df |mn q|i|n bioe|ioenl oe |mn bdln`% \moq swdsnw| ad~`l gn ~elnqowig`n oe i
bdln` q~am iq |mi| swdsdqnl mnwn gnai~qn |mn q|i|nq iwn adelo|odei` de |mn oeo|oi` sdqo|ode df
niam md~qnmd`l% \d vnwof |mi| |moq swdsnw| ldnq ed| hnenwi|n obsdw|ie| goiqnq oe |mn wnq~`|qdg|ioenl |mn q|i|oq|oai` |nq| lnvn`dsnl g Mi~qbie iel Bafillne -9?=</ xiq ~qnl% Iq qmdxe
oe \ig`n 1%9> oe d~w aiqn |mn |nq|q qmdx |mi| |mn nq|obi|nq df |mn swdsdqnl bdln` xnwn ed|
iffna|nl g |moq iqq~bs|ode%
\ig`n 1%9> Mi~qbie |nq| fdw OOI
N}a`~loeh i`|nwei|ovn sddw"sddw 91%8>61N}a`~loeh i`|nwei|ovn sddw$ede"sddw 93%?1<?N}a`~loeh i`|nwei|ovn ede"sddw$sddw 99%966?
N}a`~loeh i`|nwei|ovn ede"sddw$ede"sddw 67%6?=>
Ed|n; \mn awo|oai` vi`~n oq 8>%1> i| |mn `nvn` df 9 snwane|%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\mn swdgigo`o|onq df |wieqo|ode iwn swnqne|nl oe \ig`n 1%96 xmnwn |mn nffna|ovn swdgigo`o|
oq ny~ovi`ne| |d |mn |wieqo|odeq nffna|ovn` dgqnwvnl iel wnsdw|nl oe 1%97
\ig`n 1%96 Swdgigo`o| df |wieqo|ode
Q|i|nq Nfna|ovn Nq|obi|n
Sddw |d sddw 7?%1. 1>%8.Sddw |d ede"sddw 79%3. 93%>.Ede"sddw |d sddw 93%3. 1%3.Ede"sddw |d ede"sddw 1?%8. >3%=.
\d|i` 933%3. 933%3.
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\mn wnq~`|q wnvni` |mi| |mn iqqn|q df m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q -niwq df nl~ai|ode df mnil df md~qnmd`l sd|ne|oi` n}snwonean df mnil bohwi|dw n}snwonean iel fibo` qo{n/ foeieaoi` aiso|i`
-foeieaoi` qivoehq/ smqoai` aiso|i` -`ovnq|daj/ iel s~g`oa iel dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` -iaanqq
|d |n`nsmden iel bnbgnwqmos df iqqdaoi|odeq/ iwn aw~aoi` oe n}s`ioeoeh xm anw|ioe md~qnmd`lq
wnbioe oe i q|i|n df sdvnw| dw ede"sdvnw|% Amiehnq oe qdbn m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q -bohwi|dw
n}snwonean iel fibo` qo{n/ iq xn`` iq |mn sdqo|ovn qmdajq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m amiehn oe |mn `igdw
q|i|~q iwn |mn viwoig`nq |mi| gn||nw n}s`ioe |mn |wieqo|ode fwdb sdvnw|% Adevnwqn` |mn viwoig`nq
|mi| gn||nw n}s`ioe xm anw|ioe md~qnmd`lq |mi| xnwn ed| sddw oe 9??9 mil gnadbn sddw g
9??< iwn |mn `nvn` iel amiehn oe nl~ai|odei` `nvn` df |mn mnil df md~qnmd`l amiehnq oe `igdwiel bohwi|dw n}snwonean |dhn|mnw xo|m iaj df iaanqq |d s~g`oa hddlq iel |mn ilvnwqn qmdaj
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\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn amiehn oe `igdw q|i|~q% Hnelnw loffnwneanq iwn ed| obsdw|ie| oe ie df |mn
fd~w q|i|nq iei`{nl% Illo|odei`` df |mn qmdw|"|nwb qmdajq olne|ofonl -FDEADLNQ qsneloeh
iel amiehn oe `igdw q|i|~q/ de` |mn qnadel miq n}s`iei|dw sdxnw fdw ~elnwq|ieloeh |mn
wniqdeq xm i md~qnmd`l bdvnq oe|d dw d~| df sdvnw|% @iq|` iq n}sna|nl fibo` qo{n wnl~anq
|mn swdgigo`o| df obswdvoeh q|i|~q iel oq ln|nwboeie| oe n}s`ioeoeh xm qdbn md~qnmd`lqwnbioe oe sdvnw|%
1%8 Adea`~qodeq
\moq q|~l miq nbsowoai`` vnwofonl |mn jn iqqn|q |mi| amiwia|nwo{n |mn sddw sds~`i|ode df
Snw~% O| miq i||nbs|nl |d gn||nw ~elnwq|iel |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne iqqn|q iel sdvnw| iei`{oeh
amiehnq oe |mn loq|wog~|ode df iqqn|q |mn `oej gn|xnne iaanqq |d dw sdqqnqqode df |mnqn iqqn|q
iel sdvnw| iel |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne |mnow wn|~weq iel sdvnw|% Hovne |mi| bie df |mnqn
iqqn|q iwn wniqdeig` n}dhned~q i| `niq| oe |mn qmdw| |nwb ie ~elnwq|ieloeh df |mnqnwn`i|odeqmosq newoamnq |mn lngi|n igd~| xmoam s~g`oa sd`oaonq ad~`l mivn |mn hwni|nq| nffna| de
sdvnw| wnl~a|ode%
Oe |mn Snw~voie aiqn |moq amis|nw qmdxq |mn obsdw|iean df viwoig`nq q~am iq nl~ai|ode
iel fibo` qo{n fdw |sofoeh |mn q|i|n df sdvnw| df oelovol~i`q |mwd~hm |mn iei`qoq df swdgo|
bdln`q iel qsneloeh wnhwnqqodeq% \mn iei`qoq i`qd adefowbq |mi| iaanqq |d awnlo| iel dxenwqmos
df iqqn|q |mi| aie gn ~qnl iq ad``i|nwi` miq i sdqo|ovn nffna| de qsneloeh iel de |mn swdgigo`o|
df ed| gnoeh sddw% Foei`` q|i|oq|oai` nvolnean xiq fd~el |mi| viwoig`nq df s~g`oa iel
dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` q~am iq bnbgnwqmos df dwhieo{i|odeq iel iaanqq |d giqoa s~g`oa qnwvoanqq~am iq xi|nw qnxnwihn n`na|woao| iel |n`nsmden mivn i qobo`iw obsia|% Oe |moq wnqsna| |mn
nbsowoai` iei`qoq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn vonx |mi| |mn `iaj df iaanqq |d anw|ioe jn iqqn|q
xmoam hnenwi|n q~ffoaone| oeadbn fdw dieq fdw i siw| df |mn sds~`i|ode ~elnw`onq |mn swdg`nb
df sdvnw|%
@nvn`q iel amiehnq oe |mn iqqn|q wn|~weq iwn iq obsdw|ie| iq |mn sdqqnqqode df |mnb oe
ln|nwboeoeh sdvnw| q|i|~q% \mnqn wn|~weq aie i`qd gn bdlofonl g iaanqqoeh adbs`nbne|iw
jn iqqn|q% ^|o`o{oeh |mn siwibn|nwq nq|obi|nl fwdb |mn qsneloeh ny~i|odeq |mn obsia| xiq
ai`a~`i|nl df amiehnq oe |mn dxenwqmos iel iaanqq |d adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q de |mn wn|~we denl~ai|ode iel iel% \mn wnq~`|q qmdx i sdqo|ovn nffna| df s~g`oa iqqn|q de |mnqn wn|~weq xmoam
oq nvolnean |mi| swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q iwn adbs`nbne|iw% \moq qmdxq |mn wd`n df s~g`oa
sd`oa oe |nwbq df swdvoqode df qnwvoanq iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq i bnamieoqb |d q|wneh|mne |mn
wn|~we fwdb swovi|n iqqn|q iel |m~q fiao`o|i|n wnl~a|ode df sdvnw|%
F~w|mnw wnl~a|odeq oe fibo` qo{n mivn i qoheofoaie| sdqo|ovn obsia| de |mn wn|~we df |mn
iqqn|q bne|odenl% \mn adeans| |mi| |mn iwhnw |mn fibo` obs`onq ie oeawniqn oe |mn swdl~a|ovn
wnqd~wanq df |mn fibo` iel |mnwnfdwn ie oeawniqn oe xn``gnoeh oq ed| nbsowoai`` q~q|ioenl%
\mn foeloeh oq vnw qoheofoaie| nvne of |mn n}oq|nean df nadedbonq df qai`n oq iaans|nl oefibo` adeq~bs|ode% \moq ad~`l k~q|of s~g`oa oe|nwvne|ode oe |mn iwni df fibo` s`ieeoeh g~|
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Amis|nw 1
qoean |mn viwoig`n oq neldhned~q |d d|mnw lnaoqodeq iel wnq|woa|odeq |mi| iffna| |mn md~qnmd`l
o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d vi`oli|n q~am i sd`oa wnadbbneli|ode xo|md~| fowq| ~elnwq|ieloeh |mn
bnamieoqb df |mn ln|nwboei|ode df fibo` qo{n% \mn viwoig`n iq oea`~lnl oe |mnqn ai`a~`i|odeq
ad~`l oe fia| gn ais|~woeh |mn nffna| df viwoig`nq df m~bie aiso|i` |mi| iwn ed| niqo` dgqnwvig`n%
Xmne `ddjoeh |d |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq df |mn iqqn|q |mn wnq~`|q qmdx i sdqo|ovn nffna|df gnoeh ig`n |d iaanqq |d bdwn |mie den iqqn| i| |mn qibn |obn% Oe |moq qneqn |mn adbgoei|ode
df den dw bdwn iqqn|q qdbn|obnq oeawniqn |mn obsia| dvnw |mn xn`fiwn df |mn md~qnmd`lq oe
bdwn |mie |mn q~b df o|q oelovol~i` obsia|q iel oe qdbn aiqn |mn nffna| oq b~`|os`oai|ovn% Fdw
n}ibs`n i sddw md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d |n`nsmden de` o|q n}snelo|~wn xo`` oeawniqn oe <
snwane| of o| miq de` iaanqq |d i wdil den md~w `nqq |mie swnvod~q` o|q n}snelo|~wn xo``
oeawniqn oe 9 snwane| bniexmo`n of gd|m iqqn|q iwn hovne |d |mn md~qnmd`l qob~`|iend~q` o|q
n}snelo|~wn xo`` oeawniqn oe 8 snwane|% Nvne bdwn of oe illo|ode |moq md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d
swobiw iel qnadeliw qamdd`q oe o|q vo``ihn |mne o|q n}snelo|~wn xo`` oeawniqn oe bdwn |mie 99snwane| xmo`n |mn iwo|mbn|oa q~b df |mn oeawniqn oe n}snelo|~wn df mivoeh niam iqqn| i`den
xiq de` 8 snwane|% \moq wnq~`| a`niw` qmdxq |mn wd`n df s~g`oa sd`oa oe |nwbq df swdvoqode df
qnwvoanq iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq i bnamieoqb |d q|wneh|mne |mn wn|~we fwdb swovi|n iqqn|q iel
|m~q fiao`o|i|nq wnl~a|ode df sdvnw|% \mn wnq~`|q i`qd qmdx |mi| |mn illo|odei` swdvoqode df
s~g`oa hddlq qnwvnq iq ie ny~i`o{oeh fdwan gn|xnne |mn w~wi` sddw iel |mn ede sddw%
I leiboa iei`qoq xiq i`qd lden df |mn dxenwqmos df iqqn|q de bdgo`o| gn|xnne |mn
q|i|nq df sdvnw| iel ede"sdvnw|% O| xiq fd~el |mi| |mn oeo|oi` `nvn`q df |mn iqqn|q iwn ed| ned~hm
|d n}s`ioe |wieqo|odeq oe|d iel d~| df sdvnw| i`|md~hm |mn iwn aw~aoi` oe n}s`ioeoeh snwbieneanoe sdvnw| dw ede"sdvnw|% \moq oq |d gn n}sna|nl qoean |mn qibs`n df md~qnmd`l oe sien` fdwb
xiq fdw i wn`i|ovn` qmdw| snwodl -9??9"9??</% Nl~ai|ode `igdw n}snwonean iel fibo` qo{n iq
xn`` iq foeieaoi` qivoeh iaanqq |d |n`nsmden iel dxenwqmos df `ovnq|daj iwn |mn bdq| obsdw|ie|
viwoig`nq oe n}s`ioeoeh xmn|mnw i md~qnmd`l xo`` wnbioe oe o|q dwohoei` q|i|n df sdvnw|%
Oe ade|wiq| |d n}s`ioe |wieqo|odeq oe|d iel d~| df sdvnw| oe illo|ode |d oeo|oi` `nvn`q
iel amiehnq oe iqqn|q qmdajq `oejnl |d qmdw| |nwb amiehnq mivn |d gn adeqolnwnl% \mnqn
qmdajq xnwn siw|oi`` isswd}obi|nl g qmdw|"|nwb amiehnq oe |mn qdaoi` qsneloeh df
FDEADLNQ oe niam md~qnmd`l‟q loq|woa| iel g qmdw|"|nwb amiehnq oe |mn `igdw q|i|~q df md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq% \m~q |d `nivn sdvnw| |mn aw~aoi` fia|dwq iwn ie oeawniqn oe bohwi|dw
n}snwonean ie oeawniqn oe |mn e~bgnw df nbs`dnl snwqdeq oe wn`i|ode |d |d|i` bnbgnwq df
xdwjoeh ihn iel i wnl~a|ode oe fibo` qo{n% De |mn d|mnw miel |mn `nvn` df nl~ai|ode iel o|q
oeawniqn igdw n}snwonean wnl~a|ode oe fibo` qo{n obswdvnbne|q oe iaanqq |d sd|ig`n xi|nw
iel oeawniqnq oe ovnq|daj wnl~an |mn swdgigo`o| |mi| i md~qnmd`l bdvn oe|d i q|i|n df sdvnw|%
Oe |moq iei`qoq df |wieqo|ode |mn viwoig`n df FDEADLNQ loq|woa| qsneloeh xiq ed| qoheofoaie|%
\mn iei`qoq q~hhnq|q |mn sdqqog`n n}oq|nean df i wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne sdvnw| iel |mn
loq|wog~|ode df iqqn|q iel oeadbn% \mn wnl~a|ode oe sdvnw| iel qsneloeh loqsnwqode ad~`l gnwn`i|nl |d `deh"|nwb q|w~a|~wi` amiehnq oe |mn ivnwihn dxenwqmos iel loqsnwqode df nl~ai|ode
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\mn iqqn|q df |mn sddw oe Snw~
iel `iel dxenwqmos% \mn lnawniqn oe |mn loqsnwqode df `iel dxenwqmos oq nvolnean |dhn|mnw
xo|m |mn oeawniqn oe |mn q|daj df ivio`ig`n `iel df adeqoq|nea xo|m oeawniqnl dxenwqmos df
|moq iqqn| g |mn sddw% _n| |mn igqnean df ie oeq|o|~|odei` fwibnxdwj |d fiao`o|i|n |mn |wieqfnw df
`iel `dxnwnl o|q vi`~n biwjn| vi`~n iel o|q swdl~a|ovo|% Illo|odei`` |mn `iaj df d|mnw
adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q q~am iq s~g`oa hddlq iel nl~ai|ode jnnsq sdvnw| wi|nq vnw mohmlnqso|n sdqqog`n obswdvnbne| df loq|wog~|ode xo|moe |mn w~wi` qna|dw%
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6?
Amis|nw <
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q+
<%9 Oe|wdl~a|ode
Oe '\mn Xni`|m iel Sdvnw| df Ei|odeq' Livol Q% @ielnq iwh~nq |mi| N~wdsn‟q |nbsnwi|n
a`obi|n nead~wihnl miwl xdwj iel aiso|i`oq| lnvn`dsbne| xmo`n |mn mni| df |mn |wdsoaq gwd~hm|
wn`oiean de q`ivnq ZNoamnehwnne -9??=/ Nehnwbie iel Qdjd`dff -9??8/R |woeh |d n}s`ioe
xm |mn ^eo|nl Q|i|nq iel Aieili mivn gnne qd b~am bdwn q~aanqqf~` dvnw |obn |mie d|mnw
Enx Xdw`l nadedbonq q~hhnq| |mi| |mn wdd|q df |mnqn loqsiwo|onq de |mn n}|ne| df oeny~i`o|
`i de loffnwneanq oe |mn oeo|oi` fia|dw neldxbne|q df |mn wnqsna|ovn ad`deonq% Xm ld xn qnn
iwniq xo|m snwqoq|ne|` `dx `ovoeh q|ieliwlq nvne oe hwdxoeh nadedbonq4 Xo`` |mn `nhia df
|mnqn loffnwneanq snwqoq|4Den vonx oq |mi| loffnwneanq iwoqn fwdb snwqoq|ne| qsi|oi` adeane|wi|odeq df oelovol~i`q
xo|m snwqdei` i||wog~|nq oemogo|oeh hwdx|m oe |mnow ovoeh q|ieliwlq% \moq vonx ldnq ed| iqawogn
i ai~qi` wd`n |d hndhwism snw qn: oe d|mnw xdwlq olne|oai` oelovol~i`q xo`` g |moq vonx mivn
|mn qibn hwdx|m swdqsna|q wnhiwl`nqq df xmnwn |mn `ovn% I`|nwei|ovn` den bohm| iwh~n |mi|
hndhwism miq i ai~qi` wd`n oe ln|nwboeoeh mdx md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn nvd`vnq dvnw |obn% G |moq
vonx hndhwismoa n}|nwei`o|onq iwoqoeh fwdb ei|~wi` hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq `dai` s~g`oa
iqqn|q dw `dai` neldxbne|q df swovi|n iqqn|q ne|io` |mi| `ovoeh oe i xn`` neldxnl iwni bnieq
|mi| i sddw md~qnmd`l aie nvne|~i`` nqaisn sdvnw|% _n| ie d|mnwxoqn olne|oai` md~qnmd`l`ovoeh oe i sddw iwni n}snwoneanq q|ihei|ode dw lna`oen% Of |moq oq qd |mne o| oq obsdw|ie| fdw
sd`oa bijnwq |d ~elnwq|iel mdx hndhwismoa fia|dwq ld bi||nw |d hwdx|m swdqsna|q i| |mn
boawd `nvn` ZKi`ie iel Wivi``ode -9??=/ Nehnwbie iel Qdjd`dff -9??8/R
Snw~ miq ie iq|deoqmoeh viwon| df nad`dhoai` iwniq% De` i fnx ad~e|wonq dffnw qd bie
a`obi|n {denq iel `ielqaisnq xo|m wioefdwnq|q mohm bd~e|ioe wiehnq iel lw lnqnw|q% Snw~
ade|ioeq i |d|i` df =< df |mn xdw`l‟q 93< jedxe `ovoeh nad`dhoai` wnhodeq iel 7= loffnwne|
a`obi|nq% \moq hndhwismoa lovnwqo| o|q `oej |d lnvn`dsbne| iel |mn obsdw|ie| loffnwneanq oe
|mn xn`fiwn df |mn loffnwne| wnhodeq bijnq Snw~ i hddl aiqn q|~l oe i||nbs|oeh |d iqanw|ioexmi| wd`n hndhwismoa viwoig`nq "gd|m ei|~wi` iel biebiln" s`i oe n}s`ioeoeh snw aiso|i
n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~%
Iq qmdxe oe \ig`n <%9 xmne adbsiwoeh xo|moe ad~e|wonq viwoigo`o| df oeadbn snw
aiso|i iawdqq @i|oe Ibnwoai o| oq a`niw |mi| Snw~ miq den df |mn mohmnq| lnhwnnq df oeny~i`o|
gn|xnne wnhodeq oe @i|oe Ibnwoai% Iaadwloeh |d |mn Xdw`l Giej -9???/ iel d~w dxe nq|obi|nq
giqnl de |mn Snw~voie @QBQ df 9??8 Snw~ miq i `iwhnw loqsnwqode df snw aiso|i oeadbn g
+ Amis|nw giqnl de 'Ilvnwqn Hndhwism iel Loffnwneanq oe Xn`fiwn oe Snw~' g Kivonw Nqadgi` iel Bé}obd \dwnwd%Oe; Qsi|oi` Oeny~i`o| iel Lnvn`dsbne|% Wivo Jieg~w iel \de Vneig`nq -Nlq%/ XOLNW iel D}fdwl ^eovnwqo|Swnqq 733< -fdw|madboeh/
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wnhode |mie Ad`dbgoi Gwi{o` Amo`n dw Bn}oad% De` Iwhne|oei oq wnsdw|nl iq mivoeh `iwhnw
wnhodei` oeadbn loqsiwo|onq% F~w|mnwbdwn |moq loqsnwqode oq i`qd vnw iwhn xo|moe |mn loffnwne|
hndhwismoai` wnhodeq df Snw~%
\moq amis|nw i||nbs|q |d qmdx xmn|mnw hndhwismoa n}|nwei`o|onq iwoqoeh fwdb ei|~wi`
hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq mivn i ai~qi` wd`n oe ln|nwboeoeh mdx md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn nvd`vnq%\mn amis|nw oq lovolnl oe|d qo} bikdw qna|odeq% \mn qnadel qna|ode hovnq i ln|io`nl lnqawos|ode df
Snw~‟q hndhwism iel qsnaofoai`` |mn bioe iwniq oe xmoam hndhwism bohm| s`i i f~elibne|i`
wd`n oe nadedboa lnvn`dsbne|% O| i`qd bijnq i fowq| i||nbs| |d iei`{n xmn|mnw |mnwn oq i adwwn`i|ode
gn|xnne hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iel niweoeh nvn`q% Illo|odei`` o| iei`{nq xmn|mnw |mn loffnwneanq
dgqnwvnl iawdqq |mn loffnwne| wnhodeq oe Snw~ iwn i`qd adwwn`i|nl |d |mn amiehnq oe hndhwism iel
|mnwnfdwn |d hndhwismoa n}|nwei`o|onq% Oe |mn |mowl qna|ode xn |w |d fdwbi`` ieqxnw xmn|mnw
hndhwism oq i ln|nwboeie| df |mn nvd`~|ode df xn`fiwn iawdqq md~qnmd`lq dvnw |obn% Xn lnvn`dsnl
i bdln` df adeq~bs|ode iel adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m i| md~qnmd`l iel swdvoean nvn` wnqsna|ovn`%\moq bdln` ed| de` |ijnq oe |mn `dai` nffna| df hndhwismoa viwoig`nq g~| i`qd oea`~lnq qsi|oi`
nadedbn|woa |nameoy~nq |d iqanw|ioe |mn swnqnean df snwqoq|ne| qsi|oi` adeane|wi|odeq fdwanl g
hndhwism% Oe illo|ode xn i`qd iei`{n xmn|mnw |mn swnqnean df sdqo|ovn hndhwismoa n}|nwei`o|onq
iwoqoeh fwdb `dai` s~g`oa iqqn|q dw `dai` neldxbne|q df swovi|n iqqn|q obs`onq |mi| |mn nffna| df
ei|~wi` hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq aie gn dvnwadbn iel |mnwnfdwn i sddw md~qnmd`l aie nvne|~i``
nqaisn sdvnw|% \d gn ig`n |d iei`{n |mn siw|oi` nffna|q df niam df |mnqn |snq df iqqn|q -hndhwismoa
swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q/ xn i`qd lnvn`ds i bn|mdld`dh |d gwnij ldxe |mn siw|oi` nffna|q df
niam df |mnqn viwoig`nq%Fd~w|m qna|ode ln|io`q |mn bioe li|igiqnq adeq|w~a|nl fdw |moq amis|nw iel |mn
bn|mdld`dhoai` oqq~nq wnhiwloeh |mn li|igiqnq% Xn ~qn |mn ei|odei` aneq~q fdw 9?87 9?=9 iel
9??1 |mn @ovoeh Q|ieliwl Bniq~wnbne| Q|~l -@QBQ/ q~wvnq fdw 9??9 9??< 9??6 iel
9??8 oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn loq|woa| oefwiq|w~a|~wn aneq~q hndhwismoai` li|i"qn|q iel
oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn OOO Ei|odei` Ihwiwoie Aneq~q df 9??<% Oe Qna|ode <%> |mn wnq~`|q iwn
swnqne|nl iel `iq|` xn ln|io` |mn bikdw adea`~qodeq df |mn q|~l%
\ig`n <%9 Wnhodei` oeadbn snw"aiso|i loqsnwqode oe @i|oe Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq
-Qn`na|nl niwq/
_niw Loqsnwqode
Ad`dbgoi 9?=? 3%1>=Gwi{o` 9??< 3%<7<Amo`n 9??< 3%<83Bn}oad 9??1 3%>37Snw~ 9??8 3%>69Iwhne|oei 9??> 3%816
-9/; exnohm|nl adnffoaone| df Viwoi|ode
Qd~wan; Fi`ade S% -9??=/ iel dxe nq|obi|nq
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
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Amis|nw <
<% 7% Giqoa Amiwia|nwoq|oaq df Snw~voie Hndhwism
@niloeh moq|dwoieq iel nadedboq|q mivn deh wnadheo{nl hndhwism iq mivoeh i aw~aoi` wd`n oe
nadedboa lnvn`dsbne| nvne |md~hm hndhwism miq gnne enh`na|nl oe bdq| wnane| nbsowoai`
q|~lonq df adbsiwi|ovn hwdx|m iawdqq ad~e|wonq iel df adbsiwi|ovn hwdx|m xo|moe |mn qibn
ad~e|w%9
Qsnaofoai`` oe |mn aiqn df Snw~ |mn nedwbd~q lovnwqo| df o|q hndhwism bijnq o| ie
n}|wnbn` oe|nwnq|oeh aiqn q|~l |d iei`{n |mn obsdw|iean df |mnqn viwoig`nq |d nadedboa
hwdx|m xo|moe |mn ad~e|w%7 Snw~ oq `dai|nl oe |mn \wdsoai` [den df |mn h`dgn g~| gnai~qn df
viwoi|odeq oe wn`onf iel q~am fia|dwq iq wioe qmildxq gdlonq df xi|nw -o%n% biwoen a~wwne|q q~am
iq 'N` Eoùd' iel M~bgd`l|/ iel xoel si||nweq o| adbswoqnq i b~`|o|~ln df boawda`obi|nq%
I`|md~hm bie hndhwismoa fia|dwq oe|nwia| o| aie gn qiol |mi| |mwd~hmd~| bdq| df Snw~ |mn
dwdhwism iel |mn bdwsmd`dhoa q|w~a|~wn df |mn Ielnq miq adelo|odenl |mn `dai` a`obi|n |mn
|sn iel ~qn df |mn `iel iel |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq df |mn ad~e|w%\mn ne|own adiq|i` iwni df Snw~ -iwd~el 99 snwane| df o|q |nwwo|dw g~| xo|m <? snwane| df
|mn |d|i` sds~`i|ode/1 oq den df |mn lwonq| wnhodeq de |mn q~wfian df |mn Niw|m% Ad`l xi|nwq dff |mn
adiq| iel |mn swd}obo| df |mn mohm Ielnq iq xn`` iq xoel si||nweq d~| df |mn Qd~|m Siaofoa mohm
swnqq~wn qq|nb ade|wog~|n |d |mn vow|~i` iaj df wioefi`` oe |moq wnhode% Mdxnvnw |moq ad`l m~bol
lnqnw| wnq~`|q oe s`niqie| `ovoeh adelo|odeq fdw |mdqn ed| gd|mnwnl g |mn `iaj df wioefi``%
Bie qnsiwi|n wiehnq q~wwd~eloeh qnvnwi` iwniq df mohm s`i|ni~ bijn ~s |mn Ielnq oe
Snw~ xmoam iaad~e| fdw 19 snwane| df Snw~voie |nwwo|dw% Siqqnq |mwd~hm |mnqn bd~e|ioeq iwn
~q~i`` mohm iel loffoa~`| nqsnaoi`` oe |mn qd~|mnwe Ielnq xmoam aie gn adeqolnwnl i giwwonw
|d |wiln iel |wieqsdw|i|ode% A`obi|oa adelo|odeq i`qd bijn viq| iwniq df |mn Snw~voie Ielnqwn`i|ovn` oemdqso|ig`n%
I iwhn siw| df Snw~voie |nwwo|dw -igd~| >= snwane|/ onq oe |mn Ibi{de Giqoe% Bdq| df
|moq iwni oq advnwnl g lneqn fdwnq| |mi| miq q`dxnl |mn lnvn`dsbne| df |mn wnhode% Oe qdbn df
|mnqn iwniq iee~i` f`ddlq wioqn |mn xi|nw `nvn` bdwn |mie 9> bn|nwq ->3 fnn|/ iel oe~eli|n
|md~qielq df qy~iwn bo`nq df iel% \mnqn f`ddlq lnsdqo| i``~voi` qo`|q |mi| wnenx |mn qdo`q df |mn
f`ddlnl iwniq%
\mn loq|wog~|ode si||nweq df vnhn|i|ode iel qdo`q oe Snw~ iwn a`dqn` wn`i|nl |d |mn
loq|wog~|ode si||nweq df ielfdwbq iel a`obi|n% \mi| oq |wdsoai`"fdwnq| |snq df vnhn|i|ode ielqdo`q iwn fd~el bioe` oe |mn Ibi{de Giqoe xmo`n lnqnw| |snq iwn fd~el bioe` i`deh |mn
adiq| df Snw~% Qdo`q oe bdq| |wdsoai` fdwnq|q iwn sddw` lnvn`dsnl iel dx oe fnw|o`o| n}ans| oe
iwniq q~gkna| |d iee~i` f`ddloeh%
9 \mnwn iwn fnx q|~lonq nq|obi|oeh |mn nadedboa obsdw|iean df hndhwism xo|moe i wnhode dw i ad~e|w fdw n}ibs`nG`ddb iel Qiamq -9??=/ bijn i hwni| ade|wog~|ode fdw |mn aiqn df Ifwoai iel Nehnwbie iel Qdjd`dff -9??=/ fdwAieili iel |mn ^%Q%
7 \mnwn n}oq| qnvnwi` sisnwq ZMi`` iel Kdenq -9??= 9??8/ Hi``~s n| i` -9??=/ Bdwned iel \wnmie -9??8/ Livoq
iel Xnoeq|noe -9??6/R |mi| mivn |wonl |d ieqxnw |mn y~nq|ode df |mn obsdw|iean df hndhwism oe n}s`ioeoeh |mn`nvn`q df nadedboa ia|ovo| iawdqq ad~e|wonq%1 Oe adbsiwoqde Qn`vi wnswnqne|q >= snwane| df |mn |nwwo|dw g~| md`lq de` 8 snwane| df |mn sds~`i|ode%
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S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
Snw~ oq i`qd xn`` jedxe fdw o|q boenwi` wnqnwvnq% O| miq |mn xdw`l‟q qnadel `iwhnq|
swdvne wnqnwvnq df qo`vnw |mowl `iwhnq| df |oe fd~w|m df `nil qnvne|m df adssnw iel nohm|m df
hd`l% I `iwhn swdsdw|ode df Snw~‟q boenwi` q~wfian adbsdqo|ode oq qnlobne|iw wdaj xmnwn
sn|wd`n~b lnsdqo|q iwn ~q~i`` fd~el: iel ohend~q iel bn|ibdwsmoa wdaj xmnwn hd`l qo`vnw
iel adssnw lnsdqo|q iwn |d gn fd~el%Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| |mnwn mivn gnne bie nffdw|q |d oej Snw~voie hndhwismoa lovnwqo|
|d jn oqq~nq iq obsdw|ie| iq qn||`nbne| `dai|ode dw adeq|w~a|ode df ilboeoq|wi|ovn dw sd`o|oai`
wnhodeq vnw `o||`n miq gnne lden |d iei`{n |mn `oejq gn|xnne |moq hndhwismoa lovnwqo| iel
lnvn`dsbne| nadedboa hwdx|m dw sdvnw|% \mn de` n}ans|ode oq |mn adeq|w~a|ode df 'sdvnw|
bisq' lden g |mn Hdvnwebne| |d mn`s |iwhn| qdaoi` swdhwibq% Den df |mn bdq| wnane| nffdw|q
oe |moq wnhiwl oq |mn adeq|w~a|ode df sdvnw| oeln}nq i| |mn swdvoeaoi` iel loq|woa| `nvn` g
FDEADLNQ -|mn s~g`oa ihnea oe amiwhn df sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode swdhwibq/<% I`|md~hm |mnqn
bisq iwn 'hndhwismoa' oe ei|~wn ed nffdw| miq gnne biln |d oej |mnb |d hndhwismoa viwoig`nq
|woeh fdw n}ibs`n |d foel d~| xmn|mnw |mnwn oq ie joel df sdvnw| |wis l~n |d |mn enhi|ovnn}|nwei`o|onq df anw|ioe 'hndhwismoa neldxbne|q'% Mdxnvnw |moq bis a`niw` qmdxq |mi| |mnwn
iwn m~hn xn`fiwn loqsiwo|onq iawdqq |mn ad~e|w iel |mnwn oq i mniv adeane|wi|ode df vnw sddw
snds`n oe |mn bdq| hndhwismoai`` ilvnwqn wnhodeq iq oe |mn Qonwwi iel Qn`vi%
\ig`n <%7 i`qd qmdxq mdx |mnwn oq i enhi|ovn wn`i|ode gn|xnne |mn bioe hndhwismoa
viwoig`nq -i`|o|~ln wioefi`` iel |nbsnwi|~wn/ iel md~qnmd`l nadedboa xn`fiwn% \mn mohmnw
|mn i`|o|~ln |mn `iwhnw oq |mn e~bgnw df sddw md~qnmd`lq oe |mn qsnaofoa wnhode -loq|woa|q/% Iq
n}sna|nl |nbsnwi|~wn qmdxq i ede `oeniw wn`i|odeqmos q~am |mi| sdvnw| oeawniqnq oe iwniq
xo|m vnw `dx `nvn`q df |nbsnwi|~wn iel xo|m n}|wnbn` mohm `nvn`q df |nbsnwi|~wn% \mnswnaoso|i|ode viwoig`n mdxnvnw ldnq ed| loqs`i i a`niw wn`i|odeqmos%
De |mn d|mnw miel |mnqn xn`fiwn loqsiwo|onq aie i`qd gn i||wog~|nl i| `niq| oe siw| |d i
qoheofoaie| loqsnwqode df iqqn| dxenwqmos dw iaanqq% Iq aie gn qnne oe \ig`n <%1 bdq| df |mn
iaanqq |d s~g`oa iqqn|q iel qnwvoanq oq i| `niq| 7 dw 1 |obnq iq mohm oe ~wgie iwniq iq adbsiwnl
|d w~wi` iwniq% Oe |mn aiqn df iaanqq |d qieo|i|ode loffnwneanq iwn nvne hwni|nw -qnn \ig`n <%1/>%
Nvne |md~hm iaanqq |d s~g`oa hddlq iel qnwvoanq miq oeawniqnl lwibi|oai`` oe w~wi`
iwniq l~woeh |mn iq| fd~w niwq enx iaanqq ade|oe~nq |d gn goiqnl oe fivdw df ~wgie iwniq% \xd
|mowlq df |mn enx n`na|woao| qieo|i|ode iel mni`|m qnwvoanq iwn s`ianl oe ~wgie iwniq% De` oe
nl~ai|ode ldnq |mn si||nwe df enx s~g`oa qnwvoanq s`ianl oe w~wi` iwniq q~wsiqq |mi| df ~wgieiwniq -qnn \ig`n <%</%
< \moq oeln} xiq adeq|w~a|nl i| |mn loq|woa| `nvn` g xnohm|oeh qdaodnadedboa oeloai|dwq wnf`na|oeh; n}|wnbn sdvnw|-oefie| bdw|i`o| amo`lwne xo|m amwdeoa bi`e~|wo|ode/ oeloai|dwq df nl~ai|ode -o``o|nwia wi|n qamdd` i||nelieanwi|n/ `igdw biwjn| oeloai|dwq -swdsdw|ode df xdwjoeh amo`lwne snwane|ihn df o``o|nwi|n il~`|q/ md~qoeh oeloai|dwq-snwane|ihn df md~qnmd`lq `ovoeh oe dvnwawdxlnl md~qoeh snwane|ihn df md~qnq xo|m swnaiwod~q wddfoeh/ ielgiqoa qnwvoanq oeloai|dwq -iaanqq swdvolnl g s~g`oa en|xdwjq |d xi|nw qieo|i|ode iel n`na|woao|/%
> Sdvnw| bisq swdvoln i ln|io`nl lnqawos|ode df |mn qsi|oi` loq|wog~|ode df sdvnw| xo|moe |mn ad~e|w iel iwn iaw~aoi` |dd` fdw wnqniwam oe |woeh |d n}s`ioe |mn wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne sdvnw| dw oeny~i`o| iel oeloai|dwq df
lnvn`dsbne|% De |mn d|mnw miel o| oq obsdw|ie| |d bne|ode |mi| |mn b~q| gn oe|nwswn|nl aiwnf~`` hovne |mi| |mnowy~i`o| oq `obo|nl g |mn qsiwqnenqq df |mn lnqnhwnhi|nl li|i% Qdbn obswdvnbne|q de |mnqn bn|mdld`dhonq aie gnfd~el oe Mne|qamn` n| i`% -7333/%
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\ig`n <%7 Hndhwism iel nadedboa xn`fiwn-Snwane|ihn df sddw md~qnmd`lq+/
9?=> 9??< 9??8
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Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq+Sdvnw| `oen oq dg|ioenl fwdb Nqadgi` n|%i`% -9??=/
\ig`n <%1 Wnhodei` loffnwneanq oe iaanqq |d qnwvoanq iel iqqn|q; Snw~ 9??8
^wgie W~wi` Wi|od
Fibo` Qo{n 6%9 6%1 9%3
_niwq df Nl~ai|ode -mnil/ =%6 <%> 9%?_niwq df Nl~ai|ode -il~`|q/ =%9 >%3 9%6Lwds"D~| Wi|nq Qnadeliw Qamdd` 97. 9>. 3%=Iaanqq |d N`na|woao| -./ ?8. 13. 1%7Iaanqq |d Xi|nw s~g`oa en|xdwj -./ =?. <1. 7%9Iaanqq |d Qieo|i|ode Adeena|ode -./ =<. 97. 8%1Iaanqq |d Awnlo| -./ 18. 71. 9%6
Bnbd; Sdvnw| wi|n <3. 6>.
Qd~wan;Dxe nq|obi|nq
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S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
\i`n <%< Loq|wog~|ode df enx iaanqq |d giqoa iel qdaoi` qnwvoanqSnw~; 9??< ‑ 9??8
^wgie W~wi` Wi|od
Xi|nw S~g`oa En|xdwj >8. <1. 9%1
N`na|woao| 87. 7=. 7%6Qieo|i|ode Adeena|ode 8=. 77. 1%>Ibg~`i|dw Mni`|m 8<. 76. 7%=Nl~ai|ode Newd``bne| 11. 68. 3%>
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
Hovne |mn igdvn nvolnean |mn bikdw y~nq|ode |moq wnqniwam xo`` |w |d ieqxnw oq; xmi|
ai~qi` wd`n ld hndhwismoa viwoig`nq "gd|m ei|~wi` iel biebiln" s`i oe n}s`ioeoeh snw aiso|i
n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~4 Mdx mivn |mnqn oef`~neanq amiehnl
dvnw |obn mdx obsdw|ie| xo`` |mn gn oe |mn f~|~wn |mwd~hm xmi| amieen`q mivn |mdqn oef`~neanqgnne |wieqbo||nl iel ldnq iaanqq |d swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q s`i i aw~aoi` wd`n oe wnl~aoeh
|mn enhi|ovn nffna|q df ie ilvnwqn hndhwism4 \mn en}| qna|ode lnqawognq mdx xn s`ie |d
fdwbi`` ieqxnw |mnqn y~nq|odeq%
<%1 Iei`|oai` fwibnxdwj |d |nq| |mn nffna|q df hndhwism
\mn bioe y~nq|ode |moq amis|nw |wonq |d ieqxnw oq xmn|mnw hndhwism miq ie nffna| de `ovoeh
q|ieliwlq if|nw ade|wd``oeh fdw dgqnwvig`n ede"hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn md~qnmd`lq
iel xmn|mnw iaanqq |d s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q adbsneqi|nq fdw |mn nffna|q df ie ilvnwqnhndhwism% \d illwnqq |moq y~nq|ode xn mivn lovolnl |mn iei`qoq oe|d |mwnn q|ihnq%
\mn fowq| q|ihn iei`{nq |mn nvolnean df wnhodei` oeadbn loffnwneanq iel |d xmi| n}|ne|
|mnqn loffnwneanq mil gnne mibsnwnl -dw fiao`o|i|nl/ g `dai` dw enohmgdwoeh ei|~wi` dw
biebiln hndhwismoa neldxbne|q% Xn iei`{n |mn nvd`~|ode df hndhwismoa si||nweq iel |mn
obsdw|iean df a`~q|nwoeh oe qdbn iwniq g ~qoeh qsi|oi` nadedbn|woa |nameoy~nq q~am iq |mn
Bdwie O q|i|oq|oa%6 Xn bniq~wn fdw |mn swnqnean dvnw |obn df qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode df snw
aiso|i n}snelo|~wn iel hndhwismoa swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q iel |nq| fdw |mnow qoheofoaiean%
Oe |mn qnadel q|ihn |d fdwbi`` ieqxnw xmn|mnw hndhwism miq i ai~qi` wd`n oeln|nwboeoeh mdx md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn nvd`vnq dvnw |obn xn lnvn`dsnl ie nq|obig`n boawd
bdln` df adeq~bs|ode nvn`q iel hwdx|m% \d bdln` amiehnq oe adeq~bs|ode dvnw |obn xn ~qn
|mwnn aneq~q li|igiqnq i| |mn swdvoeaoi` nvn` -qnn Ieen} I<%9 fdw ln|io`q de mdx adeq~bs|ode
oq nq|obi|nl fdw |mn aneq~q li|igiqnq/% \moq iei`qoq i`qd i``dxq ~q |d qnn xmi| hndhwismoa
fia|dwq bi||nw |d hwdx|m swdqsna|q i| |mn boawd `nvn` ZKi`ie iel Wivi``ode -9??=/ Nehnwbie
iel Qdjd`dff -9??8/R%
6 \mnwn iwn i iwhn e~bgnw df |nq|q |d ln|na| |mn swnqnean df qsi|oi` adwwn`i|ode -Ieqn`oe 9?==/ g~| |mdqn |mi| iwn bdq|~qnl iwn |mn ªBdwie Q|i|oq|oaº -O/ iel |mn H"q|i|oq|oaq -Hn|oq iel Dwl 9??7/%
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D~w n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq oea`~ln i qn| df oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq m~bie
iqqn|q -}/ i qn| df swovi|n iqqn|q -{/ i qn| df s~g`oa iqqn|q i| |mn loq|woa| `nvn` -w/ iel i qn| df
viwoig`nq adbswoqoeh qsnaofoa hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq a`obi|n qdo` amiwia|nwoq|oaq
iel i`|o|~ln -h/% Qsnaofoai`` |mn amiehn oe adeq~bs|ode ny~i|ode oq;
-9/
oe xmoam |mn q~gqawos| s wnfnwq |d swdvoeaoi` nvn` ivnwihnq df |mn wnqsna|ovn viwoig`nq iel |mn
q~gqawos| {nwd wnfnwq |d oefdwbi|ode df |mn oeo|oi` snwodl% Xn oea`~ln niam df |mn hwd~sq df
wnhwnqqdwq oeawnbne|i`` iel iq|` xn nq|obi|n |mn f~`` bdln`% Xn w~e i qn| df bdln`q oea`~loeh
den g den niam df |mn hwd~sq df n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq; hndhwism -h/ enohmgdwoeh s~g`oa
iqqn|q -w/ swovi|n iqqn|q -{/ iel oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq -}/ iel olne|of |mn lowna| n}|nwei`o|
nffna|q df |mn swnqnean df niam df |mnb% Illo|odei`` iaadwloeh |d |mn msd|mnqoq df |mn swnqneandf qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode xn iei`{n |mn obsdw|iean df |mn nffna|q df enohmgdwoeh swdvoeanq g
bniq~woeh |mn qoheofoaiean df qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode8 oe niam df d~w qsnaofoai|odeq iel |nq|
mdx o| lnawniqnq iq xn oea`~ln illo|odei` hwd~sq df wnhwnqqdwq%
Xn bdln` |mn qsi|oi` lnsnelnean iq i e~oqiean -i e~oqiean qoean o| de` snw|ioeq |d |mn
nwwdwq/% Fdwbi`` |moq lnsnelnean oq n}swnqqnl g bnieq df i qsi|oi` swdanqq fdw |mn nwwdw
|nwbq no|mnw df ie i~|dwnhwnqqovn dw i bdvoeh ivnwihn fdwb Zqnn; Ieqn`oe -9?== 9??3/ iel
Ieqn`oe n| i`% -9??6/R% Q~am ie i~|dwnhwnqqovn swdanqq aie gn n}swnqqnl iq;
-7/
xo|m Xξ= iq i qsi|oi`` `ihhnl nwwdw |nwb κ iq |mn i~|dwnhwnqqovn adnffoaone| iel ε iq i xn``"
gnmivnl -o%n% mdbdqjnliq|oa ~eadwwn`i|nl/ nwwdw |nwb%
Iq i adeqny~nean df |mn qsi|oi` lnsnelnean |mn nwwdw |nwb ed `dehnw miq |mn ~q~i`
loihdei` viwoiean bi|wo} g~| oeq|nil |ijnq |mn fd``dxoeh fdwb ZIeqn`oe @% -9?== 9??3/R;
-1/
8 Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode dw bdwn hnenwi`` qsi|oi` lnsnelnean oq |mn qo|~i|ode xmnwn |mn lnsnelne| viwoig`n dwnwwdw |nwb i| niam `dai|ode oq adwwn`i|nl xo|m dgqnwvi|odeq de |mn lnsnelne| viwoig`n dw vi`~nq fdw |mn nwwdw |nwb i|d|mnw `dai|odeq%
= Fdw E loq|woa|q dgqnwvnl X o oq |mn o|m wdx df ie -E+E/ bi|wo} X |mi| iqqoheq enohmgdwoeh loq|woa|q |d niam loq|woa|%
\mn X ~qnl aie gn amiwia|nwo{nl g X2zxokr q~am |mi| x
ok29 of o iel k iwn enohmgdwoeh loq|woa|q x
ok23 d|mnwxoqn
iel xoo23 fdw i`` o% \mn wdxq df X iwn |mne edwbi`o{nl q~am |mi| niam dgqnwvi|ode‟q enohmgdwoeh loq|woa|q mivn |mn
qibn ibd~e| df oef`~nean |mi| oq fdw i`` o% Oe illo|ode o| xo`` gn iqq~bnl |mi| niam enohmgdwoeh loq|woa|
df i hovne loq|woa| aiwwonq ny~i` xnohm| xok2 xoj fdw ede"{nwd n`nbne|q -enohmgdwq/j
iel k
fdw fowbo% Of bdwnoefdwbi|ode xnwn ivio`ig`n igd~| |mn ibd~e| df oef`~nean niam loq|woa| on`lq |moq ad~`l gn oeadwsdwi|nl oe|d |mn X
bi|wo} -wnhiwloeh |mn loffnwne| sdqqog`n q|w~a|~wnq qnn Ieqn`oe 9?==/%
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\mnwnfdwn D@Q nq|obi|nq iwn ed dehnw nffoaone| g~| |mn iwn q|o`` ~egoiqnl% F~w|mnwbdwn
hovne |mi| |mn ibgli adnffoaone| oq ~ejedxe |mn wnhwnqqode adnffoaone|q aieed| gn nq|obi|nl
~qoeh Hnenwi`o{nl @niq| Qy~iwnq -H@Q/ iel |mnwnfdwn oe d~w `iq| qsnaofoai|ode xn nq|obi|n
|mn ibgli adnffoaone| kdoe|` xo|m |mn wnhwnqqode adnffoaone|q ~qoeh f~`` bi}ob~b ojn`omddl
nq|obi|ode |nameoy~nq%?
Oe dwlnw |d olne|of |mn nffna|q df hndhwism de md~qnmd`lq xn i`qd ~qn |mn @QBQ
md~qnmd`l q~wvnq iel snwfdwb ie nq|obi|ode df |mn `nvn`q df adeq~bs|ode iel ie nq|obi|ode
df |mn hwdx|m df adeq~bs|ode ~qoeh |xd md~qnmd`l sien`q den fdw 9??9"9??< iel ied|mnw
den fdw 9??<"9??8% \mn qsnaofoai|ode ~qnl oq vnw qobo`iw |d |mn den oe ny~i|ode -9/% Xn oea`~ln
ihioe iq wnhwnqqdwq i qn| df oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq m~bie iqqn|q -}/ i qn| df swovi|n
iqqn|q -{/ i qn| df s~g`oa iqqn|q i| |mn loq|woa| nvn` -w/ iel i qn| df viwoig`nq adbswoqoeh qsnaofoa
hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq a`obi|n qdo` amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel i`|o|~ln -h/% Qsnaofoai``
|mn ny~i|ode xn nq|obi|n oq;
-</
oe xmoam |mn q~gqawos| o wnfnwq |d i md~qnmd`l iel |mn q~gqawos| l wnfnwq |d loq|woa| `nvn`
oefdwbi|ode93% Illo|odei`` |d iei`{n |mn nffna|q df hndhwism de |mn oeadbn loq|wog~|ode df
|mn md~qnmd`lq xn snwfdwb y~ie|o`n wnhwnqqodeq%
Xn i`qd lnvn`ds i boawd bdln` fdw adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m i``dxoeh fdw adeq|wioe|q de
fia|dw bdgo`o| iel n}|nwei`o|onq xmnwng hndhwismoa fia|dwq "oe |mn qsnaofoa wnhode dw oeenohmgdwmddl wnhodeq" aie oef`~nean |mn swdl~a|ovo| df i md~qnmd`l‟q dxe aiso|i`% Fdw |moq
s~wsdqn xn fd``dx Oq`ib -9??>/ iel nq|obi|n |mn fd``dxoeh bdln`;
->/
\moq bn|mdld`dh xo`` i``dx ~q |d |nq| dvnw |obn |mn nffna| df hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iq
xn`` iq |mn adevnwhnean wi|n% Iq bne|odenl g Ki`ie iel Wivi``ode -9??=/ 'den qmd~`l ed| gn
q~wswoqnl |d foel hndhwismoa loffnwneanq oe `ovoeh q|ieliwlq oe |moq qn||oeh% Fdw den |moeh
wnq|woa|odeq de `igdw bdgo`o| aie snwsn|~i|n qsi|oi` adeane|wi|odeq df md~qnmd`lq xo|m sddw
? Fdw i bdwn n}|neqovn |nameoai` loqa~qqode df |mn wn`i|ovn bnwo|q df |mn viwod~q nq|obi|dwq q~hhnq|nl oe |mn o|nwi|~wn
qnn Ieqn`oe -9?== 9??3/%93 Oe ade|wiq| |d d~w swnvod~q qsnaofoai|ode xn aie ed| adwwna| fdw |mn swnqnean df qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode gnai~qn xnld ed| jedx |mn n}ia| `dai|ode df |mn md~qnmd`lq iel |mnwnfdwn xn aieed| adeq|w~a| |mn qsi|oi` bi|wo} -X/%
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
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neldxbne|q% G~| hndhwism aie i`qd mivn i lnnsnw ai~qi` wd`n oe |mn leiboaq df sdvnw| oe
|moq qn||oeh% Of hndhwismoa n}|nwei`o|onq i`|nw wn|~weq |d swovi|n oevnq|bne|q iel gdwwdxoeh
adeq|wioe|q `obo| aiso|i` bdgo`o| |mne sddw iwniq aie qn`f snwsn|~i|n% Nvne xo|m loboeoqmoeh
wn|~weq |d swovi|n aiso|i` sddw iwniq xo`` qnn `dx hwdx|m wi|nq iel sdqqog` ade|wia|odeq%'99
@iq|` |mn |mowl q|ihn fd``dxq Wivi``ode iel Xdlde -9??8/ iel |wonq |d ~qn |mn wnq~`|qdf |mn swnvod~q qsnaofoai|odeq iel gwnij ldxe |mn hndhwismoa nffna|q oe|d |mnow adbsdene|
n`nbne|q% Fdw |moq s~wsdqn xn adbs~|n |mn n}sna|nl hioe -dw `dqq/ oe adeq~bs|ode fwdb
`ovoeh oe den hndhwismoa wnhode -Adq|i fdw n}ibs`n/ ihioeq| `ovoeh oe ied|mnw hndhwismoa
wnhode -o%n% Qonwwi/ qsnaofoeh mdx b~am df |mn hioe oq n}s`ioenl g hndhwismoai` viwoig`nq
`dai|ode -~wgie dw w~wi` iwniq/ oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q;
->/
xmnwn ]B A iwn |mn qibs`n bnieq fdw bd~e|ioe iel Adq|i wnhodeq fdw n}ibs`n iel η oq |mn
siwibn|nw df |mn wnqsna|ovn viwoig`nq ~elnw iei`qoq -o%n% hndhwismoai` dai|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn
iel swovi|n iqqn|q/% \moq gwnij"ldxe wnswnqne|q |mn loffnwne|oi` obsia| de i md~qnmd`l‟q ovoeh
q|ieliwl df i`` ede"n}a`~lnl viwoig`nq oe |mn |xd wnhodeq%
<%<% \mn Li|i
\d gn ig`n |d ieqxnw |mn bikdw y~nq|odeq d~|`oenl oe |mn swnvod~q qna|ode xn mivn lnvn`dsnl
fd~w loffnwne| li|igiqnq; aneq~q md~qnmd`l q~wvnq -@QBQ/ iel i sien` li|igiqn fwdb |mn@QBQ q~wvnq i`` df xmoam xnwn `oejnl |d i hndhwismoai` li|igiqn -qnn li|i qd~wanq/%
Xn mivn ~qnl |mn sds~`i|ode iel Md~qnmd`l Aneq~qnq df 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1 |d
adeq|w~a| i qn| df viwoig`nq |mi| i``dx ~q |d iei`{n |mn joel df amiehnq |mi| mivn nbnwhnl oe
|mn hndhwismoai` si||nwe df Snw~‟q bdq| obsdw|ie| qdaodnadedboa viwoig`nq l~woeh |mn `iq|
|mwnn lnailnq% Illo|odei`` ~qoeh |mn bn|mdld`dh df Mne|qamn` n| i`% -7333/ xn nq|obi|n i
md~qnmd`l"`nvn` n}snelo|~wn ny~i|ode ~qoeh |mn oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn 9?=>"=6 iel 9??< @QBQ
q~wvnq -qnn Ieen} I<%9 fdw ln|io`q de |mn nq|obi|ode/ xmoam i``dxnl ~q |d bdln` |mn
ln|nwboeie|q df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m i| |mn swdvoeaoi` `nvn`% \moq oe |~we i``dxq ~q
|d ln|nwboen xmi| wd`n hndhwismoa viwoig`nq "gd|m ei|~wi` iel biebiln" s`i oe n}s`ioeoeh
snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q iawdqq wnhodeq oe Snw~%
Xn i`qd ~qnl |mn awdqq"qna|odei` @QBQ md~qnmd`l q~wvnq hovne |mi| |mn mil viq|
oefdwbi|ode de md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq oeadbn iel n}snelo|~wnq iq xn`` iq de md~qnmd`l
iaanqq |d swovi|n iel s~g`oa qnwvoanq% \moq awdqq"qna|odei` boawd li|i oq |mnwnfdwn ~qnl oe d~w
qnadel bn|mdld`dhoai` q|wi|nh |d |nq| fdw hndhwismoa nffna|q de `ovoeh q|ieliwlq i| i sdoe| oe
|obn% Fdw ie n}ibs`n qnn Gdwkiq -9??</ de nffna|q df enohmgdwmddl de qamdd`oeh iel xihnq
99 Qnn Ki`ie iel Wivi``ode -9??=/ fdw fdwbi` |nq|q df sdvnw| |wisq%
Amis|nw <
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oe |mn ^%Q%: iel Wivi``ode iel Xdlde -9??8/ de nffna|q df hndhwism de |mn `nvn` df sdvnw|
oe Gieh`ilnqm/ iq xn`` iq de |mn obsdw|iean df s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q oe n}s`ioeoeh wnhodei`
sdvnw| viwoi|odeq%
@iq|` oe dwlnw |d iss` Ki`ie iel Wivi``ode‟q bn|mdld`dh xn g~o`| ~s i sien` gn|xnne
9??9 9??< iel 9??8 ~qoeh |mn @QBQ q~wvnq% \mn ilvie|ihn df mivoeh q|ieliwl sien` li|ixo|m |obn oeviwoie| fo}nl nffna|q de md~qnmd`lq i``dxoeh fdw `i|ne| md~qnmd`l mn|nwdhneno|
oq |mi| o| xo`` swd|na| ihioeq| qs~wod~q hndhwismoa nffna|q |mi| iwoqn qd`n` gnai~qn hndhwismoa
viwoig`nq swd} fdw dbo||nl ede"hndhwismoa g~| qsi|oi`` i~|dadwwn`i|nl md~qnmd`l
amiwia|nwoq|oaq%
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<%>%9 Snw~‟q Hndhwismy iel o|q wnhodei` loffnwneanq oe n}snelo|~wn
Oe |moq qna|ode xn iei`{n |mn joel df amiehnq |mi| mivn nbnwhnl oe |mn hndhwismoai` si||nwedf Snw~‟q bdq| obsdw|ie| qdaodnadedboa viwoig`nq l~woeh |mn `iq| |mwnn lnailnq% Oe illo|ode
xn iei`{n amiehnq oe n}snelo|~wn nq|obi|nq i| |mn swdvoeaoi` `nvn` gn|xnne |mwnn Aneq~q
li|nq -9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1/%
Xn iei`{n 7< viwoig`nq i| |mn swdvoeaoi` nvn` fdw i sien` df |mwnn Aneq~q niwq -9?87
9?=9 iel 9??1/ iq xn`` iq 963 illo|odei` viwoig`nq i| |mn swdvoeaoi` `nvn` iel == illo|odei`
viwoig`nq i| |mn loq|woa| `nvn` fdw viwoig`nq |mi| xnwn ivio`ig`n de` fdw 9??1 iel gndel%
Ieen} I<%9 lnqawognq |mnqn viwoig`nq iq xn`` iq |mn li|igiqnq |mi| hnenwi|n |mnb%
Oe dwlnw |d bdwn adbswnmneqovn` iei`{n |mn amiehnq |mi| daa~wwnl oe |mnqn hndhwismoasi||nweq xn mivn adeq|w~a|nl i snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn viwoig`n i| |mn swdvoeaoi` nvn`% Fd``dxoeh
i swdanl~wn qobo`iw |d |mi| df Mne|qamn` n| i`% -7333/ xn ~qnl md~qnmd`l li|i |d adeq|w~a|
n}snelo|~wn f~ea|odeq ~qoeh |mn Snw~voie @QBQ q~wvnq df 9?=> iel 9??<% Xn ~qnl |mn 9?=>
n}snelo|~wn f~ea|ode |d adeq|w~a| swdvoeaoi` `nvn` n}snelo|~wn nq|obi|nq ~qoeh li|i |ijne
fwdb |mn 9?87 iel 9?=9 Aneq~qnq iq n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq% Xn ~qnl |mn 9??< n}snelo|~wn
f~ea|ode |d adeq|w~a| |mn swdvoeaoi` `nvn` n}snelo|~wn nq|obi|nq giqnl de li|i |ijne fwdb |mn
9??1 Aneq~q% \mn n}ia| swdanl~wn iel li|i oevd`vnl oe |mnqn ai`a~`i|odeq aie gn fd~el oe
Ieen} I<%9%
\mn hndhwismoai` nvd`~|ode df Snw~‟q snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne 9?87 iel 9??1
lnbdeq|wi|nq |mi| mohmnw snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oq |d gn fd~el i`deh dx i`|o|~ln adiq|i` wnhodeq%
\moq si||nwe xmoam oq i`wnil a`niw ~qoeh 9?87 li|i oq nvne bdwn issiwne| iq |obn siqqnq% O|
oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| |mn Hoeo adnffoaone|q iwn n}|wnbn` dx -3%99= oe 9?87 3%3== oe 9?=9
iel 3%9=8 oe 9??1/% O| b~q| gn ed|nl mdxnvnw |mi| oe|nw‑wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn viwoiean oq vnw
`dx i| niq| xmne adbsiwnl |d xo|moe"wnhode viwoiean bijoeh |mnqn Hoeo snwfna|` adeqoq|ne|
xo|m i ei|odei` Hoeo adnffoaone| df 3%<7 iel 3%1= oe 9?=> iel 9??< wnqsna|ovn`97%
97 Qnn amis|nw 1%
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
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Foh~wn <%9 qmdxq |mn si||nwe df loq|wog~|ode df oe|nw"iee~i` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m
wi|nq gn|xnne Aneq~q niwq% Mnwn o| aie gn ed|nl |mi| |mn swdvoeanq xmdqn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn
miq hwdxe fiq|nw |nel |d gn a`~q|nwnl iq ld |mdqn swdvoeanq qmdxoeh `o||`n dw nvne enhi|ovn
hwdx|m% Swdvoeanq qmdxoeh mohm hwdx|m |nel |d gn a`~q|nwnl oe |mn mohmnw Qn`vi% \ig`n <%>
adefowbq |mn hwismoai` iei`qoq qmdxoeh mohm iel q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie| Bdwie Oeln} ielHniw Oeln} vi`~nq fdw i`` |mwnn Aneq~q niwq% Oe illo|ode mohm Bdwie iel Hniw oeln}nq
vi`~nq aie i`qd gn fd~el fdw snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m%
Foh~wn <%9 Amiehnq oe snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq -snwane|ihn/
Viwoig`nq Bdwie Oeln} Swdg% i$ Hniw Oeln} Swdg% i$
Snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn9?87 3%<919 3%33 3%638= 3%339?=9 3%>83? 3%33 3%1??1 3%339??1 3%<=== 3%33 3%<>6> 3%33
Amiehn oe snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn9?87"=9 3%183= 3%33 3%69=6 3%339?=9"?1 3%<??3 3%33 3%<696 3%33
9?87"?1 3%7<78 3%33 3%813= 3%33
i$ Swdgig`o| |d wnkna| e~`` msd|mnqoq -igqnean df qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode/
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n <%> Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode df swdvoean"`nvn` n}snelo|~wn viwoig`nq
Amis|nw <
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\ig`n <%6 qmdxq qdbn df |mn bdq| qoheofoaie| qsi|oi`` i~|dadwwn`i|nl viwoig`nq oe d~w
li|i qn|% qoeh |mn Bdwie iel Hniw Oeln}nq xn foel |mi| iqoln fwdb qdbn dgvod~q` qsi|oi``
adwwn`i|nl viwoig`nq q~am iq iee~i` swnaoso|i|ode dw i`|o|~ln df |mn swdvoean dw loq|woa| aiso|i`
awo|oai` qdaodnadedboa viwoig`nq q~am iq md~qnmd`l qo{n snwane|ihn df md~qnmd`lq mnilnl g
xdbne dw |d|i` iel fnbi`n o``o|nwia wi|nq iwn mnivo` a`~q|nwnl qmdxoeh mohm vi`~nq oe mohmi`|o|~ln {denq iel dx vi`~nq oe adiq|i` iwniq% I qobo`iw qo|~i|ode aie gn fd~el oe d|mnw viwoig`nq
q~am iq snwane|ihn df md~qnq xo|m oeilny~i|n f`ddwoeh dw dvnwawdxlnl md~qoeh bi`e~|wo|ode
wi|nq iel qamdd` lwds"d~| wi|nq iel qamdd`oeh niwq% I q~bbiw xn`fiwn viwoig`n snw aiso|i
n}snelo|~wn fdw 9??1 loqs`iq i mohm iel q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie| Bdwie Oeln} vi`~n iel
Hniw Oeln}% O| oq i`qd oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| |mn viwoig`n df qdo` lns|m adeq|w~a|nl |d qmdx
ihwoa~`|~wi` `iel sd|ne|oi` i`qd miq i mohm` qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|nl si||nwe%
Iqoln fwdb qdbn dgvod~q viwoig`nq q~am iq |mdqn wn`i|nl |d ~wgie iwniq -~wgie lneqo|
dw e~bgnw df |dxeq snw swdvoean fdw n}ibs`n/ |mnwn iwn vnw fnx viwoig`nq |mi| ld ed| qmdxi a`niw hndhwismoai` si||nwe% De` |mwnn viwoig`nq lnqnwvn qdbn bne|ode; Amiehn oe md~qnmd`l
qo{n gn|xnne 9?87 iel 9?=9: |mn hwdx|m df |mn o``o|nwia wi|n gn|xnne 9?=9 iel 9??1: iel |mn
hwdx|m oe snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne 9?87 iel 9?=9% \mnqn ld ed| qmdx ie hndhwismoai`
si||nwe bniq~wnl g |mn Bdwie qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode oeln} dw |mn Hniw Oeln}%
Viwoig`nq Bdwie Oeln} ["Vi`~n Hniw Oeln} ["Vi`~n
Qd~|m `i|o|~ln 3%?137 73%79 + 3%3>8 "9=%86 +Edw|m `deho|~ln 3%==83 9?%78 + 3%3?1 "9=%3< +Swnaoso|i|ode 3%8>81 96%<8 + 3%7>? "9<%81 +Md~qnmd`l qo{n 9??1 3%8<?> 96%13 + 3%7<9 "9>%93 +\nbsnwi|~wn -ivnwihn/ 3%8<=6 96%7? + 3%7>6 "9<%8? +\nbsnwi|~wn -boe%/ 3%8<6? 96%7> + 3%7>> "9<%=1 +\nbsnwi|~wn -bi}%/ 3%8<77 96%9> + 3%76> "9<%67 +I`|o|~ln df |mn loq|woa| aiso|i`-bn|nwq dvnw qni `nvn`/ 3%66?1 9<%>8 + 3%177 "91%<8 +. md~qnmd`l mnil |mi| iwn fnbi`n 9??1 3%6>63 9<%7= + 3%17> "91%<1 +
Oeilny~i|n f`ddw 3%6>9= 9<%9? + 3%11? "91%96 +Qdo` lns|m 3%6<77 91%?? + 3%17= "91%18 +\d|i` o``o|nwia wi|n 9?=9 3%61>7 91%=1 + 3%1>6 "97%=7 +Dvnwawdxlnl md~qnq 9??1 3%67=6 91%6? + 3%11? "91%9> +Md~qnmd`l qo{n 9?=9 3%6913 91%1> + 3%188 "97%1? +Snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oe 9?=9 3%63=< 91%76 + 3%1?? "99%?> +Snwobn|nw df |mn swdvoean 3%6317 91%9< + 3%1?3 "97%97 +
Ed|n; s03%392+ s03%>2u xmnwn s oq |mn swdgig`o| |d wnkna| e~`` msd|mnqoq -igqnean df qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode/Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n <%6 Mohm` qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|nl viwoig`nq
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
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<%>%7 \nq|oeh |mn ai~qi` wd`n df hndhwismy de |mn nvd`~|ode df xn`fiwn;
Swdvoeaoi` `nvn` li|i
Iq xn mivn qnne oe Qna|ode <%1 o| oq sdqqog`n |d lnwovn i adeena|ode gn|xnne |mn iqqn|
neldxbne| df ie oelovol~i` md~qnmd`l iel o|q n}snelo|~wn nvn`% Fd``dxoeh |mn qibn wniqdeoeh
xn aie lnwovn i adeena|ode gn|xnne |mn nvn` df swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q |mi| aie gn fd~el i|qdbn `nvn` df qsi|oi` ihhwnhi|ode -mnwn |mn swdvoeaoi` `nvn`/ iel |mn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn
`nvn` |mi| aie gn fd~el oe |mi| iwni%
\ig`n <%8 qmdxq |mn nadedbn|woa wnq~`|q df xmi| ad~`l gn ai``nl |mn ln|nwboeie|q df
snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m i| |mn swdvoeaoi` nvn`% \d wnl~an ie sdqqog`n neldhneno| goiq
oe n}s`ioeoeh 9?87"9??1 snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|nq xn mivn amdqne oeo|oi` iqqn|
neldxbne|q iq oelnsnelne| wohm| miel qoln viwoig`nq% \d |moq giqoa li|i qn| xn mivn illnl
qnvnwi` jn hndhwismoa viwoig`nq |d amnaj xmn|mnw |mn aie swdvoln qdbn n}s`iei|ode df
ai~qnq df n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m% \ig`n <%= qmdxq |mn Bdwie qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode oeln} fdw |mnfd~w loffnwne| qsnaofoai|odeq |mi| xnwn nvi`~i|nl; -9/ de` swovi|n iqqn|q -7/ swovi|n iqqn|q s`~q
hndhwismoa viwoig`nq: -1/ |mn swnvod~q viwoig`nq s`~q s~g`oa iqqn|q: iel -</ i`` |mn viwoig`nq
s`~q amiehnq oe iaanqq |d jn s~g`oa iqqn|q%
Xn mivn ~qnl |mn `dh loffnwnean df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wnq i lnsnelne| viwoig`n% \mn
wniqde fdw |moq amdoan -iq dssdqnl |d ~qoeh snwane|ihn amiehnq/ oq wn`i|nl |d f~ea|odei` fdwb
oqq~nq% Of |mnwn oq ie boqqsnaofoai|ode oe |mn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn ny~i|odeq -xmoam mivn
gnne nq|obi|nl iq qnbo"`dh f~ea|odeq/ |mn `dh loffnwnean df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn xo`` a`nie
|mn goiq swdvolnl |mi| |mnqn viwoig`nq mivn qobo`iw nffna|q dvnw |mn niwq%
Iq aie gn qnne oe \ig`n <%8 xmne hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn oea`~lnl iq |mn de`
n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq i`|o|~ln iel `deho|~ln swdvn |d gn mohm` qoheofoaie| oe n}s`ioeoeh
n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m% Oe siw|oa~`iw o| aie gn qmdxe |mi| |mn mohmnw i`|o|~ln swdvoeanq |nel |d
mivn q`dxnw n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|nq% Xmne xn ill |mn viwoig`n df giqoa ennlq xmoam
neadbsiqqnq |mn igqnean df awo|oai` s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn -qieo|i|ode xi|nw |n`nsmden iel
n`na|woao|/ xn aie qnn |mi| i`|o|~ln wnbioeq qoheofoaie| g~| o|q enhi|ovn obsia| loboeoqmnq
adeqolnwig`% \moq nffna| aie gn vonxnl iq lnbdeq|wi|oeh |mn obsdw|iean df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn
|d `dxnw enhi|ovn hndhwismoa n}|nwei`o|onq% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| xmne xn ill swovi|n
iqqn|q -qdbn df xmoam iwn dgvod~q` adwwn`i|nl xo|m s~g`oa iqqn|q/ |mn obsdw|iean df hndhwism
i`bdq| vieoqmnq% \moq oeo|oi` foeloeh xo`` gn fd``dxnl ~s bdwn wohdwd~q` oe |mn en}| qna|ode%
O| oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| |moq n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m f~ea|ode miq
oea`~lnl i`` wn`nvie| hndhwismoa viwoig`nq i| miel |mn wnqol~i`q ade|oe~n |d qmdx qsi|oi`
i~|dadwwn`i|ode% Iq aie gn qnne oe \ig`n <%= i`|md~hm |mn Bdwie Oeln} loboeoqmnq iq xn
oea`~ln n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq o| wnbioeq qoheofoaie|% \moq fia| q~hhnq|q |mi| |mnwn bi gn ede"
hndhwismoa ede"dgqnwvig`nq |mi| bi gn iffna|oeh |mn n}snelo|~wn si||nwe% \moq oq adeqoq|ne|
xo|m Wivi``ode iel Xdlde -9??8/xmne |mn qmdx |mi| qo{ig`n hndhwismoa loffnwneanq oe `ovoeh
q|ieliwlq aie snwqoq| nvne of xn |ijn oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode df md~qnmd`lq xo|mwnilo` dgqnwvig`n ede"hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq adel~aovn |d sdvnw|%
Amis|nw <
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\ig`n <%8 Ln|nwboeie|q df snwaiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|n; 9?87"9??1-D@Q nq|obi|odeq xo|m wdg~q| q|ieliwl nwwdwq, i| swdvoean `nvn`/
Viwoig`nq i| oeo|oi` snwodlBdln`q
-9/ -7/ -1/ -</ ->/
Oe|nwans| <%=76? + <%6=?7 + <%1?91 + "3%3788 "3%1783-9%619/ -9%>61/ -9%>=>/ -9%1=>/ -9%836/
I`|o|~ln "9%93=9 + "3%8=87 u "3%>3?6 3%7696 3%<>=3-3%1=>/ -3%188/ -3%<<8/ -3%1=>/ -3%1=?/
@i|o|~ln "3%3776 "3%313= "3%37== "3%3719 "3%3983-3%398/ -3%398/ -3%398/ -3%39?/ -3%39?/
@deho|~ln "3%3>69 + "3%3>83 + "3%3><1 + "3%39=7 "3%3989-3%39=/ -3%398/ -3%39=/ -3%39>/ -3%39>/
Qdo` q`dsn "3%3397 3%3396 3%3379 3%3311 3%331>-3%331/ -3%331/ -3%331/ -3%337/ -3%337/
Qdo` lns|m "3%3313 "3%3398 "3%339= 3%3373 3%3371-3%331/ -3%337/ -3%331/ -3%337/ -3%337/
Ohend~q wdaj "3%79<1 "3%7?<< u "3%1937 + "3%19?8 + "3%78>8 +-3%976/ -3%971/ -3%971/ -3%933/ -3%936/
Bn|ibdwsmoa wdaj 3%3817 3%3>16 3%3=61 "3%919= "3%9167-3%9<?/ -3%9<>/ -3%9<6/ -3%977/ -3%977/
\nbsnwi|~wn "3%39?9 "3%33<> "3%33<1 "3%399< "3%33=7-3%393/ -3%393/ -3%393/ -3%33?/ -3%33?/
Giqoa ennlq "3%3>69 + "3%31?1 u "3%3777 "3%377>-3%391/ -3%373/ -3%398/ -3%396/
Mohm+giqoa ennlq "3%9993 3%33<> "3%39<?-3%3?8/ -3%3?3/ -3%3=3/
Qamdd` i||neliean wi|n 3%39<1 + 3%39<< +-3%331/ -3%331/Md~qnmd`l mnilnl g xdbne -./ "3%393? u "3%391< u
-3%33>/ -3%33>/Xdwjoeh amo`lwne -./ 3%3>11 + 3%3<67 u
-3%373/ -3%39=/Md~qnmd`l qo{n 3%38=1 3%93>8
-3%911/ -3%97=/Md~qnmd`l qo{n hwdx|m i$ "3%767< "3%773=
-3%9<3/ -3%916/E~bgnw df bohwie|q 3%3989 3%3939
-3%37?/ -3%37?/Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode 3%713> u
-3%937/
E~bgnw df dgqnwvi|odeq 9?3 9?3 9?3 9?3 9?3Ilk~q|nl W"qy~iwnl 3%977 3%9?> 3%9?8 3%<=6 3%>76
i$ Oe|w~bne|i` viwoig`nq iwn qmdxe oe |mn issnelo}Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2u
Bdln` 9; HndhwismBdln` 7; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%Bdln` 1; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi%Bdln` <; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi*swovi|n iqqn|qBdln` >; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi*swovi|n iqqn|q bdln``oeh fowq|"dwlnw qsi|oi` nwwdw i~|dadwwn`i|ode%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
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\sn df iqqdaoi|odeWnhwnqqode Bdln` Wnqol~i`q
-9/ -7/ -1/ -</
Bdwie Oeln} 3%93?9 3%933> 3%3?81 3%3=96["vi`~n 1%9776 7%?6>= 7%?1>8 7%8=88Swdgigo`o| 3%339= 3%3313 3%3311 3%33>1
Bdln` 9; Hndhwism
Bdln` 7; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%
Bdln` 1; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi%
Bdln` <; Hndhwism * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%*Hnd+oefwi*swovi|n iqqn|q
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n <%= Qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode df hwdx|m wnhwnqqode wnqol~i`q g bdln`
\mn iq| ad`~be oe \ig`n <%8 qmdxq |mn nq|obi|nl siwibn|nw vi`~nq adwwna|nl fdw qsi|oi`
i~|dadwwn`i|ode%91 \mn wnq~`|q adefowb |mi| xmne s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q iel md~qnmd`l
amiwia|nwoq|oaq iwn oea`~lnl |mn obsia| df hndhwismoa viwoig`nq oq libsnenl%
<%>%1 \nq|oeh |mn ai~qi` wd`n df hndhwismy oe |mn nvd`~|ode df xn`fiwn;
md~qnmd`l li|i
\d gn ig`n |d olne|of qsnaofoa nffna|q df hndhwism de md~qnmd`lq xn ~qn |mn @QBQ md~qnmd`l
q~wvnq iel nq|obi|n |mn nvn`q df adeq~bs|ode iel hwdx|m df adeq~bs|ode ~qoeh |xd md~qnmd`l
sien`q den fdw 9??9"9??< iel i qnadel den fdw 9??<"9??8% \mn qsnaofoai|ode ~qnl oq ln|io`nl
oe ny~i|odeq < iel >% Iq bne|odenl swnvod~q` xn oea`~ln iq wnhwnqqdwq i qn| df oelovol~i`amiwia|nwoq|oaq iq m~bie iqqn|q -}/ i qn| df swovi|n iqqn|q -{/ i qn| df s~g`oa iqqn|q i| |mn
loq|woa| `nvn` -w/ iel i qn| df viwoig`nq |ijoeh oe qsnaofoa hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq
a`obi|n qdo` amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel i`|o|~ln -h/%
\ig`n <%? qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q df |mn ln|nwboeie|q df a~wwne| adeq~bs|ode n}swnqqnl oe
`dhq iel iq oe Qna|ode <%7 xn ~qn fd~w loffnwne| qsnaofoai|odeq% \mn fowq| qsnaofoai|ode oea`~lnq
de` hndhwismoa viwoig`nq -Bdln` 9/ |mn qnadel oea`~lnq hndhwismoa s`~q `dai|ode viwoig`nq
-~wgieo{i|ode iel loq|iean |d aiso|i`/ |mn |mowl illq s~g`oa iqqn|q |d |mn swnvod~q viwoig`nq
iel foei`` bdln` < oea`~lnq viwoig`nq |mi| bniq~wn |mn sdqqnqqode df swovi|n iqqn|q%Xmne hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn oea`~lnl iq |mn de` n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq |mn enhi|ovn
iel ede"`oeniw nffna| df |nbsnwi|~wn issniwq |d gn qoheofoaie| oe n}s`ioeoeh |mn `nvn` df
adeq~bs|ode df |mn md~qnmd`lq% \mnwnfdwn iq swnvod~q` qmdxe oe \ig`n <%1 sdvnw| oeawniqnq
fdw md~qnmd`lq `dai|nl oe wnhodeq xo|m `dx |nbsnwi|~wnq iel oe wnhodeq xo|m n}|wnbn` mohm
|nbsnwi|~wnq% De |mn d|mnw miel iq xn ill viwoig`nq fdw swnqnean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel ade|wd`
91
\mn `ojn`omddl "Wi|od |nq| fdw qsi|oi` nwwdw lnsnelnean fdw |mn ny~i|ode oe |mn `iq| ad`~be oe \ig`n <%8 miq i vi`~ndf 1%68 xo|m 9 lnhwnn df fwnnldb xmoam adefowbq |mi| |mn nq|obi|ode miq gnne swdsnw` adwwna|nl fdw qsi|oi`i~|dadwwn`i|ode%
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S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
Viwoig`nqBdln`q
-9/ -7/ -1/ -</
Oe|nwans| 6%7<86 + >%1=38 + 6%981> + 6%98<? +-3%9=8/ -3%798/ -3%79?/ -3%9=3/
I`|o|~ln "3%7<98 3%789= "3%773< "3%9776-3%917/ -3%7?7/ -3%7?7/ -3%77?/
\nbsnwi|~wn 3%3811 + 3%93>= + 3%3686 + 3%318= +-3%39=/ -3%39?/ -3%398/ -3%39</
\nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl "3%339= + "3%337< + "3%339< + "3%3336-3%339/ -3%339/ -3%339/ -3%333/
Ohend~q wdajq "3%9311 3%9366 3%3<9< 3%997? u-3%389/ -3%381/ -3%36?/ -3%3>7/
Qnlobne|q wdajq "3%9=?7 + "3%9177 + "3%3?18 u "3%39<7-3%3<9/ -3%3<7/ -3%31?/ -3%319/@iel lns|m 3%3339 3%339= u 3%3313 + 3%3397
-3%339/ -3%339/ -3%339/ -3%339/^wgieo{i|ode 3%1?73 + "3%3671 "3%973>
-3%3?3/ -3%937/ -3%3=3/Loq|iean |d swdvoean aiso|i` "3%3331 "3%333> "3%3336
-3%339/ -3%339/ -3%339/^wgieo{i|ode+i`|o|~ln 3%6?83 u 9%37?9 + 3%6387 u
-3%1>9/ -3%1<8/ -3%78>/Snwaiso|i qamdd`q oe |dxe 3%1>?= + 3%9691
-3%99</ -3%3?>/Snwaiso|i bnloai` ane|nwq oe |dxe 3%78>7 3%116=
-3%7?=/ -3%7<1/^eqi|oqfonl giqoa ennlq "3%79=1 + "3%383< +
-3%393/ -3%393/Md~qnmd`l qo{n "3%99>= +
-3%33</Qamdd`oeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%3<98 +
-3%331/Qamdd`oeh niwq -d|mnw bnbgnwq/ 3%3<7? +
-3%331/Sd|ne|oi` `igdw n}snwonean 3%33>8 +
-3%339/Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw "3%3917
-3%376/
E~bgnw df bohwie|nq 3%39>= u-3%338/
Qsn`` df o``enqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%333>-3%33=/
Qivoehq 3%3193 +-3%338/
Vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq 3%3311-3%337/
Dgqnwvi|odeq 1671 1671 1671 1671Sqn~ld Wqy~iwnl 3%318 3%389 3%986 3%<?7
\ig`n <%? Ln|nwboeie|q df snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| md~qnmd`l `nvn`; 9??<-D@Q nq|obi|ode xo|m wdg~q| nwwdwq oea`~loeh hndhwismoaq viwoig`nq/
Bdln` 1; Hndhwism * `dai`o{i|ode * oefwinq|w~a|~wn%Bdln` <; Hndhwism * `dai`o{i|ode * oefwinq|w~a|~wn * swovi|n iqqn|q%
Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2u
Bdln` 9; Hndhwism%Bdln` 7; Hndhwism * `dai`o{i|ode%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
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fdw |mn swovi|n iqqn|q df |mn md~qnmd`lq |moq viwoig`n dqnq qoheofoaiean -qnn fd~w|m ad`~be/% I
qobo`iw si||nwe oq fd~el xo|m |mn swnqnean df qnlobne|iw wdaj xmoam ad~`l obs` i wn`i|ovn`
sddw qdo`% Oe |mn fowq| bdln` |mnqn viwoig`nq mivn i enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie| nffna| iq n}sna|nl
g~| iq xn oea`~ln s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q o|q enhi|ovn nffna| oq wnl~anl iel |mn viwoig`n dqnq
qoheofoaiean%F~w|mnwbdwn xmne illoeh |mn viwoig`n df giqoa ennlq xmoam iq swnvod~q` bne|odenl
neadbsiqqnq |mn igqnean df awo|oai` s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn -qieo|i|ode xi|nw |n`nsmden iel
n`na|woao|/ iq xn`` iq dvnwawdxlnl md~qoeh xn aie qnn |mi| |mn enhi|ovn nffna| df |nbsnwi|~wn
-|nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl/ iel df qnlobne|iw wdaj loboeoqm adeqolnwig`%
I`|o|~ln de |mn d|mnw miel lnqso|n mivoeh i enhi|ovn qohe oq ed| qoheofoaie| iq xiq
qmdxe oe |mn swdvoeaoi` nvn` bdln` fdw adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m% Envnw|mn`nqq xmne xn adwwn`i|n
i`|o|~ln xo|m ~wgieo{i|ode |mn adnffoaone| oq qoheofoaie| iel sdqo|ovn qmdxoeh |mn biwhoei`
sdqo|ovn nffna| |mi| ~wgieo{i|ode miq de mohm i`|o|~ln wnhodeq%\mn viwoig`n |mi| bniq~wnq |mn sd|ne|oi` swnqnean df boenwi` wnqd~wanq ~elnw`oeh |mn
q~wfian -ohend~q wdaj/ bdvnq fwdb enhi|ovn iel oeqoheofoaie| |d sdqo|ovn iel qoheofoaie| if|nw
xn ade|wd` fdw |mn swnqnean df s~g`oa iel swovi|n hddlq% \moq ad~`l gn ie oeloai|dw |mi| iq
bdwn swovi|n iel s~g`oa wnqd~wanq iwn swnqne| o| gnadbnq niqonw fdw |mn md~qnmd`lq oe |mn
wnhode |d gn ig`n |d swdfo| fwdb |moq |sn df ei|~wi` wnqd~wan |mi| wny~ownq mohm `nvn`q df
oevnq|bne| iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn |d gn n}s`do|nl% Qobo`iw` qdo` lns|m gnadbnq sdqo|ovn iel
qoheofoaie| xmne oea`~loeh |mn s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn viwoig`nq: |moq ihioe ad~`l gn ie oeloai|ode
|mi| |mn swnqnean df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn fiao`o|i|nq |mn n}s`do|i|ode df |mn `iel oe wnhodeqneldxnl xo|m i qoheofoaie| lns|m df qdo`%
Foei`` iel iq n}sna|nl |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| viwoig`nq bniq~woeh swovi|n iqqn|q q~am
iq nl~ai|ode `igdw n}snwonean bohwi|ode n}snwonean iel md~qnmd`l qo{n adbn |d mivn |mn
n}sna|nl qoheq iel |d gn qoheofoaie|%
Oe i||nbs|oeh |d iqqnqq xmn|mnw |mn obsia| df d~w n}s`iei|dw viwoig`nq xiq loffnwne|
gn|xnne sddw iel woam md~qnmd`lq oe \ig`n <%93 xn swnqne| |mn wnq~`|q df ie nadedbn|woa
n}nwaoqn oe xmoam xn w~e y~ie|o`n wnhwnqqodeq%9< G ai`a~`i|oeh wnhwnqqodeq fdw loffnwne|
y~ie|o`nq o| oq sdqqog`n |d n}s`dwn |mn qmisn df |mn adelo|odei` loq|wog~|ode% \moq oq df hwni|
oe|nwnq| fdw |mn swnqne| q|~l gnai~qn o| xo`` i``dx ~q |d ln|nwboen xmn|mnw woamnw md~qnmd`lq
iwn `nqq iffna|nl g ilvnwqn hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq%
\ig`n <%93 swnqne|q |mn wnq~`|q df d~w f~`` adeq~bs|ode nvn` qsnaofoai|ode fdw |mn 93 |m
73|m 63|m =3|m iel ?3|m snwane|o`nq% I`|md~hm |mnwn iwn ed| hwni| loffnwneanq oe |mn biheo|~ln df
9< Y~ie|o`n wnhwnqqodeq iwn i`qd ~qnl |d iei`{n |mn swnqnean df mn|nwdqjnliq|oao|% Y~ie|o`n wnhwnqqodeq d|mnw |miebnloie aie gn lnfoenl g boeobo{oeh;
xmnwn y09 oq |mn y~ie|o`n df oe|nwnq| iel |mn vi`~n df |mn f~ea|ode 9-{/ qohei`q |mn |w~|m -9/ dw d|mnwxoqn -3/ df |mnq|i|nbne| {% Fdw f~w|mnw ln|io`q qnn Lni|de -9??8/
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S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
|mn adnffoaone|q |mnwn iwn qdbn obsdw|ie| foeloehq% Fowq| fdw |mn sddwnq| snwane|o`nq xmne |mn
bioe hndhwismoa viwoig`nq -|nbsnwi|~wn qdo` lns|m iel i`|o|~ln/ iwn adbsiwnl |d ~wgieo{i|ode
|mn s`i i `iwhnw wd`n oe n}s`ioeoeh |mn `nvn`q df adeq~bs|ode df |mn `dxnq| snwane|o`nq -93|m/
adbsiwnl |d |mn nffna| |mn mivn de |mn =3|m iel ?3|m snwane|o`nq% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn qy~iwn df
|nbsnwi|~wn oq enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie| fdw |mn 93|m snwane|o`n xmo`n o| oq ed| qoheofoaie| fdw |mn?3|m snwane|o`n% \moq wnq~`| xiq iei`{nl |mwd~hm hwismq xmoam qmdxnl mdx |mn adefolnean
oe|nwvi` oeawniqnl qoheofoaie|` fwdb |mn sddwnq| |d |mn woamnq| snwane|o`nq%
Oe illo|ode d~w viwoig`n |mi| ais|~wnq |mn obsia| df |mn iaanqq |d s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn
i`qd qnnbq |d mivn i q|wdehnw nffna| de |mn sddwnw md~qnmd`lq% \mn giqoa ennlq viwoig`n oq
enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie| fdw |mn fowq| snwane|o`n iel dqnq o|q qoheofoaiean fdw |mn ?3|m snwane|o`n%
\mn viwoig`nq bniq~woeh |mn obsia| df swovi|n iqqn|q bioe` qamdd`oeh niwq iel sd|ne|oi`
`igdw n}snwonean iwn qoheofoaie| iel qnnb |d gn qobo`iw ibdeh sddw iel woam md~qnmd`lq% De
|mn d|mnw miel |mn |xd viwoig`nq |mi| xn ~qn iq i swd} fdw xni`|m qivoehq iel vi`~n df l~wig`n iqqn|q gnadbn gohhnw iel bdwn qoheofoaie| |mn woamnw |mn md~qnmd`l%
Foei`` iq bne|odenl oe Qna|ode <%1 fd``dxoeh ny~i|ode ->/ xn lnvn`ds i boawd bdln`
fdw adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m i``dxoeh fdw adeq|wioe|q de fia|dw bdgo`o| iel n}|nwei`o|onq xmnwng
hndhwismoa fia|dwq "oe |mn qsnaofoa dw enohmgdwoeh wnhodeq" aie oef`~nean |mn swdl~a|ovo| df
md~qnmd`l‟q dxe aiso|i`% Fdw |moq s~wsdqn xn lnvn`ds |xd md~qnmd`l sien`q den fdw 9??9"
9??< iel |mn d|mnw fdw 9??<"9??8 |d n}s`ioe |mn amiehnq oe n}snelo|~wn ~qoeh hndhwismoa
viwoig`nq oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q% \mn wnq~`|q iwn qmdxe oe \ig`n <%99%
Iq xo|m d~w swnvod~q foeloehq hndhwismoa viwoig`nq ld qnnb |d gn qoheofoaie|% I`|o|~lnoq enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie| oe |mn iq| sien`% \nbsnwi|~wn i`qd wnvni`q o|q enhi|ovn nffna| xmne
o|q nvn` oq |dd mohm dw |dd dx -|mn adnffoaone| fdw |nbsnwi|~wn oq sdqo|ovn xmo`n |mn adnffoaone|
fdw o|q qy~iwn |nwb oq enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie|/% \mn swnqnean df s~g`oa iqqn|q bniq~wnl |mwd~hm
~eqi|oqfonl giqoa ennlq i`qd qnnbq |d gn vnw obsdw|ie| oe n}s`ioeoeh amiehnq oe n}snelo|~wn
loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq% F~w|mnwbdwn swovi|n iqqn|q bniq~wnl g qamdd`oeh niwq
ihioe qmdxnl |mnbqn`vnq |d gn qoheofoaie| iel sdqo|ovn%
@iq|` |mn ihhnl n}snelo|~wn oq enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie|% \moq aie gn n}s`ioenl g |mn
wnl~a|ode oe oeny~i`o| nqsnaoi`` oe |mn snwodl df 9??9"9??< fdw xmoam |mn Hoeo adnffoaone| oqwnl~anl fwdb 3%16? |d 3%16<% De |mn d|mnw miel xmne wnadvnwoeh |mn obs`onl κ |mnwn oq i
a`niw oeloai|ode df adevnwhnean% Oe |moq wnqsna| o| oq obsdw|ie| |d bne|ode |mi| |mnwn oq b~am
lngi|n igd~| |mn sdqqog`n nvolnean df adevnwhnean iel |mnwn oq ed| n| i adeqneq~q de xmoam
oq |mn gnq| bn|mdl |d ~qn fdw bniq~woeh o|%9>
9>
F~w|mnwbdwn Y~im -9??1/ iel Fwonlbie -9??7/ y~nq|ode |mn bn|mdld`dh df nq|obi|oeh |mn adevnwhnean wi|n~qoeh |mn hwdx|m iel |mn `ihhnl n}snelo|~wn viwoig`nq% \mn iwh~n |mi| |moq bn|mdld`dh q~ffnwq fwdb |mn Hi`|deFi``ia%
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Viwoig`nqSnwane|o`n;
93 73 63 =3 ?3
Oe|nwans| <%=3?9 + >%1=7? + 6%6>76 + 8%3<76 + 6%?=3> +-3%78?3/ -3%7>6?/ -3%79<6/ -3%7<39/ -3%178?/
I`|o|~ln "3%37<= "3%3=9? "3%967= "3%173? 3%9737-3%1?77/ -3%1<>1/ -3%7637/ -3%7=?6/ -3%181=/
\nbsnwi|~wn 3%3?11 + 3%3>>8 + 3%39?> 3%33=< 3%39>9-3%379>/ -3%39?8/ -3%3966/ -3%39=8/ -3%37>6/
\nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl "3%337 + "3%333? "3%3339 3%3339 "3%3337-3%3336/ -3%333>/ -3%333</ -3%333>/ -3%3338/
Ohend~q wdajq 3%711= + 3%93<1 3%3887 3%3?3= 3%99?6-3%3=6>/ -3%38=?/ -3%369</ -3%3688/ -3%3?96/
Qnlobne|q wdajq 3%33>7 "3%396> "3%3766 3%39=< 3%3<>1-3%3>38/ -3%3<6>/ -3%3163/ -3%3<36/ -3%3><7/
@iel lns|m 3%3317 + 3%3371 u 3%3399 3%3338 3%339
-3%3399/ -3%333?/ -3%3338/ -3%333=/ -3%3397/^wgieo{i|ode "3%3=87 "3%93?? "3%7381 u "3%737 u "3%37>?
-3%9<9</ -3%97=3/ -3%3?17/ -3%3??=/ -3%97?>/Loq|iean |d swdvoean aiso|i` 3%333? 3%3339 "3%3336 "3%333> "3%3338
-3%333=/ -3%3338/ -3%333>/ -3%3336/ -3%333=/^wgieo{i|ode+i`|o|~ln 9%3>=> u 3%?<61 u 3%6796 u 3%<<<> 3%9988
-3%<=79/ -3%<7=</ -3%1997/ -3%1<3?/ -3%<<<>/Snwaiso|i qamdd`q oe |dxe 3%79?8 3%7>>9 3%37>< 3%3769 3%771>
-3%96?9/ -3%9<8=/ -3%993=/ -3%97<3/ -3%96=7/Snwaiso|i bnloai` ane|nwq oe |dxe 3%6<3? 3%7=81 3%1>>7 "3%331< "3%1<=9
-3%<7=9/ -3%1?38/ -3%13<?/ -3%1<76/ -3%<<6=/Giqoa ennlq "3%3?98 + "3%3==9 + "3%3689 + "3%3<<7 + "3%396<
-3%396?/ -3%39<=/ -3%3999/ -3%397>/ -3%398</Md~qnmd`l qo{n "3%3?>> + "3%3?6< + "3%99?? + "3%977< + "3%97<8 +
-3%3363/ -3%33></ -3%33<6/ -3%33>=/ -3%33=>/Qamdd`oeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%3189 + 3%3<91 + 3%31>6 + 3%31>< + 3%31<8 +
-3%33<?/ -3%33<</ -3%3311/ -3%331=/ -3%33>7/Qamdd`oeh niwq -d|mnw bnbgnwq/ 3%3> + 3%3<7= + 3%3189 + 3%31<6 + 3%31<6 +
-3%33>1/ -3%33<8/ -3%3316/ -3%33<9/ -3%33>6/Sd|ne|oi` `igdw n}snwonean-md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%33>1 + 3%33>? + 3%33<8 + 3%33>8 + 3%33<? +
-3%3397/ -3%3399/ -3%333=/ -3%333?/ -3%3399/Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw "3%388> "3%391> "3%37< "3%39?= "3%3138
-3%3<19/ -3%318>/ -3%37=8/ -3%3173/ -3%3<1?/E~bgnw df bohwie|nq 3%37<> 3%3917 3%391> 3%33?8 3%39><
-3%3976/ -3%3997/ -3%33=8/ -3%3933/ -3%391</Qsn`` df o``enqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ "3%3796 "3%33<6 3%391< 3%396< 3%37?? u
-3%3976/ -3%3999/ -3%33=</ -3%33?1/ -3%397>/Qivoehq 3%3719 + 3%371< + 3%3199 + 3%317> + 3%3196 +-3%3396/ -3%336</ -3%337?/ -3%3376/ -3%337>/
Vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq 3%333< 3%331< u 3%371 + 3%313? + 3%31<7 +-3%333>/ -3%339</ -3%333>/ -3%333</ -3%333</
Dgqnwvi|odeq 1671 1671 1671 1671 1671Sqn~ld Wqy~iwnl 3%7681 3%786< 3%13?> 3%17?< 3%1<><
Hwd~s df viwoig`nq Kdoe| |nq|; I`` adnffoaone|q ny~i` |d {nwd -Sw5Fq|i|/
Hndhwism 3%333 3%333 3%333 3%33> 3%<79@dai`o{i|ode 3%31? 3%386 3%3?> 3%791 3%8?7Oefwinq|w~a|~wn 3%333 3%333 3%333 3%33> 3%<88
Swovi|n iqqn|q 3%333 3%333 3%333 3%333 3%333Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2uQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n <%93 Y~ie|o`n wnhwnqqodeq df -`dh/ snwaiso|i n}snelo|~wn; 9??<-I| md~qnmd`l `nvn`/
Amis|nw <
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==
<%>%< Gwnijldxe df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn
\d loqne|ieh`n |mn nffna| df hndhwism de wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn iel n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m xn
mivn iss`onl |mn gwnij ldxe |nameoy~n lnqawognl oe Qna|ode <%1 |d |mn md~qnmd`l nvn` nq|obi|odesnwfdwbnl fdw snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn iel qmdxe oe \ig`n <%?% Fdw |moq gwnij ldxe xn mivn
iqq~bnl |mi| siwibn|nwq iwn q|ig`n iawdqq |mn |mwnn bioe hndhwismoa iwniq; Adq|i Qonwwi iel
Qn`vi% \moq oeo|oi` gwnij ldxe oq qmdxe oe \ig`n <%97% Oe |mn fowq| ad`~be xn qnn |mi| bdq| df
|mn loffnwnean oe dh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne |mn Qonwwi iel |mn Adq|i aie gn iaad~e|nl
fdw g |mn loffnwneanq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iel swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe d|mnw xdwlq dean
|mn bioe hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn iaad~e|nl fdw -i`|o|~ln |nbsnwi|~wn iel q~wfian
amiwia|nwoq|oaq/ de` swovi|n iqqn|q iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iwn ennlnl |d n}s`ioe
wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq% Qobo`iw` |mn qnadel ad`~be qmdxq |mn gwnij ldxe df |mnloffnwneanq oe dh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne |mn Qn`vi iwni iel |mn Adq|i qmdxoeh ihioe
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
\ig`n <%99 Sien` li|i iei`qoq df snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m wi|n; 9??9"?< 9??<"?8-D@Q nq|obi|ode xo|m wdg~q| nwwdwq oea`~loeh hndhwismoaq viwoig`nq/
Viwoig`nq -foei` snwodl/Snwodlq
9??9"?< 9??<"?8
Oe|nwans| 7%8?7 + 7%=?1 +-3%766/ -3%136/
Qamdd`oeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%3<> + 3%3<1 +-3%33</ -3%33</
Ihn -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%336 + 3%33? +-3%339/ -3%339/
Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw -bi`n29/ "3%99> + "3%968 +-3%318/ -3%3<=/
^eqi|oqfonl giqoa ennlq "3%3>1 + "3%967 +-3%39=/ -3%39?/
I`|o|~ln 3%>16 "3%?8< +-3%986/ -3%9=</
\nbsnwi|~wn 3%3<8 3%3>6 u-3%37>/ -3%37>/
\nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl "3%339 + "3%337 u-3%339/ -3%339/
N}snelo|~wn -oeo|oi` snwodl/ "3%><7 + "3%>8= +-3%37</ -3%37?/
E~bgnw df dgqnwvi|odeq 9797 ?33W"qy~iwnl ilk~q|nl 3%1916 3%<3?8
Hoeo -oeo|oi` snwodl/ 3%16? 3%1>=Hoeo -foei` snwodl/ 3%16< 3%<33
Iee~i` hwdx|m wi|n -./ 93%= 7%1
Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2uHoeo adnffoaone|q iel hwdx|m wi|nq ai`a~`i|odeq iwn giqnl de snwaiso|i n}snelo|~wnQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
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|mi| dean bioe hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn iaad~e|nl fdw bdq| df |mn wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn
loffnwneanq aie gn n}s`ioenl g oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne| iel swovi|n iqqn| adbsdqo|ode%
Dgvod~q` |mn fia| |mi| hndhwism miq ed illo|odei` obsia| de wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn
loffnwneanq miq |d ld xo|m |mn fia| |mi| jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn viwoig`nq q~am iq qamdd`q iel bnloai`
fiao`o|onq iaanqq |d n`na|woao| xi|nw iel qieo|i|ode iq xn`` iq swovi|n iqqn|q mivn libsnenl|mn nffna| df hndhwism de wnhodei` n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q% \d qnn |moq \ig`n <%91 snwfdwbq
|mn qibn gwnij ldxe n}nwaoqn oe|wdl~aoeh niam qn| df viwoig`nq qny~ne|oi``% Fowq| hndhwism
viwoig`nq iwn ne|nwnl oe |mn bdln` i`den iel |mn gwnij ldxe n}nwaoqn oq adel~a|nl de` xo|m
|mnqn viwoig`nq% Oe |moq aiqn hndhwism oq mohm` qoheofoaie| oe n}s`ioeoeh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn
Amis|nw <
\ig`n <%97 Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq-@dh loffnwneanq/
Hwd~s df viwoig`nq Mohm`iel"Adiq| K~eh`n"Adiq|
Hndhwism "3%961 3%319I`|o|~ln "3%316 "3%33<\nbsnwi|~wn "3%71> + 3%981 +\nbsnwi|~wn qy~iwnl 3%998 "3%979Ohend~q wdajq 3%39> u "3%33< uQnlobne|q wdajq "3%33< "3%33?@iel lns|m "3%377 "3%33>
@dai|ode 3%3>3 3%31?^wgieo{i|ode 3%3>> 3%31=
Loq|iean |d swdvoean aiso|i` "3%33> 3%339
Hndhwism+`dai|ode 3%3=9 u 3%338 u^wgieo{i|ode+i`|o|~ln 3%3=9 u 3%338 u
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%37< u "3%36< uSnwoemigo|ie| qamdd`q oe |dxe 3%37< 3%371Snwoemigo|ie| bnloai` ane|nwq oe |dxe 3%393 3%33?Giqoa ennlq "3%3>= + "3%3?> +
Swovi|n iqqn|q "3%9=> + "3%7>= +Md~qnmd`l qo{n "3%319 + "3%36< +Qamdd`oeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ "3%369 + "3%36> +Qamdd`oeh niwq -d|mnw bnbgnwq/ "3%36? + "3%937 +Sd|ne|oi` `igdw n}snwonean "3%391 + "3%37< +Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw 3%333 "3%339E~bgnw df bohwie|nq "3%33? u "3%33> uQsn`` df o``enqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%333 3%333Qivoehq 3%337 + 3%333 +Vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq "3%331 3%33<
N}s`ioenl "3%7<9 "3%7<<Wnqol~i` 3%37< 3%388\d|i` "3%798 "3%968
Ed|n; +2s0%39 u2s02%3> *2s0%9%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
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\ig`n <%91 Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq g bdln`
Hwd~s df viwoig`nqMohm`iel"Adiq| K~eh`n"Adiq|
9 9*7 9*7*1 9*7*1*< 9 9*7 9*7*1 9*7*1*<
-9/ Hndhwism "3%71? + "3%967 u "3%7=1 u "3%961 "3%9>7 + "3%3=< u "3%3>7 u 3%319
-7/ @dai|ode "3%9=9 3%37< 3%3> "3%971 3%379 3%31?-1/ Hnd+`dai|ode 3%3?1 + 3%918 + 3%3=9 u 3%33= + 3%397 + 3%338 u-</ Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%99= + "3%37< u "3%718 + "3%36< u-6/ Swovi|n iqqn|q "3%9=> + "3%7>= +
N}s`ioenl "3%71? "3%7>3 "3%7<3 "3%7<9 "3%9>7 "3%9?? "3%7>6 "3%7<<Wnqol~i` 3%377 3%311 3%371 3%331 "3%39> 3%317 3%3=? 3%387\d|i` "3%798 "3%798 "3%798 "3%798 "3%968 "3%968 "3%968 "3%968
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne Qonwwi iel Adq|i iq xn`` iq gn|xnne |mn Qn`vi iel Adq|i wnhodeq df
Snw~% Hndhwism wnbioeq mohm` qoheofoaie| nvne if|nw xn oe|wdl~an `dai|ode viwoig`nq iel
|mnow awdqq‑swdl~a|q oe|d |mn iei`qoq% Mdxnvnw dean oefwiq|w~a|~wn viwoig`nq adbn oe|d s`i
oe |mn iei`qoq |mn obsia| df hndhwism loqissniwq iq |mn adnffoaone|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mnqn
|snq df viwoig`nq iwn qmdxe |d gn kdoe|` ede"qoheofoaie|% \moq ad~`l gn gnai~qn oe |mn bdln`qxo|md~| oefwiq|w~a|~wn |mn hndhwism viwoig`nq xnwn amddqoeh |mnow nffna| iel |mnwnfdwn xmne
obswdvoeh d~w qsnaofoai|ode |mn nffna| df |mnqn viwoig`nq loqissniwq%
\mn qibn |sn df gwnij ldxe aie i`qd gn lden xo|m |mn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m
ny~i|odeq |mi| xn wnsdw|nl oe \ig`n <%8% Oe |moq aiqn snw aiso|i hwdx|m wi|n loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne
Qonwwi iel Adq|i wnhodeq iel gn|xnne Qn`vi iel Adq|i wnhodeq aie gn gwdjne ldxe oe|d |mnow
bioe ln|nwboeie|q; hndhwismoai` loffnwneanq oefwiq|w~a|~wn loffnwneanq iel iqqn| neldxbne|
loffnwneanq iq wnsdw|nl oe \ig`n <%9<% Mnwn iq xiq |mn aiqn xo|m |mn swnvod~q wnq~`| hndhwism
ldnq ed| issniw |d qoheofoaie|` ade|wog~|n |d hwdx|m loffnwne|oi`q dean oefwiq|w~a|~wn loffnwneanq
iel swovi|n iqqn| neldxbne| loffnwneanq iwn iaad~e|nl fdw% Oe |moq aiqn mdxnvnw de` swovi|n
iqqn| neldxbne| loffnwne|oi`q qnnb |d s`i ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe n}s`ioeoeh loffnwne|oi` hwdx|m
si||nweq gn|xnne Qonwwi Qn`vi iel Adq|i wnhodeq%
Iq xiq |mn aiqn oe |mn iei`qoq df loffnwne|oi` n}snelo|~wn `nvn`q iawdqq wnhodeq |mn
wd`n df hndhwismoa viwoig`nq qnnbq |d gn qmildxnl g |mn swnqnean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n
iqqn| neldxbne|q% \d qnn xmn|mnw |moq oq |mn aiqn \ig`n <%9> qmdxq |mn qibn gwnij ldxe
n}nwaoqn oe|wdl~aoeh niam qn| df viwoig`nq qny~ne|oi``% Fowq| hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iwn ne|nwnl
oe |mn bdln` i`den iel |mn lnadbsdqo|ode n}nwaoqn oq adel~a|nl de` xo|m |mnqn viwoig`nq% Oe
|moq aiqn hndhwism oq mohm` qoheofoaie| oe n}s`ioeoeh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m
loffnwne|oi`q% Mdxnvnw dean oefwiq|w~a|~wn viwoig`nq iwn oe|wdl~anl oe|d |mn iei`qoq |mn
qoheofoaiean df hndhwism loqissniwq iel ldnq ed| wnissniw iq |mn wnbioeoeh viwoig`nq iwn
oe|wdl~anl% O| b~q| gn ed|nl |mi| |mn iei`qoq wnbioeq vi`ol nvne of xn adwwna| fdw sdqqog`nqsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode l~n |d sdqqog`n dbo||nl ede"hndhwismoa qsi|oi`` adwwn`i|nl viwoig`nq%
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\ig`n <%9< Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq-Hwdx|m wi|nq loffnwneanq i| swdvoean `nvn`/
Hwd~s df viwoig`nq Mohm`iel"Adiq| K~eh`n"Adiq|
Hndhwism 3%7976 3%97?6
I`|o|~ln `nvn` 3%99=7 3%33>>@i|o|~ln "3%37=3 3%3<89@deho|~ln 3%3<18 3%31?6Qdo` q`dsn 3%3>9= "3%39>?Qdo` lns|m "3%3373 3%318?Ohend~q wdaj "3%317? + 3%3777 +Bn|ibdwsmoa wdaj 3%3133 3%31??\nbsnwi|~wn 3%319? "3%3<68
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%3<19 "3%3?73Giqoa ennlq "3%3<19 "3%3?73
Hndhwism+Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%397> "3%33<9I`|o|~ln+Giqoa ennlq "3%397> "3%33<9
Swovi|n iqqn|q "3%1<13 + "3%3319 +Qamdd` i||neliean wi|n "3%911> + "3%3661 +Fnbi`n md~qnmd`l mnil -./ "3%381? u 3%39<8 uXdwjoeh amo`lwne -./ 3%378= u 3%33?3 uMd~qnmd`l qo{n "3%36=? 3%3>=3Md~qnmd`l qo{n hwdx|m i$ "3%3==9 * "3%3911 *E~bgnw df bohwie|q "3%3361 "3%33>9
\d|i` n}s`ioenl "3%9=63 3%313<Wnqol~i` 3%93<= 3%3?=?
\d|i` "3%3=97 3%97?1i$ Oe|w~bne|q viwoig`nq iwn qmdxe oe |mn issnelo}Ed|n; +2s0%39 u2s02%3> *2s023%9Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
Amis|nw <
\ig`n <%9> Lnadbsdqo|ode df wnhodei` snw aiso|i hwdx|m n}snelo|~wn loffnwneanq g bdln`-I| swdvoean nvn`/
Hwd~s df viwoig`nq
Mohm`iel"Adiq| K~eh`n"Adiq|
9 9*7 9*7*1 9*7 9*7 9 9*7 9*7*1 9*7 9*7
*1*< *1*< i$ *1*< *1*< i$
-9/ Hndhwism "3%961u "3%991 "3%3<8 3%9>= 3%791 3%371u 3%9>< 3%916 3%976 3%913-7/ Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%93=+ "3%38>u "3%3<1 "3%3<1 "3%77?+ "3%969u "3%3?9 "3%3?7-1/ Hnd+oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%3?1 3%33< "3%391 "3%319 3%339 "3%33<-</ Swovi|n iqqn|q "3%178+ "3%1<1+ "3%37>+ "3%331+
N}s`ioenl "3%961 "3%779 "3%79> "3%73= "3%9=6 3%371 "3%38> "3%3>6 3%397 3%313Wnqol~i` 3%3=7 3%91? 3%91< 3%978 3%93> 3%936 3%73> 3%9=> 3%99= 3%3??\d|i` "3%3=9 "3%3=9 "3%3=9 "3%3=9 "3%3=9 3%97? 3%97? 3%97? 3%97? 3%97?
i$ Bdln``oeh fowq|"dwlnw qsi|oi` nwwdw i~|dadwwn`i|ode%
Ed|n; +2s0%39 u2s02%3> *2s023%9%
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
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S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
<%6% Adea`~qodeq
Snw~‟q nedwbd~q hndhwismoa lovnwqo| bijnq o| ie n}|wnbn` oe|nwnq|oeh aiqn q|~l |d iei`{n
xmn|mnw hndhwism miq i ai~qi` wd`n oe ln|nwboeoeh mdx md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn nvd`vnq dvnw
|obn% Xn jedx |mi| |mnwn iwn m~hn xn`fiwn loqsiwo|onq iawdqq Snw~ iel |mnwn oq i mniv
adeane|wi|ode df vnw sddw snds`n |mwd~hmd~| |mn bdq| hndhwismoai`` ilvnwqn wnhodeq iq oe|mn Qonwwi iel Qn`vi% I`|md~hm |mnqn xn`fiwn loqsiwo|onq aie gn i||wog~|nl |d hndhwism |mn
aie i`qd gn wn`i|nl i| `niq| oe siw| |d i qoheofoaie| loqsnwqode oe iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel
d|mnw s~g`oa iqqn|q% \mnwnfdwn |mnwn oq ed a`niw nvolnean |mi| wnhodei` oeadbn loffnwneanq aie
de` gn n}s`ioenl g hndhwism dw |mi| |mn mil gnne mibsnwnl -dw fiao`o|i|nl/ g `dai` dw
enohmgdwoeh ei|~wi` dw biebiln hndhwismoai` neldxbne|q%
Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| |mnwn mivn gnne bie nffdw|q |d oej Snw~‟q hndhwismoai` lovnwqo|
|d jn oqq~nq iq obsdw|ie| iq qn||`nbne| `dai|ode dw adeq|w~a|ode df ilboeoq|wi|ovn dw sd`o|oai`
wnhodeq vnw `o||`n miq gnne lden |d iei`{n |mn `oejq gn|xnne |moq hndhwismoa lovnwqo| iellnvn`dsbne| nadedboa hwdx|m dw sdvnw|%
\d wnl~an |moq his d~w wnqniwam q|wi|nh adeqoq|nl df lnqawogoeh mdx hndhwism bohm|
s`i i f~elibne|i` wd`n oe wnhodei` nadedboa hwdx|m iel xmi| wn`i|odeqmos |mnwn oq gn|xnne
hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iel n}snelo|~wn nvn`q iel hwdx|m iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~% \d fdwbi``
ieqxnw xmn|mnw hndhwism oq i ln|nwboeie| df |mn nvd`~|ode df xn`fiwn dvnw |obn xn lnvn`dsnl
i boawd bdln` df adeq~bs|ode xmoam ed| de` |ddj oe |mn dai` nffna| df hndhwismoa viwoig`nq
g~| i`qd oea`~lnl s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q iq viwoig`nq |mi| ad~`l wnl~an |mn sd|ne|oi`` ilvnwqn
nffna| df hndhwism% Fdw |moq s~wsdqn xn ~qnl ei|odei` aneq~q li|i fdw 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1
|mn @QBQ q~wvnq fdw 9??9 9??< 9??6 iel 9??8 oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn loq|woa|‑`nvn`
oefwiq|w~a|~wn aneq~q hndhwismoai` li|iqn|q iel oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn OOO Ei|odei` Ihwiwoie
Aneq~q df 9??<% \moq awdqq"qna|odei` iei`qoq mn`snl ~q oe i||nbs|oeh |d ~elnwq|iel xmn|mnw
hndhwismoa n}|nwei`o|onq iwoqoeh fwdb dai` dw enohmgdwoeh s~g`oa iqqn|q dw dai` neldxbne|q
df swovi|n hddlq ne|io` |mi| ovoeh oe dw eniw i xn``"neldxnl iwni obs`onq |mi| i sddw md~qnmd`l
aie nvne|~i`` nqaisn sdvnw|%
Xn mivn qmdxe |mi| xmi| qnnb |d gn qo{ig`n hndhwismoa loffnwneanq oe ovoeh q|ieliwlq
oe Snw~ aie gn i`bdq| f~`` n}s`ioenl xmne den |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode df
md~qnmd`lq xo|m wnilo` dgqnwvig`n ede"hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq oe siw|oa~`iw s~g`oa iel
swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe d|mnw xdwlq |mn qibn dgqnwvi|odei`` ny~ovi`ne| md~qnmd`l miq i qobo`iw
n}snelo|~wn `nvn` oe den s`ian iq oe ied|mnw xo|m loffnwne| hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq
i`|o|~ln dw |nbsnwi|~wn% \moq ldnq ed| bnie mdxnvnw |mi| hndhwism oq ed| obsdw|ie| g~| o|q
oef`~nean de n}snelo|~wn nvn` iel hwdx|m loffnwne|oi` adbnq igd~| |mwd~hm i qsi|oi`` ~envne
swdvoqode df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn% F~w|mnwbdwn xmne xn bniq~wn |mn n}sna|nl hioe -dw dqq/
oe adeq~bs|ode fwdb `ovoeh oe i siw|oa~`iw hndhwismoa wnhode -o%n% Adq|i/ iq dssdqnl |d `ovoeh
oe ied|mnw hndhwismoa wnhode -o%n% Qonwwi/ xn fd~el |mi| bdq| df |mn loffnwnean oe `dh snw
aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne |mn Qonwwi iel |mn Adq|i aie gn iaad~e|nl fdw g |mn loffnwneanqoe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iel swovi|n iqqn|q% \moq ad~`l gn ie oeloai|ode |mi| |mn ivio`igo`o|
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df oefwiq|w~a|~wn ad~`l gn obo|nl g |mn hndhwism iel |mnwnfdwn |mn bdwn ilvnwqn hndhwismoa
wnhodeq iwn |mn denq xo|m `nqq iaanqq |d s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
Ied|mnw oe|nwnq|oeh wnq~`| oq |mi| lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| oe d~w bdln`q df n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m
xn oea`~lnl i`` wn`nvie| hndhwismoa viwoig`nq iq xn`` iq oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n iqqn|q viwoig`nq
|mn wnqol~i`q ade|oe~n |d qmdx qsi|oi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode% \moq fia| q~hhnq|q |mn olni |mi| |mnwn bign ede"hndhwismoa ede"dgqnwvig`nq |mi| bi gn iffna|oeh |mn swdvoeaoi` n}snelo|~wn si||nwe%
\moq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m Wivi``ode iel Xdlde -9??8/ xmne |mn qmdx |mi| qo{ig`n hndhwismoa
loffnwneanq oe `ovoeh q|ieliwlq aie snwqoq| nvne of xn |ijn oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode
df md~qnmd`lq xo|m wnilo` dgqnwvig`n ede"hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq adel~aovn |d sdvnw|%
O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| |mnwn issniw |d gn ede‑hndhwismoa qsi|oi`` adwwn`i|nl
dbo||nl viwoig`nq |mi| ennl |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| oe d~w n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m bdln`% \mnwnfdwn
sd`oa swdhwibq |mi| ~qn wnhodei` |iwhn|oeh ld mivn i wi|odei`n nvne of hndhwismoa viwoig`nq ld
ed| n}s`ioe |mn g~`j df |mn loffnwnean oe wnhodei` hwdx|m dean xn mivn |ijne oe|d iaad~e|loffnwne|oi`q oe iaanqq |d swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q%
@iq|` ie oqq~n |mi| xn mil ed| |ijne oe|d iaad~e| iel xmoam ad~`l gn vnw obsdw|ie|
fdw f~|~wn wnqniwam oq |mn fia| |mi| ilvnwqn hndhwismoa n}|nwei`o|onq aie swdvoln oeane|ovnq |d
bohwi|ode% \moq oq qdbn|moeh xmoam xn ld ed| ade|wd` fdw oe |moq wnqniwam% \mn bohwi|ode nffna|
ad~`l gn |xdfd`l% De |mn den miel o| ad~`l gn |mn wniqde xm md~qnmd`lq xo|m fnxnw swovi|n
iqqn|q iwn |mn denq xmoam amddqn |d `dai|n oe |mn bdwn ilvnwqn hndhwismoai` wnhodeq% De |mn
d|mnw miel o| ad~`l gn vnw obsdw|ie| fdw sd`oa"bijoeh oe lnvn`dsoeh oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe |mn
qneqn |mi| anw|ioe oevnq|bne|q oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn q~am iq nl~ai|ode iwn bdgo`n xo|m bohwi|ode
xmo`n d|mnwq iwn ed|% \mnwnfdwn o| ad~`l gn bdwn swdfo|ig`n |d oevnq| oe bdgo`n oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe
|mn bdwn ilvnwqn hndhwismoa wnhodeq |d hovn |mn oelovol~i`q |mn enanqqiw |dd`q |d bohwi|n
fwdb |mnqn wnhodeq iel |mnwnfdwn oeawniqn |mnow swdgigo`o| df nqaisoeh i sdvnw| |wis%
Amis|nw <
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Ieen} I<%9; Li|i lnqawos|ode
I<%9 Swdvoeaoi` `nvn` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn nq|obi|nq
\d nq|obi|n snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| swdvoeaoi` nvn`q fdw Aneq~q niwq 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1
xn nq|obi|nl i md~qnmd`l"`nvn` n}snelo|~wn ny~i|ode giqnl de oefdwbi|ode ivio`ig`n oe |mn
@QBQ q~wvnq fdw 9?=>"=6 iel 9??<% Fd``dxoeh Nqadgi` K% n| i` -9??=/ xn wnhwnqq snw aiso|i
n}snelo|~wn de swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q i``dxoeh oe|nwia|odeq gn|xnne |mnb% I bdwn ln|io`nl
loqa~qqode df |mnqn nq|obi|odeq aie gn fd~el oe Nqadgi` K% n| i`% -9??=/%
\ig`n I<%9 qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q df |moq swdanl~wn% \mn neldhned~q viwoig`n oe niam ny~i|ode
xiq |mn snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn oe adeq|ie| E~nvdq Qd`nq df 9??<% Fwdb |mn adnffoaone|q dg|ioenl
oe \ig`n I%9 xn qob~`i|nl |mn swdvoean"`nvn` snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn ~qoeh |mn swdvoean"`nvn`
viwoig`nq dg|ioenl fwdb |mn Aneq~q li|i iel |mn bnieq df |mn md~qnmd`l q~wvnq xmnenvnw
|mnwn xiq ed| i ad~e|nwsiw| viwoig`n oe |mn aneq~q% Fdw 9?87 iel 9?=9 xn ~qnl |mn siwibn|nwq
df @QBQ 9?=>"=6 iel fdw 9??1 |mn ai`a~`i|odeq df @QBQ 9??< l~n |d |mn swd}obo| df |mn
qibs`n q~wvnq iel Aneq~q li|nq%
\mn swdvoean"`nvn` viwoig`nq ~qnl oe i`` Aneq~q niwq xnwn; md~qnmd`l qo{n snwane|ihn
df md~qnq xo|md~| iaanqq |d sd|ig`n xi|nw xo|md~| lwioeihn xo|md~| n`na|woao| |d|i` o``o|nwia
wi|n qamdd`oeh i||neliean wi|n snwane|ihn df amo`l `igdwnwq iel snwane|ihn df sds~`i|ode
`ovoeh oe ~wgie iwniq% Illo|odei`` fdw 9??1 xn oea`~lnl |mn snwane|ihn df ede"swdfnqqodei`
nadedboai`` ia|ovn sds~`i|ode snwane|ihn df md~qnmd`lq mnilnl g xdbne iel ad``nhn
i||neliean wi|n% Xn adbs`n|n |mn qn| df viwoig`nq -|d nq|obi|n swdvoean"`nvn` n}snelo|~wn/
~qoeh qibs`n ivnwihn vi`~nq df |mn @QBQ g wnhodeq% Iq xn bne|ode igdvn @QBQ iwn lovolnl
oe hndhwismoai` wnhodeq |d obswdvn |mn y~i`o| df |mn qibs`oeh% \mnqn wnhodeq xnwn oea`~lnl
oe |mn wnhwnqqode iq l~bb viwoig`nq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m dai|ode; edw|mnwe Adq|i ane|wi` Qonwwi
iel hwni|nw @obi fdw n}ibs`n%
Snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn i| |mn swdvoeaoi` `nvn` oe niam Aneq~q niw xiq ilk~q|nl |d
wnswdl~an |mn Ihhwnhi|n Adeq~bs|ode hwdx|m wi|n df Ei|odei` Iaad~e|q xo|moe |mdqn niwq%
^qoeh 9?=9 iq ie ieamdw xn amiehnl q`ohm|` |mn oe|nwans| adnffoaone|q df |mn d|mnw wnhwnqqodeq
|d wn"nq|obi|n |mn swdkna|nl viwoig`nq% \m~q xn wns`ian |mn D@Q nq|obi|nl adnffoaone|q 6%6?3
xo|m 6%1>3 iel 8%6?> xo|m 8%>?> fdw 9??1 iel 9?87 wnqsna|ovn`% Oe |moq xi |mn hwdx|m wi|n
df |mn swdkna|nl snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn -xnohm|nl g sds~`i|ode oe niam niw/ oq ny~i` |d |mn
biawdnadedboa q|i|oq|oaq% \mn adnffoaone|q wnsdw|nl oe \ig`n I<%9 loqs`i |mn enx vi`~nq fdw
|mn oe|nwans|q%
Foei`` |mn e~bgnw df swdvoeanq mil ed| wnbioenl adeq|ie| oe |mn `iq| 13 niwq% Oe
9?87 |mn e~bgnw df swdvoeanq xiq 9>3 oe 9?=9 xiq 9>1 iel 9== oe 9??1 |mnwnfdwn xn mil |d
mdbdhneo{n swdvoean iwniq iel qmisnq |mwd~hm |obn% Xo|m |moq s~wsdqn xn lnaolnl |d ~qn |mn
sd`o|oai`"ilboeoq|wi|ovn lovoqode df Snw~ oe 9??1 gnai~qn |mn Hndhwismoai` Oefdwbi|ode Qq|nb
-HOQ/ xiq lnvn`dsnl fd``dxoeh |mn 9??1 Aneq~q% \d obs~|n |mn vi`~nq oe 9?87 fdw enx swdvoeanq
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
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xn wnsni|nl |mn 'dwohoei`' swdvoean oefdwbi|ode oe niam df o|q enx wnhodeq dw iwniq% Fdw 9?=9
xn mil loq|woa|"`nvn` li|i iel qoean |mn awni|ode df i enx swdvoean oq giqoai`` i enx a`~q|nwoeh
df loq|woa|q xn ihhwnhi|n |mdqn loq|woa| vi`~nq |d awni|n li|i fdw |mn enx swdvoeanq%
Viwoig`nq
Aneq~q niw
9?87 i$ 9?=9 i$ 9??1 g$
Adnff% Q|l% Lnv% Adnff% Q|l% Lnv% Adnff% Q|l% Lnv%
Oe|nwans| 8%6?>? -3%9?></ 8%8888 -3%1789/ 6%1>37 -3%9188/Iaanqq |d awnlo| 3%91=< -3%31??/ 3%91>9 -3%316</ 3%3=76 -3%3166/Iaanqq |d lwoejoeh xi|nw "3%93>9 -3%3>=?/ "3%9196 -3%3>1>/Iaanqq |d n`na|woao| 3%3=<6 -3%3><9/ 3%38== -3%3<?8/ 3%3379 -3%333</Iaanqq |d oe"md~qn lwioeihn qnwvoanq 3%996> -3%9<>>/ 3%9317 -3%9313/ 3%3396 -3%333?/Ai||`n 3%97== -3%3=78/ 3%916= -3%3=33/ 3%3?91 -3%38==/L~wig`n hddlq 3%36=3 -3%33?7/ 3%36=9 -3%33=8/ 3%33>9 -3%33<6/Fnw|o`o{nwq ~qihn 3%969? -3%3<16/ 3%9=1? -3%3<9</ 3%93>6 -3%3178/Md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw 3%378= -3%3678/ "3%331> -3%3>71/Md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq xo|m
qnadeliw nl~ai|ode -./ 3%3319 -3%3371/Md~qn xo|m oeilny~i|n f ddw "3%33<7 -3%333?/ "3%331= -3%333=/ "3%3379 -3%3331/Md~qnmd`l qo{n "3%7863 -3%31<9/ "3%1169 -3%3136/ "3%17>1 -3%37=1/O``o|nwia wi|n "3%3398 -3%333=/ "3%3397 -3%333=/ "3%3396 -3%3338/
Qamdd` i||ieliean -amo`lwne/ 3%3393 -3%3336/ 3%3336 -3%3336/@iel qo{n 3%3<17 -3%3>31/ 3%39=> -3%3<91/E~bgnw df bohwie|q -md~qmd`l bnbgnwq/ "3%3369 -3%3<93/ "3%331? -3%3<3?/ 3%91>? -3%3769/E~bgnw df wddbq oe |mn md~qn 3%33>3 -3%339>/ 3%33<9 -3%3391/ 3%3>67 -3%393=/Ede"swdfnqqodei` igdw fdwan 3%3337 -3%337=/Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean "3%3339 -3%336>/ 3%3337 -3%33>8/ 3%39>1 -3%33>=/Qivoehq 3%3887 -3%31<1/ 3%3<89 -3%31<?/ 3%388> -3%31>?/Qamdd`oeh i||neliean wi|n 3%333< -3%333</Qamdd``oeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%3968 -3%399?/ 3%396= -3%399</ 3%3193 -3%3381/Qamdd``oeh niwq -d|mnw bnbgnwq/ 3%3187 -3%39==/ 3%31== -3%3963/ 3%3176 -3%3383/Qnnlq ~qihn 3%9<9? -3%3166/ 3%91?3 -3%311>/ 3%38?= -3%3177/Qdaoi` en|xdwjq 3%77=7 -3%3639/ 3%79?8 -3%3673/ 3%3=67 -3%9937/Qsn`` df o``enqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ 3%39>1 -3%37??/ 3%376= -3%37??/ "3%3>96 -3%3176/
^wgie {den 3%336< -3%3379/ 3%33?7 -3%331</ 3%3986 -3%9>?7/Xdwjoeh amo`lwne -./ "3%339< -3%333>/ "3%3391 -3%333>/Edw|mnwe adiq| "3%918< -3%311</ "3%9<3= -3%3179/ "3%3<63 -3%37>8/Ane|wi` adiq| "3%9??9 -3%318>/ "3%7311 -3%31?1/ "3%313< -3%3117/Qd~|mnwe adiq| "3%31>7 -3%3>?>/ "3%3>>7 -3%36<7/ "3%3?1? -3%3<?3/Edw|mnwe mohm`ielq "3%>?=8 -3%3><9/ "3%>8=? -3%3>3=/ 3%99=> -3%31>=/Ane|wi` mohm`ielq "3%1>?? -3%318?/ "3%1683 -3%318</ "3%3>6< -3%3768/Qd~|mnwe mohm`ielq "3%891> -3%316>/ "3%3<91 -3%31>6/ "3%386? -3%37=8/Edw|mnwe mohm i`|o|~ln k~eh`n "3%<=9= -3%3>8?/ "3%<191 -3%3>=1/ "3%7?=8 -3%3<==/Ane|wi` mohm i`|o|~ln k~eh`n "3%<=8> -3%3><8/ "3%<17< -3%3>3?/ "3%78<> -3%3>39/@dx i`|o|~ln k~eh`n "3%7178 -3%3>69/L~wig`n hddlq -qy~iwnl/ "=%>?N"3< -3%3331/ "=%38N"3< -3%3337/ "8%87N"36 -3%3333/
Md~qnmd`l qo{n -qy~iwnl/ 3%3973 -3%337</ 3%39>6 -3%3379/ 3%39>1 -3%3373/
\ig`n I<%9 Ln|nwboeie|q df -@dh/ snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn-D@Q nq|obi|ode xo|m wdg~q| nwwdwq/
ade|oe~nl%%%
Amis|nw <
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E~bgnw df bohwie|q-md~qmd`l bnbgnwq/ qy~iwnl 3%3337 -3%3387/ "3%339? -3%3381/
Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean -qy~iwnl/ 9%38N"3> -3%3339/ "1%33N"3> -3%3339/ "9%61N"3< -3%3339/Qivoehq -qy~iwnl/ 3%3337 -3%3331/ 3%333< -3%3331/ "3%339> -3%3338/Qamdd``oeh niwq
-d|mnw bnbgnwq qy~iwnl/ "3%3373 -3%3377/ "3%331< -3%3379/
Qsn`` df o``enqq -md~qnmd`l mnil/ qy~iwnl 3%3337 -3%3361/L~wig`n hddlq+qdaoi` en|xdwjq "3%3363 -3%3377/ "3%331> -3%3379/ 3%3338 -3%3318/Md~qnmd`l qo{n+sd|ne|oi` xdwj
n}snwonean 3%3339 -3%3331/ 3%333< -3%3331/ 3%3339 -3%3337/
Md~qnmd`l qo{n+qivoehq "3%336> -3%3311/ "3%33>1 -3%3316/ "3%3317 -3%3398/Md~qnmd`l qo{n+qsn`` df o``enqq 3%3399 -3%338=/ 3%3373 -3%33=</ 3%3386 -3%391>/E~bgnw df bohwie|q+l~wig`n hddlq "3%3337 -3%333>/ "3%3331 -3%3336/ 3%333> -3%333?/E~bgnw df bohwie|q+`iel qo{n 3%37?6 -3%319?/ 3%3778 -3%31></ 3%3>?6 -3%3>36/E~bgnw df bohwie|q+qivoehq 3%33<1 -3%3371/ 3%33<3 -3%3376/ "3%333< -3%3313/Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean+l~wig`nq hddlq "3%3339 -3%3339/ "3%3339 -3%3339/ 3%3333 -3%3339/Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean+e~bgnw df
bohwie|q "3%3331 -3%3336/ 3%3339 -3%3336/ "3%3398 -3%3336/Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean+qivoehq "3%333> -3%333</ "3%333< -3%333</ 3%3337 -3%333</Sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean+qsn``q df o``enqq "3%3339 -3%3336/ "3%3331 -3%3336/ 3%3338 -3%3336/Qivoehq+l~wig`n hddlq ">%36N"3> -3%3337/ "7%9?N"3> -3%3337/ "7%97N"3< -3%3339/Qamdd``oeh niwq
-md~qnmd`l mnil/+l~wig`n hddlq "3%3339 -3%3331/ "3%3331 -3%3331/ "3%3336 -3%3331/
Qamdd``oeh niwq-md~qnmd`l mnil/+`iel qo{n "3%3991 -3%3973/ "3%33>1 -3%3937/ 3%33?7 -3%33=?/
Qamdd``oeh niwq-md~qnmd`l mnil/+sd|ne|oi` xdwjn}snwonean "3%3339 -3%3337/ 3%3333 -3%3337/ "3%3337 -3%3337/
Qamdd``oeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/+sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean 3%3371 -3%339?/ 3%3378 -3%3373/ "3%3368 -3%3396/
Qamdd``oeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/+qivoehq "3%33<< -3%3396/ "3%33<< -3%3398/ 3%3331 -3%3391/
Qamdd``oeh niwq -md~qnmd`l mnil/+qsn``q df o``enqq "3%3376 -3%3371/ "3%3391 -3%3377/ 3%33>6 -3%3398/
Qsn`` df o``enqq+l~wig`n hddlq 3%333> -3%3338/ 3%3337 -3%3338/ "3%3339 -3%3336/
Qsn`` df o``enqq+e~bgnw df bohwie|q "3%337< -3%33<</ "3%337= -3%33<>/ "3%339< -3%33>8/Qsn`` df o``enqq+qivoehq 3%33<7 -3%337</ 3%337< -3%3376/ "3%3336 -3%3311/^wgie {den+md~qnmd`l mnil hnelnw "8%=>N"3> -3%3338/ 9%?>N"3< -3%3336/^wgie {den+`iel qo{n 3%3338 -3%3391/ 3%3339 -3%3397/^wgie {den+qivoehq -qy~iwnl/ "6%=7N"36 -3%3333/ "=%38N"36 -3%3333/ 9%7?N"31 -3%3336/^wgie {den+qamdd``oeh niwq
-md~qnmd`l mnil qy~iwnl/ 8%9=N"3> -3%3339/ <%8?N"3> -3%3339/ 6%>8N"31 -3%3366/^wgie {den+qamdd``oeh niwq
-d|mnw bnbgnw/ "3%3339 -3%3337/ "3%3337 -3%3337/ "3%339> -3%338?/^wgie {den+qamdd``oeh niwq
-d|mnw bnbgnw qy~iwnl/ 7%73N"3> -3%3333/ 1%38N"3> -3%3333/^wgie {den+iaanqq |d awnlo| 3%333< -3%333>/ 3%333< -3%333</ 3%3>63 -3%3><3/^wgie {den+iaanqq |d lwoejoeh xi|nw 3%333? -3%3338/ 3%3393 -3%3336/
^wgie {den+iaanqq |d n`na|woao| "9%19N"3< -3%3338/ "<%9=N"3> -3%3336/ "8%=6N"3< -3%3336/
Viwoig`nq
Aneq~q niw
9?87 i$ 9?=9 i$ 9??1 g$
Adnff% Q|l% Lnv% Adnff% Q|l% Lnv% Adnff% Q|l% Lnv%
ade|oe~nl%%%
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
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^wgie {den+iaanqq |d oe"md~qn lwioeihn qnwvoanq "3%3331 -3%339>/ "3%3339 -3%3399/ "3%3336 -3%333?/
^wgie {den+ai||`n "3%333? -3%3391/ "3%333< -3%3397/ "3%3771 -3%939=/^wgie {den+l~wig`n hddlq "3%3331 -3%3339/ "3%3331 -3%3339/ 3%3>9? -3%33>6/^wgie {den+l~wig`n hddlq -qy~iwnl/ 6%97N"36 -3%3333/ >%1=N"36 -3%3333/ "1%36N"3< -3%3333/^wgie {den+fnw|o`o{nwq ~qihn "3%3399 -3%333=/ "3%3399 -3%333=/ "3%9>?7 -3%3=96/^wgie {den+md~qnmd`l qo{n 3%333? -3%333</ 3%3391 -3%3331/ 3%363? -3%3176/^wgie {den+md~qnmd`l qo{n -qy~iwnl/ "3%3339 -3%3333/ "3%3339 -3%3333/ "3%33>< -3%337</^wgie {den+o``o|nwia wi|n 8%7=N"36 -3%3333/ 6%1=N"36 -3%3333/ 8%1=N"3< -3%3393/^wgie {den+e~bgnw df bohwie|q 3%3339 -3%3339/ 3%3339 -3%3339/
^wgie {den+e~bgnw df bohwie|q-qy~iwnl/ "3%3339 -3%333</ "3%3331 -3%333</^wgie {den+e~bgnw df wddb oe
|mn md~qn "7%19N"3> -3%3333/ "1%78N"3> -3%3333/ "3%333< -3%3977/^wgie {den+snq|oaolnq ~qihn 3%7837 -3%386</ 3%138< -3%36>?/ 3%9787 -3%3176/^wgie {den+sd|ne|oi` xdwj n}snwonean 3%3339 -3%3339/ 3%3339 -3%3339/ "3%3317 -3%33>?/^wgie {den+sd|ne|oi` xdwj
n}snwonean -qy~iwnl/ "8%=<N"38 -3%3333/ "9%97N"36 -3%3333/ 3%3339 -3%3339/^wgie {den+qivoehq 3%3336 -3%3331/ 3%333= -3%3331/ "3%3>1> -3%37>>/^wgie {den+qamdd``oeh i||neliean wi|n 3%3336 -3%333>/^wgie {den+qnnlq ~qihn "3%337< -3%333=/ "3%3398 -3%3338/ 3%393? -3%3=13/^wgie {den+qdaoi` en|xdwjq "3%333? -3%333>/ "3%3399 -3%333>/ 3%3>>< -3%3883/^wgie {den+qsn``q df o``enqq 3%3331 -3%3337/ 3%3339 -3%3337/
^wgie {den+^wgie {den+oeilny~i|nf`ddw <%37N"3> -3%3333/ 1%>9N"3> -3%3333/ 3%333< -3%333>/
^wgie {den+xdwjoeh amo`lwne 7%3<N"3> -3%3333/ 9%67N"3> -3%3333/ "3%3?=? -3%3=61/
E~bgnw df dgqnwvi|ode <?<? <?<? 1671W"qy~iwnl 3%8><6 3%8697 3%=>?6
i$ Giqnl de 9?=>"=6 @QBQ%g$ Giqnl de 9??< @QBQ%Ed|n; Q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode oe siwne|mnqoq iel s03%392+ s03%>2uQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
Viwoig`nq
Aneq~q niw
9?87 i$ 9?=9 i$ 9??1 g$
Adnff% Q|l% Lnv% Adnff% Q|l% Lnv% Adnff% Q|l% Lnv%
adea`~qode%%%
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Li|i q d~wanq
I| md~qnmd`l `nvn`
‧ @ovoeh Q|ieliwl Bniq~wnbne| Q~wvnq 9?=>"=6 iel 9??< A~ée|d Oeq|o|~|n%
I| swdvoeaoi` "`nvn`
‧ Sds~`i|ode iel Md~qnmd`l Aneq~qnq 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1 Oeq|o|~|d Eiaodei` ln
Nq|ilâq|oai n Oefdwbé|oai; sds~`i|ode iel md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq%
‧ \mowl Ei|odei` Ihwiwoie Aneq~q 9??< Oeq|o|~|d Eiaodei` ln Nq|ilâq|oai n
Oefdwbé|oai; ihwoa~`|~wi` viwoig`nq ai||`n iel `iel%
‧ Giqoa Ennlq Bis 9??<% Oeq|o|~|d Eiaodei` ln Nq|ilâq|oai n Oefdwbé|oai; giqoa ennlq
iel mni`|m viwoig`nq
‧ Qdaoi` Oevnq|bne| Bis 9??< FDEADLNQ; sdvnw| oeln} iel o|q adbsdene|q`ovoeh q|ieliwl%
Hndhwismoa viwoig`nq
‧ Iwa li|i De`oen oe; m||s;$$xxx%nqwo%adb$li|i$de`oen$nqwo$xd|msmqoa%m|b`% \moq
oefdwbi|ode xiq if|nwxiwlq dvnw`iol de i bis df Snw~ i| swdvoeaoi` iel loq|woa|
`nvn`q% \mn qadwn fdw niam swdvoean dw loq|woa| xiq qn`na|nl iaadwloeh |d |mn sdqo|ode
df o|q ane|wdol de |mn |mnbi|oa bis; niw|my~ijn {denq swnaoso|i|ode qdo`q iel
vnhn|i|ode%‧ Ei|~wi` Wnqd~wanq oe Snw~ 9??> Oeq|o|~|d Eiaodei` ln Wna~wqdq Ei|~wi`nq;
goda`obi|oa iel `iel sd|ne|oi` qadwnq%
‧ Qdaoi` Oevnq|bne| Bis 9??< FDEADLNQ; i`|o|~ln iel hndhwismoa `dai|ode%
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ~elnw Hndhwismoa Adeq|wioe|q
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\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh
\wieqia|ode Adq|q
>%9% Oe|wdl~a|ode
Xmne i||nbs|oeh |d nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df qsnaofoa sd`oaonq de w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |mn qsnaoi`o{nl
`o|nwi|~wn adbbde` iqq~bnq i adbs`n|n oe|nhwi|ode df swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iel fia|dwq
de |mn siw| df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq% Mdxnvnw nbsowoai` nvolnean q~hhnq|q |mi| w~wi` biwjn|q |nel
|d gn |moe ~elnwlnvn`dsnl dw nvne eden}oq|ne|% \mn lniw|m df biwjn|q oq l~n |d |mn `obo|nl
nadedboa lnvn`dsbne| dw |d dgq|ia`nq |d |mnow lnvn`dsbne|%
Oe |moq ade|n}| |mn wnqsdeqn df fiwbnwq fdw n}ibs`n |d ie oeawniqn oe swoanq de |mnoe|nwei|odei` ei|odei` wnhodei` dw `dai` biwjn|q miq adbbde` gnne dvnwnq|obi|nl% \moq `iaj
df jedx`nlhn df |mn boawdnadedboa ln|nwboeie|q df fiwbnw oe|nhwi|ode xo|m swdl~a| fia|dwq
biwjn|q miq b~`|os`n obs`oai|odeq% \mn bdq| obsdw|ie| oea`~ln |mdqn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn
obs`nbne|i|ode df swoaoeh sd`oaonq xmoam i||nbs| |d mivn i mdbdhnend~q iel i`bdq|
oeq|ie|iend~q obsia| de ihwoa~`|~wi` q~ss` iel$dw swdl~a|ode qdbn|moeh xmoam ldnq ed| daa~w
-|d |mn q~wswoqn df |mdqn xmd swdbd|n q~am sd`oaonq/% Ln Kievw n| i`% -9?=8/ qmdxnl mdx oe
loffnwne| ade|n}|q |mn nwwdend~q bdln`oeh df mdx w~wi` md~qnmd`lq bijn lnaoqodeq ad~`l `nil
|d |mn dvnwnq|obi|ode df swoan n`iq|oao|onq df ihwoa~`|~wi` q~ss`% \soai`` |moq dvnwnq|obi|odedwohoei|nq fwdb boq|ijne` iqq~boeh |mi| lnaoqodeq de adeq~bs|ode iel swdl~a|ode iwn qnsiwig`n%
^lw -9??>/ ao|nq |mn xdwj df Fifamibsq Wdqne{xnoh Fdq|nw iel Wdqne{xnoh iel |mi| df
Kiadg -|mn aiqn df |mn Snw~voie mohm`ielq/ |d lnbdeq|wi|n mdx obsnwfna|odeq oe |mn igdw biwjn|
adelo|ode |mn ede"qnsiwigo`o| df swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode lnaoqodeq%
Oe |mn aiqn df Snw~ |mn |dsoa df |mn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode df fiwbnwq miq wnanovnl `o||`n
i||ne|ode% Wnane| q|~lonq aiwwonl d~| g HWILN oe |mn fwibnxdwj df |mn Nadedboa Wnqniwam
Adeqdw|o~b mivn n}iboenl |mn oqq~n df ihwoa~`|~wi` |wiln iel biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% Nqadgi` iel
Ihwnli -9??=/ ~qoeh |obn qnwonq li|i df 97 ihwoa~`|~wi` hddlq oe 97 Snw~voie ao|onq qmdxnl|mi| biwjn|q fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|q oe Snw~ iwn wniqdeig` oe|nhwi|nl -fwdb i qsi|oi` sdoe| df
vonx/% O| i`qd lnbdeq|wi|nl |mi| iaanqq |d s~g`oa hddlq iel qnwvoanq oq i ln|nwboeie| fia|dw oe
n}s`ioeoeh |mn qsnnl i| xmoam adeq~bnw swoan oefdwbi|ode oq loqqnboei|nl |d loffnwne| ao|onq
iwd~el |mn ad~e|w% Wnq~`|q i`qd qmdxnl |mi| oe |mn deh |nwb |mnwn oq i adbs`n|n |wieqboqqode
gn|xnne xmd`nqi`n iel fiwbhi|n swoanq fdw qdbn q|is`n awdsq -o%n% sd|i|d dw deode/%
I`|md~hm |mnqn wnq~`|q lnbdeq|wi|n |mi| ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q oe Snw~ iwn wniqdeig`
qsi|oi`` iel vnw|oai`` oe|nhwi|nl oe |mn deh |nwb |mn i`qd qmdx obsdw|ie| lnvoi|odeq oe |mn
qmdw| |nwb% Illo|odei`` |mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl |d li|n wnvni` `o||`n igd~| |mn `nvn` df nffoaoneaoe xmoam |mnqn biwjn|q ia|~i`` dsnwi|n% Foei`` |mnqn wnq~`|q ld ed| wnqsdel |d |mn y~nq|ode
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df xm anw|ioe swdl~anwq amddqn |d oe|nhwi|n oe|d |mn biwjn| iq en|"qn``nwq xmo`n d|mnwq amddqn
|d wnbioe q~gqoq|nean fiwbnwq% Oefdwbi|ode de mdx iaanqq |d iqqn|q oe hnenwi` iel |d s~g`oa
hddl iel qnwvoanq oe siw|oa~`iw oef`~neanq |mn xi oe xmoam fiwbnwq oe|nhwi|n oe|d biwjn|q aie
gn ~qnl |d lnqohe i`|nwei|ovn sd`oaonq |d swdbd|n fiwbnwq‟ bdwn q~aanqqf~` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode%
\moq q|~l sdqo|q |mi| |mnwn iwn mohm md~qnmd`l"qsnaofoa |wieqia|ode adq|q xmoam `obo||mn aisiao| df sddw fiwbnwq |d oe|nhwi|n oe|d ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% \mn fia| |mi| bie w~wi`
md~qnmd`lq ld ed| siw|oaosi|n oe anw|ioe ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q l~n |d |mn n}oq|nean df |wieqia|ode
adq|q miq gnne lda~bne|nl oe |mn nadedboaq `o|nwi|~wn% Ed|xo|mq|ieloeh |mn wn`i|odeqmos
gn|xnne |mnqn adq|q iel biwjn|oeh q|wi|nhonq miq wnanovnl `o||`n i||ne|ode% Bdwndvnw |mn
wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne iaanqq |d s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q miq ed| gnne
lda~bne|nl i| i``% @dxnwoeh |wieqia|ode adq|q bi gn den df |mn bdq| nffna|ovn xiq df
oe|nhwi|oeh |mn sddw oe|d i biwjn| nadedb i``dxoeh |mnb |d hwiqs |mn gnenfo|q |mi| adbn
xo|m |mn lovoqode df `igd~w iel qsnaoi`o{i|ode |mi| biwjn| wn`i|odeq swdbd|n%Illo|odei`` ie obsdw|ie| awo|oaoqb df |mn o|nwi|~wn de |wieqia|ode adq|q oq |mi| |mndwn|oai`
lnvn`dsbne| miq ed| gnne iaadbsieonl g q~aanqqf~` bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q% \moq
amis|nw xo`` i||nbs| |d siw|oi`` fo`` |moq his swdsdqoeh i bn|mdld`dh |d nq|obi|n |mnqn adq|q
iel iss`oeh o| |d |mn aiqn df sd|i|d fiwbnwq df |mn \iiaiki Swdvoean oe |mn M~ieaivn`oai
Lnsiw|bne| oe |mn Ielnq df Snw~%
\moq amis|nw oq lovolnl oe|d fd~w qna|odeq gnqolnq |moq oe|wdl~a|ode% Qna|ode >%7 lnfoenq
|wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn ia|ovo|onq wn`i|nl |d |mdqn adq|q% O| i`qd swdsdqnq i boawdnadedboa
bdln` |mi| iqqdaoi|nq |wieqia|ode adq|q xo|m |mn biwjn|oeh ds|ode niam w~wi` md~qnmd`l amddqnq%Illo|odei`` o| q~hhnq|q ie i`|nwei|ovn |d lowna|` nq|obi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q% Qna|ode >%1
lnqawognq |mn q|~l {den swnqne|q |mn qibs`n fwibn ~qnl |d nvi`~i|n |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn
Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| iel swnqne|q |mn bioe wnq~`|q df |mn q|~l% Foei`` Qna|ode >%< i d~|
|mn bioe adea`~qodeq iel sd`oa obs`oai|odeq% \moq qna|ode i`qd q~hhnq|q f~|~wn oenq df wnqniwam
iqqdaoi|nl gd|m xo|m |wieqia|ode adq|q iel xo|m |mn li|igiqn |mi| |moq q|~l miq hnenwi|nl%
>%7% \mn wd`n df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe i adq|` n}amiehn nevowdebne|;
adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj
\wieqia|ode Adq| \mndw lnvn`dsq fwdb |mn xdwj df Wdei`l Adiqn oe o|q 9?18 iw|oa`n '\mn
ei|~wn df |mn fowb'9% Mn iwh~nq oe |mi| iw|oa`n |mi| biwjn| n}amiehn xiq ed| adq|`nqq iel
~elnw`oenl |mn obsdw|iean df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn dwhieo{i|ode df fowbq iel d|mnw ade|wia|~i`
iwwiehnbne|q% \wieqia|ode iwwiehnbne|q nvd`vn qd iq |d boeobo{n |mnow obs`oao| adq|q hovne
|mn qdaoi` sd`o|oai` iel nadedboa nevowdebne| |mi| swnvio`q%
Edw|m -9??3/ lnfoenl |wieqia|ode adq|q iq |mn adq|q df bniq~woeh xmi| oq |wilnl iq xn``
iq |mn adq|q df bdeo|dwoeh adbs`oiean xo|m ihwnnbne|q% Oe hnenwi` |mnwn iwn ed swnaoqn
9 Adiqn W% M% -9?18/ ; '\mn ei|~wn df |mn fowb' Nadedboai < 9"18%
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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lnfoeo|odeq df |mnqn adq|q g~| |mn iwn wnadheo{nl iq gnoeh |mn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m nq|ig`oqmoeh
ade|wia|q bdeo|dwoeh |mnb iel neq~woeh |mnow adbs`oiean% \wieqia|ode adq| nadedboaq ~e`ojn
|wilo|odei` enda`iqqoai` nadedboa |mndw wnadheo{nq |mi| |wiln ia|ovo| ldnq ed| daa~w oe i
fwoa|ode`nqq nadedboa nevowdebne|% Iaadwloeh |d Nhhnw|qqde -9??3/ |wieqia|ode adq|q dwohoei|n
fwdb den dw bdwn df |mn fd``dxoeh ia|ovo|onq;‧ \mn qniwam fdw swoan iel y~i`o| oefdwbi|ode fdw |mn hddlq dw oes~|q |d gn |wilnl iq xn`` iq
|mn qniwam fdw g~nwq iel$dw sd|ne|oi` qn``nwq -oea`~loeh wn`nvie| oefdwbi|ode igd~| |mnow
adel~a|/%
‧ \mn enhd|oi|ode enanqqiw |d olne|of |mn wn`i|ovn enhd|oi|oeh sdxnw df g~nwq iel qn``nwq%
‧ \mn nq|ig`oqmbne| df ade|wia|~i` ihwnnbne|q%
‧ \mn bdeo|dwoeh df siw|onq |d |mn ade|wia| |d vnwof |mnow adbs`oiean%
‧ \mn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m f~`fo``bne| df |mn ihwnnbne| iq xn`` iq snei`|onq dwohoei|oeh
fwdb ede"adbs`oiean df |mn ade|wia|~i` wn`i|odeqmos%‧ \mn swd|na|ode df swdsnw| wohm|q gnfdwn |mowl siw|onq%
\wieqia|ode adq|q aie gn a`iqqofonl oe |mwnn hwd~sq; oefdwbi|ode enhd|oi|ode iel
bdeo|dwoeh adq|q% Oefdwbi|ode adq|q daa~w gnfdwn |mn |wieqia|ode oq biln iel oea`~ln |mn adq|q
df dg|ioeoeh oefdwbi|ode de swoanq iel swdl~a|q iq xn`` iq |mn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m olne|ofoeh
adbbnwaoi` ad~e|nwsiw|q% Enhd|oi|ode adq|q iwn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn lnvn`dsbne| df |mn
|wieqia|ode iel ~q~i`` oea`~ln adbboqqodeq |mn ia| df enhd|oi|oeh qsnaofoa |wieqia|ode
adelo|odeq iel |mn adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn lwixoeh ~s df ade|wia|q -xmn|mnw fdwbi` dw
oefdwbi`/% Bdeo|dwoeh adq|q daa~w if|nw |mn |wieqia|ode oq biln iel iwn ~q~i`` iqqdaoi|nlxo|m |mn adq|q df iqq~woeh |mi| swdl~a| y~i`o| iel sibne|q iwn iq ihwnnl ~sde%
Iaadwloeh |d Mdggq -9??8/ i awo|oai` n`nbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q nadedboaq oq |mi|
an|nwoq siwog~q, vnw|oai` addwloei|ode ibdeh |mn loffnwne| swdl~a|ode swdanqq iel loq|wog~|ode
q|ihnq xo`` gn aiwwonl d~| oe |mn bdq| |wieqia|ode"adq|"nffoaone| bieenw%7
\mn nbsowoai` `o|nwi|~wn de |wieqia|ode adq|q oq giqnl bioe` de |mn q|wi|nh swdsdqnl
g Xo``oibqde -9?8?/% Oe |moq q|wi|nh |mn ennl |d lowna|` nvi`~i|n |wieqia|ode adq|q iqqdaoi|nl
xo|m loffnwne| |wiln wn`i|odeqmosq oq 'nvilnl' g wnfdwb~`i|oeh iwh~bne|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn
|wieqia|ode adq| nadedboaq `o|nwi|~wn oe |nwbq df |mn nffna|q |mi| anw|ioe dgqnwvig`n i||wog~|nqxd~`l mivn de |mn loffnwne|oi` adq|q df obs`nbne|oeh dw ed| obs`nbne|oeh i biwjn| |wieqia|ode%
Fdwbi`` of xn nq|ig`oqm |mi| gn|xnne |xd sdqqog`n |wieqia|odeq -\9 iel \7/ |mn den
xo|m `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q -\A/ xo`` daa~w xn xd~`l mivn;
-9/
7 Ed|n |mi| xmne xn wnfnw |d i md~qnmd`l |mi| bijnq swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode lnaoqodeq xn iwn ia|~i`` adeqolnwoehie nadedboa ihne| oe|nhwi|nl vnw|oai`` |mi| swdl~anq fdw qn`f"adeq~bs|ode |d boeobo{n |wieqia|ode adq|q%
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I`|md~hm \A9 iel \A7 iwn ed| lowna|` dgqnwvig`n o| oq ned~hm |d dgqnwvn vna|dw ] xmoam
wnswnqne|q dgqnwvig`n i||wog~|nq |mi| iffna| |wieqia|ode adq|q;
-7/
Nbsowoai`` |mn swdgigo`o| df dgqnwvoeh \9 xd~`l gn ny~ovi`ne| |d;
-1/
I`|md~hm xn xo`` oeo|oi`` fd``dx Xo``oibqde‟q q|wi|nh fdw nvi`~i|oeh |mn ln|nwboeie|q
df xmn|mnw dw ed| i fiwbnw xo`` siw|oaosi|n oe i siw|oa~`iw swdl~a| biwjn| xn xo`` i`qd i||nbs|
|d ln|nwboen i xi |d lowna|` nq|obi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q%
Iq bne|odenl ie obsdw|ie| awo|oaoqb df |mn `o|nwi|~wn de |wieqia|ode adq|q oq |mi| o|q|mndwn|oai` lnvn`dsbne| miq ed| gnne iaadbsieonl g q~aanqqf~` bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode
adq|q% Xn b~q| wnbnbgnw |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q `ojn ie d|mnw adq| oe nadedboa |mndw iwn
dssdw|~eo| adq|q% Iq q~am |mn aie gn nq|obi|nl% Den sdqqogo`o| xd~`l gn |d nvi`~i|n |mn
|obn qsne| oe |mnow 'swdl~a|ode' |d `i|nw s`ian i vi`~n de |moq |obn iaadwloeh |d ie md~w`
xihn% Mdxnvnw |moq i`|nwei|ovn xd~`l wny~own i ln|io`nl wnad~e|oeh df i`` ia|ovo|onq ~elnw|ijne
iq xn`` iq |mnow l~wi|ode% Ied|mnw i`|nwei|ovn xd~`l gn |d nq|obi|n -nadedbn|woai``/ mdx
b~am niam ia|ovo| iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mnqn |wieqia|ode adq|q ade|wog~|nq |d ln|nwboeoeh |mn swoan
|mn fiwbnw wnanovnq%1
>%1 Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel |wieqia|ode adq|q
>%1%9 Wnvonx df `o|nwi|~wn
\mn fia| |mi| |mn n}oq|nean df |wieqia|ode adq|q jnnsq bie w~wi` md~qnmd`lq fwdb siw|oaosi|oeh
oe anw|ioe ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q miq gnne lda~bne|nl oe |mn nadedboaq o|nwi|~wn g Ln Kievw
n| i`% -9??9/% \wieqia|ode adq|q lwovn xnlhnq gn|xnne s~wamiqoeh iel qn``oeh swoanq df i
md~qnmd`l giqnl de |mn adeans| df ede"|wilig`n hddlq |ijne fwdb oe|nwei|odei` |wiln |mndw%
Mdxnvnw |mn `o|nwi|~wn miq ed| ~qnl |mn qibn adeans| |d ln|nwboen xm den md~qnmd`l ds|q
fdw i siw|oa~`iw qi`nq biwjn| fdw o|q swdl~a| xmo`n ied|mnw ldnq ed|% I`|md~hm woqj adeqolnwi|odeq
dgvod~q` ad~`l ln|nwboen |mi| i md~qnmd`l xo`` lovnwqof |mn biwjn|q fdw o|q swdl~a| |mn
|wieqia|ode adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m niam md~qnmd`l iel |mn loffnwne|oi` |wieqia|ode adq|q gn|xnne
biwjn|q xd~`l i`qd mn`s n}s`ioe |mn 'bo}' df lnq|oei|odeq i fiwbnw amddqnq%
Xn mivn q`ohm|` bdlofonl |mn bn|mdld`dh swdsdqnl g Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??>/ oe
|xd iqsna|q |d iaad~e| fdw |mn lowna| bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|% Fowq| xn iwn bdln`oeh
|mn lnaoqode df qn``oeh i| |mn fiwbhi|n dw qn``oeh i| biwjn|% Xn gn`onvn |mi| |mn lnaoqode df i
1 \moq aie gn lden ~qoeh |mn ªmnldeoa swoanº |nameoy~n% Qnn Qna|ode >%7%1%
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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md~qnmd`l |d siw|oaosi|n oe i anw|ioe ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| lnsnelq de |mi| md~qnmd`l‟q sdqo|ode
df q~ss` iel lnbiel wn`i|ovn |d |mn wiehn df swoanq awni|nl iq i wnq~`| df |mn loffnwnean
n}oq|oeh gn|xnne nffna|ovn g~oeh iel qn``oeh swoanq de |mi| biwjn|% \moq wiehn dwohoei|nq
fwdb i hwd~s df |wieqia|ode adq|q qdbn df xmoam iwn qsnaofoa |d |mn md~qnmd`l xmo`n d|mnwq
iwn wn`i|nl |d |mn nevowdebne| dw wnhode oe xmoam |mn md~qnmd`l oq `dai|nl iel q|o`` d|mnwq iwniqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn qsnaofoa biwjn| df lnq|oei|ode%
Oe |moq ade|n}| i siw|oa~`iw biwjn| 'fio`q' xmne i md~qnmd`l oq fianl xo|m i `iwhn
loffnwnean gn|xnne |mn swoan i| xmoam i swdl~a| dw oes~| ad~`l gn gd~hm| iel |mn swoan i|
xmoam o| ad~`l gn qd`l% Hovne |mn xoln biwhoe gn|xnne |mnqn |xd swoanq o| bi gn gn||nw fdw
|mn md~qnmd`l ed| |wiloeh |mn swdl~a| dw oes~| de |mi| biwjn|% Xmo`n |moq lnaoqode daa~wq oe i``
biwjn|q |d xmoam |mn md~qnmd`l oq iqqdaoi|nl |mn md~qnmd`l xo`` swnfnw |d wnbioe qn`f"q~gqoq|ne|
fdw |mi| awds%< Hnenwi`` md~qnmd`lq aie gn a`iqqofonl oe loffnwne| ai|nhdwonq iaadwloeh |d |mn
'bo}' df biwjn|q oe xmoam |mn mivn lnaolnl |d siw|oaosi|n%\mn qnadel bdlofoai|ode xmoam xo`` gn lnqawognl oe bdwn ln|io` oe |mn en}| qna|ode oq
|mn oe|wdl~a|ode df i mnldeoa swoan f~ea|ode |d iaad~e| fdw |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q loffnwneanq%
Of s oq |mn nffna|ovn swoan |mi| ln|nwboenq swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode lnaoqodeq niam
md~qnmd`l fianq |mn fd``dxoeh;
Q~ss` df ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| -</
Lnbiel df ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| oe biwjn| k ->/
Olodqeawi|oa |wieqboqqode df swoanq oe biwjn| k -6/
\wieqia|ode adq|q oe biwjn| k -8/
xmnwn {y {lk {sk iel {ok iwn n}dhned~q viwoig`nq |mi| iffna| q~ss` lnbiel qi`nq swoan iel
|wieqia|ode adq|q wnqsna|ovn`% \m~q fdw |mn wn|io`nwq df i swdl~a| oe biwjn| k |mn nffna|ovn
swoan i| `nvn` df niam md~qnmd`l xd~`l gn;
-=/
Oe |moq fwibnxdwj |mn adelo|ode df gnoeh i wn|io`nw df sd|i|d oe biwjn| k xd~`l gn;
-?/
\moq bdln` aie gn nq|obi|nl ~qoeh |mn fd``dxoeh swdgo| ny~i|ode;
-93/
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Oe |moq aiqn |mn qmildx dw q~gkna|ovn swoan df |mn md~qnmd`l -|mi| xmoam ny~i`q o|q q~ss` iel lnbiel/ fi``q xo|moe |mnbiwhoe; o| oq mohmnw |mie |mn swoan |mn fiwbnw xd~`l wnanovn of mn mil qd`l |mn swdl~a| fdw xmoam wniqde mn lnaolnq ed||d qn``: iel oq `dxnw |mie xmi| o| xd~`l adq| mob |d g~ |mn swdl~a| fdw xmoam wniqde mn lnaolnq ed| |d g~ o|%
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\mn n}sielnl bdln` aie bijn nq|obi|nq giqnl de no|mnw i swdgo| dw `dho| qsnaofoai|ode
dw i b~`|oviwoi|n swdgo| dw `dho| lnsneloeh de xmn|mnw xn iwn lni`oeh xo|m |xd dw bdwn
lnq|oei|odeq% Of xn ~qn |mn siw|oaosi|ode df qi`nq oe niam biwjn| iq |mn giqn iel |ijn oe|d
iaad~e| |mi| |mn neldhned~q viwoig`n oq gn|xnne vi`~nq 3 iel 9 |mn vi`ol nq|obi|ode bn|mdl
xd~`l gn i \xd"@obo| \dgo| Bdln`% Oe d~w aiqn xn iwn i||nbs|oeh |d qob~`i|n i q|wi|nh
iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn lnaoqode |d qn`` i| |mn fiwbhi|n dw n`qnxmnwn qd xn xo`` |w |d ais|~wn |moq
lnaoqode ~qoeh i swdgo| bdln`%
>%1%7 Q|wi|nhonq ~qnl |d bniq~wn |wieqia|ode adq|q
If|nw nq|obi|oeh |mn ny~i|ode -93/ |mn wnl~anl fdwb df |mn ny~i|ode df q~ss` adelo|odenl de
|mn qn`na|nl q|wi|nh aie gn lnwovnl;
-99/
\mn nq|obi|ode df ny~i|ode 99 ny~i`q ie nq|obi|ode oe |xd q|ihnq xmnwn |mn Bo``q wi|od
oq oe|wdl~anl Zdg|ioenl fwdb nq|obi|oeh ny~i|ode -93/R |d |ijn oe|d iaad~e| |mn neldhned~q
ei|~wn df |mn lnaoqode -qn`` de` i| |mn fiwbhi|n dw i`qd qn`` i| d|mnw `dai|odeq/%
\d iqqdaoi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q |d |mn nffna|ovn swoan niam fiwbnw wnanovnq xn amdqn |d
nq|obi|n i mnldeoa swoan ny~i|ode% \mn xdwl 'mnldeoa' oq edwbi`` ~qnl oe |mn nadedboaq
`o|nwi|~wn |d wnfnw |d |mn ~elnw`oeh swdfo| |mi| oq dg|ioenl xmne adeq~boeh i hddl dw qnwvoan%
I hddl |mi| miq qnvnwi` amiwia|nwoq|oaq hnenwi|nq i e~bgnw df mnldeoa qnwvoanq% Niam den df |mnqn qnwvoanq ad~`l hnenwi|n o|q dxe lnbiel iel xd~`l gn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m i mnldeoa swoan%
Wdqne -9?8</ lnvn`dsnl |mn |mndwn|oai` fwibnxdwj de xmoam mnldeoa bdln`q iwn giqnl% Xn
oe|nwswn| |mn bdln` qdbnxmi| loffnwne|`% \mn swoan |mn fiwbnw wnanovnq miq i qn| df 'swnboi'
dw 'loqad~e|q' fdw i qnwonq df qnwvoanq |mi| mivn gnne hnenwi|nl dw snwmisq dbo||nl%
\mnwnfdwn |mn ivnwihn fiwbhi|n swoan aie gn lnfoenl iq i f~ea|ode df mnldeoa swoanq
xmoam oq qobs` |mn bi|mnbi|oai` wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne |mn swoanq wnanovnl g |moq illnl vi`~n
-o%n% sd|i|d/ iel |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn |wieqia|ode iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |moq swdl~a|% \moq oq;
-97/
xmnwn S k
oq |mn ivnwihn swoan dg|ioenl g k"|m fiwbnw fdw |mn sd|i|d qi`n: iel xmnwn -{9k {
7k
%%%{Jk
/ wnswnqne|q |mn vna|dw df amiwia|nwoq|oaq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn |wieqia|odeq adbs`n|nl g
|mn fiwbnw% \mn swoan f~ea|ode xiq nq|obi|nl oe iaadwliean xo|m |mn q|wi|nh fd``dxnl%
O| oq a`niw oe |mn o|nwi|~wn df mnldeoa swoan f~ea|odeq |mi| m-{/ ldnq ed| q|woa|` wnswnqne|
i 'wnl~anl fdwb' df |mn f~ea|odeq df q~ss` iel lnbiel |mi| ad~`l gn lnwovnl fwdb |mn
> Qnn Wdqne Q% -9?8</ dw Xi``ian E%N -9??6/
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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swdl~a|ode dw ~|o`o| f~ea|odeq df |mn nadedboa ihne|q oevd`vnl oe |mn |wieqia|ode%> Wi|mnw m-%/
qmd~`l gn qnne iq i wnq|woa|ode oe |mn swdanqq df ds|obo{i|ode df qn``nwq iel g~nwq% Wdqne
-9?8</ iel bdwn wnane|` Xi``ian -9??6/qmdxnl |mi| xmo`n hwdxoeh biwhoei` adq|q n}oq| fdw
qdbn df |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq -oe |moq aiqn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn hnenwi|ode df oefdwbi|ode
enhd|oi|ode iel bdeo|dwoeh df |mn |wieqia|odeq/ fdw fiwbnwq iel$dw qn``nwq |mn mnldeoa f~ea|odead~`l gn ede"`oeniw% Oe |moq aiqn |mn ede"`oeniwo| xd~`l bnie |mi| |mn wn`i|ovn obsdw|iean df
|wieqia|ode adq|q oq ed| |mn qibn fdw i`` fiwbnwq%
\mn nq|obi|ode df ie ny~i|ode q~am iq |mn den swdsdqnl mnwn snwbo|q ~q |d loqihhwnhi|n
|mn swoan wnanovnl g |mn fiwbnw oe|d i qnwonq df adbsdene|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn i||wog~|nq df
|mn |wieqia|odeq% I adbs`nbne|iw xi df oe|nwswn|oeh |moq ny~i|ode oq xmnwn |mn adeq|ie|
nq|obi|n wnswnqne|q i swoan oeloai|dw |mi| wnq~`|q fwdb fd``dxoeh |mn '`ix df den swoan' |mn
wnq| df |mn ny~i|ode gnoeh |mn n`nbne|q |mi| b~q| gn loqad~e|nl fwdb |mn swoan l~n |d |mn
loffnwneanq oe |mn loq|iean df |mn fiwbnwq fwdb |mn biwjn| iel d|mnw iqqdaoi|nl |wieqia|odeadq|q% Adbsiwoeh |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq xo|m loffnwne| neldxbne|q -swovi|n
iel s~g`oa iqqn|q/ xo`` i``dx ~q |d ~elnwq|iel |mn obsdw|iean df jn iqqn|q oe wnl~aoeh
|wieqia|ode adq|q%
>%< \wieqia|ode adq|q oe w~wi` Snw~
>%<%9 \mn q|~ly iwni
Fdw |moq q|~l xn fda~qnl de ie iwni xmnwn ie obsdw|ie| ade|wiq| ad~`l gn fd~el oe fiwbnwq‟
xi |d iaanqq biwjn|q% \d fiao`o|i|n |mn iei`qoq iel |d neig`n sd`oa lnaoqodeq |d gn biln xn
lnaolnl |d q|~l fiwbnwq ovoeh oe |mn qibn nad`dhoai` {den xmd lnvd|nl bdq| df |mnow swdl~a|ode
|d i qoeh`n awds% I| |mn qibn |obn xn xnwn oe|nwnq|nl oe nvi`~i|oeh |mn loffnwneanq |mi| adbn
igd~| xmne s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oq swdvolnl qd xn fda~qnl de fiwbnwq xo|m loffnwne| iaanqq |d
`dai` biwjn|q% Xo|m |mnqn wnq|woa|odeq oe boel xn amdqn iq d~w q|~l iwni |mn loq|woa|q df Si{dq
iel M~iwogibgi df \iiaiki Swdvoean M~ieaivn`oai Lnsiw|bne| gn|xnne 7>33 iel 1>33
bn|nwq igdvn qni nvn`% \moq iwni miq 9<33 fiwbnwq xmd hwdx sd|i|d fdw qi`n oe |mn dai` biwjn|q
df Soam~q M~iwogibgi iel Si{dq |mn wnhodei` biwjn| df M~ieaid iel nvne|~i`` @obi% Fdw
bdq| df |mnqn fiwbnwq |mn |dxe df Si{dq adeq|o|~|nq |mnow bioe biwjn|oeh edln% Mdxnvnw |mnwn
iwn |xd |sn df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn |mi| adeena|q w~wi` lxn``nwq |d `dai` biwjn|q% Siw| df w~wi`
sds~`i|ode oe |moq iwni oq adeena|nl |d Si{dq |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq xmo`n |mn d|mnw siw| oq
adeena|nl |d |mn qibn biwjn|q voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq%
Si{dq oq i Qsieoqm |dxe `dai|nl oe |mn Bie|iwd vi``n oe Snw~‟q ane|wi` mohm`ielq 83
jo`dbn|nwq qd~|m df |mn Ao| df M~ieaid oe K~eâe Lnsiw|bne|% De` |mwnn lnailnq niw`onw o| xiq
i qbi`` vo``ihn md~qoeh qbi``"qai`n q~gqoq|nean fiwbnwq% @ojn i`` Ielnie |dxeq wnqolne|q xdwj
bdq|` oe ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq nqsnaoi`` oe |mn swdl~a|ode df i viwon| df sd|i|d qnnlq l~n |d
|mn fivdwig`n adelo|odeq df |mn iwni% Oe Si{dq |xd ihwd"nad`dhoai` {denq swnldboei|n niam xo|m
loffnwne| amiwia|nwoq|oaq df a`obi|n qdo` iel nqsnaoi`` xi|nw ivio`igo`o| xmoam snwbo| fiwbnwq|d dg|ioe niw` sd|i|d miwvnq|q% Fiwbnwq i`qd swdl~an d|mnw |~gnwq hwioeq iel anwni`q%
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\mn iwni‟q oemigo|ie|q wnsdw| |mi| qoean |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn Si{dq"S~aiwé mohmxi oe |mn
`i|n 9?63q |mn mivn gnne ig`n |d wniam |mn ane|wi` mohmxi |mi| kdoeq |mn Bie|iwd Vi``n -|mn
bikdw swdl~a|ode vi``n df |mn Qonwwi wnhode/ xo|m @obi -|mn ad~e|w‟q iwhnq| ao|/% Qoean |mi|
|obn obsdw|ie| amiehnq mivn daa~wwnl oe Si{dq% Xo|m |mn mohmxi aibn n`na|woa sdxnw iel
`i|nw sd|ig`n xi|nw qnwvoan% \mne aibn snds`n fwdb d|mnw wnhodeq oe|nwnq|nl oe biwjn|oehsd|i|d iel d|mnw swdl~a|q% Enx qamdd`q iel mni`|m ane|nwq xnwn i`qd g~o`|% Lw hddlq iel
ihwoa~`|~wi` q~ss` q|dwnq dsnenl ~s iel bnwamie|q iel lwovnwq snwbiene|` qn||`nl oe |mn
iwni% I`` |moq wnq~`|nl oe ie oeawniqn oe |mn iwni‟q w~wi`"~wgie sds~`i|ode%
G |mn bol 9?83q Si{dq mil gnadbn i loq|woa| neadbsiqqoeh 9= vo``ihnq iel qbi``
adbb~eo|onq% L~n |d |mn loq|woa|‟q q|wi|nhoa dai|ode o| gnaibn i ane|nw oe xmoam |mn ihwoa~`|~wi`
swdl~a|ode df o|q vo``ihnq iel nvne |mdqn dai|nl oe |mn enohmgdwoeh loq|woa| df M~iwogibgi 77
jo`dbn|nwq fwdb Si{dq adevnwhnl% O|q hwni|nw hwdx|m iel leiboqb mil adeqolnwig`n nffna|q
de eniwg adbb~eo|onq nqsnaoi`` |mdqn adeena|nl |d Si{dq voi sivnl wdilq% N}ibs`nq df |moq oea`~ln |mn vo``ihnq df Am~y~o|ibgd Voq|i I`nhwn B~``iai Eim~oe n|a% oe xmoam |mn
adeq|w~a|ode df |mn mohmxi adeena|oeh |mnb |d Si{dq wnq~`|nl oe lnns amiehnq oe |mn oe|neqo|
iel ~qn df |mn `iel% \mwnn bikdw amiehnq |ddj s`ian; i/ Qnnlq df ei|ovn sd|i|d viwon|onq xnwn
wns`ianl g obswdvnl qnnl xmdqn swdl~a|ode xiq lnq|oenl fdw |mn @obi biwjn|: g/ |mn sd|i|d
s`ie|nl iwni oeawniqnl iel a/ adbb~eo| siq|~wn`iel hivn xi |d swovi|n` dxenl `iel%
Mdxnvnw Si{dq loq|woa| i`qd miq vo``ihnq iel adbb~eo|onq |mi| iwn a~wwne|` adeena|nl
|d |mn loq|woa| aiso|i` voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq -adbb~eo| wdilq/% \mn fd``dxoeh vo``ihnq iwn
n}ibs`nq; Siwoia Sd|iaai Amoaamoaieami _ieibi Ù~ù~ehi n|a% \mnqn sds~`i|ode ane|nwqiwn adeena|nl |d Si{dq voi Soam~q i adbb~eo| adeena|nl |d |mn loq|woa| g i wnane|` g~o`|
mohmxi xmnwn i`` bioe ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq adevnwhn%
\mn fiwbnwq df Si{dq loq|woa| iel o|q adbb~eo|onq nekd qobo`iw ei|~wi` adelo|odeq% \mn
adelo|odeq df i`|o|~ln a`obi|n qdo` swnqnean df fwdq|q iel lwd~hm|q ivio`igo`o| df owwohi|ode
xi|nw n|a% iwn i`` qobo`iw% \mn bioe loffnwnean oq |mn bdln df iaanqq |d |mn loq|woa| aiso|i`
-sivnl wdil$ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj/%
>%<%7 Qibs`n Lnqohe
Iq bne|odenl niw`onw |mn sds~`i|ode ~elnw q|~l adeqoq|q df sd|i|d fiwbnwq ovoeh oe |mn loq|woa|q
df Si{dq iel M~iwogibgi \iiaiki Swdvoean M~ieaivn`oai Lnsiw|bne| i| gn|xnne 7>33
iel 1>33 bn|nwq igdvn qni `nvn`% ^qoeh |mn 9??< Ihwoa~`|~wi` Aneq~q iq i wnfnwnean 91?6
fiwbnwq xnwn olne|ofonl oe |mn q|~l iwni%6
Qoean xn xnwn oe|nwnq|nl oe nvi`~i|oeh |mn lnaoqodeq fdw biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel
|wieqia|ode adq|q |mnqn fiwbnwq fian xn lnaolnl |d ~qn |mn aneq~q y~nq|ode |mi| olne|ofonl |mn
6 Iaadwloeh |d |mn Snw~voie Ihwoa~`|~wi` Aneq~q |mnwn iwn i |d|i` df 7=<< sd|i|d swdl~anwq oe |mn {den: mdxnvnw df |mnqn 9<<= iwn d~|qoln |mn q|~l iwni qoean |mn iwn oe loffnwne| ihwd"nad`dhoai` {denq%
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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lnq|oei|ode df |mn `iwhnq| snwane|ihn df niam fiwb‟q swdl~a|ode iq i jn viwoig`n |d dg|ioe i
q|wi|ofonl wieldb qibs`n% Oe \iiaiki Swdvoean 6? snwane| df |mn sd|i|d s`ie|nl mna|iwnq oq
qd`l i| biwjn|% \moq oeloai|dw xiq q`ohm|` `dxnw oe |mn q|~l iwni xmnwn dxenwq df |mn <?%1
snwane| df sd|i|d s`ie|nl fon`lq wnsdw|nl |mi| |mnow miwvnq| oq bioe` lnq|oenl fdw biwjn|%
\ijoeh oe|d iaad~e| |mi| oe |mn q|~l iwni |mnwn oq qoheofoaie| viwoigo`o| siw|oi``iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn qo{n df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` s`d|q dw xo|m |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn bioe iaanqq
wd~|n |d |mn biwjn| xn amdqn |d q|wi|of |mn sds~`i|ode g qo{n iel |sn df iaanqq wd~|n iq
qmdxe oe \ig`n >%9% 'Qbi``' wnfnwq |d fiwbnwq xo|m sd|i|d fon`lq nqq |mie den mna|iwn 'bnlo~b'
wnfnwq |d |mdqn xo|m s`d|q gn|xnne den iel |mwnn mna|iwnq iel '`iwhn' wnfnwq |d fiwbnwq xo|m
bdwn |mie |mwnn mna|iwnq%
Adeqolnwoeh q|wi|ofoai|ode oe |xd ldbioeq -iaanqq g ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj iel iaanqq
g mohmxi/ iel |mn |mwnn qo{nq bne|odenl iq xn`` iq i swnaoqode wi|n ny~ovi`ne| |d 79 snwane|
df |mn bnie sds~`i|ode g q|wi|~b |mn ds|ob~b qibs`n qo{n oq 9== dgqnwvi|odeq fdw iadefolnean oe|nwvi` df ?> snwane|% Foei`` |mn qibs`n xiq 'wd~elnl dff' |d 9?3 fiwbnwq
loq|wog~|nl ibdeh |mn q|wi|i iaadwloeh |d |mnow `nvn` df mn|nwdhneno|%
\ig`n >%9 Qibs`n lnqohe
@nvn` df iw|oa~`i|ode xo|m |mn biwjn|
Q|~l ldbioe Qo{n Sds~`i|odeN}|neqode
Bnie Q|ieliwl Viwoigo`o| Swnaoqode9$
Qibs`n
-Miq%/
lnvoi|ode -av/
qo{n
Bd|dwo{nl |wiaj Qbi`` <=1 3%6 1>%?. <9%93. 99<%6. 8%>. <6Bnlo~b >78 9%= >1%=. 18%?3. 83%<. 99%1. <6@iwhn 793 >%= 68%>. 1<%63. >9%7. 9<%9. 98Q~g|d|i` 9773 7 <?%9. 93?
Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj Qbi`` 88 3%6 >9%9. <8%33. ?7%3. 93%8. 1=Bnlo~b =< 9%? <=%?. <9%33. =1%?. 93%7. 18@iwhn 9> <%6 >=%7. 1>%?3. 69%8. 97%7. 6Q~g|d|i` 986 9%> >3%8. 971%?3. 7<<%6. =9
\d|i` 91?6 7 <?%1. 9?3
9$ Wn`i|ovn swnaoqode oq ny~ovi`ne| |d 73%?>.% Wn`oigo`o| wi|n oq ?>.%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|odeq
>%<%1 Bioe Wnq~`|q
\ig`n >%7 qmdxq |mn bnie vi`~nq df |mn bioe viwoig`nq ~qnl oe |mn q|~l loffnwne|oi|nl iaadwloeh
|d niam fiwbnw‟q swoeaosi` iaanqq wd~|n |d biwjn|% Ibdeh |mn jn amiwia|nwoq|oaq nvolne| oe
|moq |ig`n iwn |mn fd``dxoeh;
‧ Fiwbnwq `ovoeh oe iwniq xo|m biwjn| iaanqq voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq wnsdw|nl bdwn |mie
|xoan iq bie gil |wieqia|odeq n}snwoneanq adbsiwnl xo|m |mdqn adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn|g mohmxiq -<%8 vnwq~q 7%1/%
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O% M~bie aiso|i`Ihn df mnil df md~qnmd`l _niwq <6%<< ?%78 >3%37 ?%?1 <8%?8 ?%8Nl~ai|odei` `nvn` 9$ 7%1? 3%8= 7%3? 3%8? 7%76 3%=Fibo` qo{n E~bgnw 6%6? 9%81 6%>8 9%7= 6%6< 9%>>Hnelnw mnil df md~qn md`l Bi`n29 3%?1 3%76 3%? 3%1 3%?7 3%7=
OO% Dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i`
Gn`dehq |d ie iqqdaoi|ode _nq29 69%3. <?%3. 16%3. <=%3. >3%3. >3%3.Qnelq dw wnanovnq bden
fwdb bohwie|q _nq29 >>%3. >3%3. >7%3. >3%3. ><%3. >3%3.
OOO% Smqoai` aiso|i` iel
|named`dh
\d|i` `iel Miq 6%9 1%7 >%<< 7%99 >%=7 7%=
Vi`~n df l~wig`n adeq~bnwhddlq Qd`nq 71117%9< 9>1<%== 71>9<%77 998>%8< 71<3?%86 91?7%6>
^qnq amnboai` fnw|o`o{nw _nq29 8=%?. <9%3. 61%3. <=%6. 87%9. <>%3.^qnq snq|oaolnq dw d|mnw
amnboai` oes~|q _nq29 6?%8. <6%7. >?%1. <?%<. 6>%1. <8%8.^qnq obswdvnl qnnl _nq29 =1%>. 18%1. 6?%9. <6%>. 88%<. <7%3.^qnq i |wia|dw _nq29 >6%?. <?%=. 3%3. 3%3. 17%6. <8%3.^qnq ie d} s`dx _nq29 >?%6. <?%1. >=%3. <?%8. >=%?. <?%1.
OV% Bioe f`dxq
\d|i` swdl~a|ode Jh 13<??%9 769<8%<= 73368%? 9<81=%89 763>7%99 77>6?%<?Q|is`n fddl adq|q Qd`nq 961%6> 936%>< 77>%?= 91=%3= 9?3%77 97<%>>
V% \wieqia|ode adq|q;
Oefdwbi|odeGn`onvnq o| oq obsdw|ie| |d
mivn iaanqq |d i |n`nsmden _nq29 67%3. <?%3. 8%3. 76%3. 1=%3. <?%3.Jedxq |mn swoan oe Soam~q _nq29 98%<. 1=%9. 933%3. 3%3. >7%6. >3%9.Jedxq |mn swoan oe
M~iwogibgi _nq29 99%?. 17%6. 9%7. 99%9. 8%<. 76%7.Jedxq |mn swoan oe Si{dq _nq29 ??%9. ?%6. 933%3. 3%3. ??%>. 8%1.Jedxq |mn swoan oe
M~ieaid _nq29 933%3. 3%3. 69%8. <=%?. =1%8. 18%3.Jedxq |mn swoan oe @obi _nq29 =8%7. 11%6. 9?%=. <3%9. >=%<. <?%<.Jedxq enohmgdw‟q swoan _nq29 ?=%7. 91%>. 933%3. 3%3. ?=%?. 93%7.Ai``q |d niwe swoan _nq29 ?1%3. 76%3. 8%3. 76%3. >6%3. >3%3.Swoan oq gn`dx qsna|nl _nq29 78%3. <<%3. 1>%3. <=%3. 13%3. <6%3.Ed% df bnwamie|q xmd
voqo|nl |mn fiwb E~bgnw <%69 9%>6 3%97 3%>6 7%8 7%>>Ed% df liq‟ ln`i oejedxoeh swoan Liq 3%66 9%97 1%1= 9%=1 9%=7 9%??
Ed% df bnwamie|q fiwbnw qd`l |d E~bgnw 7%=8 9%1= 1%?6 3%?= 1%1< 9%1<\wivn`q |d niwe swoan _nq29 83%33. <6%33. 933%33. 3%33. =1%33. 1=%33.Ed% df bnwamie|q fiwbnw
voqo|nl E~bgnw 1%=8 9%=1 6%<6 7%3? <%?8 7%17VO% \wieqia|ode adq|q;
Bdeo|dwoeh
Ed% df |obnq bnwamie|xne| |d si fiwbnw E~bgnw 9%8< 3%=9 9%>9 3%>> 9%6< 3%87
Bnwamie| bijnqsibne|q I`xiq29
Envnw23 3%= 3%< 3%=> 3%16 3%=7 3%1=Fiwbnw oq loqad~e|nl
n}|wi adq|q _nq29 =1%3. 18%3. 87%3. <>%3. 8=%3. <9%3.
\ig`n >%7 Ivnwihn iel q|ieliwl lnvoi|ode df |mn bioe viwoig`nq iaadwloeh |d iaanqq wd~|n
Viwoig`n ^eo|Bd|dwo{nl |wiajq Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq \d|i`
Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv% Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv% Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv%
Ade|oe~nl%%%
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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Fiwbnw aie lnbiel |mi|awds y~i`o| gn wnadheo{nl I`xiq29
Envnw23 =8%3. 96%3. 61%3. 97%3. 88%3. 9?%3.\mn swoan oq iq ihwnnl ~sde _nq29 66%3. <=%3. >=%3. >3%3. 61%3. <?%3.Ed% df |obnq fiwbnw xiq
ed| siol E~bgnw 7%76 9%=9 <%8< 7%61 1%17 7%>9Ed% df |obnq fiwbnw xne|
|d enhd|oi|n swoan E~bgnw 9%<8 3%=> 9%38 3%1> 9%1 3%8
VOOO% \wieqia|ode adq|q;
\wieqsdw|
Loq|iean |d Si{dq Jb 7<%>1 9?%7? =7%37 99%<> <?%3< 17%==\obn |d Si{dq Boe 8=%68 =7%<< 1==%9> 89%7? 793%69 987Bnwamie| swdvolnq
|wieqsdw|i|ode _nq29 17%3. <8%3. 1>%3. <=%3. 11%3. <8%3.Ivnwihn adelo|ode
df |mn wdil Gil23 Hddl29 3%>> 3%7= 3%19 3%76 3%<> 3%1Ivnwihn loq|iean |d |mnqi`nq sdoe| Jb 1%96 9%>9 7%18 9%78 7%=7 9%<6
Ivnwihn |obn |d |mnqi`nq sdoe| Boe <3 77%66 >9%68 71%17 <<%?8 71%6
O]% \wieqia|ode adq|q;
F~|~wn qi`nq
Fiwbnw bijnq f~|~wn qi`nq _nq29 9=%3. 1?%3. 96%3. 18%3. 98%3. 1=%3.Snwane|ihn df f~|~wn qi`nq . <%<. 93%9. 1%=. ?%1. <%9. ?%=.Ed% df niwq df f~|~wn qi`nq _niwq 3%89 9%=9 3%>1 9%<< 3%61 9%66
]% D|mnw |wieqia|ode adq|q
Ed% df niwq fiwbnw miqhwdxe sd|i|d _niwq 9=%7= <%?? 73%7 <%<9 9?%3? <%=<
Bnwamie| siq fiwbnwde adeqohebne| _nq29 >7%3. >3%3. <6%3. >3%3. <?%3. >3%3.
]O% D|mnw obsdw|ie|
viwoig`nq
Qn``q i| |mn fiwbhi|n _nq29 933%3. 3%3. 6%3. 7<%3. 63%3. <?%3.Qn``q oe M~ieaid _nq29 =1%3. 1=%3. 96%3. 18%3. ><%3. >3%3.Qn``q oe @obi _nq29 18%3. <=%3. 3%3. 3%3. 79%3. <9%3.Qn``q oe Si{dq _nq29 1?%3. <?%3. 933%3. 3%3. 6>%3. <=%3.Qn``q oe Soam~q _nq29 1%3. 96%3. ?>%3. 77%3. <7%3. >3%3.Ed% df qi`nq lnq|oei|odeq E~bgnw 7%69 3%67 7%98 3%1= 7%<1 3%>8Fiwbhi|n swoan Qd`nq 3%<? 3%36 3%> 3 3%<? 3%36Swoan oe M~ieaid Qd`nq 3%8< 3%3< 3%86 3%3< 3%8< 3%3<Swoan oe @obi Qd`nq 9%39 3%97 % % 9%39 3%97
Swoan oe Si{dq Qd`nq 3%>= 3%3= 3%>8 3%3< 3%>= 3%36Swoan oe Soam~q Qd`nq 3%> 3%9 3%<> 3%36 3%<6 3%36Qi`nq swoan Qd`nq 3%<6 3%3= 3%16 3%3> 3%<7 3%3?Ibd~e| qd`l i| fiwbhi|n Jh =31>%=8 ?3=9%<? ?=%9> <=>%=1 <6>9%=? 8?9?%>1Ibd~e| qd`l oe M~ieaid Jh >397%8> 6<3<%77 638%? 7<18%=7 191<%=? >><7%=Ibd~e| qd`l oe @obi Jh 1191%86 6==?%79 3 3 9?39%3> ><63%=7Ibd~e| qd`l oe Si{dq Jh 9>1<%77 7<?>%36 7=67%>? <<37%>8 7933%>1 1<?7%7Ibd~e| qd`l oe Soam~q Jh 7?%=7 716%7 1939%6 178>%>7 911?%18 767>%>\d|i` qi`nq Jh 77?3=%76 79=>8%>9 97?=9%<= 991?<%7 9=686%17 9=866%>9\d|i` qi`nq vi`~n Qd`nq 979<3%6= 9<6>3%88 1619%< <8??%<6 =>91%3< 977>>%?Swdsdw|ode df
qn`f"adeq~bs|ode df swdl~a|ode -./ ?%3. 6%3. 9>%3. 6%3. 97%3. 8%3.
9$ 92Oeadbs`n|n swobiw 72Adbs`n|n swobiw 12Oeadbs`n|n Qnadeliw <2Adbs`n|n QnadeliwQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
Viwoig`n ^eo|Bd|dwo{nl |wiajq Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq \d|i`
Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv% Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv% Ivnwihn Q|iel% lnv%
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‧ \mn ln`i oe foeloeh d~| |mn swoan |mi| |mn |wieqia|ode wnq~`|nl oe oq q~gq|ie|oi`` mohmnw
ibdeh |mdqn xmd iwn adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn| voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq -1%< liq vnwq~q
3%8 liq/%
‧ \mn e~bgnw df bnwamie|q voqo|nl g fiwbnwq gnfdwn aiwwoeh d~| i adbbnwaoi` dsnwi|ode oq
b~am mohmnw ibdeh |mdqn xmd iwn adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn| voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq -6%>vnwq~q 1%?/%
‧ \mn nvn` df oefdwbi`o| df |mn |wieqia|ode oq y~o|n mohmnw ibdeh fiwbnwq xmd mivn biwjn|
iaanqq |mwd~hm ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq -8? snwane| vnwq~q >> snwane| ld ed| n}amiehn ie
|sn df lda~bne|i|ode/%
‧ Xmo`n 933 df fiwbnwq xmd mivn iaanqq voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq b~q| |wivn` |d `niwe |mn
swdl~a| swoan 13 snwane| df |mdqn `ovoeh oe iwniq xo|m mohmxi iaanqq ld ed| mivn |d ld qd%
‧ Xmo`n ie ivnwihn df <%6 bnwamie|q voqo|q niam swdl~anw `dai|nl oe iwniq xo|m mohmxi
iaanqq de` 3%97 voqo|q fiwbnwq `dai|nl oe |mn ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj iwniq%‧ Eden df |mn fiwbnwq xmd mivn iaanqq voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq wnsdw| dxeoeh i |wia|dw
xmo`n >6%? snwane| df |mdqn `dai|nl oe bd|dwo{nl iaanqq {denq dxeq dw wnsdw|q ~qoeh den%
‧ Xmo`n de` 8 snwane| df fiwbnwq xmd iaanqq |mn biwjn| voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq ai`` |d
foel d~| igd~| swoanq ?1 snwane| df |mdqn `dai|nl oe mohmxi iaanqq {denq ld qd%
‧ =8 snwane| df fiwbnwq adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn| voi i bd|dwo{nl wdil wnsdw|q gnoeh oefdwbnl
de sd|i|d swoanq oe @obi adbsiwnl |d `nqq |mie 73 snwane| df |mdqn xo|m iaanqq voi ede"
bd|dwo{nl |wiajq%
Foei`` xmo`n == snwane| df |mdqn `dai|nl oe mohmxi iaanqq iwniq wnsdw|q fnn`oehadefolne| igd~| gnoeh ig`n |d amiehn bnwamie|q of enanqqiw de` 17 snwane| df |mdqn xmd
iaanqq |mn biwjn| voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq gn`onvn |mn mivn ie dssdw|~eo| |d ld qd%
Iq \ig`n >%1 lnbdeq|wi|nq |mn |sn df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode nq|ig`oqmnl iel |mn sdqqogo`o|
df dg|ioeoeh i gn||nw qn``oeh swoan qnnbq |d lnsnel de |mn qn| df iqqn|q dxenl g |mn fiwbnw
nqsnaoi`` m~bie aiso|i` iqqn|q q~am iq nl~ai|ode iel fibo` qo{n: dwhieo{i|odei` iqqn|q q~am
iq bnbgnwqmos oe iqqdaoi|odeq iel: smqoai` iel |named`dhoai` iqqn|q q~am iq s`d| qo{n iel
|mn ~qn df obswdvnl qnnl dw amnboai` fnw|o`o{nwq%
\wieqia|ode Adq|q
\wieqsdw| adq|q iwn dgvod~q` qdbn df |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| |wieqia|ode adq|q% Xmo`n |mn
md~qnmd`lq q~wvnnl oe iwniq df mohmxi iaanqq wny~own ie ivnwihn df 8= boe~|nq |d wniam
Si{dq |mdqn `dai|nl oe iwniq df ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj iaanqq ennl 1== boe~|nq% Illo|odei``
ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq |nel |d gn oe xdwqn adelo|ode |mie mohmxiq%
Iq \ig`n >%< qmdxq fiwbnwq xmd `ovn a`dqnw |d Si{dq |nel |d swdl~an iel qn`` bdwn
sd|i|dnq i| mohmnw swoanq% Bdwndvnw qdbn oeloai|dwq df oefdwbi|ode adq|q oea~wwnl iq ln|io`nl
oe \ig`n >%> qmdx |mi| fiwbnwq xmd mivn bdwn |obn` iaanqq |d swoan oefdwbi|ode ivnwihn imohmnw qn``oeh swoan%
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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\ig`n >%1 Md~qnmd`l iqqn|q iel biwjn| iaanqq
Swdl~a|ode Qi`n Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Qi`n$Swdl-Jh/ -Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ -Wi|od/
Nl~ai|odei` `nvn`
Oeadbs`n|n swobiw 76=6> 9=86? 3%18 =36= 3%8Adbs`n|n swobiw 766=8 9?78< 3%<1 =??8 3%87Oeadbs`n|n qnadeliw 7<1<9 98<>> 3%<9 8>76 3%87Adbs`n|n qnadeliw 7>191 9=333 3%<8 ?<13 3%89
Hnelnw df mnil df md~qnmd`l
Fnbi`n 9=?19 97333 3%< <83? 3%61Bi`n 76838 9?7?3 3%<7 =?73 3%87
Fibo` qo{n
Fnxnw |mie 6 733>? 9<381 3%<7 6788 3%8Gn|xnne 6 iel = 7==68 736=< 3%<7 ?6<8 3%87Bdwn |mie = 7><69 9=>73 3%<7 =178 3%81
Bnbgnwqmos oe ie dwhieo{i|ode
Oq ed| i bnbgnw 7?=81 796>= 3%<7 939>= 3%81Oq i bnbgnw 77717 9>6?> 3%<7 6?8< 3%89
Qo{n df fiwb s`d| -mna|iwnq/
@nqq |mie 9 ??7? >6<1 3%1= 7968 3%>8Gn|xnne 9 iel 1 79118 9<8>1 3%<9 6711 3%6?Bdwn |mie 1 =8191 6?191 3%>1 18<?6 3%8?
^qn df obswdvnl qnnl
Ldnq ed| ~qn 98>3? 99<88 3%<9 <898 3%66^qnq 7=>>9 738=7 3%<7 ?6?7 3%81
^qn df amnboai` fnw|o`o{nw
Ldnq ed| ~qn 98787 99<<1 3%< <>?= 3%66^qnq 7?<<? 79<8< 3%<1 93939 3%81
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n >%< \wieqsdw| adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq
Swdl~a|ode Qi`nq Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Fiwbhi|n Swoan Qi`n$Swdl
-Jh/ -Jhq/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -Wi|od/
Adelo|ode df wdil
Gil 9?6>< 91333 3%16 <893 3%> 3%66Ivnwihn 73?>= 9<<6= 3%<9 6937 3%> 3%6?Hddl 1?981 7?833 3%<8 9>789 3%> 3%86
Loq|iean |d Si{dq -jb/
Fnxnw |mie 9> 7?7=? 79=6= 3%<? 99799 3%> 3%8>Gn|xnne 9> iel ><%? 198=3 7<79= 3%<> 99>>7 3%> 3%86Gn|xnne >> iel 8<%? 7>69> 98<=8 3%< 887? 3%> 3%6=8> dw bdwn 9=8?1 9797? 3%16 <>61 3%> 3%6>
\obn |d Si{dq -boe/
Fnxnw |mie 13 198>3 71?11 3%<? 971>6 3%> 3%8>Gn|xnne 13 iel 9=3 136?3 717=1 3%<6 999>6 3%> 3%869=3 dw bdwn 79>63 9<11> 3%1= >=8> 3%> 3%66
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
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Illo|odei`` fiwbnwq xmd mil voqo|nl fnxnw |wilnwq gnfdwn lnaoloeh de aiwwoeh d~|
|mn |wieqia|ode |nelnl |d i||ioe mohmnw swoanq% \moq oq gnai~qn |mn qibs`n ade|ioeq fiwbnwq xmd
mil swnvod~q` oea~wwnl adq|q |d nq|ig`oqm |mnow |wiln wn`i|odeq iel iq i wnq~`| |dli |mn nekd
bdwn q|ig`n wn`i|odeqmosq xo|m bnwamie|q oe |mn {den%\ig`n >%6 `oq|q qdbn oeloai|dwq df enhd|oi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq% Ihioe xn qnn
mdx fiwbnwq xmd oea~w mohmnw |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn swnaoqn` |mdqn xmd mivn ed| gnne ig`n |d
nq|ig`oqm |w~q|oeh q|ig`n wn`i|odeqmosq xo|m sd|i|d g~nwq% \mnqn fiwbnwq wnanovn i dxnw swoan
fdw |mnow awds de ivnwihn iel |nel |d qn`` `nqq |mie |mdqn xmd mivn bieihnl |d nq|ig`oqm bdwn
q|ig`n xdwjoeh wn`i|odeqmosq iel xmd ld ed| wny~own e~bnwd~q voqo|q |d enhd|oi|n |mnow
|wieqia|odeq%
Oe|nwnq|oeh` fiwbnwq xmd hd |d enhd|oi|n i |wieqia|ode bdwn df|ne gn`onvn o| oq ªwoqjº
|d isswdiam d|mnw bnwamie|q% Iq i adeqny~nean |mnqn fiwbnwq gn`onvn |mn iwn adbbnwaoi``ª|onlº |d |mn bnwamie| xo|m xmdb |mn enhd|oi|n% Oe nffna| iq \ig`n >%6 qmdxq fiwbnwq xmd
\ig`n >%> Oefdwbi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq
Swdl~a|ode Qi`nq Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Fiwbhi|n Swoan Qi`n$Swdl -Jh/ -Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ -E~nvdqQd`nq$Jh/ -Wi|od/
Bnbgnwqmos oe ie
iqqdaoi|ode
Oq ed| i bnbgnw 7?=81 796>= 3%<7 939>= 3%> 3%81Oq i bnbgnw 77717 9>6?> 3%<7 6?8< 3%> 3%89
Qnelq dw wnanovnq aiqm
nq 7<?9? 98616 3%<9 887> 3%>ed 7837? 9?>8< 3%<1 ?7?9 3%>
Swoan oq `dxnw |mie
xmi| fiwbnw jenx
Oq ed| `dxnw 76696 9?78= 3%<7 ==11 3%> 3%87Oq `dxnw 7<818 98787 3%<9 8?<9 3%> 3%8
\wivn`q |d oey~own
fdw swoanq
nq <73<7 17781 3%<= 968=8 3%>ed 776?9 9>=9= 3%<9 6=1= 3%>
E~bgnw df liq‟ ln`i
oe `niweoeh swoan
[nwd 11<99 7>>=9 3%<= 97?7? 3%> 3%88Den dw bdwn liq 791>= 9<787 3%1? >8=7 3%> 3%68
E~bgnw df |wilnwq xmd
voqo|nl gnfdwn qn``oeh
Fnxnw |mie 7 11?61 7>>33 3%<< 97711 3%> 3%8>Gn|xnne 1 iel > 76=91 9?><= 3%<1 ?7<< 3%> 3%81Bdwn |mie > 779<? 9>38= 3%< 6<3> 3%> 3%6=
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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gn`onvn |mn aieed| isswdiam d|mnw g~nwq wnanovn i b~am dxnw swoan iel |nel |d swdl~an iel
qn`` b~am qbi``nw y~ie|o|onq |mie |mdqn xmd fnn` fwnn |d isswdiam d|mnw g~nwq%
\ig`n >%8 oq|q qdbn oeloai|dwq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn bdeo|dwoeh df ade|wia|q% Oe hnenwi`
iq \ig`n >%7 qmdxq i qbi`` snwane|ihn -79 snwane|/ df fiwbnwq `dai|nl oe iwniq xo|m ede"
bd|dwo{nl |wiaj iaanqq ldnq ed| nq|ig`oqm fdwbi` ade|ia| xo|m |mn bnwamie| xmo`n <> snwane|
df swdl~anwq `dai|nl oe sivnl wdil iaanqq iwniq nq|ig`oqm fdwbi` ade|wia|~i` wn`i|odeq% Oe |moq
ade|n}| \ig`n >%8 qmdxq |mi| fiwbnwq xmd mivn ade|wia|~i` giajoeh hnenwi`` dg|ioe mohmnw
swoanq% Illo|odei`` fiwbnwq xmd aie lnbiel |mn bnwamie|q |d wnadheo{n |mn y~i`o| df |mnow
awds |nel |d swdl~an bdwn |d qn`` bdwn iel |d wnanovn mohmnw swoanq%
I`qd ed|nxdw|m oq |mi| |mn dehnw fiwbnwq mivn jedxe |mnow bnwamie|q |mn bdwn df|ne
ade|wia|q iwn mdedwnl -xmn|mnw fdwbi` dw oefdwbi`/ iel |mn bdwn fiwbnwq swdl~an iel qn`` i|
i mohmnw ivnwihn swoan%
Swdl~a|ode Qi`nq Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Fiwbhi|n Swoan Qi`n$Swdl -Jh/ -Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq/ -E~nvdq Qd`nq$Jh/ -Wi|od/
E³ df |obnq fiwbnw
xne| |d enhd|oi|n swoan3 >7<67 <9388 3%>9 79891 3%> 3%8=9 7><98 9=916 3%<9 =98= 3%> 3%897 79<== 9<6?3 3%<7 67<> 3%> 3%6=1 7389< 9<>33 3%<8 6687 3%> 3%8
Sdqqogo`o| df
isswdiamoe
hd |mnw g~nwq
Aie ed| 79?1< 9<8=8 3%18 >=>8 3%> 3%68Aie 7=1<= 73=<< 3%<> 9338> 3%> 3%8< Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n >%6 Enhd|oi|ode adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq
Nadedbn|woa Nq|obi|ode
\ig`n >%= qmdxq |mn wnq~`|q df |mn \xd"@obo| \dgo| Bdln` lnwovnl fwdb ny~i|ode -93/% Iq
bne|odenl niw`onw |moq nq|obi|ode xo`` qnwvn iq giqoq fdw nq|obi|oeh gd|m |mn q~ss` iel
swoan ny~i|odeq% Mnwn xn ed|n |mi| |mn hwni|nw |mn adbbnwaoi` n}snwonean -e~bo8%gnw df
niwq swdl~aoeh sd|i|d/ |mn hwni|nw |mn dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` df |mn adbb~eo| xmnwn |mn
fiwbnw ovnq |mn hwni|nw |mn qdaoi` aiso|i` -adbb~eo| |onq xo|m |mn d~|qoln/ iel |mn hwni|nw
|mn swdgigo`o| |mi| |mn fiwbnw xo`` nq|ig`oqm bdwn q|ig`n |wiln wn`i|odeq iel |mi| |mn bnwamie|
xo`` hd |mn fiwb wi|mnw |mie |mn fiwbnw gnoeh dg`ohi|nl |d hd |d |mn `dai` dw wnhodei` fiow |d
qn`` moq awds%
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Swdl~a|ode Qi`nq Qi`nq Swoan Qi`nq Vi`~n Fiwbhi|n Swoan Qi`n$Swdl -Jh/ -Jh/ -Qd`nq$Jh/ -Qd`nq/ -Qd`nq$Jh/ -Wi|od/
Ed% df |obnq fiwbnw
isswdiamnl bnwamie|
fdw sibne|
9 7=7?? 73616 3%<1 93373 3%> 3%817 7<61> 9896? 3%< 87=3 3%> 3%81 79==? 96968 3%<< 8799 3%> 3%8<
< 9=>33 97111 3%<9 >999 3%> 3%68Fiwbnw mil swdg`nbq
wnanovoeh sibne|q
fwdb bnwamie|
I`xiq 7378? 91667 3%<< 67>1 3%> 3%68Envnw 78193 9?86? 3%<7 ?383 3%> 3%87Fiwbnw aie lnbiel
|mi| bnwamie| wnadheo{n
swdl~a| y~i`o|
Wiwn` 983>3 93>33 3%1< 1>?7 3%67I`bdq| i`xiq 79677 9<676 3%1? >?<3 3%> 3%6=I`xiq 1<<=< 76188 3%<= 91>93 3%> 3%86Foei` swoan oq ny~i` |d
ihwnnl swoanEd 7<1>? 96?>= 3%<9 87=1 3%>_nq 78367 9?837 3%<1 ?119 3%>Bnwamie| ln`ovnw
qq~ssdw|oeh lda~bne|
_nq 78<86 9??17 3%<< ?113 3%> 3%81Ed 7>7?< 9=33= 3%<9 =9>? 3%> 3%89Liq df ln`i df
sibne|
9 13??= 717=6 3%<6 99896 3%>7 7<637 987>3 3%< 8638 3%>1 7<=11 98=11 3%<1 8?78 3%>
Ed% df niwq fiwbnwmiqjedxe bnwamie|
Fnxnw |mie 1 9?1>9 97=>1 3%< >7?8 3%> 3%66Gn|xnne < iel 6 7<69> 9869> 3%<7 8?63 3%> 3%87Bdwn |mie 6 <<879 1<<89 3%<6 98<>6 3%> 3%88 Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n >%8 Bdeo|dwoeh adq|q iel biwjn| iaanqq
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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\ig`n >%= Ln|nwboeie|q df fiwbhi|n qi`nq-Swdgo| nq|obi|n df fiwbhi|n qi`nq/
N}s`iei|dw Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone|q Q|% Nwwdw9$
Adeq|ie| "66%988 "1<%1 *Ed% df niwq swdl~aoeh sd|i|d 3%<36 3%7> *Ihn df md~qnmd`l mnil "3%916 "3%3= *Fibo` qo{n 3%1<1 3%1. df md~qnmd`lq oe |mn adbb~eo| |mi| gn`deh |d iqqdaoi|odeq 1<%?31 9?%3? *^qn df amnboai` fnw|o`o{nwq -92nq/ "9%687 "9%<1^qn df snq|oaolnq -92nq/ "1%<8 "7%37 *. df adbb~eo| md~qnmd`lq xo|m |onq d~|qoln |mn fiwb 78%6=6 96%39 *^qn df obswdvnl qnnl -92nq/ 9%=19 9%17E~bgnw df swdl~a|ovn iqqn|q "3%=>< 3%>8@iel qo{n -miq%/ 3%>?8 "3%>8Ivnwihn loq|iean |d qi`nq sdoe| -jb/ 9<%7<? 8%9> u
Ed% df dgqnwvi|odeq 9?3Sqn~ld W qy~iwnl 3%?37
9$ s03%93 2 * s03%3>2 uQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`nq >%? iel >%93 qmdx |mn nq|obi|odeq df |mn ny~i|odeq -99/ iel -97/% \mn
q~ss` ny~i|ode -\ig`n >%93/ aie gn oe|nwswn|nl iq i wnl~anl fdwb df |mn bdln` qmdxe oe
|mn swnvod~q qna|ode%
\mn wnq~`|q df |mn swoan ny~i|ode qmdx |mi| |mn Bo``q wi|od oq qoheofoaie| xmoam bnieq
|mi| loffnwneanq n}oq| oe |mn swoanq wnanovnl lnsneloeh de |mn biwjn|oeh q|wi|nh ilds|nl% \mnswoan ny~i|ode qmdxq |mi| |mn nffna|q df |mn oe|nwia|ode gn|xnne |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn jn:
|mnwnfdwn |mn lowna| oe|nwswn|i|ode df |mn siwibn|nwq oq ed| qobs`n% Oe |mn aiqn df |mn qi`nq
ny~i|ode dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` qdaoi` aiso|i` |named`dh ~qnl iq xn`` iq iaanqq |d s~g`oa
hddlq iel qnwvoanq -mohmxi iel sivnl wdilq sd`oan sdq| iel ad~w| df k~q|oan/ iwn obsdw|ie|
ln|nwboeie|q df |mn ibd~e| qd`l i| biwjn|% Xn qmd~`l i`qd adeqolnw d|mnw |wieqia|ode adq|q
q~am iq |mdqn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m oefdwbi|ode -ln`i oe `niweoeh swoan `nvn` df |w~q| nq|ig`oqmnl
xo|m |mn bnwamie|/ iel xo|m ade|wia| bdeo|dwoeh -fwny~nea df bnwamie| adbs`oiean wnqsna|
fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde/%Iq lnqawognl niw`onw o| oq sdqqog`n |d nq|obi|n iel loqihhwnhi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q ~qoeh
iq i giqn |mn nq|obi|odeq swnqne|nl oe \ig`nq >%? iel >%93% Xmo`n ny~i|ode ? neig`nq ~q |d
nvi`~i|n |d |mn swoan oeawniqnq fdw sd|i|dnq |mi| niam md~qnmd`l xd~`l mivn wnanovnl of o| mil
ed| oea~wwnl |wieqia|ode adq|q oe o|q wn`i|odeq xo|m bnwamie|q ny~i|ode 93 snwbo|q ~q |d iqqnqq
|mn nffna| |mi| wnl~aoeh |mnqn adq|q xd~`l mivn de qi`nq%
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\ig`n >%99 qmdxq |mn loqad~e|q oe swoan snwanovnl g md~qnmd`lq q~wvnnl l~n |d |mn
|wieqia|ode adq|q oea~wwnl% \mn mohm vi`~n dg|ioenl oq ed|nxdw|m% \mnqn nq|obi|nq q~hhnq| |mi|
swoanq iwn 16%> snwane| dxnw df xmi| |mn xd~`l mivn gnne xo|md~| |wieqia|ode adq|q% Q|ieliwl
lnvoi|odeq adefowb |mi| |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q nq|obi|nl mnwn iwn q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|% \mn
|ig`n i`qd qmdxq |mi| |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn |mdqn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m bdeo|dwoeh
iel oefdwbi|ode adq|q% Enhd|oi|ode adq|q iwn k~q| |mn dssdqo|n df n}sna|nl “ iq bne|odenl
niw`onw |mn fiwbnwq xmd oea~w bdwn |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn |mn qibn denq xmd mivn ed| gnne ig`n
|d nq|ig`oqm |w~q|oeh q|ig`n wn`i|odeqmosq xo|m sd|i|d g~nwq% \m~q fiwbnwq xmd oea~w hwni|nw
bdeo|dwoeh adq|q dg|ioe `dxnw swoanq% Of |moq oq |w~n |mn nq|obi|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q qmd~`l
adeqolnw bdeo|dwoeh adq|q xo|m i enhi|ovn wi|mnw |mie i sdqo|ovn qohe oe xmoam aiqn |mn |d|i`
|wieqia|ode adq|q xd~`l gn nvne mohmnw -ny~ovi`ne| |d =7%8 snwane| df |mn ivnwihn swoan/%
\ig`n >%97 i||nbs|q |d bniq~wn |mn obsia| de qi`nq |mi| i wnl~a|ode df nq|obi|nl
|wieqia|ode adq|q xd~`l mivn% \mn wnq~`|q iwn |mn d~|adbn df i siw|oi` ny~o`ogwo~b n}nwaoqn fdw
xmoam wniqde ed i||nbs| xiq biln |d bniq~wn |mn obsia| df ie oeawniqnl adbbnwaoi` q~ws`~q
de |mn `dai` swoan% Qoean |mn swdl~a|ode oe |mn q|~l iwni de` iaad~e|q fdw i qbi`` siw| df |mnbiwjn| |wiloeh oe Si{dq M~iwogibgi dw M~ieaid |mn swdsdqnl n}nwaoqn oq wniqdeig`n%
N}s`iei|dw Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone| Q|% Nwwdw9$
Adeq|ie| 3%><> "3%313 +Oevnwqn Bo``q wi|od "3%399 3%333 +Oevnwqn Bo``q wi|od qy~iwnl 3 3%333 +Fwny~nea df bnwamie| adbs`oiean "3%167 "3%383 +Bnwamie| adbs`oiean+ |w~q| oe oes~| q~ss`onw "3%91= "3%383 uSdqqogo`o| df lnbieloeh |mi| +bnwamie| wnadheo{n y~i`o| 3%967 "3%3>3 +Sdqqogo`o| df lnbieloeh y~i`o|+|w~q| oe oes~| q~ss`onw "3%7=7 "3%933 +Sdqqogo`o| df lnbieloeh y~i`o|+wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq 3%788 "3%993 +Bo``q wi|od+ln`i oe `niweoeh swoan 3%337 3%333 +Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde+ |w~q| oe oes~| q~ss`onw 3%119 "3%383 +Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde +goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode -9/ 3%3>> "3%373 +Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde +|sn df swoanq jedxe "3%93? "3%313 +Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde +wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq -7/ 3%386 "3%313 u
Siq |d dg|ioe oefdwbi|ode+bnwamie| adbs`onq 3%77? "3%363 +Goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode+|w~q| oe qn``nwq df oes~|q 3%7 "3%363 +Goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode+swoanq jedxe "3%916 "3%313 +Wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq+bnwamie| adbs`onq 3%999 "3%3<3 +Wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq +siq fdw oefdwbi|ode "3%9?< "3%3=3 uWi|od df nffna|ovnenqq +goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode 3%3?< "3%313 +Wnadheo{nq swdl~a| y~i`o|+|w~q| oe oes~| q~ss`onw 3%9?1 "3%383 +Wnadheo{nq swdl~a| y~i`o| +wnqsna|q swoan ihwnnl ~sde "3%91? "3%3>3 +Wnadheo{nq swdl~a| y~i`o| +goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode 3%97 "3%363 uLn`i oe niweoeh swoan+wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq "3%318 "3%393 +
Ed% df dgqnwvi|odeq; 9?3 W qy~iwnl; 3%691
9$
s03%93 2 * s03%3>2 u s03%392+-9/; Goiq df |mn oefdwbi|ode; of |mn nffna|ovn swoan oq gn`dx |mi| jedxe%-7/; Wi|od df nffna|ovnenqq; -e~bgnw df bnwamie|q xmd voqo|$e~bgnw df bnwamie|q fiwbnw qn``q |d/Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n >%? Ln|nwboeie|q df qi`nq swoan-D@Q Nq|obi|ode df Qi`nq Swoan/
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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\ig`n >%93 Ln|nwboeie|q df ibd~e| qd`l dff |mn fiwb-D@Q Nq|obi|ode df Qi`nq Y~ie|o|/
N}s`iei|dw Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone|q Q|% Nwwdw 9$
Adeq|ie| "3%18< "3%91 +Ed% df niwq swdl~aoeh sd|i|d 3%33< 3 +Hnelnw df mnil df md~qnmd`l -O 2bi`n/ 3%36 3%37 +. df adbb~eo| md~qnmd`lq gn`dehoeh |d iqqdaoi|odeq 3%136 3%3= +. df adbb~eo| md~qnmd`lq xo|m d~|qoln |onq 3%7=9 3%3? +^qn df obswdvnl qnnl -92nq/ 3%3<7 3%39 +^qn df d} s`dx -O 2nq/ 3%37> 3%39 uQo{n df fiwb s`d|q -miq%/ 3%967 3%39 +N}oq|nean df i ad~w| oe |mn adbb~eo| -92nq/ "3%3=7 "3%3< uIvnwihn loq|iean fwdb qi`nq sdoe| -jb/ "3%387 "3%31 uOevnwqn Bo``q wi|od 3%336 3 +N}oq|nean df i mni`|m sdq| oe |mn adbb~eo| -92nq/ "3%371 "3%39 uEd% df liq‟ ln`i oe `niweoeh swoan "3%336 3@nvn` df |w~q| oe oes~| q~ss`onw "3%79= "3%36 +Fwny~nea df bnwamie| adbs`oiean 3%378 3%39
Wnqsna| fdw swoan ihwnnl ~sde -92nq/ 3%311 3%39 uN}oq|nean df i sd`oan sdq| oe |mn adbb~eo| -92nq/ 3%3>7 3%31 u@ovnq oe Am~y~o|ibgd -O 2nq/ 3%7<1 3%38 +@ovnq oe Ad``si -O 2nq/ 3%3?8 3%31 +@ovnq oe B~``iai -O 2nq/ 3%9>1 3%3< +@ovnq oe Siwoia -O 2nq/ 3%36< 3%37 +@ovnq oe Soam~q -O 2nq/ 3%38= 3%3< u@ovnq oe S~|iaai -92nq/ 3%3<= 3%37 u@ovnq oe Qie Awoq|dgi` ln Eim~oe -92nq/ 3%9> 3%31 +@ovnq oe Qie|i Aw~{ ln O`i -92nq/ 3%977 3%3< +@ovnq oe \dehdq -92nq/ 3%998 3%31 +
Ed% df dgqnwvi|odeq; 9?3 W qy~iwnl; 3%=>6
9$ s03%3> 2 " s03%392+Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
Amiwia|nwoq|oaq\sn df \wieqia|ode Adq|
Oefdwbi|ode Enhd|oi|ode Bdeo|dwoeh\d|i` . Swoan 9$
\d|i` "3%96< 3%9?> "3%9=> "3%9>< "16%>-3%3<6/ -3%3<1/ -3%3<=/ -3%3>3/
\sn df IaanqqEde"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "3%988 3%797 "3%981 "3%91? "1=%<-3%367/ -3%3<6/ -3%3<8/ -3%3>8/
Bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "3%9>< 3%9=7 "3%9?1 "3%96> "1>%<-3%3<3/ -3%3<9/ -3%3<?/ -3%3>3/
\sn df Swdl~anw
Qbi`` "3%96> 3%9?> "3%9? "3%969 "1?%>-3%3<8/ -3%3<1/ -3%3<8/ -3%3>3/
Bnlo~b "3%969 3%9=< "3%98< "3%9> "16%>-3%3<6/ -3%3<9/ -3%3<6/ -3%3>9/
@iwhn "3%966 3%719 "3%737 "3%91= "78%6-3%3<</ -3%3>1/ -3%3>>/ -3%3<?/
9 $ I enhi|ovn vi`~n oeloai|nq loqad~e|q oe |mn swoan |mn fiwbnw wnanovnq xmo`n i sdqo|ovn vi`~n q~hhnq|q i swoan oeawniqn%Q|ieliwl lnvoi|odeq issniw oe siwne|mnqnq% Giqnl de li|i oe \ig`n >%?Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n >%99 Loqad~e| oe qi`nq swoan g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq|-E~nvdq Qd`nq snw jh/
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\ig`n >%97 Loqad~e| oe ibd~e| qd`l g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq|-Jh/
\sn df \wieqia|ode Adq|Amiwia|nwoq|oaq
Oefdwbi|ode Enhd|oi|ode Bdeo|dwoeh Loq|iean \d|i`
. Y~ie|o| 9$
\d|i` "938 "?78 <7> "9=86 "7<=> "91%1-69/ -71>/ -9<7/ -=1=/ -?<=/
\sn df Iaanqq
Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "733 "?3? <9= "9>71 "779< "98%9-99</ -719/ -9<7/ -6=3/ -=98/
Bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "1? "?<3 <13 "791= "76=6 "99%8-77/ -71?/ -9<7/ -?>>/ -93<?/
\sn df Swdl~anw
Qbi`` "998 "?19 <96 "9=11 "7<66 "73%6-68/ -716/ -91?/ -=9?/ -?11/
Bnlo~b "938 "?>6 <9> "9=8< "7>77 "98%>-69/ -7<1/ -91=/ -=18/ -?>7/
@iwhn "8< "=3> <?> "7318 "7<79 "<%9-<7/ -73</ -96=/ -?93/ -?=?/
9$ I enhi|ovn vi`~n oeloai|nq loqad~e|q oe |mn y~ie|o| qd`l xmo`n i sdqo|ovn vi`~n n}swnqqnq ie oeawniqn oe |mn y~ie|o| qd`l%Q|ieliwl lnvoi|odeq issniw oe siwne|mnqnq% Giqnl de li|i oe \ig`n >%93Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\mn wnq~`|q df |mn qob~`i|ode giqnl de |mn f~ea|ode df q~ss` qmdx |mi| |mn y~ie|o|qd`l xd~`l mivn gnne 91 snwane| mohmnw of |wieqia|ode adq|q mil ed| gnne oea~wwnl% Oe |moq aiqn
|wieqsdw| adq|q -xmdqn swd} oq |mn loq|iean |d biwjn|/ iwn |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| fd``dxnl g
enhd|oi|ode adq|q%
Of xn adbgoen |mn nffna|q df swoan iel y~ie|o| qd`l xn aie dg|ioe i h`dgi` nq|obi|n df
xmi| |wieqia|ode adq|q wnswnqne| oe |mn q|~l iwni% \ig`n >%91 qmdxq mdx b~am |mn |wieqia|ode
adq|q oea~wwnl g |mn q|~l sds~`i|ode xd~`l mivn wnl~anl |mn hwdqq qi`nq vi`~n% \mn nq|obi|nq
q~hhnq| |mi| qi`nq xnwn <=%> snwane| `dxnw l~n |d |wieqia|ode adq|q xo|m |wieqsdw| adq|q gnoeh
|mn bdq| obsdw|ie| fd``dxnl g bdeo|dwoeh iel oefdwbi|ode adq|q%Iq n}sna|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn mohmnw fdw fiwbnwq xmd iwn adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn|
voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq iel ibdeh fiwbnwq xo|m `dxnw swdl~a|ode `nvn`q%
>%> Adea`~qodeq
S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn adeena|q |d xn`fiwn |mwd~hm lovnwqn amieen`q% Oe |moq amis|nw xn mivn
nvi`~i|nl den df |mdqn amieen`q; s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn mn`sq |d `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q |mi| oq
|mn adq|q |d wniam biwjn|q iel nq|ig`oqm |wieqia|ode oe |mdqn biwjn|q% @dxnwoeh |wieqia|ode adq|
oq i| |mn mniw| df oeawniqoeh qsnaoi`o{i|ode iel lovoqode df igd~w iel mnean oq i lwovoeh fdwan fdwobswdvoeh nffoaonea iel oeadbn hnenwi|oeh dssdw|~eo|onq fdw |mn w~wi` sddw%
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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\ig`n >% 91 Loqad~e| oe ibd~e| qd`l g |sn df |wieqia|ode adq|-E~nvdq Qd`nq/
\sn df \wieqia|ode Adq|Amiwia|nwoq|oaq
Oefdwbi|ode Enhd|oi|ode Bdeo|dwoeh Loq|iean
\d|i` . HVS 9$
\d|i` "13=1 136> "11<8 "8=? "<9>1 "<=%>
\sn df Iaanqq
Ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiaj "711< 7776 "7983 "><? "7=78 ">=%1Sivnl wdil "1>19 1>61 "<13> "??< ">768 "<6%>
\sn df Swdl~anw
Qbi`` "733? 9888 "79?> "8<> "1981 "61%7Bnlo~b "71>1 73?7 "7<3= "881 "1<<7 ">6%6@iwhn "?8<< 97=8> "996>< "9373 "?><1 "19%1 9$ I enhi|ovn vi`~n oeloai|nq loqad~e|q oe |mn HVS iel i sdqo|ovn vi`~n oeloai|nq ie oeawniqn% Giqnl de li|i oe |ig`nq >%99 iel >%97Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\mn q|~l ~qnl i wnswnqne|i|ovn qibs`n df 9?3 sd|i|d fiwbnwq `ovoeh oe |mn loq|woa|q df
Si{dq iel M~iwogibgi oe \iiaiki Swdvoean M~ieaivn`oai Lnsiw|bne| i| gn|xnne 7>33
iel 1>33 bn|nwq igdvn qni nvn` |d i||nbs| |d nvi`~i|n |mn obsdw|iean df |wieqia|ode adq|q de
biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode lnaoqodeq% O| i`qd biln i fowq| nq|obi|ode df |mnqn adq|q%
Iq |mn wnq~`|q qmdx |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn q|~l iwni ny~i` i`bdq| >3 snwane| df qi`nqvi`~n gnoeh isswnaoig` mohmnw -63 snwane|/ fdw fiwbnwq xmd mivn iaanqq |d |mn biwjn| voi
ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq% @ojnxoqn |mn wnq~`|q adefowb |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn adeqolnwig`
mohmnw fdw qbi``"qai`n fiwbnwq |mie fdw iwhn"qai`n denq -68 snwane| vnwq~q 17 snwane| df qi`nq
vi`~n/% \mn wnq~`|q qmdx |mi| gnqolnq loq|iean iel |obn |d |mn biwjn| jn viwoig`nq fdw
n}s`ioeoeh |mn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode q|wi|nh -o%n% xmne |d qn`` iel |d xmi| biwjn|/ oea`~ln qnvnwi`
oeloai|dwq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m mdx b~am n}snwonean |mn fiwbnw miq xo|m |mn biwjn| oe xmoam mn
dsnwi|nq: mdx q|ig`n moq wn`i|odeq iwn xo|m loffnwne| ihne|q mn |wilnq xo|m iel: mdx b~am df
ie oevnq|bne| mn bijnq |d dg|ioe wn`nvie| oefdwbi|ode iel bdeo|dw adbs`oiean xo|m obs`oao|ade|wia|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn |wieqia|odeq adbs`n|nl%
I`|md~hm |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn oe igqd`~|n vi`~n hwni|nw |mn iwhnw |mn qai`n df |mn fiwb
|mn wnswnqne| i iwhnw swdsdw|ode df |mn vi`~n df d~|s~| fdw qbi`` fiwbnwq |m~q sd`oaonq iobnl
|d obswdvn adeena|odeq gn|xnne `dai` iel wnhodei` biwjn|q xo`` mivn i`qd qo{ig`n sdqo|ovn
obsia| fdw qbi`` fiwbnwq% \mn gnenfo|q |mi| i qbi`` fiwbnw aie hn| fwdb `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q
iwn b~`|os`n% Fowq| |mn aie n}sna| |d qnn bdwn bnwamie|q adboeh |d |mnow fiwbhi|n iqjoeh fdw
|mnow swdl~a|q oeawniqoeh |mnow giwhioeoeh sdxnw% O| oq vnw ojn` |mi| |mn xo`` `niwe igd~| |mn
swoan |mn qibn li xmoam oe |~we xo`` mn`s |mnb bdeo|dwoeh |mn adbs`oiean df |mn n}amiehnq|mn mivn lden% \mn wn`i|odeqmos xo|m |mdqn bnwamie|q xo`` nvd`vn iel xo`` ed| gn iq woqj iq
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|mn iwn xmne |mn oefdwbi|ode iqbbn|wonq iwn `iwhn% \mn bohm| nvne lnaoln |d wnl~an |mn
e~bgnw df bnwamie|q |mn qn`` |d gnoeh ig`n |d ais|~wn i mohmnw n}sna|nl nffna|ovn swoan iel i|
|mn qibn |obn wnl~aoeh |mn ~eanw|ioe|onq df |wiln%
Oe |mn `deh |nwb fiwbnwq xo|m `dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q xo`` gn oe|nwnq|nl oe qn``oeh |mnow
swdl~a|q ed| de` |d dai` dw wnhodei` biwjn|q g~| i`qd |d ei|odei` iel nvne|~i`` oe|nwei|odei`biwjn|q% Oe |~we oeawniqoeh |mnow biwjn|ig`n q~ws`~q xo`` i``dx |mnb |d n}s`do| |mn gnenfo|q df
qsnaoi`o{i|ode%
\mn wnq~`|q qmdxnl mnwn iwn adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn olni |mi| `iwhnw |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn
iqqdaoi|nl xo|m dxnw biwjn| wnqsdeqovnenqq df fiwbnwq nqsnaoi`` df qbi`` fiwbnwq% Of s~g`oa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn wnl~anq |wieqia|ode adq|q iq miq gnne qmdxe mnwn o| oq n}sna|nl |mi| |mn fiwbnwq
xo`` gn bdwn ig`n |d wnqsdel bdwn y~oaj` iel nffna|ovn` |d biwjn| oeane|ovnq%
Foei`` |mn o|nwi|~wn wnvonx aiwwonl d~| q~hhnq|q |mi| iq fiw iq xn jedx |moq oq |mn fowq|
q|~l |mi| i||nbs|q |d nq|obi|n lowna|` |wieqia|ode adq|q oe ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% Mdxnvnw xngn`onvn qdbn sneloeh bdlofoai|odeq xo`` snwbo| i gn||nw nq|obi|ode df |mnqn adq|q iel |mn
q~gqny~ne| nvi`~i|ode df |mn wd`n |mi| s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn miq oe `dxnwoeh |mdqn adq|q% Oe |mn
fowq| s`ian xn gn`onvn |mi| |wieqia|ode adq| qmd~`l i`qd gn iei`{nl oe i leiboa ade|n}|% Of
xn wnadheo{n |mi| ade|wia|~i` iwwiehnbne| nvd`vn oe |obn xn ad~`l mivn i gn||nw ~elnwq|ieloeh
df |mn obsia| df jn n`nbne|q q~am iq |w~q| oe lnvn`dsoeh ade|wia|~i` iwwiehnbne|q% Oe illo|ode
|mn wn`i|ode gn|xnne woqj gniwoeh gnmivodw iel |wieqia|ode adq| boeobo{oeh gnmivodw qmd~`l
i`qd gn nvi`~i|nl% Ny~i|ode -93/ xmoam qmdxq |mn biwjn|oeh ds|odeq aie gn n}sielnl |d
adeqolnw bdwn |mie |xd biwjn|oeh ds|odeq iel oe |moq xi ad~`l olne|of loffnwne| biwjn|oehq|wi|nhonq |mi| aie adwwnqsdel |d i woqj lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nh dw |d |mn n}oq|nean df loffnwne|oi`
|wieqia|ode adq|q fdw niam biwjn|%
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe @dxnwoeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q
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Amis|nw 6
Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe
Snw~; |mn wd`n df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn
6%9 Oe|wdl~a|ode
\mn Nejn"Qib~n`qde bdln` Wdnmbnw -9??>/ xmoam oq i hnenwi`o{i|ode df ie iwgo|wihn bdln`
miq gnne xoln` ~qnl |d n}s`ioe swoan loffnwneanq gn|xnne qsi|oi`` qnsiwi|nl biwjn|q% \moq
bdln` swnloa|q |mi| of |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q lnawniqn swoan loffnwneanq iel loqsnwqode gn|xnne
ao|onq wnl~anq xmo`n |wilnl vd`~bnq oeawniqn% Qobo`iw` of |wieqia|ode adq|q gn|xnne |xd dw
bdwn ao|onq oeawniqn |mne swoan loffnwneanq oeawniqn iel adwwn`i|ode lnawniqnq wisol`%
Envnw|mn`nqq |mn iss`oai|ode df |moq bdln` |d ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q miq gnne adeq|wioenl g |mn
`iaj df oefdwbi|ode igd~| |moq |sn df adq|q% Oe vonx df |mn loffoa~`| df nq|obi|oeh |wieqia|ode
adq|q bie qsnaoi`o{nl q|~lonq mivn ~qnl i bdlofonl lnfoeo|ode df oe|nhwi|ode -iei`{oeh |mn
viwoi|odeq de swoan loffnwne|oi`q/% Fd``dxoeh |moq isswdiam |xd biwjn|q iwn qiol |d gn oe|nhwi|nl
of swoan viwoi|odeq dgqnwvnl oe den biwjn| iwn hnenwi|nl g viwoi|odeq oe |mn d|mnw den% Of |mnqn
biwjn|q iwn hndhwismoai`` qnsiwi|nl |mnqn biwjn|q aie gn lnfoenl iq qsi|oi`` oe|nhwi|nl%
Bie q|~lonq mivn qmdxe |mi| ldbnq|oa ihwoa~`|~wn biwjn|q mivn qdbn lnhwnn df qsi|oi`
oe|nhwi|ode% \mn lnhwnn df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq gnne bniq~wnl |mwd~hm viwod~q bn|mdld`dhonq
fwdb |mn ~qihn df adwwn`i|ode iei`qoq |d |mn ~qn df i~|dwnhwnqqovn bdln`q ai~qi`o| |nq|q dwadoe|nhwi|ode |nameoy~nq9% If|nw wnvonxoeh |mn bdwn wnane| o|nwi|~wn de |moq |dsoa |moq amis|nw
qnnjq |d bniq~wn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wn ~qoeh iq i aiqn q|~l |mn Snw~voie
sd|i|d biwjn|% F~w|mnw if|nw nq|obi|oeh |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| df oe|nwwn`i|nl biwjn|q fiaoeh
ie n}|nwei` qmdaj |mn amis|nw swdannlq iel qmdxq |mn obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| de
ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% ^qoeh lio` swoan qnwonq df den df |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| awdsq oe
Snw~ ‑ sd|i|d" ad``na|nl fwdb 93 ao|onq l~woeh |mn snwodl Kie~iw 9??> |mwd~hm Bi 7339 |moq
amis|nw swnqne|q qdbn nvolnean q~ssdw|oeh |mn msd|mnqoq df `deh"w~e qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df
Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% Envnw|mn`nqq |mnwn n}oq| |wieqo|dw loqny~o`ogwoi |mi| iffna| |mnnffoaonea oe |mn |wieqboqqode df oefdwbi|ode iawdqq |mdqn biwjn|q% Ie nwwdw adwwna|ode bdln`
oq ~qnl |d nq|obi|n ai~qi`o| wn`i|odeq gn|xnne qsi|oi`` loq|wog~|nl biwjn|q iq xn`` iq |mnow
qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |dxiwlq |mn ny~o`ogwo~b% Loq|iean gn|xnne biwjn|q iq xn`` iq hndhwismoai`
loffnwneanq wnq|woa| iel loq|dw| qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode iel nffoaonea gn|xnne biwjn|q% Mdxnvnw
d|mnw n`nbne|q q~qans|og`n df hdvnwebne| oe|nwvne|ode q~am iq |n`nadbb~eoai|ode fiao`o|onq
wdil lneqo| dw iaanqq |d xmd`nqi`n biwjn|q iwn i`qd obsdw|ie| |d obswdvn nffoaonea iel
oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne biwjn|q%
9 Qnn Hd`n||o n| i`% -9??1/%
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\mn amis|nw oq lovolnl oe|d fovn bikdw qna|odeq% \mn qnadel qna|ode swnqne|q i gwonf
`o|nwi|~wn wnvonx de ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode qmdxoeh mdx |moq o|nwi|~wn miq lni`| xo|m
|mn swnqnean df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel sd|ne|oi`` iqbbn|woa swoan gnmivodw% \mn |mowl qna|ode
swnqne|q i qobs`n \mwnqmd`l Adoe|nhwi|ode Bdln` |mi| xo`` gn ~qnl |d iqqnqq |mn qsnnl df
ilk~q|bne| |dxiwlq |mn ny~o`ogwo~b |mn swnqnean df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn swdgigo`o|onq df q~aanqqf~` iel fio`nl iwgo|wihn gn|xnne qsi|oi`` loq|wog~|nl biwjn|q% Qna|ode fd~w lnqawognl
|mn giqoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn sd|i|d biwjn| oe Snw~ xmoam oq ~qnl mnwn iq i aiqn q|~l |d
nvi`~i|n qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe Snw~voie Ihwoa~`|~wn% If|nw ai`a~`i|oeh |mn qsnnl df
ilk~q|bne| df qsi|oi`` loq|wog~|nl sd|i|d biwjn|q xn iqqnqq |mn obsdw|iean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oe |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn obswdvnbne| df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne sd|i|d
biwjn|q oe Snw~% Foei`` qna|ode fovn q~bbiwo{nq |mn wnq~`|q iel loqa~qqnq qdbn enx `oenq df
wnqniwam |mi| aie gn s~wq~nl%
6%7 Ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode iel iwgo|wihn wn`i|odeq; i gwonf
`o|nwi|~wn wnvonx
\mn qsnaoi`o{nl o|nwi|~wn miq ~qnl i`|nwei|ovn xiq |d lnfoen iel bniq~wn |mn qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode
df biwjn|q% De |mn den miel o| miq gnne nq|ig`oqmnl |mi| i qn| df biwjn|q oq oe|nhwi|nl of |mnwn iwn
ned~hm ihne|q xmd |mwd~hm iwgo|wihn ia| oe q~am i xi |mi| swoanq wnf`na| i`` |mn ivio`ig`n
oefdwbi|ode xo|md~| |mn swnqnean df qq|nbi|oai` n}|widwloeiw swdfo|q oe ie df |mdqn biwjn|q%
I`|nwei|ovn` |mn lnhwnn df oe|nhwi|ode miq gnne olne|ofonl iq |mn loffnwnean gn|xnne biwjn|
swoanq% Fwdb |moq vonx i qoheofoaie| loffnwnean df swoanq gn|xnne |xd biwjn|q xd~`l wnvni` i`dx lnhwnn df oe|nhwi|ode -swdgig` l~n |d |mn n}oq|nean df qoheofoaie| iwgo|wihn adq|q/ xmo`n i
qbi`` loffnwnean xd~`l gn i qohe df i mohmnw lnhwnn df oe|nhwi|ode%
Fd``dxoeh Giwwn|| iel @o -7333/ fwdb i bdwn fdwbi` isswdiam oe|nhwi|ode bi gn
lnfoenl iq |wiligo`o| dw ade|nq|igo`o| gn|xnne biwjn|q% \moq xd~`l obs` |mn |wieqfnw df
Xi`wiqoie lnbiel n}anqq fdw hddlq fwdb den biwjn| |d |mn d|mnw |mn |wieqboqqode df qmdajq
oe swoanq gn|xnne biwjn|q dw gd|m% Fwdb |moq isswdiam ie ia|~i` smqoai` |wieqfnw df hddlq
ldnq ed| ennl |d gn dgqnwvnl |d iqq~wn |mi| biwjn|q iwn qsi|oi`` oe|nhwi|nl%
Iaadwloeh |d Qn}|de n| i`% -9??9/ iel @~|{ n| i`% -9??>/ |xd fia|dwq bi n}s`ioe |mn`iaj df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df biwjn|q% Fowq| smqoai` giwwonwq fdw |wiloeh oeadbs`n|n
oefdwbi|ode woqj ilvnwqn ihne|q ibdeh d|mnwq bi gn dgq|ia`nq fdw ie nffoaone| iwgo|wihn%
Qnadel obsnwfna| adbsn|o|ode q|w~a|~wnq oe |mn biwjn|q ~elnw iei`qoq bi adeq|o|~|n giwwonwq
|d ne|w |mi| xd~`l swnvne| swoan iwgo|wihn% Bdwndvnw of |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q xnwn mohmnw
|mie swoan loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne `dai`o|onq |mn iwgo|wihn swdanqq gn|xnne wnhodeq xd~`l gn
g`dajnl ai~qoeh biwjn|q qnhbne|i|ode%
Oe igqnean df qob~`|iend~q oefdwbi|ode igd~| swoanq iel |wiln f`dxq |mn adwwn`i|ode
iei`qoq df swoanq gn|xnne loffnwne| siowq df wnhodeq miq gnne |wilo|odei`` ~qnl iq |mn isswdswoi|nfwibnxdwj |d iei`{n qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df biwjn|q ZFifamibsq iel Hivoie -9??6/: I`n}ielnw
Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe Snw~
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iel Xn|m -9??</R% Xo|moe |moq fwibnxdwj i mohmnw -`dxnw/ adwwn`i|ode oq ~elnwq|ddl iq i
mohmnw -`dxnw/ lnhwnn df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode xmnwniq |mn qohe df |mn adwwn`i|ode oq |ijne iq
oeloai|dw df lowna|ode df |mn nffna|q% I awo|oaoqb |moq isswdiam miq wnanovnl oq |mi| xo|moe |moq
fwibnxdwj o| oq obsdqqog`n |d nq|ig`oqm xmoam wnhode ibdeh |mdqn gnoeh iei`{nl oq |mn bioe
ane|wi` biwjn| -of |mnwn n}oq|q den/% De |mn d|mnw miel of |mn obsia| df amiehnq oe swoanq dvnw|mn loffnwne| wnhodeq xnwn ed| ade|nbsdwiend~q g~| `ihhnl |mn adwwn`i|ode iei`qoq xd~`l
oeloai|n i `dx lnhwnn df oe|nhwi|ode nvne of |mnwn oq ia|~i`` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode i`|md~hm o| oq
ed| oeq|ie|iend~q7%
Adeqolnwoeh |mnqn `obo|i|odeq qnvnwi` nffdw|q mivn gnne biln |d oe|wdl~an i leiboa
fwibnxdwj xo|m |mn s~wsdqn df vnwofoeh |mn n}oq|nean df oe|nhwi|ode oe |mn qmdw| w~e iel deh
w~e% Wivi``ode -9?=6/ lnvn`dsnl |mn loq|wog~|nl `ihq bdln` |mi| oeadwsdwi|nq i leiboa
adbsdene|1% Moq swdsdqi` adeqoq|q de nvi`~i|oeh qnsiwi|n` qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode i``dxoeh
fdw `deh w~e oe|nhwi|ode iq xn`` iq qmdw| w~e oe|nhwi|ode -|mi| oq i``dxoeh fdw i `ihq q|w~a|~wn|mi| iaad~e|q fdw oe|nhwi|ode ln`i/% Oe bi|mnbi|oai` |nwbq |moq bdln` aie gn swnqne|nl iq
fd``dxq;
-9/
xmnwn So-o 2 9%%%E/ wnswnqne|q |mn swoan oe niam dai` biwjn| W oq |mn ane|wi` biwjn| swoan ]
o
wnswnqne|q d|mnw n}dhned~q viwoig`nq |mi| oef`~nean |mnqn biwjn|q‟ leiboaq iel -ξ| β|/ iwnwieldb nwwdw |nwbq% Nq|obi|oeh iel ade|wiq|oeh |mn siwibn|nwq i``dx |nq|oeh |mwnn obsdw|ie|
msd|mnqnq; -9/ qsi|oi` biwjn| qnhbne|i|ode; |mnwn oq ed oef`~nean df den siw|oa~`iw biwjn|
dvnw |mn d|mnwq Zgo3
2 go9
2 3R -7/ `deh w~e oe|nhwi|ode; lnqso|n ln`iq oe |mn obsia| dvnw d|mnw
biwjn|q f~`` |wieqboqqode oq foei`` iamonvnl Zio* g
o3* g
o92 9R iel -1/ qmdw| w~e oe|nhwi|ode;
|mn ilk~q|bne| df swoanq |d qmdajq oq oeq|ie|iend~q Zgo2 3 g
o92 i
o32 3R% Illo|odei`` xn b~q|
adeqolnw |mi| |moq bdln` iqq~bnq i qsnaofoa q|w~a|~wn df oe|nhwi|ode wn`i|odeqmos% O| obsdqnq i
swodwo i wnq|woa|ode iaadwloeh |d xmoam |mnwn n}oq|q i ane|wi` biwjn|: |mi| oq i biwjn| |mi|
gnmivnq iq ie iw|oa~`i|oeh i}oq iwd~el xmoam |mnwn iwn snwosmnwi` dw qi|n``o|n biwjn|q%
Qo`vis~``n iel Kiiq~woi -9??</ mivn oeloai|nl |mn bioe obo|i|odeq df |mn wiloi` bdln`%
Fowq| |mn iqq~bs|ode df i ane|wi` ldboeie| biwjn| -o%n% |mn iqq~bs|ode |mi| ie `oej gn|xnne
ao|onq oq enanqqiwo` nq|ig`oqmnl |mwd~hm i ane|wi` biwjn|/ bohm| ed| gn ie iaa~wi|n xi |d bdln`
|mn leiboaq df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne biwjn|q% Nvne oe |mn aiqn i ane|wi` biwjn| ia|~i``
n}oq|q o| oq swnfnwig`n |nq|oeh |mn msd|mnqoq df n}oq|nean wi|mnw |mie obsdqoeh o| i swodwo%
7 _n| ied|mnw awo|oaoqb oq q~ssdw|nl de |obn qnwonq |mndw% Of |mn qnwonq iwn ede"q|i|odeiw |mn |wnel |mi| `nilq |mnb
-no|mnw ln|nwboeoq|oa dw q|damiq|oa/ ad~`l gn |mn ai~qn df i mohm lnhwnn df adwwn`i|ode% Oe |moq aiqn |mn dgqnwvnl`oejihnq xd~`l gn giqnl ed| de nadedboa wn`i|odeq g~| de qs~wod~q adwwn`i|odeq%1 \moq bdln` oq i`qd jedxe iq Wiloi` Bdln`% Qnn @~|{ n| i`% -9??>/%
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Q~gqny~ne|` |mn wiloi` bdln` miq gnne n}|nelnl g ~qoeh |mn vna|dw i~|dwnhwnqqovn
-VIW/ |nameoy~n i``dxoeh fdw |nq|oeh |mn n}oq|nean df i ane|wi` biwjn|% Lnqso|n |moq
obswdvnbne| |xd swdg`nbq gnadbn issiwne|% Fowq| swoan qnwonq iwn |soai`` ede"q|i|odeiw
qd o| oq sdqqog`n |mi| qs~wod~q adwwn`i|odeq iwoqn% Qnadel qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne ihwoa~`|~wi`
biwjn|q miq gnne q|~lonl fwdb i den"xi lowna|odei` snwqsna|ovn |mi| oq |mn vnwofoai|ode df |mn wiloi` bdln` msd|mnqoq miq gnne lden g iei`{oeh biwjn| siowq iqq~boeh xo|moe niam
siow aiqn |mn n}oq|nean df i ane|wi` biwjn|%
Oe |mn fowq| aiqn |mn adoe|nhwi|ode iei`qoq nemieanq |mn q|~l df `deh w~e gnmivodw df
|mn qnwonq nvne xmne |mnqn iwn ede"q|i|odeiw% Mdxnvnw `o||`n `o|nwi|~wn de |mn qnadel swdg`nb
miq gnne lnvn`dsnl ~e|o` edx% Qo`vis~``n iel Kiiq~woi -9??</ iq xn`` iq Ho` iel Qiek~ie
-7339/ ~qn |mn b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode bn|mdld`dh |d qd`vn |mn qnadel swdg`nb% Oe |moq
qneqn |nq|oeh |mn msd|mnqoq nq|ig`oqmnl g Wivi``ode‟q bdln` oq q|o`` |mn iob g~| edx xo|moe
i fwibnxdwj xmnwn ed i swodwo wnq|woa|ode oq obsdqnl% Oe |mn fd``dxoeh qna|ode xn swnqne|gwonf` |mn oejq gn|xnne b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode iei`qoq iel qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df biwjn|q%
\mn fowq| q|~lonq |mi| oe|wdl~anl |mn adoe|nhwi|ode |nameoy~nq oe|d |mn q|~l df biwjn|
oe|nhwi|ode q~am iq Si`iqjiq iel Miwwoqq"Xmo|n -9??1/ iel Giloien iel Qmovn` -9??6/
iqq~bnl |mn n}oq|nean df ane|wi` ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q iq xn`` iq qbbn|woa iel 'qbdd|m'
swoan wnqsdeqnq% ^elnw |mnqn iqq~bs|odeq i qmdaj oe |mn ane|wi` biwjn| bi ai~qn |mn qibn
ieqxnw oe i`` snwosmnwi` biwjn|q oelnsnelne|` df xmn|mnw |mnwn oq ie oeawniqn dw i lnawniqn
oe swoanq iel oelnsnelne|` df |mn biheo|~ln df |mn qmdaj%
B~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode q|~lonq iq fdw n}ibs`n |mdqn aiwwonl d~| g I`n}ielnw iel
I`n}ielnw iel Xn|m -9??</ Qo`vis~``n iel Kiiq~woi -9??</ iel Ho` iel Qiek~ie -7339/
n}sielnl |moq |sn df iei`qoq |d i b~`|obiwjn| ade|n}| iqq~boeh |mn n}oq|nean df i adbbde
|wnel |mi| bdvnq swoanq df wnhodei` biwjn|q |dxiwlq |mnow `deh w~e ny~o`ogwo~b `nvn`q if|nw
fiaoeh ie n}dhned~q qmdaj% Envnw|mn`nqq |moq bnamieoqb bi ed| xdwj oe i`` snwodlq of |mnwn
iwn fia|dwq -iq |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q dw oefdwbi|ode fio`~wnq fdw n}ibs`n/ |mi| moelnw |mn ilk~q|bne|
bnamieoqb% Oe q~am aiqnq de` xmne lnvoi|odeq fwdb ny~o`ogwo~b q~wsiqq i awo|oai` |mwnqmd`l
|mn swdfo|q l~n |d ilk~q|bne| n}annl |mn adq|q qd |mn nadedboa ihne|q wnia| |d |mn qmdaj iel
adeqny~ne|` |mn qq|nb wn|~weq |d |mn ny~o`ogwo~b `nvn`% De |mn d|mnw miel i`` |mnqn q|~lonq
i`qd iqq~bn |mi| swoanq wnqsdel |d n}dhned~q qmdajq oe i qbbn|woa xi iel |mi| |wieqia|ode
adq|q ld ed| hnenwi|n no|mnw iqbbn|wonq dw loqade|oe~o|onq oe q~am wnqsdeqn% Mdxnvnw anw|ioe
amiwia|nwoq|oaq siw|oa~`iw |d ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| biwjn|q bi oe fia| hnenwi|n loqade|oe~o|onq
dw iqbbn|wonq oe |mn wnqsdeqnq df swoanq |d qmdajq wnl~aoeh |mn wdg~q|enqq df |mnqn wnq~`|q%
6%7%9 Loqade|oe~o|y iel iqybbn|wy oe |mn swoan bnamieoqbq df ilk~q|bne| oe
wnhodei` ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q
Oe |mn igqnean df n}o| iel ne|w giwwonwq fdw |wilnwq |mn lnhwnn df iwgo|wihn iel oe|nhwi|ode
xo`` lnsnel de gd|m swoanq loffnwne|oi` iel |wieqia|ode adq|q Igl~`io -7333/% Mdxnvnwqdbn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode adbbnwaoi`o{i|ode iel adeq~bs|ode
Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe Snw~
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q~am iq oeisswdswoi|n |wieqsdw|i|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn ne|w giwwonwq iel oefdwbi|ode fio`~wnq
bi |~we |mn iwgo|wihn swdanqq oe|d i `nqq qbdd|m swdanqq |mie iqq~bnl g |wilo|odei` bdln`q
df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode%
I qd~wan df iqbbn|w oe |mn swoanq wnqsdeqn |d qmdajq |mi| oq adbbde` bne|odenl oq
|mn biwjn| sdxnw Qamnwnw iel Wdqq -9??3/% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn d`ohdsd`oq|oa oe|nwbnloiwonq oeie ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| bi wnia| ad``~qovn` oe i fiq|nw xi |d qmdajq wnl~aoeh |mnow swdfo|
biwhoeq |mie |mn xd~`l wnia| |d qmdajq |mi| oeawniqn |mnb hnenwi|oeh iq i wnq~`| iqbbn|wonq
oe |mn |wieqboqqode df |mdqn qmdajq |d d|mnw qnhbne|q df |mn biwjn|% Gnai~qn df |moq ie
oeawniqn oe |mn ane|wi` biwjn| swoanq xd~`l gn qswnil |d |mn wnhodei` biwjn|q oe i fiq|nw xi
|mie xd~`l i lnawniqn oe q~am swoanq%
De |mn d|mnw miel |mn wd`n df oevne|dw iaa~b~`i|ode iq i qd~wan df loqade|oe~o|onq oe
|mn ilk~q|bne| df swoanq gn|xnne biwjn|q miq gnne lda~bne|nl G`oelnw -9?=7/% Iaadwloeh |d
|moq iwh~bne| viwoi|odeq oe swoanq qnel qohei`q |d oevne|dw md`lnwq |mi| nil |mnb |d iaa~b~`i|ndw wnl~an q|dajq% \mn n}sna|nl oeawniqn oe |mn ldboeie| biwjn|‟q swoan oe |mn en}| snwodlq
adeq|o|~|nq ie oeane|ovn fdw |wilnwq |d oeawniqn oevne|dw md`loehq |m~q g~oeh goh y~ie|o|onq
df i anw|ioe ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| oe |mn swnqne|% G~| |mn oeawniqn oe `dai` biwjn| q|dajq s~qmnq
swoanq ldxe qd |mn ia|~i` oeawniqn oq ed| iq mohm iq dwohoei`` n}sna|nl% Of de |mn d|mnw miel
o| xiq n}sna|nl |mi| |mn ldboeie| biwjn| swoanq lnawniqn |mnwn xd~`l gn ie oeane|ovn fdw
|wilnwq |d wnl~an |mnow oevne|dw q|dajq wnqsdeqn |mi| xd~`l bdlnwi|n |mn biheo|~ln df |mn
swoanq fi`` oe |mn en}| snwodlq% ^elnw |mn iwh~bne| df oevne|dw md`loehq wnhodei` biwjn|
swoanq xd~`l ed| f~`` ilk~q| |d amiehnq oe |mn ldboeie| biwjn| swoanq%D|mnw iwh~bne| |mi| n}s`ioeq |mn swnqnean df loqade|oe~d~q dw iqbbn|woa swoan
wnqsdeqnq oq |mn n}oq|nean df bne~ adq|q ~elnwq|ddl iq |mdqn adq|q |mi| wnq~`| fwdb |mn wnswoaoeh
iel oefdwbi|ode swdanqq |mi| adeq~bnwq fian oe |mn swnqnean df n}dhned~q viwoi|odeq Biejox
iel Gi`` -9??</% Of viwoi|odeq oe |mn adq|q df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| xnwn snwanovnl g |mn
ihne|q iq |nbsdwiw |mn bne~ adq|q bohm| adeq|o|~|n ie oeane|ovn ed| |d ilk~q| swoanq nvne
xmne i lnawniqn oe |mn swdl~a| adq|q miq ia|~i`` daa~wwnl%
Foei`` xn qmd~`l bne|ode |mi| |mn swnqnean df qniwam adq|q de obsnwfna| wnhodei`
ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q miq i`qd gnne y~d|nl g bie wnqniwamnwq iq i qd~wan df iqbbn|w dwloqade|oe~o|onq oe |mn swoanq ilk~q|bne| swdanqq |mi| daa~wq iq wnqsdeqn |d n}dhned~q qmdajq
G`oelnw n| i`% -9??=/% Oe bie wnhodeq qdbn fowbq aie n}nwaoqn `dai` biwjn| sdxnw l~n |d
|mn igqnean df d|mnw fowbq `dai|nl oe qsi|oi` swd}obo| |mi| ad~`l adbsn|n xo|m |mnb% \mn
adeq~bnwq |mi| fian |mnqn ldboeie| fowbq fian mohm qniwam adq|q |d hn| i`` |mn oefdwbi|ode
igd~| swoanq dffnwnl g d|mnw fowbq% ^elnw |mnqn adelo|odeq ldboeie| fowbq bi wioqn |mnow
swoanq y~oaj` xmne |mn ldboeie| biwjn|‟q swoanq oeawniqn xmnwniq |mn ad~`l wnl~an |mnb
`o||`n dw ed|moeh xmne swoanq oe |mn ane|wi` biwjn| lnawniqn%
Fdw Gi~`am -9??8/ |mnwn iwn |mwnn fia|dwq |mi| iffna| |mn lnhwnn df biwjn| oe|nhwi|odeiel hnenwi|n loqade|oe~o|onq oe |mn swoan wnqsdeqnq |d n}dhned~q qmdajq% \mn fowq| den oq |mn
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swnqnean df mohm |wieqia|ode adq|q wn`i|ovn |d |mn swoan loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne |xd wnhodeq |mi|
ln|nwboenq |mn n}oq|nean df i~|iwjoa biwjn|q% \mn qnadel fia|dw oq |mn swnqnean df giwwonwq |d
ne|w woqj ivnwqode iel oefdwbi|ode fio`~wnq% Foei`` |mn n}oq|nean df obsnwfna| adbsn|o|ode
oe wn`nvie| qnhbne|q df |mn biwjn|q bi ai~qn mohm swoan loffnwne|oi`q gn|xnne biwjn|q |mi|
aieed| gn i||wog~|nl |d |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q%
6%7%7 I`|nwei|ovn fwibnxdwjq fdw |mn iei`yqoq df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe |mn
swnqnean df |wieqia|ode adq|q
\ijoeh oe|d adeqolnwi|ode |mn sdqqog`n qd~wanq df loqade|oe~o| iel iqbbn|w oe |mn wnqsdeqnq
df ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn| swoanq wnqniwamnwq mivn ~qnl i`|nwei|ovn fwibnxdwjq |d aiww d~| q|~lonq
igd~| qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q |mi| oe|wdl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q iq n`nbne|q
|mi| iffna| iwgo|wihn wn`i|odeq gn|xnne loffnwne| wnhodeq% Iq xn xo`` loqa~qq i|nw |mn loffnwne|
|nameoy~nq wn`i|n |d adeans|q obs`oao| oe |mn leiboa bdln` swdsdqnl g Wivi``ode -9?=6/wnadeqolnwnl oe |nwbq df |mn adoe|nhwi|ode bn|mdl iel nwwdw adwwna|ode bdln` ZQo`vis~``n iel
Kiiq~woi -9??</: Si`iqjiq iel Miwwoqq"Xmo|n -9??1/R iq xn`` iq xo|m ed|odeq fwdb |mn siwo|"
gd~elq bdln` fdwb~`i|nl g Qn}|de n| i`% -9??1/ iel Gi~`am -9??8/% I qobo`iwo| gn|xnne
i`` df |mnqn bdln`q oq |mi| |mn q|~l iwgo|wihn wn`i|odeq gn|xnne |xd wnhodeq g ~qoeh bioe`
edboei` swoan qnwonq df i siw|oa~`iw swdl~a|%
\mn iei`qoq fwibnxdwj |mi| i`bdq| i`` df |mnqn wnqniwam xdwjq mivn ~qnl oq |mn `ix
df den swoan ilk~q|nl g |wieqia|ode adq|q lnqawognl iq fd``dxq% Aok|
oq |mn |wieqia|ode adq|
df |wiloeh ie ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| fwdb |mn biwjn| o |d k iel So| oq |mn swoan df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi`swdl~a| oe |mn biwjn| o% \mn nffoaone| qsi|oi` iwgo|wihn wny~ownq |mi| ed n}|widwloeiw swdfo|q
ad~`l gn hnenwi|nl g |wiloeh gn|xnne wnhodeq o iel k% Oe d|mnw xdwlq o| oq enanqqiw |mi|
|mn `ix df den swoan ilk~q|nl g |wieqia|ode adq|q oq f~`fo``nl% \mn `ix oq lnqawognl oe |mn
fd``dxoeh n}swnqqode;
-7/
^elnw nffoaone| iwgo|wihn e~`` |wiln f`dxq obs` ny~i|ode -7/ md`lq xo|m ny~i`o| -goelq/%
I`qd |mn wn`i|ode bohm| ln|nwboen go`i|nwi` |wiln f`dxq fwdb o |d k dw fwdb k |d o lnsneloeh de
|mn biwjn| adelo|odeq oe niam ao|% Xmne -7/ md`lq xo|m ny~i`o| -goelq/ |mn swoanq iwn qiol |d
gn oe |mn siwo| |mwnqmd`l xmnwniq xmne |mn biwhoe oq gohhnw |mie |mn |mwnqmd`l n}|widwloeiw
swdfo|q fwdb |wiln bohm| gn hnenwi|nl% I q|woa| oeny~i`o| oe -7/ xd~`l wny~own ede"e~`` |wiln
f`dxq% Qsnaoi`o{nl `o|nwi|~wn oevd`vnq loffnwne| isswdiamnq |d bdln`oeh iwgo|wihn wn`i|odeq
gn|xnne |xd wnhodeq g ~qoeh -7/ f~w|mnwbdwn q~am isswdiamnq i``dx fdw nq|obi|odeq df
|wieqia|ode adq|q% Oe fowq| s`ian `oeniw bdln`q q|iel d~|<% \moq fdwb~`i|ode qnnjq |d n}s`ioe
< Qnn Giloien iel Qmovn` -9??6/%
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`oeniw` |mn swoan fdwbi|ode oe |xd ao|onq lnfoeoeh -de`/ den biwjn| ny~o`ogwo~b% \mn giqoa
ny~i|ode df |mn bdln` oq;
-1/
xmnwn '|obn' oq i `oeniw |wnel iel ¾|
oq i wieldb nwwdw |nwb% Xo|m swoanq bniq~wnl oe `nvn`q
|mn oe|nwans| A97
oe |mn ny~i|ode -1/ qmdxq |mn fo}nl |wieqia|ode adq| iel |mn gn|i adnffoaone|
bniq~wnq |mn swdsdw|odei` biwj"~s dw |mn adq| df |wiloeh gn|xnne biwjn|q 9 iel 7% I`|md~hm
ny~i|ode -7/ oq oefdwbi|ovn o| oq q|o`` oeadbs`n|n qoean o| ldnq ed| oe|wdl~an leiboa iqsna|q
de o|q qsnaofoai|ode% Ied|mnw swdg`nb df bn|mdld`dhoai` ei|~wn oq |mn swnqnean df ~eo| wdd|q
oe |mn swoan qnwonq xmoam ai~qnq qs~wod~q nq|obi|odeq df |mn ny~i|ode -1/ of |mn nwwdw |nwb ¾|oq
ede"q|i|odeiw%
Iq Si`iqjiq iel Miwwoqq"Xmo|n -9??1/ q~q|ioe of -7/ xiq vi`ol iel ¾| xiq q|i|odeiw|mne xn xd~`l qi |mi| gd|m qsi|oi`` qnsiwi|nl biwjn|q iwn oe|nhwi|nl iel |mn n}swnqqode -1/
xd~`l gn i adoe|nhwi|oeh ny~i|ode xmoam nq|ig`oqmnq |mn n}oq|nean df i `deh w~e wn`i|ode
gn|xnne swoan qnwonq% \mnwnfdwn |mn xnij fdwb df |mn qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode adelo|ode oq lnfoenl%
\moq adelo|ode nq|ig`oqmnq |mi| of -7/ xiq vi`ol |mn qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode bohm| daa~w oe |mn `deh
w~e xo|m |nbsdwiw qmdw| w~e lnvoi|odeq>% O| oq xdw|m |d ed|n |mi| oe dwlnw |d iqq~wn |mi| |mn
bdln` oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m ie nffoaone| iwgo|wihn qo|~i|ode |moq fwibnxdwj oq obs`oao|` iqq~boeh
|mi| |wiln gn|xnne |mn |xd ao|onq oq ade|oe~d~q iel |mi| |mnwn oq ed wnvnwqode oe |mn lowna|ode
|mi| |wiln f`dxq |ijn% Oe |moq ade|n}| |mn fo}nl iwgo|wihn adq| oq nq|obi|nl oelnsnelne|` df |mnsi||nweq iel ade|oe~o| df |wiln% Envnw|mn`nqq nbsowoai`` de` oe fnx aiqnq adelo|ode -7/ oq
qi|oqfonl qd |mn bdln` n}a`~lnq qo|~i|odeq oe xmoam ed swdfo|ig`n |wiln aiwwonq de iq xn`` iq
|mdqn oe xmoam biwjn| adelo|odeq oe loffnwne| wnhodeq viw ned~hm qd iq |d hnenwi|n wnvnwqodeq
oe |mn |wiln f`dxq% Oe |moq qneqn |mn n}oq|nean df adoe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne swoan qnwonq oq ed|
ned~hm |d ln|nwboen |mn n}oq|nean df nffoaone| iwgo|wihn iel o| xo`` gn enanqqiw oe dwlnw |d
nvi`~i|n xmn|mnw biwjn| wn`i|odeq iwn ia|~i`` nffoaone| |d adbsiwn |wieqia|ode adq|q oe -1/
xo|m dgqnwvnl adq|q dw ie d|mnw oefdwbi|ode igd~| biwjn|q%
Oe qnadel s`ian ie i`|nwei|ovn fwibnxdwj |d q|~l |mn oe|nhwi|ode wn`i|odeq gn|xnnebiwjn|q oq |mn Siwo| Gd~elq Bdln`6 |mi| iqq~bnq |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q mivn i adeq|ie| bnie
A 97|
iel i wieldb adbsdene| Va|
xmoam oq edwbi`` loq|wog~|nl xo|m {nwd bnie iel adeq|ie|
viwoiean% \mnqn adq|q adeq|o|~|n |mwnqmd`lq fdw i giel df sdqqog`n ny~o`ogwo~b xo|m wnqsna| |d
xmoam |mn swoanq fwdb gd|m biwjn|q aie gn qo|~i|nl% \mn swoan loffnwne|oi` S9| "S
7| oe |moq
ade|n}| bi lnfoen |xd sdqqog`n wnhobnq% Of |moq loffnwne|oi` oq oeqoln |mn giel o| bnieq
S9| "S
7| 2A
97| " β¼
a| ie nffoaone| iwgo|wihn |ijnq s`ian xmnwn |mnwn oq |wiln xo|md~| |mn swnqnean
> Qnn Wivi``ode -9?=6/ iel I`n}ielnw iel Xn|m -9??</%6 Qnn Gi~`am -9??8/ iel Siwj n| i`% -7337/%
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df n}|widwloeiw swdfo|q% De |mn d|mnw miel of |mn loffnwne|oi` oq d~|qoln |mn giel o| bnieq
S9| "S
7| 2A
97| " β3
a| `o||`n |wiln |ijnq s`ian iel n}|widwloeiw swdfo|q adbn d~| |d gn n}s`do|nl
|mwd~hm iwgo|wihn% Oe |moq qn||oeh iwgo|wihn fio`~wnq dw wnvnwqodeq df |wiln f`dxq bi daa~w%
Of β¼a|
iel β3a|
xnwn iqq~bnl |d gn oelnsnelne|` loq|wog~|nl o| oq niq |d fdwb~`i|n |mn
`ojn`omddl f~ea|ode fdw |mn |xd wnhobnq iel g bi}obo{oeh |moq f~ea|ode xn ad~`l nq|obi|n|mn swdgigo`o| df q~aanqqf~` dw fio`nl iwgo|wihn iq xn`` iq |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q% Mdxnvnw |moq
bdln` miq qdbn obo|i|odeq% Fowq| |mn bdln` olne|ofoai|ode lnsnelq de |mn iqq~bs|odeq igd~|
|mn loq|wog~|ode df β¼a|
iel β3a| -edwbi`o| oq ~q~i`` iqq~bnl/% De |mn d|mnw miel |mn iqq~bs|ode
df oelnsnelnean df |mn nwwdw |nwbq ldnq ed| qnnb |d gn wniqdeig`n qoean o| xd~`l obs` |mi| i``
|mn oefdwbi|ode ade|ioenl oe |mn nwwdwq oe den snwodl xd~`l gn adbs`n|n` `dq| oe |mn f~|~wn
iel mnean o| xd~`l ed| i``dx fdw |mn n}oq|nean df i bnamieoqb df ilk~q|bne| |mi| adwwna|q |mn
loq|dw|odeq oe |mn iwgo|wihn swdanqq% D|mnw obo|i|ode df |mn Siwo| Gd~elq Bdln` oq |mi| o| ldnq
ed| oea`~ln |mn leiboa adbsdene| oe |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iei`qoq iel iq i adeqny~nean o|ldnq ed| i``dx ~q |d oefnw ie|moeh igd~| |mn qsnnl df |mn swoan ilk~q|bne| xmne |mnwn n}oq|q
swdfo|ig`n |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq -oe d|mnw xdwlq xmne |mn swoan loffnwne|oi` oq igdvn |mn
ny~o`ogwo~b giel/% Foei`` |d hn| adea`~qovn wnq~`|q o| oq enanqqiw |d mivn illo|odei`
oefdwbi|ode igd~| |wiln f`dxq iel iwgo|wihn adq|q gn|xnne ao|onq oe dwlnw |d aiww d~|
adbsiwoqdeq xo|m |mn swdgigo`o|onq df daa~wwnean df |mn sdqqog`n wnhobnq iel xo|m |mn nq|obi|nl
|wieqia|ode adq|q%
Oe |mn swnqnean df |mn `obo|i|odeq df |mn lnqawognl iei`qoq fwibnxdwjq |mn ami``nehn
mnean oq |d lnvn`ds i leiboa bdln` |mi| adeqolnwq |mn swnqnean df |wieqia|ode adq|qloqade|oe~o| iel wnvnwqode oe |mn |wiln si||nweq -dw lowna|ode/ iel i`qd |mi| i``dxq |d bijn
oefnwnean igd~| |mn qsnnl df swoan ilk~q|bne| |d ny~o`ogwo~b nvn q% Oe |mi| qneqn |mn goviwoi|n
adoe|nhwi|ode |nameoy~nq xo|m |mwnqmd`l iq xn`` iq |mn Giel"\IW bdln`q adeq|o|~|n ie iei`qoq
fwibnxdwj |d dvnwadbn qdbn df |mn `obo|i|odeq bne|odenl niw`onw% Oe |moq lda~bne| xn ~qn
|moq |sn df isswdiam xo|m |mn s~wsdqn df iei`{oeh biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe swnqnean df |wieqia|ode
adq|q fdw |mn Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| aiqn% \mn fdwbi` swnqne|i|ode df |mn |nameoai` ln|io`q df
|mn bdln` xo`` gn lnqawognl oe |mn |mowl qna|ode%
6%7%1 Q|w~a|~wi` ln|nwboeie|q df |mn oe|nhwi|ode wn`i|odeq iel |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q
\mn `iq| |dsoa |d loqa~qq oe |moq qna|ode oq |mn q|w~a|~wi` ln|nwboeie|q df |mn qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode
df biwjn|q% Nvne |md~hm `o|nwi|~wn qmdxq i qsnaoi` nbsmiqoq de |mn q|~l df |mn n}oq|nean df
qdbn |sn df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode |mn olne|ofoai|ode df |mn q|w~a|~wi` ln|nwboeie|q df q~am
oe|nhwi|ode miq ed| wnanovnl b~am i||ne|ode% \mn olne|ofoai|ode df |mnqn fia|dwq oq ennlnl fdw
|mn obs`nbne|i|ode df oevnq|bne| sd`oaonq dwone|nl |d lnvn`ds ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% Fd``dxoeh
|moq adeanwe |mn fowq| q|ns oe |mn iei`qoq adeqoq|q de olne|ofoeh ie oeloai|dw df biwjn|
oe|nhwi|ode% @o|nwi|~wn miq sdoe|nl d~| qdbn oeloai|dwq; i/ |mn qobs`n adwwn`i|ode adnffoaone|qgn|xnne ao| siowq g/ |mn adoe|nhwi|ode adnffoaone|q -xmoam ais|~wn |mn n}oq|nean df i deh w~e
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oe `dhiwo|mbq oq s9|% \mn fowq| siw| df |mn bdln` adeqoq|q de qsnaofoeh |mn lnbiel f~ea|ode
|mi| fdw qobs`oao| oq iqq~bnl |d gn `oeniw iel qbbn|woa fdw gd|m ao|onq;
-</
Oe |moq ny~i|ode i9
iel e953 -swoan n`iq|oao| df lnbiel/ iwn siwibn|nwq iel ~
9|oq i
wieldb viwoig`n |mi| wnswnqne|q |mn lnbiel qmdajq% \mn ny~i|ode nq|ig`oqmnq |mi| ie oeawniqn
oe ]9|
oe |mn fowq| ao| `nilq |d i lnawniqn oe o|q biwjn| swoan% ~9|
oq swdgig` ede"q|i|odeiw oe
|mn deh w~e iel |moq bi gn i qohe df |mn n}oq|nean df snwbiene| lnbiel qmdajq% Bdwndvnw
of |mn swoan qnwonq oq lio` o| xd~`l gn qneqog`n |d |moej |mi| ~9|
xo`` qmdx qnwoi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode%
Fd``dxoeh Nkweinq iel Snwqqde -7333/ |mn qsi|oi` iwgo|wihn adelo|ode oq hovne g;
->/
Fwdb ny~i|ode ->/ xn bi oefnw |mi| ao| 9 xo`` obsdw| fwdb ao| 7 of |mn i~|iwjoa swoan
oe ao| 7 s`~q |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q iwn `nqq |mie dw ny~i` |d |mn swoan oe ao| 9% Of |mn swoan s9|
loffnwq fwdb |mn i~|iwjoa swoan -s9I|
/ swdfo|q fwdb |wiln xd~`l gn ivio`ig`n iq `deh iq q~am
swdfo|q n}annl |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q% Oe gd|m lowna|odeq |mn swdl~a| obsdw|i|ode -n}sdw|i|ode/
xo`` obs` |mi|; ∆ ] | 2 ∆F
| xmnwn ∆F
| oq |mn swdl~a| oef`dx fwdb ao| 7 |d ao| 9 -dw voan vnwqi
xmne |mn iei`{nl aiqn oq ao| 7/% \d adbs`n|n |mn bdln` o| oq enanqqiw |d lnfoen i qsnaofoai|ode
fdw |mn iwgo|wihn adq|q% Mnwn |d qobs`of fd``dxoeh Swijiqm iel \i`dw -9??8/ xn lnqawogn i
`dhiwo|mboa qbbn|woa adq|q f~ea|ode g ~qoeh i y~ilwi|oa qsnaofoai|ode;
-6/
\m~q |mnwn oq nffoaone| iwgo|wihn xmne |mn biwhoei` oeadbn -BhO/ oq ny~i` |d |mn
biwhoei` adq| -BhA/% Of BhO 2 -S`|"9
"S7|"9
/ iel BhA2 a97
* g∆F | bijoeh ny~i` gd|m
n}swnqqodeq xn mivn |mi|;
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| 2 ∆F
| xn foel;
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Fwdb -</S9|"9"S9|"72i9"e9 ] 9| *~| "i9*e9 ] 9| "9"~|"9 2 "e9∆ ] | 9 * n9| xmnwn n| 92 ~| "~| "9 u E -3 ρ97 / oq
xmo|n edoqn% Wns`iaoeh |mn swnvod~q wnq~`| oe -=/ xn hn| |mn fd``dxoeh qq|nb;
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Qoean i qobo`iw n}swnqqode oq dg|ioenl fdw ∆S7|
xn bi foel i qobs`n nwwdw adwwna|ode
bdln` xo|m qbbn|woa |mwnqmd`lq -\VNAB/% \moq bdln` |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` swoan
biwhoe g loffnwne|oi|oeh ∆S9| "∆S
7| 2∆b
| ;
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7/$ g xmoam oq |mn siwibn|nw df ilk~q|bne| |d ie ny~o`ogwo~b
giel ln|nwboenl g anw|ioe |mwnqmd`lq xmoam iwn |mn qbbn|woa biwhoei` adq|q df iwgo|wihn oe
niam lowna|ode df |wiln adeq|ie| iel ny~i` a97
% \moq siwibn|nw df ilk~q|bne| lnsnelq de |mn
swoan n`iq|oao|onq df |mn lnbiel f~ea|odeq df gd|m ao|onq% \mn swoanq df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|
oe |mn ao|onq 9 iel 7 -n}swnqqnl oe `dhiwo|mbq/ iwn iqq~bnl |d gn ede"q|i|odeiw gnoeh b| "9
2
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"S7|"9
|mn swoan loffnwne|oi`% \mn nq|obi|nl vi`~n df ι oq n}sna|nl |d gn xo|moe |mn oe|nwvi`
R3"9R=% Foei`` ξ|2n
9|"n
7|u E -3ρ7/%
I ~qnf~` amiwia|nwoq|oa df |moq bdln` oq |mi| o| ldnq ed| wny~own nbsowoai` oefdwbi|ode
igd~| |wiln f`dxq dw |wieqia|ode adq|q fdw o|q nq|obi|ode% Bdwndvnw fwdb |moq qsnaofoai|ode xn
aie loq|oeh~oqm |mwnn |wiln wnhobnq; b| 5a
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97% \mn `iq| wnhobn
adwwnqsdelq |d |mn adelo|ode fdw nffoaone| qsi|oi` iwgo|wihn xmoam oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |xd
qo|~i|odeq; |mn fowq| den xmnwn |wiln daa~wq iel iwgo|wihn oq nffoaone| iel |mn d|mnw den xmnwn
ed swdfo|ig`n |wiln daa~wq% Oe |mn fowq| -qnadel/ wnhobn oe|nwbnloiwonq ld ed| n}s`do| swdfo|ig`n
|wiln dssdw|~eo|onq g n}amiehoeh |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a| fwdb 9 |d 7 -7 |d 9/% Of iwgo|wihn
|ijnq s`ian xo|m ihq ~elnw |mnqn adelo|odeq b|xo`` gn s~qmnl qd iq |d ilk~q| |d |mn ny~o`ogwo~b
giel Z"a97
a97
R% \moq ilk~q|bne| swdanqq xo`` daa~w d~|qoln |mn giel de` ~e|o` |mn |mwnqmd`l
vi`~nq df |mn giel iwn wniamnl%\mn \mwnqmd`l Nwwdw Adwwna|ode Bdln` -\NAB/ swnqne|nl igdvn i``dxq ~q |d bdln`
|mn |sn df gnmivodw lnqawognl fdw b|% \m~q of |mn swoan biwhoe gn|xnne ao|onq oq qo|~i|nl
xo|moe |mn ny~o`ogwo~b giel "|mi| oq xmne iwgo|wihn oq nffoaone|" |mn nwwdw adwwna|ode bnamieoqb
xo`` ed| xdwj qd |mn biwhoe xo`` ed| qmdx i ane|wi` |wnel g~| fd``dx i wieldb xi`j?% D|mnwxoqn
= ι xo`` gn {nwd of A97
oq q~ffoaone|` `iwhn qd iq |d swnvne| iwgo|wihn fwdb daa~wwoeh of o| oq envnw sdqqog`n |d dgqnwvnswdfo|ig`n iwgo|wihn dssdw|~eo|onq dw of |mn biwjn|q iwn ed| oe|nhwi|nl gnai~qn df |mn n}oq|nean df biwjn| fio`~wnq dw
mohm |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q% Qnn Lnwade iel Vie Aibsnemd~| -9???/%? Ed|oan |mi| nvne xmne b|oq h`dgi`` q|i|odeiw `dai`` xo|moe |mn giel o| xo`` qmdx i ede"q|i|odeiw gnmivodw%
Qnn Lnwade iel Vie Aibsnemd~| -9???/%
Amis|nw 6
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917
xmne |mn biwhoe oq d~|qoln |mn giel iwgo|wihn |ijnq s`ian iel |mn nwwdw adwwna|ode bnamieoqb
xo`` xdwj ilk~q|oeh |mn swoan loffnwne|oi` |dxiwlq |mn |mwnqmd`lq93% \d g~o`l i bdwn qdsmoq|oai|nl
vnwqode df |moq bdln` |mi| i``dxq oeadwsdwi|oeh oefdwbi|ode igd~| dgqnwvig`n adbbnwaoi`o{i|ode
adq|q xn iqq~bn |mi| iwgo|wihn adq|q viw iaadwloeh |d |mn oeedvi|odeq oe f~n` swoanq% \moq oq
adevneone| |d ade|wd` fdw |mn n}oq|nean df |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q xo|moe |mn |d|i` iwgo|wihn adq|-xmoam oea`~lnq oefdwbi|ode adq|q enhd|oi|ode adq|q n|a/% Bdwndvnw xn oeadwsdwi|n oe fowq|
s`ian i qn| df l~bb viwoig`nq |d ade|wd` fdw |mn oemnwne| qniqdei`o| df mohm fwny~nea swoan
qnwonq -fdw n}ibs`n lio` swoanq/ oe qnadel s`ian i qn| df `ihq ∆b| |d ade|wd` fdw |mn sdqqog`n
swnqnean df qnwoi` i~|dadwwn`i|ode oe |mn li|i iel foei`` i `ih df |mn swoan loffnwne|oi` oe |mn
ny~i|ode |mi| lnqawognq |mn gnmivodw oeqoln |mn giel oe dwlnw |d |nq| |mn n}oq|nean df ede"
q|i|odeiw gnmivodw xo|moe |moq wnhobn99% Xo|m |mnqn oeedvi|odeq |mn bdln` |d gn nq|obi|nl
miq |mn fd``dxoeh fdwb;
-99/
Xmnwn η oq |mn xnohm| fdw |mn swoan df f~n` -a97|
/ loiwn |mn siwibn|nwq df |mn qniqdei`
l~bbonq α oiwn |mn adnffoaone|q df |mn `ihq df ∆b
| % κ qmd~`l gn q|i|oq|oai`` ny~i` |d {nwd of
xo|moe |mn giel lnfoenl g |mn |mwnqmd`lq |mn swoan loffnwne|oi` qmdxq i ede"q|i|odeiw
gnmivodw97% Foei`` φ oq |mn |wieqia|ode adq| -xmoam xd~`l wnswnqne| |mn enhd|oi|ode
oefdwbi|ode nefdwanbne| adq|q n|a/%
Of |mn swoan df f~n` oq ede"q|i|odeiw |mne iq i fowq| q|ns o| xo`` gn enanqqiw |d nvi`~i|n
xmn|mnw swoanq iel |moq |sn df adq|q iwn adoe|nhwi|nl dw ed|% Of |mn n}oq|nean df adoe|nhwi|ode
aieed| gn wnkna|nl o| xo`` gn sdqqog`n |d nq|obi|n |mn bdln` xo|md~| ibgoh~o|onq% \mn nq|obi|ode
df φ -|mn obs`oao| |wieqia|ode adq|/ swdvolnq illo|odei` oefdwbi|ode igd~| biwjn| snwfdwbiean%
Oe siw|oa~`iw of φ oq sdqo|ovn |mnwn oq nvolnean df biwjn| obsnwfna|odeq -ne|w giwwonwq oeadbs`n|n
oefdwbi|ode n|a/91%
^elnw |moq qsnaofoai|ode df |mn bdln` xo|moe |mn ny~o`ogwo~b giel |mnwn oq ed leiboa
wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne |mn swoan viwoi|odeq oe niam biwjn|% Envnw|mn`nqq d~|qoln |mn giel |mn
nwwdw adwwna|ode bnamieoqb -ade|wd``oeh |mn qniqdei` fia|dwq iel i~|dadwwn`i|nl li|i/ bi gn
dgqnwvnl% \mn viwoi|odeq oe den biwjn| iwn |wieqbo||nl xo|m nwwdwq |d |mn d|mnw g~| ie ilk~q|bne|
swdanqq |mi| xo`` adwwna| q~am nwwdwq oe niam snwodl xo`` xdwj% Qobo`iw` |d d|mnw adevne|odei`
93 \mn biheo|~ln df |mn ilk~q|bne| xo`` gn i snwane|ihn df |mn swoan biwhoe lnvoi|ode oe niam snwodl%99 \moq `iq| oeedvi|ode oe |mn giqoa bdln` miq gnne q~hhnq|nl g Lnwade iel Vie Aibsnemd~| -9???/%97 O| oq enanqqiw |d ~qn |mn I~hbne|nl Loajn F~``nw -ILF/ |nq| dw i qobo`iw |nq| |d |nq| |moq msd|mnqoq% Qnn Amone @d
iel [ovd| -9???/%91 Mdxnvnw iq Gi`jn iel Fdbg -9??8/ q~q|ioe o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d bijn q|i|oq|oai` oefnwnean igd~| φ |mn siwibn|nwg ~qoeh |mn adevne|odei` |nameoy~nq l~n |d |mn ede `oeniwo| df |mn bdln`%
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nwwdw adwwna|ode bdln`q ~qnl oe swnvod~q q|~lonq df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode i ei|~wi` bniq~wn df
qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode "fdw hovne |wieqia|ode adq|q iel ie n}oq|oeh `deh w~e ny~o`ogwo~b giel" oq
|mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| ι; |mn a`dqnw |mn nq|obi|nl siwibn|nw oq |d "9 |mn gn||nw |mn lnhwnn df
oe|nhwi|ode%
\mn bdln` swnqne|nl mnwn obs`oao|` qmdxq i a`niw wn`i|ode gn|xnne adoe|nhwi|ode ielnffoaone| iwgo|wihn% Of ie nffoaone| iwgo|wihn daa~wq i ede"q|i|odeiw gnmivodw b~q| gn dgqnwvnl
oe |mn biwhoe b| % D|mnwxoqn |mi| oq de` of obsnwfna| iwgo|wihn daa~wq o| xo`` gn sdqqog`n |d
dgqnwvn i adoe|nhwi|oeh wn`i|ode gn|xnne swoanq iel mnean |mn fdwb~`i|ode df ie nwwdw adwwna|ode
isswdiam xo`` gn vi`ol%
D|mnw ~qnf~` nq|obi|dwq |mi| bi gn dg|ioenl xo|m |moq bdln` iwn; |mn ivnwihn |obn |mi|
swoanq |ijn |d ilk~q| |d |mn `deh w~e ny~o`ogwo~b |mn snwane|ihn df aiqnq oe |mn qibs`n xmnwn
|mn nffoaone| iwgo|wihn adelo|ode oq vod`i|nl iel |mn snwane|ihn df aiqnq xmnwn |mn iwgo|wihn
adelo|ode oq qi|oqfonl% \mnqn |xd `iq| oeloai|dwq iwn qobo`iw |d |mn swdgigo`o|onq df i q~aanqqf~`iel fio`nl iwgo|wihn xmoam iwn nq|obi|nl oe |mn Siwo| Gd~elq Bdln`%
Oe adea`~qode |mn \NAB oq a`niw` adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn nffoaone| qsi|oi` iwgo|wihn bdln`q;
o| i``dxq fdw loqade|oe~o|onq iel wnvnwqode oe |wiln f`dxq k~q| iq |mn siwo| gd~elq bdln`%
Mdxnvnw |moq bdln` oe|wdl~anq bdwn qneqog`n iqq~bs|odeq igd~| |mn swdgigo`o| loq|wog~|odeq
iel n}s`oao|` oeadwsdwi|nq leiboa n`nbne|q g bdln`oeh |mn iwgo|wihn swdanqq oe i ede`oeniw
nwwdw adwwna|ode fwibnxdwj9< qd o| wnq~`|q ilvie|ihnd~q fdw |moq wnqniwam%
6%1%7 Bn|mdld`dhy
\mn wnqniwam xo`` |ijn |mn Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| iq aiqn df q|~l ~qoeh |mn |mwnqmd`l goviwoi|n
adoe|nhwi|ode bn|mdld`dh fdw |mn iei`qoq% Fdw |mn q|i|oq|oai` |nq|q xn xo`` ~qn adeq~bnw
swoan qnwonq df lio` fwny~nea fwdb |mn fd``dxoeh ao|onq; @obi M~ieaid Iwny~osi S~ed
\w~ko``d Oai So~wi M~ieaivn`oai Iia~amd iel A~qad% Bdwndvnw xn xo`` ~qn lio` li|i df
|mn swoan df f~n` Lonqn` 7 iq i swd} viwoig`n |d ade|wd` fdw |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q% Xo|m |mn
s~wsdqn df nvi`~i|oeh |mn leiboaq df |wieqboqqode df oefdwbi|ode gn|xnne ao|onq i| wnhodei`
`nvn` iel fwdb |mi| |mn n}oq|nean df |mwnqmd`l wn`i|odeq oe swoanq xn mivn adeqolnwnl adevneone|
|d bdln` |mnqn viwoig`nq g ~qoeh i ede`oeniw leiboa qq|nb -lnqawognl de qna|ode 6%1%9/ oe
xmoam xn n}s`oao|` oeadwsdwi|n `deh w~e wn`i|odeq gn|xnne |mn swoanq df |mn qn| df siowq df
ao|onq iel |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q9>%
Oe fowq| s`ian xn xo`` lnqawogn |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| iei`{oeh
|mn swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode gnmivodw oe dwlnw |d vnwof nbsowoai`` |mn n}oq|nean df
9< \mn bdln` k~q| swnqne|nl oq i qobs`n vnwqode df i `iwhn fibo` df \NAB bdln`q% Amone @d iel [ovd| -9???/ iqxn`` iq Gi`jn iel Fdbg -9??8/ swnqne| bdwn adbs`oai|nl n}|neqodeq oe |nwbq df bdwn adbs`oai|nl ih‟q q|w~a|~wnloffnwne| ilk~q|bne| qsnnl fdw niam wnhobn n|a%
9>
\moq |sn df isswdiam swnqne|q i q|i|oq|oai` bdln` df |mn gnmivodw df |mn viwoig`nq wi|mnw |mie ie nadedboa q|w~a|~wi`bdln`% \mn ilvie|ihn df |moq |sn df isswdiam oq |mi| o| i``dxq isswdiamoeh |mn li|i xo|md~| nq|ig`oqmoeh i swodwoadeq|wioe|q%
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wnvnwqodeq oe |mn wnhodei` |wiln si||nweq% \mnqn wnvnwqodeq bohm| gn n}s`ioenl g |mn |mwnqmd`l
wn`i|odeq gn|xnne swoanq ai~qnl g |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iq |moq lda~bne| q~q|ioeq% Qnadel`
xn xo`` swdannl |d nvi`~i|n xmn|mnw |mn swoanq n}swnqqnl oe `dhiwo|mbq swnqne| ~eo| wdd|q g
~qoeh |mn I~hbne|nl Loajn"F~``nw |nq| |moq oq obsdw|ie| qoean |mn adoe|nhwi|ode |nq|q aie gn
snwfdwbnl fdw qnwonq |mi| qmdx |d gn ede"q|i|odeiw df dwlnw O-9/% If|nwxiwlq xn xo`` nvi`~i|n|mn n}oq|nean df `deh w~e wn`i|odeq gn|xnne swoanq df siowq df ao|onq iel |mn swoan df lonqn`
~qoeh |mn Kdmieqne iel K~qn`o~q -9??3/ swdanl~wn iq i swnwny~oqo|n fdw |mn nq|obi|ode df |mn
swoan |mwnqmd`l bdln`%
Dean |mn n}oq|nean df adoe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne |mn qnwonq ~elnw iei`qoq oq vnwofonl xn
nq|obi|n |mn |mwnqmd`l nwwdw adwwna|ode bdln` lnqawognl g |mn n}swnqqode -99/% Fwdb |mn
nq|obi|ode df |moq bdln` o| xo`` gn sdqqog`n |d foel |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |dxiwlq |mn
ny~o`ogwo~b |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q |mi| adeq|o|~|n |mn ny~o`ogwo~b giel |mwnqmd`lq df |mn swoanq
iel |mn swdgigo`o|onq df q~aanqqf~` iel fio`nl iwgo|wihn i| wnhodei` `nvn` ade|wd``oeh fdwqniqdei`o| iel i~|dadwwn`i|ode df |mn lio` fwny~nea swoan qnwonq% \mne xn xo`` snwfdwb |mn
`ojn`omddl wi|od |nq|q oe dwlnw |d nvi`~i|n |mn qoheofoaiean df |mn nq|obi|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q g
~qoeh |mn Swijiqm iel \i`dw -9??8/ bn|mdld`dh%
Foei`` iq i enx fni|~wn df |moq lda~bne| xn xo`` n}s`dwn xmn|mnw |mnwn n}oq|q i
wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne -o/ |mn lnhwnn df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode df niam ao| iel |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q
iel -oo/ |mn iqqn|q neldxbne|q iel s~g`oa qnwvoanq oefwiq|w~a|~wn ivio`ig`n oe |mn ao|onq -fdw
n}ibs`n; wdilq |n`nadbb~eoai|ode qnwvoanq n`na|woai` oefwiq|w~a|~wn n|a/ g ~qoeh wnhwnqqode
|nameoy~nq% \mn wnq~`|q df iss`oeh |moq bn|mdld`dh |d |mn Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn| aiqn iwn
lnqawognl oe |mn en}| qna|ode%
6%<% Q|~l df |mn Snw~voie sd|i|d biwjn|
6%<%9 Gwonf lnqawos|ode df |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn biwjn| ~elnw q|~ly
\mn sd|i|d biwjn| swnqne|q vnw qsnaoi` fni|~wnq qoean o| miq |mn `iwhnq| awdssoeh iwni96 iel
mnean |mn `iwhnq| swdl~a|ode oe Snw~% \mn swdl~a|ode df sd|i|d oe Snw~ oe |mn `iq| niwq miq
gnne fwdb 7%6 |d 1%7 |md~qielq df bn|woa |deq i niw swdannloeh fwdb 71< |d 7=> |md~qiel
iee~i`` miwvnq|nl mna|iwnq -Boeoq|w df Ihwoa~`|~wn df Snw~ 7337/% \mn biheo|~ln df |mn
awds xmoam oq miwvnq|nl oe i`` |mn lnsiw|bne|q df |mn Qonwwi iq xn`` iq oe qnvnwi` lnsiw|bne|qdf |mn Adq|i bijn |mi| ie lnvoi|ode de o|q swdl~a|ode dw swoanq -ai~qnl g xni|mnw miwvnq|nl
iwni s~wamiqoeh sdxnw siqqigo`o| df wdilq amiehnq de wn|~weq adeane|wi|ode df awdsq/
adeq|ie|` iffna|q |mn biwjn| adelo|odeq fdw o|q adbbnwaoi`o{i|ode iel loq|wog~|ode%
Oe wnfnwnean |d |mn qsi|oi` loq|wog~|ode df |mn sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oe Snw~ ? d~| df |mn 9?
lnsiw|bne|q |mi| swdl~an sd|i|d iaad~e| fdw 8>. df |mn |d|i` swdl~a|ode xmnwniq 1 d~| df
|mnb ade|wog~|n xo|m 1>.% I`bdq| i`` df |mn sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oe Snw~ adbnq fwdb |mn
96 Oe 7339 iaadwloeh |d FID Snw~ xiq |mn n`nvne|m ad~e|w xo|m |mn gohhnq| awdssoeh iwni i``dai|nl |d sd|i|d swdl~a|oded~| df 9>7 ad~e|wonq -Qnn m||s;$$fidq|i|%fid%dwh$fidq|i|$ad``na|odeq4vnwqode2n}|&miqg~`j23&q~gqn|2ihwoa~`|~wn/
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Bd~e|ioeq Wnhode amiwia|nwo{nl g qmiws qniqdei`o|% Mnean fwdb 63. |d 83. df |mn iee~i`
sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oq miwvnq|nl gn|xnne |mn bde|mq df Biwam iel K~en iel iwd~el >>. oq
miwvnq|nl fwdb Iswo` |d K~en%
Iq bne|odenl gnfdwn |mn sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oq qmiws` iffna|nl g qniqdei`o|% \moq oq
qd gnai~qn |mn xni|mnw adelo|odeq ln|nwboen |mn |oboeh fdw |mn qdxoeh qniqde iel adeqny~ne|`|mn miwvnq| qniqde% \mn viwon| df |mn a`obi|oa fdwbi|odeq oe |moq ad~e|w bijnq o| sdqqog`n |d
qdx l~woeh |mn xmd`n niw i`|md~hm oe loffnwne| swdsdw|odeq% Oe qdbn aiqnq qdxoeh wnqsdelq
|d swdhwibq fdw miwvnq|oeh oe dx swdl~a|ode qniqdeq qd iq |d q~ss` biwjn|q xmdqn lnbiel
fdw fwnqm sd|i|d snwqoq|q |mn ne|own niw%
Gnai~qn df o|q mohm adeane|wi|ode df sds~`i|ode hddl s~wamiqoeh sdxnw loq|iean fwdb
|mn swdl~a|ode iwniq iel adeq~bs|ode |wilo|ode @obi ao| oq |mn `iwhnq| snwbiene| adeq~bnw
biwjn| df sd|i|d oe Snw~ -bdwn |mie 9733 bn|woa |deq lio` oe ivnwihn/% @obi ao| miq i
xmd`nqi`n adbbnwaoi`o{i|ode biwjn| - Bnwaild Bidwoq|i/ xmnwn bdq| df |moq |~gnw oqadeq~bnl dw qd`l |d d|mnw biwjn|q |d gn adbbnwaoi`o{nl% \moq biwjn| ane|nw jnnsq lio`
wnhoq|nw df oeadboeh swdl~a|ode qsnaofoeh oefdwbi|ode igd~| dwohoe iel 'viwon|onq' -qsnaonq/
iq xn`` iq df |mn xmd`nqi`n adwwnqsdeloeh swoanq%
Iei`{oeh |moq biwjn| o| oq xdw|mxmo`n ed|oeh |mi| oe Snw~ i mohm snwane|ihn df |mn
sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oq lnq|oenl |d qn`f"adeq~bs|ode iel i`qd |d `dai` dw wnhodei` adeq~bs|ode%
Oe illo|ode |mnwn n}oq|q i xoln loqsnwqode df qbi`` swdl~a|ovn ~eo|q -bioe` oe |mn lnsiw|bne|
df S~ed/% \mn bdq| obsdw|ie| biwjn|q -q~am iq |mn ao| df @obi \w~ko``d n|a%/ iwn q~ss`onl g
|mn swdl~a|ode qmiwnq lnq|oenl |d |wiln iel g |mn viwoig`n q~ws`~q y~ie|o|onq `nf| g ied|mnw
swdl~anwq q|wdeh` iffna|nl g wn`i|ovn swoanq% De` i qbi`` qmiwn df |mn |d|i` swdl~a|ode oq
oe|nelnl fdw oe|nwei|odei` biwjn|%
6%<%7 \mn li|i
\mn swnvod~q q|ns wny~ownl |d snwfdwb |mn q|i|oq|oai` n}nwaoqn lnqawognl oe Qna|ode 6%1 adeqoq|nl
de g~o`loeh ie isswdswoi|n li|i giqn% Oe dwlnw |d ld |moq xn hi|mnwnl lio` oefdwbi|ode igd~|
xmd`nqi`n edboei` swoanq fwdb i li|i giqn df lio` swoanq adbso`nl g OENO -Oeq|o|~|d Eiaodei`
ln Nq|ilâq|oai n Oefdwbé|oai/ |d g~o`l |mn ASO -adeq~bs|ode swoan oeln}/% \mn snwodl df iei`qoq
|mi| xiq amdqne oq Kie~iw 9??> |mwd~hm Bi 7339% Q~am li|i giqn xiq vnwofonl xo|moefdwbi|ode dg|ioenl fwdb lda~bne|q s~g`oqmnl g |mn Boeoq|w df Ihwoa~`|~wn -BOEIH/%
\mn ao|onq qn`na|nl fdw |mn iei`qoq iwn; @obi Iwny~osi M~ieaid Oai Iia~amd
So~wi S~ed M~ieaivn`oai \w~ko``d iel A~qad% \mn xnwn amdqne gnai~qn |mnow swoan qnwonq
mil |mn niq| e~bgnw df boqqoeh dgqnwvi|odeq98 iel i`qd gnai~qn |mn mivn i qoheofoaie| qmiwn
98 Xn ~qnl |mn wieldb obs~|i|ode bn|mdl |d qd`vn |mn boqqoeh dgqnwvi|odeq swdg`nb% Oe siw|oa~`iw xn iss`onl |mnswdanl~wn swdsdqnl g Joeh n| i`% -7339/% \moq swdanl~wn iqq~bnq |mi| |mn li|i giqn fd``dxq i b~`|oviwoi|n edwbi`
loq|wog~|ode iel hnenwi|nq i qn| df wieldb qob~`i|odeq fwdb |mn dwohoei` li|i giqn g ~qoeh i loq|wog~|nl `ihqisswdiam oe dwlnw |d adbs`n|n |mn boqqoeh dgqnwvi|odeq% \mn sdq|"obs~|i|odeq wnq~`|q xnwn adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mnqnwonq li|i n}swnqqnl oe dhiwo|mbq iel qmdxnl |d gn q~snwodw |d |mdqn dg|ioenl g |mn oe|nwsd`i|ode oeniw bn|mdl%
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oe |mn wnhodei` loq|wog~|ode df swdl~a|ode -qnn \ig`n 6%9/% Xo|m |mn s~wsdqn df mdbdhneo{oeh
|mn li|i xn adeqolnwnl fovn"li xnnjq qoean oe |mn dwohoei` li|i giqn |mnwn xnwn |dd bie
boqqoeh dgqnwvi|odeq fdw |mn xnnjnelq% Xn vnwofonl |mi| n}a`~loeh |mnqn xnnjnel dgqnwvi|odeq
lol ed| hnenwi|n ie goiq% \mn foei` li|i giqn ade|ioeq 9><3 dgqnwvi|odeq fdw niam ao|%
\ig`n 6%9 Wnhodei` loq|wog~|ode df sd|i|d swdl~a|odeoe Snw~ 7339
Wnhodeq \deq Snwane|ihn
@obi 99?716 1%88.Oai 1<136 9%3=.Iwny~osi 99?7>8 1%88.Iia~amd 9<387> <%<>.K~eâe <793>7 91%13.
M~ieaivn`oai 9=668> >%?3.A~qad 98=9?6 >%61.S~ed 1?8367 97%><.So~wi 93<39 3%11.@i @ognw|il 19==7> 93%38.
\d|i` ei|odei` 9?7>81> 63%=<.
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
6%<%1 Bdln` nq|obi|ode iel |nq| df mysd|mnqoq
^qoeh |mn li|i giqn lnqawognl oe |mn swnvod~q qna|ode xn swdannlnl |d nq|obi|n |mn \NAB
swnqne|nl oe Qna|ode 6%1%9 oe dwlnw |d foel |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn qsnnlq df ilk~q|bne|
fdw i |d|i` df <> ao| siowq% Swnvod~q` xn vnwofonl |mi| i`` |mn swoan qnwonq xnwn ede"q|i|odeiw
oe `nvn`q g~| q|i|odeiw oe fowq| loffnwneanq% Bdwndvnw xn vnwofonl |mi| i`` |mn siowq df swoan
qnwonq oe dhiwo|mbq fdw |mn iei`{nl ao|onq adoe|nhwi|nl xo|m |mn swoan df f~n` i| niq| i| i 93.
qoheofoaiean nvn`9=% Hnenwi`` |mn nq|obi|odeq df |mn adoe|nhwi|ode adnffoaone|q df swoanq xnwn
a`dqn |d den xmoam oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn swnqnean df qsi|oi` biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode xo|m adeq|ie|
wni` |wieqia|ode adq|q% Q~gqny~ne|` xn nq|obi|nl |mn \NAB lnqawognl oe -99/ fwdb xmoam
xn xnwn ig`n |d nq|obi|n |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn siwibn|nwq df ilk~q|bne| |dxiwlq |mn
ny~o`ogwo~b giel% Oe dwlnw |d aiww d~| adbsiwoqdeq xn adeqna~|ovn` nq|obi|nl ie -i~|d
wnhwnqqovn/ IW -9/ bdln` oe xmoam xn iqq~bnl |mnwn iwn ed loqade|oe~o|onq dw wnvnwqodeq oe
|mn |wiln f`dxq% \mn nq|obi|ode df |moq `iq| bdln` oq ~qnf~` |d adbsiwn |mn hddlenqq df fo| df
|mn \NAB bdln` ~qoeh ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq: |moq adnffoaone| oq ~q~i`` bne|odenl oe q|~lonq
df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% \ig`n 6%7 qmdxq oe illo|ode |d |mn lnqawognl nq|obi|dwq |mn ivnwihn
|obn |mi| swoanq |ijn |d ilk~q| |dxiwlq |mn ny~o`ogwo~b giel |mn Loajn"F~``nw |nq| |d nvi`~i|n
9= \mn wnq~`|q df |mn q|i|oq|oai` |nq|q iwn ivio`ig`n ~sde wny~nq|%
Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe Snw~
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918
|mn swnqnean df ede"q|i|odeiwo| xo|moe |mn ny~o`ogwo~b giel -iaadwloeh |d |mn lnqawos|ode oe
|mn n}swnqqode 8/ |mn kdoe| qoheofoaiean q|i|oq|oai` |nq|q df |mn swoan biwhoe ihq iel |mn qniqdei`
l~bbonq iel |mn xnohm| fdw |mn |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|%
\mn |mwnqmd`lq dw |wieqia|ode adq|q dg|ioenl mnwn iwn nq|obi|dwq df |mn loq|dw|odeq oe
sd|i|d adbbnwaoi`o{i|ode% Adbsiwoeh |mnb xo|m dgqnwvnl |wieqsdw|i|ode adq| oefdwbi|odebi gnadbn i giqoq fdw f~|~wn wnqniwam igd~| |mn nffoaonea df Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q%
^efdw|~ei|n` hovne |mn a~wwne|` ivio`ig`n nadedbn|woa |nameoy~nq o| oq ed| a`niw mdx |d
bijn q|i|oq|oai` oefnwnean de |mnqn nq|obi|dwq qoean |mn siwibn|nwq mivn i ede q|ieliwl `obo|
loq|wog~|ode xmoam lnsnelq de |mn qibs`n bdbne|q -qnn Mieqne 9??8/% Envnw|mn`nqq Amie
-9??1/ iel Amie iel \qi -9??=/ mivn swdvnl |mi| |mn |mwnqmd`l siwibn|nwq iwn
q~snwadeqoq|ne|9? iel |mi| |mn d|mnw siwibn|nwq df |mn \NAB bdln`q iwn iqbs|d|oai``
loq|wog~|nl iq i q|ieliwl edwbi` loq|wog~|ode xo|m |mn |soai` fdwb~`iq fdw |mn viwoiean"
adviwoiean bi|woanq gnoeh oelnsnelne| df |mn |mwnqmd`l siwibn|nwq% Mnean o| oq sdqqog`n |dnvi`~i|n |mn qoheofoaiean df |mn wnbioeoeh siwibn|nwq df |mn bdln` ~qoeh |mn |wilo|odei` Xi`l
|nq| gnai~qn |mn q|i|oq|oaq iwn iqbs|d|oai`` loq|wog~|nl fd``dxoeh i Amo"qy~iwnl f~ea|ode
ZAmone @d iel [ovd| -9???/: Mieqne 7339R%
Lnqso|n o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d bijn q|i|oq|oai` oefnwnean igd~| |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q |mn
q~snwadeqoq|nea df |mn |mwnqmd`lq h~iwie|nnq |mi| fdw |moq wnqniwam |mnqn nq|obi|dwq aie gn
|wni|nl iq |mn wni` |wieqia|ode adq|q% Bdwndvnw |mn n}oq|nean df i adeqolnwig`n loqsnwqode oe
|mn nq|obi|nl adq|q73 q|wneh|mne |mn swnvod~q iwh~bne| gnai~qn lnqso|n o| oq sdqqog`n |mi|
qdbn |mwnqmd`lq qmdx |d gn ede"qoheofoaie| o| oq ~e`ojn` |mi| i`` |mn adq|q wnq~`| ede"qoheofoaie|hovne |mn obsdw|ie| e~bgnw df ao| siowq ~elnw q|~l% Foei`` o| qmd~`l gn ed|oanl |mi| |mnwn
n}oq| d|mnw oelowna| xiq |d nvi`~i|n |mn obsdw|iean df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn iwgo|wihn wn`i|odeq%
I fowq| i`|nwei|ovn xi adeqoq|q de nvi`~i|oeh |mn qoheofoaiean df |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nw%
\moq oq i ~qnf~` oeloai|dw qoean i adnffoaone| q|i|oq|oai`` ny~i` |d {nwd xd~`l `nil |d wnkna| |mn
n}oq|nean df i |mwnqmd`l nwwdw adwwna|ode bnamieoqb iel adeqny~ne|` |mn n}oq|nean df
|wieqia|ode adq|q% I qnadel i`|nwei|ovn adeqoq|q de snwfdwboeh i `ojn`omddl wi|od |nq| |d vnwof
xmn|mnw |mn swdsdqnl bdln` xo|m |mwnqmd`lq swdvolnq i gn||nw fo| |mie i`|nwei|ovn qsnaofoai|odeq
xo|md~| |mwnqmd`lq% Oe |moq ade|n}| vi`oli|oeh |mn \NAB bdln` oelowna|` obs`onq vnwofoeh|mn n}oq|nean df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn iwgo|wihn wn`i|odeq% Fd``dxoeh Swijiqm iel \i`dw
-9??8/ xn snwfdwb |moq |nq| mivoeh iq e~`` msd|mnqoq |mi| |mn bdln` qsnaofoai|ode oq IW-9/
xo|md~| |mwnqmd`lq% Hovne |mi| iq Amone @d iel [ovd| -9???/ sdoe| d~| |mn loq|wog~|ode df |mn
q|i|oq|oa oq ed| q|ieliwl xn ~qnl |mn Bde|naiw`d Qob~`i|odeq bn|mdl |d foel |mn awo|oai` vi`~nq
iel isswd}obi|n s"vi`~nq%
9? Iaadwloeh |d Amie -9??1/ |mnqn siwibn|nwq adevnwhn |d \ xmoam oq |mn e~bgnw df dgqnwvi|odeq%73 \mn viwoi|ode adnffoaone| df |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q swnqne|nl de \ig`n 6%1 oq 3%<97%
Amis|nw 6
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9 1 = \ig`n 6%7 \wieqia|ode adq|q iel qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |d |mn ny~o`gwo~b df |mn Snw~voie sd|
@obi " M~ieaid 3%73> "3%7>6 +++ 8%=37 "8%>7< 3%386 + 9<6%=16 +++ 9<7%<98 +@obi " So~wi 3%><> "3%9?9 +++ 93%=1? "7%>=6 "3%78= + 9=%989 + 79%697 +@obi " Iwny~osi 3%71? "3%98? +++ 99%6=< "7%?>6 "3%9>< +++ 9=%788 + 78%717 +@obi " \w~ko``d 3%7?6 "3%618 +++ 7%78> "6%3=6 3%3>8 79%>19 +++ 6>%8?1 +Oai " @obi 3%999 "3%>97 +++ 1%797 "9%?97 "3%937 +++ <8%91= +++ 79=%91= +
@obi " Iia~amd 3%73< "3%77> +++ ?%311 ">%>6? "3%939 +++ <>%1=> +++ 79%?89 +@obi " M~ieaivn`oai 3%>76 "3%1>< +++ >%781 "6%><? "3%971 18%331 +++ =%?3= +@obi " A~qad 3%19< "3%3=< +++ 76%9=? "9%761 "3%977 =%>86 91%168 +M~ieaid " M~ieaivn`oai 3%7<> "3%7<8 +++ =%996 "9%??= "3%3?= 9?%6=3 +++ 17%38> +Iia~amd " M~ieaid 3%19< "3%77? +++ =%=7 "6%77 "3%3?= 16%9>? +++ 83%>9= +M~ieaid " A~qad 3%<9< "3%96> +++ 97%=3< 3%>97 "3%979 7=%7<8 +++ 97%8?9 +M~ieaid " Oai 3%7=7 "3%788 +++ 8%3?7 "8%?17 3%37= 6<%<3> +++ 6>%199 +M~ieaid " \w~ko``d 3%<3< "3%1>8 +++ >%73= "6%3?= 3%33> 7>%99? +++ 918%3<6 +So~wi " \w~ko``d 3%17> "3%71? +++ =%<3= "1%<18 3%33? 13%?7> +++ 77%<18 +So~wi " Oai 3%<91 "3%9=8 +++ 99%3?? "9%?<1 "3%791 ++ 98%<18 + 8?%6>? +Iwny~osi " So~wi 3%>68 "3%9?6 +++ 93%>1< "7%73< "3%<=6 +++ =>%<36 +++ <7%?7< +So~wi " M~ieaid 3%<>1 "3%368 +++ 17%?69 "9%<68 "3%<31 98%>73 +++ >7%==< +
So~wi " M~ieaivn`oai 3%6>8 "3%7>6 +++ 8%8?9 ">%867 "3%919 1?%6<7 +++ 79%78? +So~wi " Iia~amd 3%>86 "3%937 +++ 79%16< "1%1>= 3%7<1 7>%<9= +++ 777%73< +Iwny~osi " Iia~amd 3%>67 "3%971 +++ 98%899 "<%<?= "3%3>6 <>%>77 +++ 118%86 +Iwny~osi " S~ed 3%1?6 "3%389 +++ 19%>99 "3%?37 "3%66? +++ 77%=66 +++ 96%>7? +Iwny~osi " \w~ko``d 3%<<7 "3%81? +++ 9%896 "6%13? "3%3?6 + 7>%?>< +++ 918%888 +
\wieqia|ode Qsnnl df Ivnwihn ILF \nq| |d Xnohm| df |mn E~``o| |nq| |d E~``o| |nadq|q ilk~q|bne| snwodl df nvi`~i|n |mn dgqnwvig`n |mn qniqdei` fdw |mn i
Biwjn| Siowq ilk~q|bne| wnhobn oeqoln |wieqia|ode l~bbonq -?3. df |mn giel adq|
ny~o`ogwo~bvi`~n/
\mwnqmd`l Nwwdw Adwwna|ode Bdln` IW -9/ Bdln
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9 1 ?
Iwny~osi " Oai 3%717 "3%73> +++ 93%3<8 "9%33? "3%1>? +++ 63%8? +++ >68%136 +M~ieaid " Iwny~osi 3%>>1 "3%936 + 73%>98 "8%767 3%3<6 63%737 +++ 19%66? +M~ieaivn`oai " Iwny~osi 3%=9? "3%181 ++ <%?1 ">%8?< "3%7>8 +++ 19%8=? +++ <?%>3< +S~ed " \w~ko``d 3%>96 "3%769 +++ 8%69= "7%7<6 "3%3> 9=%3<> + 81%1<1 +Iia~amd " S~ed 3%8?= "3%<>6 +++ 1%8=7 "<%6<< 3%>66 1>%=61 +++ 1=%?39S~ed " Oai 3%8<< "3%9?? +++ 93%16? "3%=>6 "3%11 ++ 19%>8? +++ 737%1<7 +M~ieaid " S~ed 3%?<7 "3%768 +++ 8%<7< ">%?>= "3%366 >9%?78 +++ 9>%8=6 +M~ieaivn`oai " S~ed 3%86? "3%71> +++ =%69< "<%=<1 "3%979 <7%17= +++ 79%9<8 +
M~ieaivn`oai " \w~ko``d 3%16= "3%<69 +++ 1%87 "6%?=8 3%978 + 17%=?3 +++ 99>%9<3 +M~ieaivn`oai " A~qad 3%89< "3%<=3 +++ 1%>9? "<%==6 "3%777 ++ 7%376 7>%>79 +\w~ko``d " Oai 3%9?? "3%9?8 +++ 93%<6> ">%>< "3%318 <9%96? +++ 17%>7> +\w~ko``d " A~qad 3%6= "3%881 +++ 9%>>< "<%13> "3%311 99%3< 93<%=97 +Iia~amd " \w~ko``d 3%>>8 "3%1<< ++ >%<6= ">%<<? 3%91> 7>%>71 +++ 96>%<>8 +Iia~amd " M~ieaivn`oai 3%7?= "3%976 +++ 98%3<8 "3%111 "3%716 +++ 63%=99 +++ <8%311 +M~ieaivn`oai " Oai 3%188 "3%79? +++ ?%131 ">%98? "3%3>1 <3%17? +++ 61%11 +@obi " S~ed 3%1<1 "3%3>< +++ <9%<>= "3%7=8 "3%3?? 98%?8? + ?%631 +So~wi " S~ed 3%<11 "3%91> +++ 9>%=77 "7%<=< "3%7>? +++ 9=%986 + 91%=81 +S~ed " A~qad 3%189 "3%99= +++ 9=%18? "7%>96 3%39? 96%?>? + 8%<?1 +Iia~amd " Oai 3%<79 "3%99< +++ 9?%338 ">%>=? "3%378 <=%336 +++ <7%6>9 +A~qad " Iia~amd 3%<=1 "3%938 +++ 73%7?8 "<%63> "3%37? 97%1<6 =<%??? +Oai " A~qad 3%<18 "3%9>7 ++ 9<%336 "9%<19 "3%3>8 ?%38= 6?%31? +So~wi " A~qad 3%<88 "3%973 +++ 98%?6? "1%88? "3%967 + <8%3=? +++ 6?%1?? +A~qad " Iwny~osi 3%<9> "3%91= +++ 9>%>6 "9%91= "3%36< 76%36= +++ 7=%?6? +
\wieqia|ode Qsnnl df Ivnwihn ILF \nq| |d Xnohm| df |mn E~``o| |nq| |d E~``o| |nadq|q ilk~q|bne| snwodl df nvi`~i|n |mn dgqnwvig`n |mn qniqdei` fdw |mn i
Biwjn| Siowq ilk~q|bne| wnhobn oeqoln |wieqia|ode l~bbonq
-?3. df |mn giel adq|ny~o`ogwo~b
vi`~n/
\mwnqmd`l Nwwdw Adwwna|ode Bdln` IW -9/ Bdln
+++ qoheofoai|ovn i| 9. ++ qoheofoai|ovn i| >. qoheofoai|ovn i| 93.
Qd~wan; dxe nq|obi|nq%
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9<3
6%<%1%9Bioe Wnq~`|q
Oe Foh~wn 6%9 xn aie dgqnwvn |mn ny~o`ogwo~b giel lnfoenl fdw swoanq loffnwne|oi` oe |mn ao|
siow @obi"M~ieaid% \mn nq|obi|ode wnq~`|q q~hhnq| |mi| |mn ny~o`ogwo~b giel oq lnfoenl g
|mn |mwnqmd`lq 3%73> "3%73>% Iq q~hhnq|nl g |mn foh~wn qoean swoanq loffnwne|oi` oq no|mnw
igdvn dw xo|moe |mn giel bdq| df |mn |wiln f`dxq xd~`l gn |ijoeh s`ian oe den lowna|ode-M~ieaid"@obi/ xo|m i |wieqia|ode adq| df 73%>.%
Foh~wn 6%9 Nq|obi|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q; @obi vq% M~ieaid
Iaadwloeh |d \ig`n 6%7 o| oq sdqqog`n |d vnwof |mn swnqnean df ie ilk~q|bne| bnamieoqb
|dxiwlq |mn ny~o`ogwo~b giel ln|nwboenl g |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q fdw i`` |mn ao| siowq ~elnw
q|~l% \moq oq qd qoean |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq iwn qoheofoaie|` loffnwne| fwdb {nwd% \moq
wnq~`| aie gn oe|nwswn|nl iq nvolnean df oe|nwbnloiwonq‟ swnloa|ode fio`~wnq igd~| swoanq
loffnwneanq gn|xnne ao|onq% Fdw n}ibs`n of ie dvnwq~ss` -~elnwq~ss`/ df sd|i|d |ijnq s`ian
enhi|ovn -sdqo|ovn/ swdfo|q xo`` gn dg|ioenl iq i wnq~`| df iwgo|wihn g~| |mn xo`` |nel |d loqissniw
iq biwjn| ilk~q|q |d adwwna| |mn loqny~o`ogwo~b%Oe hnenwi` |mn nq|obi|nl |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn fiow` wniqdeig`n fdw |mn ao| siowq ~elnw
iei`qoq% Fdw n}ibs`n oe |mn aiqn df |mn siow Iia~amd"S~ed |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn vnw mohm
-8?./ qd amieanq df |wiln gn|xnne gd|m ao|onq xd~`l gn qbi``% \moq wnq~`| aie gn n}s`ioenl g
|xd wniqdeq: fowq| S~ed oq i wnhode |mi| adeq~bnq g o|qn`f o|q sd|i|d swdl~a|ode iel qnadel
|mnwn n}oq|q i adeqolnwig`n loq|iean iel hndhwismoai` lovnwqo| gn|xnne gd|m ao|onq% I qobo`iw
n}s`iei|ode oq vi`ol fdw |mn siowq M~ieaivn`oai"S~ed M~ieaid"S~ed iel M~ieaivn`oai"A~qad%
De |mn d|mnw miel |mnwn n}oq| oe|nwbnloi|n aiqnq q~am iq So~wi"M~ieaivn`oai Iwny~osi"
Iia~amd M~ieaid"\w~ko``d Iia~amd"\w~ko``d ibdeh d|mnwq xmnwn |mn |wieqia|ode adq|qiwn ed| qd mohm iel |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq oeloai|n i mohmnw ilk~q|bne| qsnnl |dxiwlq |mn
Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe Snw~
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9<9
ny~o`ogwo~b% Oe |mnqn aiqnq |mn oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne biwjn|q |ijnq s`ian iq Nwkeinq iel Snwqqde
-7333/ q~q|ioe |mwd~hm bnlo~b ao|onq |mi| iwn ~qnl iq `oejihn fdw |mn adbbnwaoi`o{i|ode iel
|wieqsdw|i|ode df swdl~a|q% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn siow M~ieaid"\w~ko``d oq `oejnl |mwd~hm @obi
ao| xmnwniq |mn siow S~ed"M~ieaivn`oai oq oe|nhwi|nl |mwd~hm |mn adwwoldw M~ieaid"@obi"
\w~ko``d% \mn nq|obi|nl |mwnqmd`lq oe |mnqn aiqnq aie gn oe|nwswn|nl iq |mn loffnwne|oi`|wieqia|ode adq|q fwdb den siow df biwjn|q |d i |mowl biwjn| xo|m xmoam |mn iwn `oejnl iq
q~ss`onwq dw adeq~bnwq% \moq oe|nwswn|i|ode oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m Nkweinq iel Snwqqde -7333/
iwh~bne|q: |mnqn i~|mdwq qmdx |mi| |mn ny~o`ogwo~b swoan loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne oe|nhwi|nl biwjn|q
|mi| ld ed| |wiln xo|m niam d|mnw oq `dxnw |mie |mn |wieqsdw|i|ode adq| gn|xnne |mnb%
Bdwndvnw o| oq xdw|m |d nbsmiqo{n |mn n}oq|nean df ao| siowq xmnwn |mn ilk~q|bne|
|dxiwlq |mn ny~o`ogwo~b oq fiq| gnai~qn |wieqia|ode adq|q iwn `dx iel adeqny~ne|` iwgo|wihn
dssdw|~eo|onq ld ed| snwqoq| fdw |dd `deh -`nqq |mie = liq fdw |mn ilk~q|bne| |dxiwlq |mn
ny~o`ogwo~b/% Xn bi y~d|n |mn aiqnq df @obi"M~ieaid Oai"@obi Iwny~osi"Oai M~ieaid"M~ieaivn`oai So~wi"\w~ko``d ibdeh d|mnwq% \mn a`dqnenqq df |mn ao|onq |mn qobo`iwo| df
hndhwismoai` adelo|odeq iel |mn iaanqqogo`o| |d sivnl wdilq xd~`l fiao`o|i|n |mn sd|i|d |wiln
iq |mn ld oe |mn aiqn df |mn siow @obi"M~ieaid% Ie illo|odei` ln|io` |mi| qmd~`l gn bne|odenl
oq |mi| oe hnenwi` |mn ao| siowq dai|nl oe |mn Adiq| swnqne| dxnw |wieqia|ode adq|q iel mohmnw
qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |d |mn ny~o`ogwo~b |moq oq i qneqog`n wnq~`| qoean |moq wnhode miq gn||nw
|wieqsdw|i|ode fiao`o|onq nqsnaoi`` oe |nwbq df |mn hddl adelo|ode df |mn wdilq%
D|mnw obsdw|ie| wnq~`| oq |mi| oe bdq| df |mn aiqnq |mn \NAB bdln` swdvnq |d gn i
q~o|ig`n qsnaofoai|ode adbsiwnl |d i qobs`n IW -9/ bdln` xo|md~| |mwnqmd`lq% \moq oq qd
gnai~qn qoean iaadwloeh |d \ig`n 6%1 oe bie df |mn biwjn| siowq ~elnw iei`qoq |mn |wieqia|ode
adq|q iwn i qoheofoaie| qd~wan df |wiln loq|dw|ode nq|obi|oeh iwgo|wihn wn`i|odeq xo|md~| |ijoeh
oe|d iaad~e| q~am adq|q xd~`l obs` i qsnaofoai|ode boq|ijn%
6%<%1%7 Olne|ofoai|ode df |mn loffnwne| iwgo|wihn wnhobnq iel |mnow adeqoq|neay
xo|m |mn sd|i|d adeq~bs|ode oe Snw~
Oe dwlnw |d olne|of loffnwne| iwgo|wihn wnhobnq xn qmdx oe \ig`n 6%< |mn snwane|ihn df aiqnq
oe xmoam |mn swoanq loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne biwjn|q fi``q no|mnw xo|moe dw d~|qoln |mn ny~o`ogwo~b
giel% Iq dgqnwvnl oe |moq |ig`n bdq| df |mn biwjn| siowq swnqne| sd|ne|oi` wnvnwqode oe |wiln
si||nweq i`|md~hm |mn snwane|ihn df obs`oai|nl dgqnwvi|odeq oq `o||`n%
\mn biwjn| siowq iwn bdq| fwny~ne|` qo|~i|nl oe |mn Wnhobn OO xmnwn ed iwgo|wihn
dssdw|~eo|onq snwqoq|; |mn nffoaone| iwgo|wihn adelo|ode oq qi|oqfonl oe bdwn |mie 83. df |mn
aiqnq% De` oe fnx aiqnq xn dgqnwvn `nqq |mie 63. df |mn dgqnwvi|odeq fwdb i siw|oa~`iw siow
df ao|onq xo|moe |mn Wnhobn OO -fdw n}ibs`n |mn aiqn df S~ed"A~qad @obi"M~ieaid/% Oe
d|mnw xdwlq nvne of oe qdbn daaiqodeq |mn |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq iwn ed| adbs`n|n` n}s`do|nl
bdq| df |mn biwjn|q iwn df|ne oe ie nffoaone| iwgo|wihn qo|~i|ode%
O| oq sdqqog`n |d adea`~ln |mi| nvne |md~hm |mn oe|nhwi|ode df biwjn|q n}oq|q oe |mn dehw~e qoean iwgo|wihn dssdw|~eo|onq iwn swnqne| l~n |d woholo|onq oe |mn swdanqq df ilk~q|bne| |d
Amis|nw 6
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9<7
\ig`n 6%1 @ojn`omddl wi|od |nq|%-Md; IW-9/ vq M9; \NAB/
Biwjn| Siowq Wi|od Swdgigo`o|
@obi " M~ieaid =7%8?7 ++ 3%339@obi " So~wi =6%113 ++ 3%339@obi " Iwny~osi 16%?1< ++ 3%39?@obi \w~ko``d ?3%7=< ++ 3%333Oai " @obi <6=%<79 ++ 3%333@obi Iia~amd 97%=6< 3%916@obi " M~ieaivn`oai >7%?1= ++ 3%338@obi " A~qad 96%=9? + 3%3?6M~ieaid " M~ieaivn`oai 7<%168 ++ 3%3<8Iia~amd " M~ieaid 76%971 ++ 3%3<9M~ieaid “ A~qad 97%<76 3%9<3M~ieaid " Oai =%9?? 3%73=M~ieaid "\w~ko``d 9<%676 3%97<So~wi " \w~ko``d <?%<=< ++ 3%393So~wi " Oai 7<%<1= ++ 3%3<6Iwny~osi " So~wi 9<=%73< ++ 3%333M~ieaid " So~wi 16%796 ++ 3%379So~wi " M~ieaivn`oai 16%<98 ++ 3%373So~wi " Iia~amd 1%667 3%7?>Iwny~osi " Iia~amd 978%<=> ++ 3%333Iwny~osi " S~ed 9<>3%77> ++ 3%333Iwny~osi " \w~ko``d 7=%=<9 ++ 3%311M~ieaid " Iwny~osi 91%9<? 3%91>M~ieaivn`oai " Iwny~osi 7?%8>9 ++ 3%319
S~ed " \w~ko``d 79%>8? + 3%36<Iia~amd " S~ed 93%797 3%989S~ed " Oai 89%3?? ++ 3%337M~ieaid " S~ed ?%>9< 3%98?S~ed " M~ieaivn`oai <%<17 3%7=9M~ieaivn`oai " \w~ko``d 9=%678 + 3%3=3M~ieaivn`oai " A~qad 99%?99 3%9>3\w~ko``d " Oai >>%9?6 ++ 3%33=\w~ko``d " A~qad 6%771 3%7<?Iia~amd " \w~ko``d 9=%377 + 3%3=6Iia~amd " M~ieaivn`oai 937%=>8 ++ 3%333M~ieaivn`oai " Oai <7%<99 ++ 3%391@obi " S~ed 79%<=< + 3%368So~wi " S~ed 996%9?7 ++ 3%333S~ed " A~qad 77%9?? + 3%3>?Iia~amd " Oai 7<%8<6 ++ 3%3<3A~qad " Iia~amd 11%396 ++ 3%37>So~wi " A~qad >1%769 ++ 3%338Iwny~osi " A~qad >7%86< ++ 3%338
Awo|oa Vi`~nq; 6%9?> 96%>19 71%6?> iel <?%163 i| 7>. 93. >. iel 9. df q oheofoaiean\mn isswd}obi|nl s"vi`~n iel |mn awo|oa vi`~nq mivn gnne fd~el |mwd~hm9333 Bde|nAiw`d qob~`i|odeq%+ qoheofoai|ovn i| 93. ++ qoheofoai|ovn i| >.Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe Snw~
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9<1
|mn ny~o`ogwo~b |mn biwjn|q ld ed| swdvn |d gn oe|nhwi|nl oe |mn qmdw| w~e% Mdxnvnw fdw bdq|
biwjn| siowq |mn nffoaone| iwgo|wihn qo|~i|ode oq qi|oqfonl oe bdwn |mie 83. df |mn dgqnwvi|odeq%
Xn qmd~`l bne|ode |mi| xo|md~| f~w|mnw oefdwbi|ode igd~| |mn dgqnwvnl |wieqia|ode
adq|q dw igd~| |wiln f`dxq o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d hn| wdg~q| adea`~qodeq no|mnw igd~| nffoaonea oe
iwgo|wihn wn`i|odeq dw igd~| wnvnwqodeq oe |mn |wiln si||nweq% Envnw|mn`nqq qdbn oefdwbi|odesonanq iwn ivio`ig`n fdw |moq iob% ^qoeh oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn q~wvn NEIMD ‑ OV y~iw|nw
7339 snwfdwbnl g OENO o| oq sdqqog`n |d nq|obi|n |mn adeq~bs|ode df sd|i|d g lnsiw|bne|
fdw |mn iq| |mwnn bde|mq df |mn niw 7339 oe dwlnw |d ade|wiq| |moq nq|obi|ode xo|m oefdwbi|ode
de sd|i|d swdl~a|ode qd iq |d nvi`~i|n |mn daa~wwnean df wnvnwqodeq oe |wiln si||nweq% \mn
wnq~`|q iwn qmdxe oe \ig`n 6%>%
Hovne |mn iwhn viwon| df a`obi|nq iel awdssoeh {denq oe Snw~ o| oq ed| q~wswoqoeh |mi|
|mn qibn awds oq swdl~anl oe loffnwne| snwodlq l~woeh |mn niw% \moq lovnwqo| i``dxq fdw |mn
n}oq|nean df |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq gn|xnne wnhodeq% Iq qmdxe oe \ig`n 6%1 sd|i|d swdl~aoehlnsiw|bne|q iwn ªen| n}sdw|nwqº oe den snwodl df |mn niw g~| ªen| obsdw|nwqº oe d|mnw snwodl
df |mn niw% \m~q fdw n}ibs`n |mn sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oe K~eâe n}annlq g fiw o|q lnsiw|bne|i`
adeq~bs|ode l~woeh |mn fowq| qo} bde|mq df |mn niw xmnwniq l~woeh |mn qnadel qnbnq|nw K~eâe
ennlq |d g~ sd|i|d fwdb d|mnw lnsiw|bne|q |d swdvoln fdw o|q dxe adeq~bs|ode% Qdbn|moeh
qobo`iw oq dgqnwvnl oe Iia~amd A~{ad M~ieaivn`oai dw Oai xmnwn o| oq wny~ownl |d obsdw|
sd|i|d i| `niq| l~woeh qdbn bde|mq df |mn niw% De |mn d|mnw miel |mnwn iwn lnsiw|bne|q |mi|
i`xiq swdl~an bdwn |mie |mn d~|s~| |mn ia|~i`` adeq~bn q~am iq Iwny~osi iel @i @ognw|il
qd |mn |nel |d gn en| n}sdw|nwq bdq| df |mn niw xmo`n d|mnwq q~am iq @obi iel So~wi |nel |dgn en| obsdw|nwq l~woeh |mn xmd`n niw% Xo|m |moq nvolnean o| oq sdqqog`n |d q~ssdw| |mn
msd|mnqoq df |mn n}oq|nean df wnvnwqodeq oe |mn |wiln si||nweq df |mn sd|i|d biwjn| iq o| xiq
sdoe|nl d~| fwdb |mn wnq~`|q swnqne|nl oe \ig`n 6%<%
Ied|mnw xi |d |nq| |mn n}oq|nean df loffnwne| iwgo|wihn wnhobnq iq xn`` iq |mn wnvnwqode
oe |mn |wiln si||nweq oq adbsiwoeh |mn gnmivodw df |mn swoanq loffnwne|oi` xo|m wnqsna| |d |mn
dgqnwvnl |wieqsdw|i|ode adq|q% De |mn giqoq df oefdwbi|ode dg|ioenl fwdb |mn B\A -Boeoq|w
ln \wieqsdw|q/ igd~| |mn ivnwihn fwnohm| snw |de o| oq sdqqog`n |d olne|of |mn swnqnean df
loffnwne| iwgo|wihn wnhobnq% Fdw n}ibs`n iq qmdxe oe Foh~wn 6%7 fdw |mn aiqn df |mn siow @obi"
M~ieaid79 o| oq sdqqog`n |d olne|of |mi| |mn |wiln lowna|ode hdnq fwdb M~ieaid |d @obi
gn|xnne Bi iel Qns|nbgnw gnai~qn |mn swoanq oe @obi iwn mohmnw |mie |mn ivnwihn fwnohm|
adq|% \moq wnq~`| oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn nvd`~|ode df |mn sd|i|d swdl~a|ode oe |mn ad~e|w xmoam
oq qmdxe oe \ig`n 6%>% L~woeh |mnqn bde|mq |mn ane|wi` siw| df |mn Qonwwi ne|nwq |mn miwvnq|
snwodl fdw |moq |~gnw jedxe iq |mn bioe awdssoeh qniqde mivoeh @obi ao| iq o|q bioe
lnq|oei|ode biwjn|% \mn dssdw|~eo|onq |d |wiln fwdb M~ieaid |dxiwlq @obi ao| oeawniqn oe
|moq snwodl% Mdxnvnw l~woeh Qns|nbgnw iel Lnanbgnw xmne |mn adbs`nbne|iw awdssoeh
79 \mn li|i iel hwismoaq fdw |mn d|mnw ao| siowq iwn ivio`ig`n ~sde wny~nq|%
Amis|nw 6
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9<<
Ao| Siowq
Wnhobn O Wnhobn OO Wnhobn OOO
\wiln dssdw|~eo|onq Nffoaone| iwgo|wihn -ed \wiln dssdw|~eo|onq
swdfo| fdw |mn swdfo|ig`n swdfo| fdw |mnfowq| ao| |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq/ qnadel ao|
\ig`n 6%< Swdgigo`o|onq df daa~wwnean fdw |mn loffnwne| joelq df iwgo|wihn
@obi " M~ieaid 3%8. >8%6. <9%8.@obi " So~wi 6%>. ?1%1. 3%9.@obi " Iwny~osi 97%8. =>%>. 9%?.@obi " \w~ko``d 9%=. =8%3. 99%7.Oai " @obi 93%8. =>%8. 1%>.@obi " Iia~amd 7%?. 8=%7. 9=%?.@obi " M~ieaivn`oai 3%3. ?6%<. 1%>.@obi " A~qad =%<. 6>%8. 7>%=.M~ieaid " M~ieaivn`oai 97%>. 8=%6. ?%3.Iia~amd " M~ieaid 99%>. =>%=. 7%8.M~ieaid " A~qad 99%=. =7%1. >%?.M~ieaid " Oai 73. 8?. 9.M~ieaid " \w~ko``d ?%=. =?%7. 9%3.So~wi " \w~ko``d 7%9. 67%6. 1>%1.So~wi " Oai 9%9. 88%8. 79%7.Iwny~osi " So~wi 7%?. ?>%?. 9%9.M~ieaid " So~wi 3%?. 6<%7. 1<%=.So~wi " M~ieaivn`oai 3%3. ==%=. 99%7.So~wi " Iia~amd 3%3. 81%<. 76%6.Iwny~osi " Iia~amd 3%3. =3%6. 9?%3.Iwny~osi " S~ed 9<%>. =7%>. 7%?.Iwny~osi " \w~ko``d 3%1. ?3%?. =%=.
Iwny~osi " Oai 9%?. 88%>. 73%6.M~ieaid " Iwny~osi 93%1. =?%8. 3%3.M~ieaivn`oai " Iwny~osi 3%6. ??%<. 3%3.S~ed " \w~ko``d 9. =9. 9=.S~ed " Iia~amd 73%6. 8?%<. 3%3.S~ed " Oai 9. ?<. >.M~ieaid " S~ed <%>. ?>%>. 3%3.S~ed " M~ieaivn`oai <%3. ?6%3. 3%3.M~ieaivn`oai " \w~ko``d ?%?. ==%?. 9%7.M~ieaivn`oai " A~qad 3%91. ??%8<. 3%91.\w~ko``d " Oai 9=%=. 83%9. 99%7.\w~ko``d " A~qad 3%8. ?8%?. 9%<.Iia~amd " \w~ko``d 93%1. =?%3. 3%6.
Iia~amd " M~ieaivn`oai 7%6. =7%1. 9>%9.M~ieaivn`oai "Oai ?%7. =?%8. 9%3.@obi " S~ed 19%6. 6>%1. 1%9.So~wi " S~ed 6%>. =6%7. 8%1.S~ed " A~qad 3%>. <8%?. >9%6.Iia~amd " S~ed 9=%9. =3%>. 9%>.A~qad " Iia~amd 3%>. =8%1. 97%9.Oai " A~qad >%<. =9%=. 97%=.Iwny~osi " A~qad 9%7. 89%3. 78%8.
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe Snw~
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9 < >
\ig`n 6%> Nq|obi|ode df |mn ivnwihn sd|i|d adeq~bs|ode oe Snw~ g lnsiw|bne|q fdw |mn OV y~i
Lnsiw|bne|q Nq|obi|nl Adeq~bs|ode Swdl~a|ode Swdl~a|ode Swdl~a|ode Swdl~a|ode Nq|obi|nladeq~bs|ode adefolnean -Fngw~iw/ -K~en/ -I~h~q|/ -Da|dgnw/ his -Fng/
-\deq/ oe|nwvi` ?>.
Iwny~osi <<6<%<6 1<?3%<6 ><1=%<6 98>6? 7>19 91987 9><98%33 9193>Iia~amd 1361%=9 98=6%13 <1<9%11 >>?3 79997 3 97%33 7>76A~qad <786%>3 7=6<%8? >6==%79 <>16 <6131 71> 7>7%33 763M~ieaivn`oai 1<87%11 79=9%8= <867%=8 7<=3 98871 3 =>=%33 "??7
Oai 7>11%?8 9681%36 11?<%=8 3 1<< 133=< 8<>?%33 "7>1<K~eoe ?39<%7< 6><9%== 99<=6%>? 1919> <=81= 6<38 1889%33 77139@i @ognw|il 6936%=? <6<6%6= 8>68%3? >8>= >1661 9=88? 9<9?9%33 "1<?@obi <<=8>%>7 <9=<8%>1 <8?31%>9 1377 9997 7>33 7><3<%33 "<9=><So~wi 1139%17 7<8?%9= <971%<6 9183 933< ><6 <18%33 "9?19S~ed >?73%=8 <<<8%>9 81?<%71 77>? 1=>1< 3 3 "1667
\d|i` Iei`o{ild =837?%=? =7<1?%68 ?9673%93 81=??%33 71936<%33 89871 68=39 "91919Wnq|d ln` siâq 1<?=6%?7 19777%1? 1=8>9%<> =111<%33 97>381%33 1=>96 >>?>< <=1<8\d|i` Snwû 977396%=3 996=9=%63 97879>%33 9>8711%33 1>6918%33 99371? 9718>> 1>796
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
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9<6
6%<%< Ln|nwboeie|q df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode oe sd|i|d biwjn|
If|nw nq|obi|oeh |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq iq oeloai|dwq df |wiln
loq|dw|ode iel biwjn|q qsnnl df adevnwhnean |d ny~o`ogwo~b wnqsna|ovn` xn swdannl |d olne|of
xmi| iwn |mn ln|nwboeie|q df |mnqn viwoig`nq g nvi`~i|oeh |mn ivio`igo`o| df s~g`oa iqqn|q oe |mn
ao|onq ~elnw iei`qoq q~am iq |n`nadbb~eoai|odeq iel dai` bnloi oefwiq|w~a|~wn n`na|woai` nenwh
oefwiq|w~a|~wn wdilq ibdeh d|mnwq% \mn olne|ofoai|ode df |mn ln|nwboeie|q df |mn |wieqia|ode
adq|q n}oq|oeh gn|xnne ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q `dai|nl oe loffnwne| ao|onq xo`` mn`s |d |mn
obs`nbne|i|ode df sd`oaonq dwone|nl |d obswdvn nffoaonea iel adbsn|o|ovnenqq oe q~am biwjn|q%\mn oefdwbi|ode ~qnl oe |mnqn qna|odeq xiq dg|ioenl fwdb |mn Ei|odei` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
Q~wvn snwfdwbnl g OENO |moq q~wvn ad``na|nl loq|woa| li|i igd~| loffnwne| |snq df
oefwiq|w~a|~wn; wdilq n`na|woao| |n`nsmdenq qamdd`q mni`|m ane|nwq dai` biwjn| oefwiq|w~a|~wn
wilod iel |n`nvoqode q|i|odeq ibdeh d|mnwq l~woeh |mn snwodl 9??8 |d 9???%
\ijoeh |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq iq lnsnelne| viwoig`nq
|xd |snq df wnhwnqqodeq iwn nq|obi|nl oe |moq qna|ode% Oe |mn fowq| s`ian xn ~qnl |mn q|nsxoqn
bn|mdl fdw oeniw wnhwnqqodeq |d nvi`~i|n |mn wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne |wieqia|ode adq|q iel s~g`oa
iqqn|q% Iq i q|iw|oeh sdoe| xn nq|obi|nl i fowq| ny~i|ode |d iei`{n |mn wn`i|odeqmos gn|xnne|mn nq|obi|nl adq|q iel |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne| oe 9??? fdw |mn loq|woa|q |mi| adeq|o|~|n
qniqde |ijnq s`ian |mn swdl~a|ode df |mn ane|wi` siw| df |mn Bd~e|ioeq -Qonwwi Ane|wi`/ lnawniqnq
qd |mn lnbiel fwdb @obi oq qi|oqfonl g |mn lnsiw|bne| df M~ie~ad% Oe |moq snwodl df |mn
niw |wiln dssdw|~eo|onq fdw M~ieaid lnawniqn gnai~qn o|q swoanq iwn ed| adbsn|o|ovn iebdwn
xmne fiaoeh @obi ao|‟q biwjn|% \m~q |mn swnqnean df wnvnwqode oe |mn sd|i|d |wiln si||nweq
gn|xnne |mnqn ao|onq gnadbnq issiwne| iel iq |moq q|~l vnwofonq |mn lowna|ode df |wiln oq ed|~eolowna|odei` dvnw |mn niw%
Foh~wn 6%7 Swoan loffnwne|oi` gn|xnne @obi iel M~ieaid snw |de df sd|i|d 7333 " 7339
Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe Snw~
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9<8
|mn swdvoean xmnwn |mn ao|onq ~elnw iei`qoq iwn `dai|nl% \mn oelnsnelne| viwoig`nq oe |moq
wnhwnqqode iwn; 9/ |mn snwane|ihn df loq|woa|q df |mn swdvoean xmnwn |mn fowq| -qnadel/ ao| df |mn
siow ~elnw iei`qoq oq `dai|nl |mi| mivn iaanqq |d bdwn |mie 91 md~wq df n`na|woai` nenwh "
Nenwh 9 iel Nenwh 7 " 7/ |mn snwane|ihn df sivnl wdilq oe |mn lnsiw|bne| xmnwn |mn fowq|
-qnadel/ ao| oq dai|nl " Wdil 9 iel Wdil 7 " 1/ |mn snwane|ihn df loq|woa|q fwdb |mn swdvoeanxmnwn |mn fowq| -qnadel/ ao| oq `dai|nl |mi| miq `dai` wilod q|i|odeq " Wilod 9 iel Wilod 7 " </
|mn snwane|ihn df |n`nsmden oeq|i``i|odeq adeane|wi|nl oe |mn swdvoean xmnwn |mn fowq| -qnadel/
ao| oq dai|nl " \n`nadb 9 iel \n`nadb 7 " >/ |mn snwane|ihn df loq|woa|q oe |mn swdvoean xmnwn
|mn fowq| -qnadel/ ao| oq `dai|nl |mi| miq snwbiene| biwjn| oefwiq|w~a|~wn " Biwjn| 9 iel
Biwjn| 7 " iel 6/ |mn snwane|ihn df loq|woa|q oe |mn swdvoean xmnwn |mn fowq| -qnadel/ ao| oq
`dai|nl |mi| miq `dai` fiowq -Fiow 9 iel Fiow 7/%
\mn wnq~`|q fdw |mn Bdln` 9 iwn qmdxe oe \ig`n 6%6% O| oq sdqqog`n |d dgqnwvn |mi| |mnwn
n}oq|q i enhi|ovn wn`i|ode -|mi| oq nq|obi|nl adnffoaone|q iwn enhi|ovn iel qoheofoaie|/ gn|xnne|wieqia|ode adq|q -|mn lnsnelne| viwoig`n/ iel iaanqq |d wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn n`na|woa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel |n`nadbb~eoai|ode bnieq% De |mn d|mnw miel hovne |mnow wnqsna|ovn
adnffoaone|q iwn ed| qoheofoaie| xn xd~`l n}sna| |mi| iaanqqoeh |d `dai` fiowq iel snwbiene|
biwjn| oefwiq|w~a|~wn ldnq ed| mivn ed|oanig`n nffna|q de |wieqia|ode adq|q%
\mn en}| q|ns adeqoq|nl de nq|obi|oeh i |w~eai|nl wnhwnqqode |d nvi`~i|n |mn wn`i|odeqmos
gn|xnne |mn biwjn|q‟ nffoaonea xmoam oq isswd}obi|nl g |mn siwibn|nw df ilk~q|bne| |d |mn
ny~o`ogwo~b% \mn qn`na|ode df i |w~eai|nl bdln` xiq adeqolnwnl q~o|ig`n qoean oe |mndw |mn
qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| aie gn qnne iq loq|wog~|nl oe |mn oe|nwvi` Z3"9R xmnwn 3 xd~`l oeloai|n|mi| biwjn|q ld ed| adevnwhn |d |mn ny~o`ogwo~b iel "9 xd~`l oeloai|n i snwfna| ilk~q|bne| |d
|mn ny~o`ogwo~b oe swnqnean df n}dhned~q qmdajq% \mn wnq~`|q fdw Bdln` 7 iwn qmdxe oe \ig`n
6%6% Iq xn aie ed|oan |mn wnq~`|q iwn qobo`iw |d |mdqn fd~el xo|m Bdln` 9; s~g`oa iqqn|q s`i
i wn`nvie| wd`n oe |mn oeawniqn df biwjn|q nffoaonea g oeawniqoeh |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| |d
|wieqo|dw loqny~o`ogwoi%
Foei`` xn swdannlnl |d nvi`~i|n |mn wn`i|odeqmosq gn|xnne |wieqia|ode adq|q iel
ilk~q|bne| siwibn|nwq -iq lnsnelne| viwoig`nq/ iel amiehnq oe loq|woa| oefwiq|w~a|~wn
neldxbne| -wdilq n`na|woa nenwh wilod q|i|odeq/ oe |mn ao|onq ~elnw iei`qoq gn|xnne 9??8iel 9??? -iq oelnsnelne| viwoig`nq/% \mi| oq |ijoeh |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne| oe 9??8 iq
oeo|oi` q|daj |mn nq|obi|nl wnhwnqqodeq oea`~lnl iq wnhwnqqdwq |mn amiehnq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn
neldxbne| dgqnwvnl gn|xnne 9??8 iel 9???% Iq \ig`n 6%8 qmdxq |mn oeawniqn dw viwoi|ode oe
|mn swdsdw|ode df wdilq iel n`na|woa oefwiq|w~a|~wn gn|xnne 9??8 iel 9??? iwn qoheofoaie|
viwoig`nq |mi| ade|wog~|n |d |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q% Xn foel qobo`iw wnq~`|q fdw |mn
nq|obi|ode df |mn Bdln` 7 i`|md~hm oe |moq aiqn |mn oeawniqn oe |mn swnqnean df `dai` bnloi oq
i`qd wn`nvie| fdw |mn obswdvnbne| df biwjn|q nffoaonea% Mdxnvnw |moq bdln` oq ed| adea`~qovn
igd~| |mn nffna|q df ie oeawniqn df n`na|woa oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
Amis|nw 6
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9<=
Biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| biwjn|q oe Snw~
Oelnsnelne| Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone|q Bdln` 9 Adnffoaone|q Bdln` 7
Oe|nwans| <%399 ++ "3%?39-7%>9/ -7%9?/
Nenwh9 "7%819 ++ "3%<>= ++
-7%97/ -7%81/Nenwh7 "3%>9< "9%1<1 ++
-3%<9/ -1%7>/Wdilq9 "9%?89 ++ 3%7=9
-7%18/ -9%>?/Wdilq7 "9%=6> ++ "3%6=> ++
-7%=</ -7%66/\n`nadb9 "3%1<1 + "3%9=7 ++
-9%61/ -7%83/\n`nadb7 "3%3<> "3%9<= ++
-3%79/ -7%98/Biwjn|9 3%7<? + 3%999 ++
-9%=8/ -9%?9/Biwjn|7 "3%916 3%798 ++
-3%>?/ -1%96/Wilod9 "3%3?8-3%>=/
Wilod7 "3%3<< "3%7<7 ++
-3%96/ -7%98/Fiow9 3%31? "3%386
-3%7/ -3%=3/Fiow7 3%1>7 3%7?? ++
-9%9=/ 1%<=
Ed% Df dgqnwvi|odeq <> <>@dh " @ojn`omddl 79%87> 66%8<?Bi}ob~b `ojn`omddl W7 3%1<= 3%=<6
GOA "96>%76< "9=8%?98
Lnsnelne| Viwoig`n Bdln` 9; Nq|obi|nl \wieqia|ode Adq|% Nq|obi|nl |mwd~hm i `oe niw wnhwnqqod e% Oebdln` 7; Qsnnl df Ilk~q|bne|%Nq|obi|nl |mwd~hm i aneqdwnl wnhwnqqode%Oe |mn fowq| bdln` | " wdg~q| q|i|oq|oaq oe igqd`~|n vi`~n gn|xnne siwne|mnqoq%Oe |mn qnadel bdln` { " wdg~q| q|i|oq|oaq oe igqd`~|n vi`~n gn|xnne siwne|mnqoq%++ qoheofoai|ovn i| >. + qoheofoai|ovn i| 93.Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n 6%6 Ln|nwboeie| fia|dwq oe |mn wnl~a|ode df |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel|mn oeawniqn df |mn qsnnl df ilk~q|bne| gn|xnne biwjn|q
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9<?
Amis|nw 6
Oelnsnelne| Viwoig`nq Adnffoaone|q Bdln` 9 Adnffoaone|q Bdln` 7
Oe|nwans| 3%==< "3%8?=-3%?>/ -3%8?/
Nenwh9 -9??8/ "3%67< 3%779-3%=9/ -3%17/
Nenwh7 -9??8/ 3%8<> "9%>>8 +-9%<>/ -9%==/
Wdilq9 -9??8/ "3%1>8-9%6</Wdilq7 -9??8/ "9%7=> ++ "9%9?8 ++
-1%86/ -7%></Wilod9 -9??8/ 3%667 + "9%38? ++
-9%68/ -7%?9/Wilod7 -9??8/ "9%9=< ++ "9%77? ++
-7%3>/ -7%3?/∆ Nenwh9 -9??? " 9??8/ "9%96> + 3%<8?
-9%67/ -3%8>/∆ Nenwh7 -9??? " 9??8/ 3%?67 + 9%<1? +
-9%=9/ -9%=</∆ Wdilq9 -9??? "9??8/ 3%7?< "3%>=7 ++
-9%78/ -7%67/∆ Wdilq7 -9??? "9??8/ "9%93= ++ "3%?89 ++
-7%8?/ -9%?=/∆ Wilod9 -9??? "9??8/ 3%776 "3%971
-9%7?/ -3%<3/∆ Wilod7 -9??? "9??8/ 3%77? "3%96? +
-9%33/ -9%69/
Ed% Df dgqnwvi|odeq <> >@dh " @ojn`omddl 7?%3<9 63%=37Bi}ob~b `ojn`omddl W7 3%>7? 3%188GOA "9=1%8 "9?7%919
Lnsnelne| Viwoig`n Bdln` 9; Nq|obi|nl \wieqia|ode Adq|% Nq|obi|nl |mwd~hm i `oeniw wnhwnqqode% Oebdln` 7; Qsnnl df Ilk~q|bne|%Nq|obi|nl |mwd~hm i aneqdwnl wnhwnqqode%Oe |mn fowq| bdln` | " wdg~q| q|i|oq|oaq oe igqd`~|n vi`~n gn|xnne siwne|mnqoq%Oe |mn qnadel bdln` { " wdg~q| q|i|oq|oaq oe igqd`~|n vi`~n gn|xnne siwne|mnqoq%++ qoheofoai|ovn i| >. + qoheofoai|ovn i| 93.Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`6 6%8 Amiehnq oe |mn swdvoqode iq fia|dwq |mi| lnawniqn |mn |wieqia|ode adq|q iel oeawniqn |mnqsnnl df ilk~q|bne| gn|xnne biwjn|q
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9>9
Amis|nw 8
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh
W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
9
8% 9 Oe|wdl~a|ode
Oe w~wi` Snw~ i`bdq| 1> snwane| df `igdw oq i``dai|nl |d iel >9snwane| df oeadbn adbnq fwdb
nadedboa ia|ovo|onq d~|qoln df dxe"fiwboeh% \moq fia| q~hhnq|q |mi| |mnqn dff"fiwb ia|ovo|onq
dean wnfnwwnl |d iq 'adbs`nbne|iw ia|ovo|onq' aie ed `dehnw gn |m~q ai``nl% \mnqn ia|ovo|onq
oea`~ln ia|ovo|onq oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw oea`~loeh bie~fia|~woeh iel qnwvoanq gd|m oe qn`f"
nbs`dbne| -n%h% dsnwi|oeh i qbi`` mieloawif| ne|nwswoqn/ iel oe xihn"nbs`dbne| iel oe
|mn ihwoa~`|~wi` qna|dw oe xihn nbs`dbne|%
Lnqso|n |mn hwdxoeh obsdw|iean df |mnqn ia|ovo|onq vnw o||`n oq jedxe igd~| |mnb iel
de |mn wd`n |mi| |mn s`i oe |mn oeadbn hnenwi|ode q|wi|nhonq df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq oe Snw~% \moq
amis|nw |m~q miq |xd dgkna|ovnq% \mn fowq| oq |d iei`{n |mn ln|nwboeie|q df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq‟
lnaoqodeq |d ~elnw|ijn dff"fiwb ia|ovo|onq% Xn sdq|~`i|n |mi| |mn amdqne sdw|fd`od df ia|ovo|onq
xo`` lnsnel de |mn md~qnmd`lq‟ iaanqq |d s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q smqoai` foeieaoi` m~bie
iel dwhieo{i|odei`% \mn qnadel oq |d n}s`dwn |mn obs`oai|odeq df |mnqn oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode
q|wi|nhonq fdw |mn si||nwe df oeadbn loq|wog~|ode oe w~wi` Snw~% Xn foel |mi| swdbd|ode df ede"
fiwb ia|ovo| oq ed| enanqqiwo` adeqdeie| xo|m obswdvnbne| oe |mn oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iel
fdw o| |d ld qd qsnaofoa sd`oa oe|nwvne|odeq iwn ennlnl%
\mn amis|nw swdannlq iq fd``dxq% Qna|ode 8%7 swdvolnq i gwonf dvnwvonx df hnenwi`
oqq~nq iel giajhwd~el fwdb |mn `o|nwi|~wn% Qna|ode 8%1 ~qnq li|i fwdb |mn @ovoeh Q|ieliwl
Bniq~wnbne| Q|~lonq -@QBQ/ q~wvnq fdw Snw~ gn|xnne 9?=> iel 9??8 |d qmdx |mn hwdxoeh
obsdw|iean df qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq iel |mn lna`oen oe xihn"nbs`dbne| oe
|mn ede"fiwb iel fiwb qna|dwq% Bdwndvnw 9??8 @QBQ li|i iwn ~qnl |d lnqawogn w~wi` md~qnmd`l
oeadbn qd~wanq loffnwne|oi|oeh fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dw iel qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihn"
nbs`dbne|% Foei`` |mn qna|ode iqqnqqnq |mn obsia| df oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode de oeadbn
loq|wog~|ode% Qna|ode 8%< ddjq i| |mn nffna| df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn de lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq
qn||oeh |mn q|ihn fdw Qna|ode 8%> xmoam nvi`~i|nq |mn adbs`nbne|iw nffna| df iaanqqoeh
qob~`|iend~q` |d bdwn |mie den oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Qna|ode 8%6 |mne adea`~lnq xo|m sd`oa
wnadbbneli|odeq iel qdbn msd|mnqnq igd~| |mn nffna|q df q|w~a|~wi` ilk~q|bne| sd`oaonq de
|mn ad~wqn df w~wi` oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode%
9 Siw| df |moq Amis|nw oq giqnl de '\mn Ln|nwboeie|q df @igdw Ede"fiwb Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode oe W~wi` Snw~' gKivonw Nqadgi`; Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| Vd`~bn 7? E~bgnw 1 Biwam 7339% ss% <??">3=%
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9>7
8%7 Oqq~nq iel wnvonx df o|nwi|~wn
\mn adbbde vonx df |mn w~wi` qna|dw ibdeh Snw~voie sd`oabijnwq oq |mi| df i qna|dw lwovne
i`bdq| ne|own` g ihwoa~`|~wn% W~wi` oeadbn oq ny~i|nl xo|m fiwb oeadbn iel nvne bdwn
xo|m ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn% \m~q sd`oabijnwq vonx sd`oaonq |d adbgi| w~wi` sdvnw| iq sd`oaonq
|d nemiean fiwb swdl~a|ovo|% Bdq| dffoaoi` wnsdw|q swdl~anl g |mn Snw~voie hdvnwebne| dwg b~`|o`i|nwi` oeq|o|~|odeq q~am iq |mn Xdw`l Giej iq xn`` iq d|mnwq xmd mivn qmisnl |mn
Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wi` sd`oa ihneli l~woeh |mn siq| 9> niwq mivn fda~qnl i`bdq| n}a`~qovn`
de ihwoa~`|~wi` lnvn`dsbne| iq |mn xi |d wnl~an w~wi` sdvnw| iel iamonvn q~q|ioeig`n
nadedboa hwdx|m oe w~wi` iwniq% O``~q|wi|odeq df |moq xi df vonxoeh w~wi` sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode
oea`~ln Xdw`l Giej -9??=/ Boeoq|w df Ihwoa~`|~wn df Snw~ -9?=6/Boeoq|w df Ihwoa~`|~wn df
Snw~ -9??1/ iel Véqy~n{ -7333/%
Lnqso|n |moq eiwwdx vonx |mnwn oq hwdxoeh nvolnean oe lnvn`dsoeh wnhodeq |mi| |mn
w~wi` qna|dw oq b~am bdwn |mie k~q| fiwboeh% Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ q~bbiwo{n |mn nvolneanwnhiwloeh |mn ei|~wn obsdw|iean ln|nwboeie|q iel nffna|q de fiwb md~qnmd`lq df w~wi` ede"
fiwb ia|ovo| oe lnvn`dsoeh wnhodeq% \mn qmdx |mn hwdxoeh obsdw|iean df w~wi` ede"fiwb
ia|ovo| |mi| iaad~e|q fdw wd~hm` 7> snwane| df nbs`dbne| iel iq b~am iq <3 snwane| df |mn
oeadbnq hnenwi|nl oe w~wi` @i|oe Ibnwoai% Li|i fwdb d|mnw wnhodeq df |mn xdw`l qmdxq i`qd
qo{ig`n oeadbn qmiwnq fdw |mn ede"fiwb w~wi` qna|dw -17 snwane| oe Iqoi iel <7 snwane| oe
Ifwoai/% Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ i`qd qmdx |mi| i`|md~hm |mn si||nwe df oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode
gn|xnne fiwb iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq viwonq qmiws` iawdqq wnhodeq o| oq a`niw` `oejnl |d |mn
iqqn|q dw neldxbne|q df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq% Xmnwn biwjn|q df|ne ld ed| dsnwi|n oe i adbsn|o|ovndw nffoaone| xi snwqdei` iel oeq|o|~|odei` adeq|wioe|q aie s`i ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe ln|nwboeoeh
siw|oaosi|ode oe ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq% Md~qnmd`l xni`|m swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn| neldxbne|q
iel wnhodei` amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq ihwda`obi|n aie s`i i awo|oai` wd`n iq |mn bi nemiean dw
moelnw |mn swdfo|igo`o| df |mn md~qnmd`l neldxbne| giqn%
\mn o|nwi|~wn miq i`qd nq|ig`oqmnl |mi| |mn adbsdqo|ode df w~wi` oeadbnq amiehnq viwonq
xo|m xni`|m ‑ xmn|mnw iei`{nl i| |mn oelovol~i` md~qnmd`l dw wnhodei` nvn` "fdw wnhodeq iel
ad~e|wonq% \moq wn`i|odeqmos oq adelo|odenl g aiqm dw awnlo| adeq|wioe|q iq xn`` iq iaanqq |d
oefwiq|w~a|~wn% \mi| n}s`ioeq fdw n}ibs`n xm ny~i`` sddw iwniq q~am iq Xnq| Ifwoai ielQd~|m Iqoi loffnw oe |mn adbsdqo|ode df |mnow w~wi` ede"fiwb oeadbnq%
Bie q|~lonq mivn qmdxe |mi| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq oe lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq niwe bdwn
fwdb dxe"fiwboeh |mie ie d|mnw oeadbn qd~wan% \moq oq |mn aiqn df bdq| q|~lonq wnsdw|nl oe
Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ N`gnwq iel @iekd~x -7339/ Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=g/ iel Wniwlde
-9??8/% De` oe i fnx ad~e|wonq xnwn `iel`nqq sniqie|q adeq|o|~|n i qo{ig`n sds~`i|ode oq |mn
obsdw|iean df ede"fiwb oeadbnq hwni|nw |mie dxe"fiwb oeadbn%
Bdwndvnw oe |mndw |mn f~ea|odei` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode df dff"fiwb oeadbn loffnwq dvnw
md~qnmd`lq iel wnhodeq% Mdxnvnw |mnwn oq i lniw|m df li|i |d n}s`dwn |moq nbsowoai`` iel iqWniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ ed|n fnx q|~lonq loq|oeh~oqm ede"fiwb xihn"oeadbn iel qn`f"
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
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9>1
nbs`dbne| oeadbn xo|moe ede"fiwb oeadbn% Mdxnvnw |mn nvolnean |mn b~q|nw qmdxq |mi|
ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| oq b~am bdwn obsdw|ie| |mie fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| oeadbn
siw|oa~`iw` oe Ifwoai -iel `nqq qmiws` oe Iqoi iel @i|oe Ibnwoai/ i`|md~hm |mn sddwnw
md~qnmd`lq |nel |d gn |mn bioe denq |d ~elnw|ijn fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| iel |mn fiwb xihn
|nelq |d gn gn`dx |mn ede"fiwb xihn% \mnwn oq i`qd qdbn nvolnean |mi| |mnwn bi gn i qnhbne|nlw~wi` igdw biwjn| iel |mi| |mnwn iwn qdbn aiqnq -wn`i|nl |d mohm` qjo``nl ia|ovo|onq/ fdw xmoam
|mn ihwoa~`|~wn xihn bi gn mohmnw |mie |mn ivnwihn ede"fiwb xihn%
Bdq| iei`qnq de oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode oe w~wi` Snw~ iwn i g"swdl~a| df |mn o|nwi|~wn
de w~wi` sdvnw|% Q|~lonq de sdvnw| q~am iq |mi| df Bdeaili -9??6/ dw Xdw`l Giej -9???/
mivn qmdxe |mi| i o||`n bdwn |mie mi`f df |mn Snw~voie sds~`i|ode " wd~hm` 9< bo``ode " aie gn
adeqolnwnl iq sddw% Wnhodei` loqsiwo|onq iwn `iwhn iel oeawniqoeh% Bdq| wnl~a|ode oe sdvnw|
daa~wwoeh oe |mn siq| lnailn daa~wwnl oe de` |xd {denq |mi| iwn gd|m ~wgie; oe |mn aiso|i`
@obi iel oe |mn ~wgie Qonwwi -bd~e|ioe {den/% W~wi` Snw~ bioe|ioeq i mohm sdvnw| wi|n; |xddf nvnw |mwnn w~wi` oemigo|ie|q iwn sddw% Hde{é`nq Ln D`iw|n -9??6/ iel Nqadgi` n| i`% -9??=/
ibdeh d|mnwq mivn qmdxe |mi| |moq sdvnw| swdfo`n aie gn n}s`ioenl g |mn loq|oea| wnhodei`
i``dai|ode df m~bie smqoai` foeieaoi` iel dwhieo{i|odei` iqqn|q iq xn`` iq |mn neldxbne| df
s~g`oa hddlq% O| oq `ojn` |mi| anw|ioe adbgoei|odeq df s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q bi nemiean
|mn dssdw|~eo|onq df |mn w~wi` sddw |d lovnwqof oeadbnq iel i| |mn qibn |obn ivio` |mnbqn`vnq
df mohmnw"qjo``nl iel gn||nw"siol w~wi` kdgq%
Qnvnwi` q|~lonq mivn qmdxe |mn obsdw|iean df dff"fiwb dw bdwn swnaoqn` ede"fiwb
ia|ovo|onq oe w~wi` Snw~% Foh~nwdi -9?=?/ q|~l df nohm| w~wi` adbb~eo|onq oe |mn ane|wi` ielqd~|mnwe Qonwwi adea`~lnl |mi| ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq -iq ed|nl igdvn |mdqn ia|ovo|onq d~|qoln df
dxe"fiwboeh iel fiwb xihn nbs`dbne|/ iaad~e| fdw iq b~am iq 18 snwane| df |d|i` oeadbn%
Hde{é`nq Ln D`iw|n -9??6/ qmdxnl fdw qnvnwi` adbb~eo|onq df |mn edw|mnwe Qonwwi |mi| bdwn
|mie <3 snwane| df en| oeadbn adbnq fwdb ede"fiwb qd~wanq%
Mdxnvnw |mn Snw~voie `o|nwi|~wn `iajq i ln|io`nl iei`qoq df |mn ln|nwboeie|q df |mnqn
ede"fiwb oeadbn si||nweq iel |mn wd`nq |mi| jn s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q s`i oe ln|nwboeoeh
|mnb% Qdbn wnqniwam mdxnvnw miq fda~qnl de |mn nffna| df qsnaofoa iqqn|q q~am iq m~bie
aiso|i` swdl~a|ovn aiso|i` dw foeieaoi` aiso|i` de oeadbnq iel nbs`dbne| lovnwqofoai|ode oew~wi` Snw~% Vi`lovoi iel Wdg`nq -9??8/ iel Vi`lovoi -9??=/ sdoe| d~| |mn obsdw|iean df fibo`
qo{n iel adbsdqo|ode iq xn`` iq fiwb qo{n de xihn nbs`dbne| iel niweoehq oe w~wi` Snw~%
Vi`lovoi -9??8/ iel \wovn``o -9??8/ n}iboen mdx awnlo| adeq|wioe|q qmisn |mn oeadbn q|wi|nhonq
df w~wi` lxn``nwq% qoeh i q|ieliwl md~qnmd`l bdln` |mn qmdx |mi| awnlo| ivio`igo`o| aie gn
ie i`|nwei|ovn |d nbs`dbne| lovnwqofoai|ode |d qbdd|m enhi|ovn olodqeawi|oa qmdajq% Kiadg
-9??1/ Vi`lovoi iel Wdg`nq -9??8/ iel @iq{`d -7333/ mivn lnvn`dsnl fdwbi` bdln`q |d
iei`{n swdl~anw"adeq~bnw md~qnmd`l igdw q~ss` gnmivodw% Xmo`n Vi`lovoi iel Wdg`nq -9??8/
mivn giqnl |mnow nq|obi|odeq oe i q|ieliwl ihwoa~`|~wi` md~qnmd`l bdln` xmnwn |mn qnsiwigo`o|df adeq~bs|ode iel swdl~a|ode lnaoqodeq md`l Kiadg -9??1/ lnvn`dsnl i bdwn q|w~a|~wi`
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isswdiam |d nq|obi|n |mn dssdw|~eo| adq| df |obn dw qmildx xihnq df Snw~voie w~wi` md~qnmd`l
xdwjnwq% @iq{`d -7333/ n}iboenl igdw q~ss` gnmivodw oe ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| oe w~wi`
Snw~ iel qmdxnl |mi| |mn `igdw biwjn| eno|mnw ~eoy~n` edw swobiwo` ln|nwboenq md~qnmd`l
niweoehq% Fd``dxoeh ie isswdiam oeqsownl g Fwoqam lnbiel iei`qoq |mn i~|mdw adea`~lnq
|mi| bdwn nl~ai|ode oq iqqdaoi|nl xo|m i mohmnw swdgigo`o| df nehihoeh oe |mnqn ia|ovo|onq g~|ldnq `o||`n |d ade|wog~|n |d hwni|nw ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| swdfo|igo`o|%
\mn ln|nwboeie|q df siw|oaosi|ode oe iel wn|~weq |d w~wi` ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq oea`~ln |mn
md~qnmd`l‟q iqqn| neldxbne| -y~ie|o| iel y~i`o|/ iel o|q iaanqq |d s~g`oa hddlq iel qnwvoanq
iq qmdxe oe viwod~q q|~lonq q~am iq Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/ Ln Kievw iel Qild~`n| -9??6/
iel N`gnwq iel @iekd~x -7339/% Fdw siw|oa~`iw ia|ovo|onq q~am iq qjo``nl kdgq siw|oa~`iw iqqn|q
iwn obsdw|ie| q~am iq nl~ai|ode% Qdbn md~qnmd`lq iwn 's~qmnl' |d lovnwqof |mnow ia|ovo|onq
dff"fiwb of k~q| |d adsn xo|m n}|nwei` qmdajq |d |mnow dxe fiwboeh -q~am iq fwdb lwd~hm| dw i
q|nns lna`oen oe fiwbhi|n swoanq/% Dw md~qnmd`lq bi gn 's~``nl' oe|d ede"fiwb ia|ovo|gnai~qn o| df|ne siq bdwn |mie fiwboeh iel hnenwi|nq aiqm%
I q|ieliwl w~wi` md~qnmd`l bdln` df |mn ln|nwboeie|q df oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode -fdw
no|mnw s~qm dw s~`` wniqdeq/ miq |mn fd``dxoeh fni|~wnq if|nw Ln Kievw iel Qild~`n| -9??6/%
\mn md~qnmd`l swdg`nb oq |d bi}obo{n o|q ~|o`o| q~gkna| |d qnvnwi` adeq|wioe|q: ibdeh |mnb;
9/ i aiqm adeq|wioe| 7/ swdl~a|ode |named`dhonq fdw dxe"fiwboeh iel ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne|
ia|ovo|onq: 1/ n}dhned~q nffna|ovn swoanq fdw |wilig`nq: </ ie ny~o`ogwo~b adelo|ode fdw qn`f"
q~ffoaonea df fiwb swdl~a|ode: iel >/ ie ny~o`ogwo~b adelo|ode fdw fibo` `igdw% Fowq|"dwlnw
adelo|odeq df |moq |sn df bdln` hovn i qq|nb df fia|dw q~ss` iel lnbiel f~ea|odeq xmoamoe |~we snwbo| |mn ln|nwboei|ode df |mn `igdw i``dai|ode gn|xnne fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dwq
iel qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihn"nbs`dbne|%
Wnl~anl fdwb ny~i|odeq fdw |mn bdln` mivn |mn fd``dxoeh fdwb;
xmnwn Qok
wnswnqne|q |mn en| oeadbn qmiwnq adboeh fwdb fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dw ia|ovo|onq iq
xn`` iq qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihn"nbs`dbne|: s oq |mn vna|dw df n}dhned~q oes~| iel d~|s~|
swoanq: iel |mn { vna|dwq iwn |mn loffnwne| fo}nl iqqn|q |mi| iwn ivio`ig`n |d |mn md~qnmd`l% [ih
wnswnqne|q |mn fo}nl fiwb iqqn|q -q~am iq `iel dw ai||`n/: {eih
wnswnqne|q fo}nl ede"fiwb iqqn|q
q~am iq n}snwonean oe awif|q dw |wiln: {j
wnswnqne|q d|mnw jn foeieaoi` iqqn|q |mi| fiao`o|i|n
iaanqq |d awnlo|: {m
oq |mn vna|dw df m~bie aiso|i` oea`~loeh fibo` qo{n iel adbsdqo|ode -g
ihn iel hnelnw/ iq xn`` iq nl~ai|ode: {s~
oq |mn vna|dw df jn s~g`oa iqqn|q q~am n`na|woao|
wdilq qnxihn dw lwoejoeh xi|nw: foei`` {hoea`~lnq d|mnw jn iqqn|q wn`i|nl |d amiwia|nwoq|oaq
df |mn iwni -ihwda`obi|n `iel y~i`o| n|a%/%
@dsn{ -9?=6/ qmdxnl |mi| of |obn i``dai|odeq gn|xnne de"fiwb iel dff"fiwb mivn
loffnwne| ~|o`o| adeed|i|odeq dw of |mnwn oq adbb~|oeh |obn iqqdaoi|nl xo|m dff"fiwb xdwj |mnqmildx swoan df de"fiwb xdwj oq neldhned~q` ln|nwboenl xo|moe |mn md~qnmd`l% Of |moq oq qd
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
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swdl~a|ode iel adeq~bs|ode lnaoqodeq iwn ede"qnsiwig`n iel xn aie |mnwnfdwn n}sna| |d foel
md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq iffna|oeh `igdw i``dai|ode lnaoqodeq% \moq oq |mn wniqde xm oeadbn
lovnwqofoai|ode ny~i|odeq mivn |mn qsnaofoa fdwb lnsoa|nl igdvn%
Lovnwqofoai|ode df oeadbn qd~wanq bi gn wn`i|nl |d 's~``' dw 's~qm' fia|dwq loqa~qqnl
igdvn% O| bi gn `obo|nl g aiqm dw awnlo| adeq|wioe|q dw g hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq% Oe ieaiqn lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq xo`` |nel |d gn loffnwne| fdw |mn sddwnq| iq adbsiwnl |d |mn
woamnq| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq% Wniwlde -9??8/ qmdxq |mi| |mn ede"fiwb oeadbn qmiwn oq b~am `iwhnw
fdw woam |mie fdw sddw w~wi` Ifwoaie md~qnmd`lq% Wniwlde n| i`% -7333/ qmdx |mi| |moq oq |mn aiqn
oe qnvnwi` @i|oe Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq iq Iwhne|oei iel Bn}oad iel N`gnwq iel @iekd~x -7339/
qmdx |moq fdw Na~ildw% Fdw Iqoie ad~e|wonq mdxnvnw Wniwlde n| i`% -7333/ qmdx |mi| |mn
nvolnean oq qdbnxmi| bo}nl xo|m qdbn iwniq oe Oeloi iel Sijoq|ie mivoeh i qbi``nw qmiwn df
ede"fiwb oeadbn fdw |mn xni`|monq| md~qnmd`lq%
Hovne |mn obsdw|iean df ede"fiwb oeadbn oe w~wi` iwniq df bdq| lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq|mn y~nq|ode df xmn|mnw iel ~elnw xmi| adelo|odeq ede"fiwb nbs`dbne| oeawniqnq dw lnawniqnq
dvnwi`` w~wi` oeny~i`o| oq i`qd ie obsdw|ie| oqq~n% Iq Wniwlde n| i`% -7333/ sdoe| d~| |mn
iqqnw|ode |mi| ede"fiwb nbs`dbne| wnl~anq oeadbn oeny~i`o| oq giqnl de |mwnn nbsowoai`
iqq~bs|odeq; '…-9/ |mi| |mn oeadbn awni|nl g q~am ia|ovo|onq oq `iwhn ned~hm |d oef`~nean |mn
w~wi` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode -xmoam oq iq ed|nl igdvn i wniqdeig`n iqq~bs|ode oe bdq| lnvn`dsoeh
iwniq/: -7/ |mi| ede"fiwb oeadbn oq ~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl -ie oeadbn qd~wan |mi| oq snwfna|`
ny~i`` loq|wog~|nl g lnfoeo|ode aieed| i`|nw |mn loq|wog~|ode df |d|i` oeadbn/: iel -1/ |mi|
|moq ~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl oeadbn qd~wan fivd~wq |mn sddw'% \mn swnqne| nvolnean |mi| edendf |mn dff"fiwb nbs`dbne| qd~wanq enanqqiwo` wnl~anq w~wi` oeny~i`o|% Qoean oelovol~i`
iqqn| md`loehq iq xn`` iq s~g`oa hddlq iel qnwvoanq oef`~nean ede"fiwb nbs`dbne| |mn
loq|wog~|ode df |mnqn iqqn|q s`iq ie obsdw|ie| wd`n oe w~wi` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iq xn`` iq |mn
oeaolnean df q~am nbs`dbne|% Mnean fdw n}ibs`n |mn loq|wog~|ode df nl~ai|ode aie oef`~nean
oeadbn loq|wog~|ode |mwd~hm o|q nffna| de md~qnmd`lq‟ iaanqq |d xn`` sioeh ede"fiwb
nbs`dbne|%
8%1 Si||nweq df oeadbn hnenwi|oeh ds|odeq fdw w~wi` Snw~
8%1%9 \mn li|i
\mn li|i de `igdw i``dai|ode adbn fwdb |mwnn ei|odei` q~wvnq adel~a|nl gn|xnne 9?=> iel
9??8% \mnqn q~wvnq iwn md~qnmd`l q~wvnq qobo`iw |d |mn @ovoeh Q|ieliwl Bniq~wnbne| Q~wvnq
-@QBQ/ adel~a|nl g |mn Xdw`l Giej oe viwod~q lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq% \mnqn q~wvnq swdvoln
i qibs`oeh fwibnxdwj |mi| iqq~wnq |mi| |mn iwn q|i|oq|oai`` wnswnqne|i|ovn df ~wgie iel w~wi`
Snw~ i| |mn wnhodei` nvn` -o%n% fdw |mn Adq|i Qonwwi iel Qn`vi wnhodeq/% \moq amis|nw ~qnq de`
|mn w~wi` qibs`n adbswoqoeh 77=< md~qnmd`lq oe |mn 9?=>"9?=6 q~wvn 911= md~qnmd`lq oe
|mn 9??< q~wvn iel 99?9 oe |mn 9??8 q~wvn% \mn |mwnn q~wvnq bioe|ioenl |mn qibn fdwbi|%\m~q adeq~bs|ode iel `igdw |obn i``dai|ode li|i aie gn adbsiwnl dvnw |mn q~wvnq% Ed|n
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|mi| |mn 9??6 @QBQ q~wvn xiq ed| oea`~lnl oe d~w iei`qoq l~n |d |mn qbi`` w~wi` qibs`n
qo{n% \mn li|i de en| oeadbn adbn fwdb |mn 9??8 @QBQ q~wvn xmoam xiq |mn de` den df |mn
q~wvnq |mi| oea`~lnl i`` qd~wanq df oeadbn% I`|md~hm |mn @QBQ y~nq|odeeiown oq deh q~wvn
y~i`o| oq iqq~wnl |mwd~hm |xd voqo|q |d |mn md~qnmd`lq iel lowna|oeh loffnwne| siw|q df |mn
y~nq|odeeiown |d |mn isswdswoi|n md~qnmd`l bnbgnw% \mn q~wvnq hnenwi|nl ln|io`nl li|i deswobiw iel qnadeliw xihn"nbs`dbne| iel qn`f"nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq% I`|md~hm o| oq
qdbn|obnq loffoa~`| |d ~qn li|i fwdb ei|odexoln b~`|o|dsoa q~wvnq |d bniq~wn oeadbn iel
n}snelo|~wnq -l~n |d swdg`nbq wn`i|nl |d obs~|i|ode wnai`` iel qniqdei`o| df ia|ovo|onq ibdeh
d|mnw ami``nehnq/ |mn nvd`~|ode df n}snelo|~wnq gn|xnne 9?=> iel 9??8 iq bniq~wnl g |mn
Snw~ @QBQ q~wvnq |wiajq xn`` |mn li|i fwdb |mn Ei|odei` Iaad~e|q% Bdwndvnw Lni|de -9??8/
ed|nq |mi| @QBQ q~wvn oeadbn iel n}snelo|~wn li|i iwn df hnenwi`` hddl y~i`o|% \mn oeadbn
bdl~`n df |mn q~wvn ~qnq ie oeadbn wnai`` fdw |mn |xn`vn bde|mq swodw |d |mn q~wvn% Oeadbn
li|i oea`~ln gd|m swobiw iel qnadeliw qd~wanq%Xn lovoln oeadbn oe|d nohm| ai|nhdwonq lnsneloeh de xmn|mnw |mn oeadbn oq hnenwi|nl
g; -9/ qn`f"nbs`dbne| dw xihn"nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq: g/ fiwb dw ede"fiwb qna|dw ia|ovo|onq:
iel a/ qjo``nl dw ~eqjo``nl `igdw ia|ovo|onq% Qn`f"nbs`dbne| oq lnfoenl iq ia|ovo| |mi| ldnq
ed| hnenwi|n xihn dw qi`iw niweoehq% Qn`f"nbs`dbne| |soai`` oea`~lnq sn|| adbbnwan
mieloawif| bie~fia|~wn iel biamoenw wnsiow iel wne|i`% Qjo``nl `igdw nbs`dbne| oea`~lnq
|mn 'swdfnqqodei`q' q~am iq |niamoeh fdwbi` adbbnwan iel nbs`dbne| iq bo`o|iw dffoanwq%
^eqjo``nl igdw oea`~lnq fdw n}ibs`n ~eqjo``nl dsnwi|dwq df qobs`n biamoenq ~eqjo``nl qd`lonw%
\mn li|i si||nweq iel wnhwnqqodeq xnohm| |mn md~qnmd`l dgqnwvi|odeq g |mn swdgigo`o|df |mn md~qnmd`l fi``oeh oe |mn qibs`n fwibn gnai~qn |mn dgqnwvi|odeq adbn fwdb i q|wi|ofonl
wieldb qibs`n% \mn w~wi` iwni xiq fowq| lovolnl oe qnhbne|q -Adq|i Qonwwi iel k~eh`n/ iel niam
qnhbne| xiq f~w|mnw lovolnl oe|d a`~q|nwq -i g~el`n df hndhwismoai`` ade|oe~d~q md~qnmd`lq/%
8%1%7 \obn i``dai|ode iel oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode gn|xnne fiwb iel ede"fiwb
qna|dw ia|ovo|onq oe w~wi` iwniq
W~wi` md~qnmd`l `igdw |obn i``dai|ode dvnw ia|ovo|onq amiehnl dvnw |mn siq| lnailn xo|m ie
issiwne| wn`i|ode |d |mn nadedboa aa`n% \ig`n 8%9 qmdxq |mi| gn|xnne 9?=>"9?=6 iel 9??<|mnwn xiq i iwhn oeawniqn oe ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| xo|m i ed|ig`n qmof| fwdb dxe"fiwboeh%
\mn biawdnadedboa q|igo`o{i|ode swdhwib oe s`ian qoean 9??3 oeo|oi`` m~w| |mn fiwb qna|dw%
Wni` fiwbhi|n swoanq fdw bdq| awdsq lna`oenl q~gq|ie|oi`` l~woeh |mn 9??3q wnl~aoeh |mn
swdfo|igo`o| df fiwb qna|dw igdw% Md~qnmd`lq oeawniqnl |mn qmiwn df |d|i` igdw |obn i``dai|nl
|d ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| 9> snwane| |d 7> snwane| iel |mn qmiwn df `igdw |d ede"fiwb
xihn"nbs`dbne| xne| fwdb 93 snwane| |d i`bdq| 91 snwane|% \mn obsdw|iean df ede"fiwb
qn`f"nbs`dbne| xiq bioe|ioenl if|nw |mn ilk~q|bne| awoqoq issiwne|` gnai~qn |mn wn`i|ovn
wn|~we |d ede"fiwb ia|ovo| mil obswdvnl xo|m |mn ilk~q|bne| iel gnai~qn df q~gq|ie|oi`oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn -wdilq iel n`na|wofoai|ode/ oe |mn bol 9??3q%
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
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9>8
\ig`n 8%9 @igdw i``dai|ode df Snw~voie w~wi` md~qnmd`lq
9?=>"9?=6 9??< 9??8
Qn`f"nbs`dybne| ?3%<. =8%<. ?3%>.Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 8>%=. 67%1. 6<%8.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 9<%6. 7>%9. 7>%=.
Xihn"nbs`dybne| ?%6. 97%6. ?%>.Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq <%1. 6%7. <%=.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq >%1. 6%>. <%8.
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n 8%7 Wnhodei` loffnwneanq oe `igdw i``dai|ode% Snw~ " 9??8
Adq|i Qonwwi Qn`vi W~wi` Snw~
Qn`f"nbs`dybne| =<%8. ?9%>. =?%3. ?3%>.Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 69%1. 66%8. >=%3. 6<%8.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 71%<. 7<%=. 19%3. 7>%=.
Xihn"nbs`dybne| 9>%1. =%>. 99%3. ?%>.Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ?%8. <%3. >%>. <%=.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq >%6. <%>. >%>. <%8.
\d|i` 933. 933. 933. 933.
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
Md~qnmd`l `igdw i``dai|ode si||nweq ld ed| viw b~am dvnw wnhodeq% Xn mil n}sna|nl
|mi| xihn nbs`dbne| xd~`l mivn i hwni|nw qmiwn oe |d|i` fibo` igdw i``dai|ode oe |mn Adq|i
wnhode gnai~qn df i lneqnw wdil en|xdwj iel gn||nw iaanqq |d biwjn|q iel |dxeq% Mdxnvnw
\ig`n 8%7 qmdxq ~qoeh 9??8 @QBQ li|i |mi| |mnwn oq `o||`n loffnwnean dvnw wnhodeq oe |nwbq df
w~wi` md~qnmd`l igdw i``dai|ode gn|xnne qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihn"nbs`dbne| iel gn|xnne
fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dw ia|ovo|onq% Fdw n}ibs`n |mn qmiwn df qn`f"nbs`dbne| `igdw oe |d|i`
`igdw oe |mn Qonwwiq oq de` 9 snwane| igdvn |mn ei|odei` ivnwihn iel |mi| df |mn Adq|i de` 6snwane| gn`dx%
Bdwndvnw |moq `iaj df qmiws loffnwneanq oe i``dai|ode q|ielq ihioeq| |mn q~gq|ie|oi`
oe|nw"wnhodei` viwoi|ode oe snw"aiso|i md~qnmd`l oeadbnq iq qmdxe oe \ig`n 8%1 xmoam adoeaolnq
xo|m xihn viwoi|ode dvnw wnhodeq -xo|m mohmnw xihnq oe |mn Adq|i wnhode/% \mnqn wnq~`|q ld ed|
q~ssdw| |mn msd|mnqoq df J`noe -9??7/ df adevnwhnean oe xihn wi|nq dvnw `dai|odeq oe @i|oe
Ibnwoaie ad~e|wonq iel wi|mnw q~hhnq|q biwjn| qnhbne|i|ode% \ig`n 8%1 i`qd qmdxq |mi| gn|xnne
|mn Adq|i iel Qonwwi wnhodeq igdw swdl~a|ovo| loffnwq qmiws` oe |mn fiwb qna|dw g~| ldnq ed|
loffnw b~am oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw% Loffnwneanq oe |mn ihwd"a`obi|nq iel qo{nq df fiwbq oe |mn|xd wnhodeq n}s`ioe |mn fiwb swdl~a|ovo| loffnwnean% Xihnq i`qd loffnw dvnw `igdw ai|nhdwonq
Amis|nw 8
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9>=
l~n iq xn n}s`dwn f~w|mnw gn`dx |d hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel |d md~qnmd`l iel oelovol~i`
iqqn|q q~am iq nl~ai|ode iel n}snwonean% \mn li|i qmdx i swnbo~b df i| `niq| 13 snwane| fdw
qjo``nl `igdw oe |mn fiwb qna|dw iel >3 snwane| oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw%
\ig`n 8%< qmdxq oeadbnq g qd~wan% \mn li|i q~hhnq| |mi| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq niwe b~am
bdwn fwdb ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne| |mie fwdb fiwb xihn dw ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne|%\moq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m foeloehq n`qnxmnwn oe @i|oe Ibnwoai q~am iq oe Na~ildw iq wnsdw|nl g
@iekd~x -9???/ iel N`gnwq iel @iekd~x -7339/% Dxe"fiwb oeadbn oq q|o`` |mn bdq| obsdw|ie|
qd~wan mdxnvnw iel |mi| oq qd fdw bdq| w~wi` Snw~voie md~qnmd`lq gnai~qn bdq| df |mnb dxe
i s`d| iel `iel oq wn`i|ovn` nvne` loq|wog~|nl% Xn n}sna| |mi| dff"fiwb oeadbn xd~`l gn
mohmnw oe iwniq |mi| iwn woamnw iel mivn gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn q~am iq |mn Adq|i wnhode%
\ig`n 8%1 Ivnwihn wn|~weq g oeadbn qd~wan% W~wi` Snw~ "9??8-^Q, snw xdwjliy/
Adq|i Qonwwi Qn`vi W~wi` Snw~
Qn`f"nbs`dbne|Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 9%> 3%1 3%6 3%<Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%= 3%8 3%> 3%8
Xihn"nbs`dbne|Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 9%6 3%8 3%8 3%=Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 9%6 7 9%9 9%=
\d|i` 9%< 3%> 3%6 3%6
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n 8%< En| oeadbn g qd~wan% W~wi` Snw~ " 9??8-^Q, snw aiso|i/
Adq|i Qonwwi Qn`vi W~wi` Snw~
Qn`f"nbs`dbne|Ihwoa~`|~wi` Ia|ovo|onq <>>%> 913%1 96?%8 968
"68%6. "<9%6. ">6%>. "<?%3.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ?8%= 93?%7 8? 939%9
"9<%>. "1<%=. "76%1. "7?%8.
Xihn"nbs`dbne|Ihwoa~`|~wi` Ia|ovo|onq 86%6 96%8 73%6 77%8
"99%<. ">%1. "6%?. "6%8.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq <<%1 >8%7 19 <?%?
"6%6. "9=%1. "93%1. "9<%6.
\d|i` 68<%7 191%1 133%1 1<3%6"933. "933. "933. "933.
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
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Q~wswoqoeh` |mn li|i qmdx |mi| |mn qmiwn df xihn nbs`dbne| oeadbn iel ede"fiwb qn`f"
nbs`dbne| oeadbn oq ia|~i`` mohmnw oe |mn sddwnw wnhodeq |mn Qonwwi iel |mn Qn`vi wnhodeq%
\moq q~hhnq|q |mi| lovnwqofoai|ode ªs~qmº fia|dwq iwn obsdw|ie| oe sddwnw wnhodeq iq Wniwlde
n| i`% -9??=i/ foel fdw Ifwoaie ad~e|wonq% Mdxnvnw |mdqn xo|m qjo``nl igdw mivn mohmnw oeadbnq
|mie |mn ~eqjo``nl oe |mn Adq|i ‑ g~| ed| oe |mn Qonwwi iel Qn`vi wnhodeq% \mi| q~hhnq|q wn`i|ovn~elnwlnvn`dsbne| df |mn `igdw biwjn|q oe |mnqn |xd wnhodeq%
8%1%1 Oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode viwoi|ode dvnw oeadbn q|wi|i
Oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode viwonq oe n}|ne| iel ei|~wn xo|m md~qnmd`l xni`|m% Sddwnw md~qnmd`lq
|nel |d adeane|wi|n de |mn `dxnw"si niq"ne|w ihwoa~`|~wi` igdw biwjn| iel nqq de qjo``nl
`igdw"oe|neqovn ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| iel ede"fiwb qn`f"nbs`dbne|% \moq oq
l~n |d |mnow qaie| nl~ai|ode iel awnlo| iel aiqm adeq|wioe|q% G ade|wiq| mohmnw oeadbn w~wi`
md~qnmd`lq xo|m bdwn nl~ai|ode iel fnxnw aiqm adeq|wioe|q |nel |d s~wq~n ede"ihwoa~`|~wi`qn`f"nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq q~am iq mieloawif|q adbbnwan |dd`q iel biamoenw wnsiow iel
ihwd"swdanqqoeh% \ig`n 8%> qmdxq |mi| nvne |md~hm b~am df |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn `igdw oq
q~ss`onl g |mn sddwnq| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |moq oq ed| |w~n df |mn ede"fiwb xihn `igdw biwjn|
l~n |d |mn qjo``q wny~ownl fdw |mn `i||nw%
Lnqso|n |mnqn md~qnmd`l"xni`|m loffnwne|oi|nl si||nweq |mn obsia| df ede"fiwb
nbs`dbne| de |mn oeadbn loq|wog~|ode oq ibgoh~d~q% \ig`n 8%6 qmdxq Hoeo iel sqn~ld"Hoeo
adnffoaone|q fdw |d|i` w~wi` oeadbn iel fdw |mn bioe w~wi` oeadbn qd~wanq% Hoeo adnffoaone|q
mivn gnne ai`a~`i|nl ~qoeh i`` md~qnmd`lq fdw xmoam i siw|oa~`iw oeadbn qd~wan xiq ivio`ig`n%Oe ade|wiq| sqn~ld"Hoeo adnffoaone|q xnwn ai`a~`i|nl fdw |mn f~`` qibs`n%
\mn sqn~ld"Hoeoq qmdx |mi| i`` oeadbn qd~wanq iwn bdwn ~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl |mie
|d|i` w~wi` oeadbn% Fd``dxoeh Qmdwwdajq -9?=1/ xn lnadbsdqnl |mn Hoeo df |d|i` w~wi` oeadbn
oe|d o|q fia|dw adbsdene|q -Qj/% D~w lnadbsdqo|ode w~`n adeqolnwq |mn wn`i|ovn obsdw|iean df
niam oeadbn qd~wan |mn si||nwe df oeny~i`o| df niam oeadbn qd~wan -bniq~wnl g |mn sqn~ld
Hoeo adnffoaone|/ iel |mn adwwn`i|ode gn|xnne loffnwne| oeadbn qd~wanq%
Xmnwn O -_j/ |mn 'sqn~ld"Hoeo' vi`~n fdw oeadbn adbsdene| j aie gn adbs~|nl iq fd``dxq;
¾ gnoeh |mn bnie vi`~n df _%
^qoeh |moq oeadbn lnadbsdqo|ode bn|mdl xn aie qmdx |mi| oeadbnq adboeh fwdb
xihn"nbs`dbne| iwn obsdw|ie| ned~hm |d iaad~e| fdw ~s |d <> snwane| df oeadbn oeny~i`o|%
Xihn nbs`dbne| oeadbn oq wn`i|ovn` ~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl -qmdxoeh sqn~ld"Hoeoq df 3%?7
iel 3%88 fdw fiwb iel ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| oeadbnq wnqsna|ovn`/ g~| ldnq ed| issniw|d fivdw |mn sddw gnai~qn |mn iwn siw|oaosi|oeh bioe` oe |mn `dx"xihn fiwb `igdw%
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\moq bi q~hhnq| |mi| |mn ede"fiwb xihn `igdw biwjn| ia|~i`` oeawniqnq oeadbn
oeny~i`o|% Mdxnvnw Wniwlde n| i`% -7333/ ed|n |mi| of ie oelovol~i` qd~wan df oeadbn oq bdwn
~eny~i`` loq|wog~|nl |mie dvnwi`` oeadbn |mi| ldnq ed| enanqqiwo` obs` |mi| |moq qd~wan oq
ade|wog~|oeh |d dvnwi`` oeadbn oeny~i`o|% \m~q xn b~q| ed|n |mi| |moq lnadbsdqo|ode n}nwaoqn
ldnq ed| enanqqiwo` obs` ie ai~qi` `oej% Fdw n}ibs`n o| oq sdqqog`n |mi| of |mdqn xmd iwna~wwne|` nbs`dnl oe |mn ede"ihwoa~`|~wn xihn"nbs`dbne| qna|dw xnwn nehihnl oe qdbn
i`|nwei|n nbs`dbne| ia|ovo| q~am iq ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| |mne ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn
wi|nq bohm| gn `dxnw iel dvnwi`` oeadbn oeny~i`o| ad~`l ia|~i`` woqn% Qd |mne wi|mnw |mie
wioqoeh oeny~i`o| |mn ede"ihwoa~`|~wn xihn"nbs`dbne| qna|dw ad~`l ia|~i`` gn jnnsoeh
oeny~i`o| fwdb woqoeh nvne f~w|mnw% Mdxnvnw |mn qnhbne|nl ei|~wn df w~wi` biwjn|q bi xn``
swnvne| |moq nffna|% \moq nvolnean oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mi| wnsdw|nl g Wniwlde n| i`% -9??=i/
iel J`noe -9??7/% Of |mi| oq qd giqnl de |mn oe|nw"q|wi|i loffnwneanq loqa~qqnl igdvn xn aie
bioe|ioe d~w a`iob |mi| w~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| oeadbn qd~wanq iwn ade|wog~|oeh vnw o||`n dwed|moeh |d wnl~a|ode oe oeadbn oeny~i`o|%
\ig`n 8%> En| oeadbn loq|wog~|ode g y~oe|o`n% W~wi` Snw~ " 9??8-Wdx Snwane|ihnq/
Qn`f"Nbs`dbne| Oeadbn; Xihn"Nbs`dbne| Oeadbn;
Y~oe|o`n Ihwoa~`|~wi` Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` Ihwoa~`|~wi` Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` -7/*-1/*-</
"9 "7 "1 "<
O 83%>. 73%3. <%>. <%?. 7?%>.OO 67%=. 9?%8. 97%=. <%8. 18%7.OOO >=%9. 77%7. 97%6. 8%7. <9%?.OV <6%?. 7?%9. 93%3. 9<%3. >1%9.V <>%>. 17%=. <%9. 98%6. ><%>.W~wi` Snw~ <?%3. 7?%8. 6%8. 9<%6. >9%3.
Ed|n; Y~oe|o`nq iwn dwlnwnl oe oeawniqoeh snw aiso|i oeadbn |nwbqQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n 8%6 Oeadbn oeny~i`o| lnadbsdqo|ode g oeadbn qd~wan- O oeo Oeln}/
Qd~wanq Hoeo Sqn~ld Hoeo Ade|wog~|ode Hoeo-./ lnadbsdqo|ode
Qn`f"Nbs`dbne| Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%><98 3%?76< 8%31 3%391>Qn`f"Nbs`dbne| Ede"Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%6838 3%8977 <8%=7 3%7?88Xihn"Nbs`dbne| Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%>7?? 3%?7<? 99%>1 3%3987Xihn"Nbs`dbne| Ede"Ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq 3%69> 3%8811 11%67 3%7<=6\d|i` 3%>88 3%>88 933 3%>88
Ed|n; Hoeo adnffoaone| oq ai`a~`i|nl adeqolnwoeh de` |mdqn xmd siw|oaosi|n oe ie ia|ovo| xmo`n sqn~ld"Hoeo%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
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8%< Bdln`oeh oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq; |mn wd`n df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn
Fd``dxoeh |mn adeans|~i` bdln` swnqne|nl oe Qna|ode 8%7 xn lovoln w~wi` oeadbn qd~wanq oe|d
|mn fd``dxoeh qo} ai|nhdwonq; -9/ qn`f"nbs`dbne| ~eqjo``nl ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq: -7/ qn`f"
nbs`dbne| qjo``nl ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq: -1/ xihn"nbs`dbne| ~eqjo``nl ede"ihwoa~`|~wi`
ia|ovo|onq: -</ xihn"nbs`dbne| qjo``nl ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq: ->/ qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq -qjo``nl iel ~eqjo``nl/: -6/ xihn"nbs`dbne| ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq
-qjo``nl iel ~eqjo``nl/% Mdxnvnw xn kdoenl qjo``nl iel ~eqjo``nl qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"
ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq iq xn`` iq qjo``nl iel ~eqjo``nl xihn"nbs`dbne| ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq
gnai~qn xn lol ed| foel a`niw loffnwneanq oe |mnow si||nweq%
\mn ny~i|odeq nq|obi|nl xnwn |mdqn wnswnqne|oeh |mn qmiwn df |d|i` w~wi` oeadbn oe niam
df |mn igdvn fd~w oeadbn qd~wanq% \mn nq|obi|ode bn|mdl oq \dgo| ld~g`n"aneqdwnl nq|obi|ode%
\mn ny~i|odeq xnwn nq|obi|nl iq i qq|nb lwdssoeh |mn `iq| ny~i|ode iq oeadbn qmiwnq b~q|
q~b |d den%\mn ln|nwboeie|q oea`~ln; -9/ `dai|ode viwoig`nq -wnhodei` l~bb viwoig`nq wnhodei`
`iel swdl~a|ovo| iel dai` biwjn| qo{n/: -7/ m~bie aiso|i` viwoig`nq -fibo` qo{n iel adbsdqo|ode
ihn hnelnw iel niwq df qamdd`oeh/: -1/ s~g`oa iqqn|q -iaanqq |d n`na|woao| iel wdilq isswd}obi|nl
g |mn loq|iean |d biwjn|/: -</ ihwoa~`|~wn"qsnaofoa iqqn|q -`iel iel ai||`n/: ->/ ede"ihwoa~`|~wn"
qsnaofoa iqqn|q -xihn `igdw n}snwonean/: -6/ foeieaoi` iqqn|q -iaanqq |d awnlo|/% Foei`` wnhodei`
l~bbonq xnwn s`ianl oe |mn nq|obi|ode oe dwlnw |d ade|wd` fdw wnhodei` swoan viwoi|odeq%
\ig`n 8%8 qmdxq wnq~`|q% \mn |ig`n qmdxq |mn e~bgnw df `nf|" iel wohm|"aneqdwnl
dgqnwvi|odeq oe niam ny~i|ode iq xn`` iq i `ojn`omddl"wi|od |nq| iq i hddlenqq"df"fo| oeloai|dw%
Ed|n |mi| i`` ny~i|odeq fo| |mn li|i wniqdeig` xn``% F~w|mnwbdwn ie obsdw|ie| e~bgnw df
dgqnwvi|odeq -dvnw |xd"|mowlq/ iwn no|mnw nf|" dw wohm|"aneqdwnl k~q|ofoeh |mn nq|obi|ode bn|mdl%
\ig`n 8%8 qmdxq |mi| dai|ode iel dxenwqmos df swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q oq i jn ln|nwboeie|
df md~qnmd`l oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode oe w~wi` Snw~% Fdw n}ibs`n oe sddw ihwoa~`|~wi` {denq
|nel |d gn dxnw qmiwnq df ede"fiwb oeadbnq iel qjo``nl dxe"fiwboeh oeadbnq oe |d|i` oeadbnq%
Oe nffna| |mn mohmnw |mn `iel swdl~a|ovo| df |mn loq|woa| mnean |mn q|wdehnw |mn ihwoa~`|~wi`
qna|dw |mn hwni|nw iwn ede"fiwb oeadbn qmiwnq oe dvnwi`` oeadbnq%
Iq n}sna|nl |mn dxenwqmos df fo}nl ihwoa~`|~wi` iqqn|q oeawniqnq |mn qmiwn df dxe"
fiwb oeadbn oe |d|i` md~qnmd`l oeadbn iel wnl~anq |mn ennl fdw ~elnw|ijoeh xihn"nbs`dbne|oe |mn fiwb iel ede"fiwb qna|dwq% Awnlo| iaanqq oq i`qd i jn ln|nwboeie| df qn`f"nbs`dbne|
-xmn|mnw oe fiwb dw |mn ede"fiwb qna|dwq/% Mdxnvnw o| qmd~`l gn ed|nl |mi| ede"fiwb oeadbn
qd~wanq wn`i} |mn aiqm adeq|wioe| iq q~gq|o|~|nq fdw awnlo| dw awnlo| adeq|wioe|%
Ied|mnw jn iqqn| iffna|oeh oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode qd~wanq oq m~bie aiso|i`% \mn nffna|
df nl~ai|ode oq vnw a`niw; |mn mohmnw |mn nl~ai|ode `nvn` |mn `dxnw |mn oeane|ovn |d dg|ioe
oeadbn fwdb dxe"fiwboeh iel |mn hwni|nw |mn oeane|ovn |d adbbo| |obn |d ede"fiwb qn`f"
nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq iq xn`` iq ede"fiwb -g~| ed| ihwoa~`|~wi`/ xihn"nbs`dbne|%
O| oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| xn mivn ed| fd~el ie hnelnw goiq oe |mn oeadbnlovnwqofoai|ode q|wi|nhonq df w~wi` lxn``nwq oe Snw~% \moq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mn nvolnean qmdxe
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g Vi`lovoi iel Wdg`nq -9??8/|mi| nvne |md~hm |mnwn n}oq| hnelnw wd`nq oe fiwboeh |mnwn oq ed
nvolnean df hnelnw loqawoboei|ode oe Snw~voie w~wi` `igdw biwjn|q%
Foei`` |mn wd`n df qdbn jn s~g`oa iqqn|q q~am iq w~wi` n`na|wofoai|ode iel wdilq oq
a`niw` qmdxe oe d~w wnq~`|q% Iaanqq |d |mnqn s~g`oa iqqn|q wioqnq |mn swdfo|igo`o| df gd|m fiwb
iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq g~| nqsnaoi`` df ede"fiwb g~qoenqqnq%
Fibo` qo{n 3%319 + "3%33< 3%3<1 "3%768 +++ "3%377 3%316-9%8/ -3%7/ -9%6/ -1%=/ -3%?/ -3%?/
Ihn df md~qnmd`l mnil 3%337 3%331 "3%337 3%33> "3%339 3%337-3%?/ -9%7/ -3%6/ -3%8/ -3%1/ -3%1/
Hnelnw df md~qnmd`l mnil 3%39 3%769 "3%9?7 3%=91 "3%3<> 3%7>9-3%9/ -9%</ -"3%?/ -9%9/ -3%7/ -3%=/
_niwq df nl~ai|ode -ivnwihn/ "3%?> +++ "3%>17 9%>8> +++ <%181 +++ 7%78< +++ "3%787-1%3/ -9%</ -1%</ -<%1/ ->%7/ -3%</
@igdw N}snwonean -niwq/ 3%397 3%99 +++ 3%3<9 3%73? +++ "3%338 "3%9<9-9%9/ -7%?/ -3%1/ -1%7/ -3%=/ -9%9/
Iaanqq |d n`na|woao| "3%73> ++ 3%977 3%338 3%=?8 3%97< ++ "3%381-7%3/ -3%?/ - 3/ -9%</ -7%1/ -3%1/
Iaanqq |d awnlo| 3%9?? ++ 3%78= +++ 3%<8> 3%<?< 3%>17 +++ 3%78<-7%1/ -7%6/ -9%7/ -9%1/ -<%?/ -9%6/@ovnq|daj -oe qmnns ny~ovi`ne|q/ 3%?87 +++ "3%7>8 "9%3=7 +++ 3%396 "3%=66 +++ "9%3>> ++
-6/ -9%1/ -1%</ -3/ -1%9/ -7%>/@iel qo{n -miq%/ 3%1>6 ++ 9%1<9 ++ "3%98> 3%99> "3%336 "9%9=1
-7%9/ -7%>/ -3%7/ -3%9/ -3%3/ -9%9/Loq|iean |d |mn Biwjn| -Jb/ "3%337 3 "3%331 "3%336 + "3%31 +++ 3
-9%9/ -3%7/ -3%?/ -9%=/ -7%=/ -3%9/@dai` Biwjn| Qo{n -sds~`i|ode/ 3%338 ++ 3%33> 3 3%39< + 3%33> "3%336
-7%6 / -9%>/ -3/ -9%8/ -9%1/ -9%3/
@dai` @iel Swdl~a|ovo|-Qd`nq snw mi%/ "3%399 ++ 3%39< +++ 3%39= +++ 3%33= 3%39= +++ "3%337
-7%6/ -7%?/ -1%>/ -3%8/ -1%>/ -3%1/
Adiq| L~bb 3%6<9 ++ "3%=<< ++ "9%<?= +++ "<%738 +++ "9%6=? +++ "3%81-7%</ -7%>/ -1%>/ -1%7/ -<%3/ -9%7/
Mohm`iel L~bb 3%?37 +++ "9%9<= +++ "9%3>8 ++ "<%?19 +++ "9%699 +++ "3%?>?-7%=/ -7%?/ -7%9/ -1%1/ -1%1/ -9%1/
Ibi{de L~bb 3%666 +++ "3%871 ++ "9%1=8 +++ "1%=78 +++ "9%>6> +++ "9%<7< +++-7%=/ -7%>/ -1%8/ -1%7/ -<%7/ -7%6/
@nf|"Aneqdwnl dgqnwvi|odeq 7?> <67 66= 8<< 6<7 668Wohm|"Aneqdwnl dgqnwvi|odeq 11< 83 < 9 > 77^eaneqdwnl dgqnwvi|odeq 9<? 7<6 936 11 919 =?@dh ojn`ommdl vi`~n "887%>> "683%37 "131%? "97<%98 "1>?%6= "1>?%9<Swdg% - @%W% Q|i|oq|oa/ 5 amo7-1>/ 3%333 +++ 3%333 +++ 3%319 ++ 3%3<8 ++ 3%379 ++ 3%37< ++
Ed|n; \moq oq i |dgo| ld~g`n aneqdwnl nq|obi|ode% \"vi`~nq oe siwne|mnqoq%\mn qbgd`q +++ ++ + oeloai|n |mi| |mn e~`` msd|mnqoq aie gn wnkna|nl i| 9. >. 93. wnqsna|ovn`%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n 8%8 Ln|nwboeie| df oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode% W~wi` Snw~ " 9??8-Lnsnelne| viwoig`nq; oeadbn qmiwnq/
Qn`f" Qn`f" Xihn" Xihn" Qn`f" Xihn"
nbs`dybne| nbs`dybne| nbs`dybne| nbs`dybne| ede nbs`dybne|
Viwoig`nq ~eqjo``nl qjo``nl ~eqjo``nl ede qjo``nl ede ihwoa~`|~wi`q ihwoa~`|~wi`
ihwoa~`|~wi` ihwoa~`|~wi` ihwoa~`|~wi` ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ia|ovo|onq
ia|ovo| onq ia|ovo| onq ia|ovo|onq ia|ovo|onq
Oeadbn Qd~wan;
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
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8%> Obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq dvnw w~wi` `igdw oeadbn
\mn wn`i|ode gn|xnne iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel oeadbn hnenwi|oeh q|wi|nhonq aie i`qd gn
nvi`~i|nl ~qoeh |mn fd``dxoeh lnfoeo|odei` ny~i|ode;
-9/
xmnwn @ wnswnqne|q |mn |d|i` md~wq snw xnnj |mi| w~wi` md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq ~qn fdw `igdw oeadbn
ia|ovo|onq: Q`o q|ielq fdw |mn qmiwn df igdw |obn ~qnl fdw ia|ovo| o iel y
o $`
ownswnqne|q |mn ivnwihn
xihn fdw niam |sn df ia|ovo|%
Of xn lnfoen ∆_ iq |mn illo|odei` oeadbn dg|ioenl g i w~wi` md~qnmd`l adboeh fwdb
|mn iaanqq |d enx oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq xn bi lnadbsdqn q~am obsia| iq fd``dxq;
-7/
Mnwn |mn fowq| |nwb wnswnqne|q |mn obsia| -oe oeadbn |nwbq/ |mi| iwoqnq l~n |d amiehnq
oe `igdw i``dai|ode gn|xnne ia|ovo|onq -i``dai|ode nffna|/% \mn qnadel |nwb wnswnqne|q |mn obsia|
hnenwi|nl gnai~qn df ie oeawniqn oe |d|i` `igdw |obn -nbs`dbne| nffna|/% \mn `iq| |nwb oq
qobs` |mn oe|nwia|ode nffna| qoean |mn swnvod~q |xd nffna|q bi ed| gn qnsiwig`n7%
^qoeh ny~i|ode -7/ xn aie |wiaj |mn amieen`q |mwd~hm xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn obsia|q w~wi`
`igdw oeadbnq% D~w bioe msd|mnqoq mnwn oq |mi| |mnwn iwn anw|ioe oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbgoei|odeq|mi| bi oel~an w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |d nehihn oe ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn hnenwi|oeh ia|ovo|onq%
Xn xo`` fd``dx mnwn i swdsneqo| bi|amoeh |nameoy~n |d adbsiwn |mdqn md~qnmd`lq |mi|
mivn ed iaanqq |d jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq -o%n% obswdvnl wdil qnwvoanq n`na|woao| xi|nw
iel qnxnwihn dw |n`nsmden qnwvoanq/ xo|m |mdqn |mi| mivn iaanqq |d den dw bdwn df |mnqn
oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq%1 G ~qoeh bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq xn |w |d gi`iean |mn qibs`n gn|xnne
|mdqn |mi| mivn iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel |mdqn |mi| mivn ed|% \mn s~wsdqn df |moq gi`ieaoeh
n}nwaoqn oq |d iqq~wn |mi| |mdqn q|w~a|~wi` amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| iwn ed| iffna|nl g oefwiq|w~a|~wn
-i| niq| oe |mn qmdw| w~e/ iwn qobo`iw oe gd|m qibs`nq qd iq |d a`iob |mi| |mn loffnwnean oe igdwoeadbn dw |obn i``dai|ode iwn l~n |d |mn iaanqq |d |mnqn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq%
\mn Swdgo| ny~i|ode ~qnl |d bijn |mn bi|amoeh sdqqog`n -iel gi`iean |mn qibs`nq/ ~qnl
iq ade|wd` viwoig`nq |mn ihn df mnil df md~qnmd`l niwq df nl~ai|ode bi|nwei` ieh~ihn hnelnw
e~bgnw df amo`lwne ~elnw 9< e~bgnw df il~`|q dvnw 6> vi`~n l~wig`n hddlq iel wnhodei`
7 Gnai~qn df li|i ivio`igo`o| xn iwn md`loeh adeq|ie| |mn xihnq l~n |d amiehnq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq% Dgvod~q`
|moq bi ed| gn |mn aiqn of |mnwn iwn `igdw biwjn| nffna|q%1 I ln|io`nl lnqawos|ode df swdsneqo| bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq iel |mnow ~qnl |d nvi`~i|n |mn gnenfo|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oqlden oe Amis|nw =%
Amis|nw 8
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l~bbonq% Oe illo|ode i e~bgnw df loq|woa| `nvn` viwoig`nq xmnwn oea`~lnl; sds~`i|ode df |mn
loq|woa| xnwn |moq md~qnmd`l oq `dai|nl a`obi|n iel hndhwism wn`i|nl viwoig`nq ivnwihn `iel
md`loeh snwane|ihn df |mn iel i``dai|nl |d biwjn| awdsq iwni ~elnw owwohi|ode iel sdvnw| wi|n%
8%>%9 Amiehnq oe |d|i` `igdw md~wq
Xmne xn iss` swdsneqo| bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq |d |mn |d|i` |obn i``dai|nl |d `igdw ia|ovo|onq
gn|xnne |mdqn |mi| mivn ed iaanqq |d jn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iel |mdqn |mi| mivn iaanqq |d
den dwn bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn xn aie qnn |mi| |mnwn oq oelnnl i sdqo|ovn iel qoheofoaie| loffnwnean%
\ig`n 8%= qmdxq |mi| if|nw ade|wd``oeh fdw igdvn bne|odenl dgqnwvig`nq mivoeh iaanqq |d |xd
dw bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq ldnq bijn i loffnwnean% Oe siw|oa~`iw |mnwn oq ie oeawniqn df
bdwn |mie 1 md~wq snw xnnj df |d|i` `igdw |obn xo|m wnqsna| |d |mdqn md~qnmd`lq mivoeh ed
oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq dw mivoeh k~q| den df |mnqn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq -o%n% obswdvnl wdil
qnwvoanq n`na|woao| xi|nw iel qnxnwihn dw |n`nsmden qnwvoanq/%
\ig`n 8%= Nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de |d|i` `igdw |obn snw xnnjoe w~wi` Snw~; swdsneqo| bi|amoeh nq|obi|ode
-Giqn adbsiwoqde hwd~s iwn |mdqn xo|m ed iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq /
Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqI\\ 9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi`
9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 3%17 "9%1? 7%3=
7 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 1%6? 3%<1 6%891 dw bdwn 1%=? 7%>9 ?%19
9$ I\\; Ivnwihn \wni|bne| Nffna|+++ ++ + oeloai|n |mi| |mn e~`` msd|mnqoq aie gn wnkna|nl i| 9. >. 93. wnqsna|ovn`
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
8%>%7 Amiehnq oe igdw i``dai|ode
Iq o| xiq swnvod~q` bne|odenl iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq bi i`qd amiehn |mn wn`i|ovn
swdfo|igo`o| df |mn loffnwne| `igdw oeadbn qd~wanq ivio`ig`n |d md~qnmd`l% Fdw n}ibs`n |mniaanqq |d n`na|woao| bi i``dx i md~qnmd`l |d i``dai|n bdwn |obn oe siw|oa~`iw qn`f"nbs`dbne|
ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ojn |mn swdl~a|ode df mieloawif| dw qbi`` qai`n oel~q|w% \mn iaanqq
|d |moq |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi i`qd nemiean |mn igdw biwjn| oe eniwg |dxeq |m~q nemieaoeh
xihn"wn`i|nl dssdw|~eo|onq oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw%
Iq |mn w~wi` md~qnmd`lq oeawniqn |mnow iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn |mnow lnloai|ode |d ede"
ihwoa~`|~wn ia|ovo|onq oeawniqnq q~gq|ie|oi``% \m~q fdw n}ibs`n i md~qnmd`l mivoeh iaanqq |d
|mwnn dw bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq i``dai|nl isswd}obi|n` 13 snwane|ihn sdoe|q bdwn df
moq |obn |d ede"ihwoa~`|~wn ia|ovo|onq -73 snwane|ihn sdoe|q bdwn |d xihn ia|ovo|onq b iel 93snwane|ihn sdoe|q |d qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq/% Xmne iei`{oeh |mn obsia|
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
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df niam den df |mn iqqn|q ~elnw q|~l xn qnn |mi| |mn hwni|nw oelovol~i` obsia| daa~wq xmne
iaanqq |d smden oq adbgoenl xo|m iaanqq |d n`na|woao|% Illo|odei` adbs`nbne|iwo|onq iwn i`qd
wn`i|nl |d |mn adbgoei|ode df n`na|woao| xo|m iaanqq |d d|mnw oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq%
\ig`n 8%? Nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de `igdw i``dai|ode oe w~wi` Snw~%Swdsneqo| bi|amoeh nq|obi|ode-Giqn adbsiwoqde hwd~s iwn |mdqn xo|m ed iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq/
Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqXihn"nbs`dbne| ihwoa~ |~wn Xihn"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~ |~wn
I\\9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi` I\\9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi`
9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 3%<9 "9%99 9%?7 7%9> 3%61 1%=67 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 7%73 "3%3> <%7< 9%?8 "3%1< <%=91 dw bdwn 9%67 "3%?< <%<> 99%79 >%1< 9>%>1
Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqQn`f"nbs`dbne| ihwoa~`|~wn Qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~`|~wn
I\\9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi` I\\9$ ?>. adefolnean Oe|nwvi`
9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn ">%1< "8%=? "1%3= 7%8? 9%77 <%<=7 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "99%8? "9<%?1 "=%69 8%67 >%19 ?%=91 dw bdwn "79%91 "78%38 "96%>9 =%13 <%79 91%6=
9$ I\\; Ivnwihn \wni|bne| Nffna|Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
8%>%1 Ihhwnhi|n obsia|q
Xmne xn adbgoen |mn nffna|q df |mn oeawniqn oe |d|i` @igdw |obn iel |mn amiehnq oe |obn
i``dai|ode gn|xnne qna|dwq gwd~hm| igd~| g iaanqq |d loffnwne| adbgoei|odeq df oefwiq|w~a|~wn
qnwvoanq o| oq sdqqog`n nvi`~i|n |mn obsia| df oeawnbne|i` iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq oe
w~wi` `igdw oeadbn% Iq \ig`n 8%93 qmdxq mivoeh iaanqq |d den dw bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan
miq i sdqo|ovn qoheofoaie| nffna| de |d|i` `igdw oeadbn% Oe illo|ode |moq obsia| woqnq iq |mn
md~qnmd`l mivn iaanqq |d illo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq wniamoeh ie illo|odei` 9=3 qd`nqsnw bde|m -igd~| ^Q, >3/ xmne |mn md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d |mwnn dw bdwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn
qnwvoanq%<
O| oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| xmne xn qs`o| |mn qibs`n iaadwloeh |d iaanqq |d loffnwne|
|snq df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn -iaanqq |d bd|dwo{nl iel ede"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilq xn aie qnn
|mi| |mn adbs`nbne|iwo| nffna|q oq `iwhnw oe |mdqn iwniq adeena|nl |d bd|dwo{nl wdilq% Q~am
nffna| xo`` gn nvi`~i|nl oe hwni|nw ln|io` oe |mn en}| amis|nw df |moq q|~l%
< Fdw adbsiwoqde s~wsdqnq xn b~q| ed|n |mi| ^Q, >3 snw xnnj wnswnqne|q 7> snwane| df ie ivnwihn md~qnmd`loeadbn oe w~wi` Snw~%
Amis|nw 8
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8%6% Adea`~qodeq
Oe i xdw`l df adbs`n|n anw|ioe| xmnwn biwjn|q fdw i`` hddlq n}oq| iel iwn snwfna| `igdwi``dai|ode lnaoqodeq |nel |d gn lwovne g wn`i|ovn xihnq% Mdxnvnw oe w~wi` Snw~ igdw biwjn|q
iwn ed| snwfna|% Qmildx xihnq aie loffnw fwdb biwjn| xihnq iel iwn ln|nwboenl g |mn
biwhoei` swdl~a|ovo| df `igdw |mn swoan df adeq~bs|ode hddlq |obn neldxbne| ede"`igdw
oeadbn iel swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn| neldxbne|q% @igdw i``dai|ode lnaoqodeq gn|xnne qn`f"
nbs`dbne| iel xihn nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq xd~`l |mne wnq~`| fwdb oe|nw i`oi goeloeh
adeq|wioe|q oe |mn w~wi` `igdw biwjn| dw oe |mn awnlo| biwjn| dw ie oeq~ffoaone| swdvoqode df
s~g`oa hddlq%
\moq amis|nw miq qmdxe |mi| oelnnl iaanqq |d s~g`oa hddlq iel qnwvoanq |dhn|mnw xo|m ieilny~i|n neldxbne| df swovi|n iqqn|q -nqsnaoi`` nl~ai|ode iel awnlo|/ aie obswdvn iaanqq |d
\ig`n 8%93 Nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq de snw aiso|i oeadbn oe w~wi` Snw~;swdsneqo| bi|amoeh nq|obi|ode
-Giqn adbsiwoqde hwd~s iwn |mdqn xo|m ed iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq /
Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqI\\ 9$ Q|l% Nww%
9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 7>%3? 8%36 +++7 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn =<%67 93%39 +++1 dw bdwn 9=3%88 9>%91 +++
Qibs`n xo|m iaanqq voi Ede Bd|dwo{nl Wdilq
Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn QnwvoanqI\\ 9$ Q|l% Nww%
9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 17%68 =%>1 +++7 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn 8=%38 91%3? +++1 dw bdwn 738%=> 76%1> +++
Qibs`n xo|m iaanqq voi Bd|dwo{nl Wdilq
Ed% df Oefwiq|w~a|~wn Qnwvoanq I\\ 9$ Q|l% Nww%
9 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn "93%83 91%>97 Oefwiq|w~a|~wn >=%71 76%>9 ++1 dw bdwn 91<%18 73%9< +++
9$ I\\; Ivnwihn \wni|bne| Nffna|+++ ++ + oeloai|n |mi| |mn e~`` msd|mnqoq aie gn wnkna|nl i| 9. >. 93. wnqsna|ovn`Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
F~`` Qibs`n
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
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qn`f"nbs`dbne| ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` iq xn`` iq xihn" nbs`dbne| oeadbn qd~wanq oe w~wi` Snw~%
Xn mivn i`qd qmdxe |mn obsdw|iean fdw |mn w~wi` qna|dw df |mn ia|ovo|onq |mi| hdnq gndel
ihwoa~`|~wi` |iqjq xo|moe |mn fiwb iel |mi| |moq obsdw|iean miq oeawniqnl q~gq|ie|oi`` l~woeh
i| niq| |mn siq| lnailn% I| swnqne| >9 snwane| df |mn en| oeadbn df Snw~voie w~wi` md~qnmd`lq
dwohoei|nq fwdb ia|ovo|onq d|mnw |mie dxe"fiwboeh% \moq q~hhnq|q |mi| |mn dff"fiwb ia|ovo|onqqmd~`l anw|ioe` ed `dehnw gn adeqolnwnl iq 'biwhoei`' iq |mn mivn qd df|ne oe siq| w~wi`
lngi|nq% I`|md~hm woamnw md~qnmd`lq |nel |d wn` bdwn de ede"fiwb qd~wanq |mie ld |mn sddw
|mn `i||nw i`qd siw|oaosi|n oe i q~gq|ie|oi` xi oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw: sdvnw| bohm| gn nvne
bdwn wibsie| xnwn o| ed| fdw |mnqn oeadbn qd~wanq%
Xn mivn i`qd qmdxe |mi| iq illo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iwn swdvolnl w~wi`
md~qnmd`lq aie mivn iaanqq |d bdwn lovnwqofonl igdw oeadbn sdw|fd`odq xmoam oe |~we i``dxq
fdw i mohmnw md~qnmd`l oeadbn% Envnw|mn`nqq |mnqn `igdw oeadbn dssdw|~eo|onq iwn qdbnxmi|
bdwn voqog`n gn|xnne |mdqn xmd i`wnil mivn mohmnw oeadbnq xmoam iwn |mdqn |mi| aie |ijnilvie|ihn df |mnow `iwhnw swovi|n iqqn| md`loehq -fdw n}ibs`n hwni|nw nl~ai|ode/ |d oeawniqn
|mnow ede"fiwb `igdw ia|ovo|onq% Bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq i``dx ~q |d qmdx |mi| illo|odei` iaanqq
|d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq oeawniqnq gd|m |mn |d|i` e~bgnw df md~wq snw xnnj lnvd|nl |d `igdw
oeadbn iel |mn snwane|ihn df |obn i``dai|n |d ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq% \moq wnq~`| mohm`ohm|q |mn
fia| |mi| |mnwn iwn obsdw|ie| adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q%
Adbs`nbne|iw qob~`i|odeq wnsdw|nl g Nqadgi` iel \dwnwd -733</ qmdx |mi| sdvnw|
wi|n wnl~a|odeq bi gn qo{ig`n iq iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq oeawniqnq% Xmne qnvnwi`
oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iwn adbgoenl |mn sdvnw| wi|n aie gn wnl~anl oe iq b~am iq 73 snwane|i qo{ig`n ade|wog~|ode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| |d w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|% \mn bdq| obsdw|ie|
adbs`nbne|iwo|onq ln|na|nl oe q~am n}nwaoqn iwn |mdqn wn`i|nl |d |mn adbgoei|ode df n`na|woao|
iel xi|nw iel qieo|i|ode qnwvoanq iq xn`` iq |mn adbgoei|ode df n`na|woao| iel |n`nsmden qnwvoanq%
\mn wniqdeq |d lovnwqof oeadbn oe w~wi` Snw~ iwn viwod~q% I `iwhn hwd~s df fiwbnwq
adbs`nbne| |mnow fiwoeh xo|m fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq l~n oeq~ffoaone|
`iel dw ai||`n dw fiwb aiso|i`% _n| ied|mnw hwd~s miq q~ffoaone| nl~ai|ode qjo``q awnlo| iel
iaanqq |d wdilq iel n`na|woao| |d i``dx |mnb |d ~elnw|ijn ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| -q~am
iq bijoeh mieloawif|q wnsiowoeh iel wne|oeh ny~osbne| iel adbbnwan/% Bie df |mnqn ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq iwn oelowna|` oejnl |d |mn fiwb qna|dw xmoam oq xm den foelq q~am mohm nvn`q
df siw|oaosi|ode oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw oe |mn bdwn leiboa ihwoa~`|~wi` iwniq%
I gn||nw ~elnwq|ieloeh df xm w~wi` md~qnmd`lq lovnwqof oeadbn qd~wanq aie mn`s ~q
|d iqqnqq |mn ojn` obsia| df wnane| q|w~a|~wi` wnfdwbq de w~wi` oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode% L~woeh
|mn siq| lnailn |mn Snw~voie w~wi` qna|dw miq gnne n}sdqnl |d i bikdw ognwi`o{i|ode swdhwib%
\mnqn wnfdwbq qxns| ixi b~am df xmi| mil gnne mohm` oe|nwvne|odeoq| sd`oaonq% Oe illo|ode
|d biawdnadedboa wnfdwbq |mn hdvnwebne| obs`nbne|nl bikdw q|w~a|~wi` wnfdwbq oe |mn iwniq
df |wiln sd`oa swovi|o{i|ode iel |mn foeieaoi` qna|dw% Oe ihwoa~`|~wn |mn wnfdwbq oea`~lnl
Amis|nw 8
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q~gq|ie|oi` ognwi`o{i|ode df ihwoa~`|~wi` |wiln |mn n`oboei|ode df swoan ade|wd`q dvnw ihwoa~`|~wi`
swdl~a|q |mn ognwi`o{i|ode df |mn iel biwjn| i``dxoeh iel dxenwqmos g ldbnq|oa fowbq iel
fdwnohenwq |mn n`oboei|ode df bdq| ihwoa~`|~wi` oes~| q~gqolonq iel i qnvnwn ldxeqo{oeh df
bdq| s~g`oa ihwoa~`|~wi` oeq|o|~|odeq oea`~loeh |mn Boeoq|w df Ihwoa~`|~wn biwjn|oeh ihneaonq
|mn Ihwiwoie Giej iel |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` wnqniwam qnwvoan% \dhn|mnw xo|m |mnqn sd`oa wnfdwbq|mnwn xiq i bikdw oevnq|bne| nffdw| ~elnw|ijne oe |mn w~wi` iwniq oea`~loeh w~wi` wdilq
n`na|wofoai|ode iel lwoejig`n xi|nw iel qnxihn qq|nbq%
Iaanqq |d qdbn df |mnqn s~g`oa qnwvoanq -`ojn n`na|woao| iel wdilq/ iel iaanqq |d awnlo|
oq obsdw|ie| oe n}s`ioeoeh xm qdbn w~wi` lxn``nwq aie iaanqq gn||nw oeadbn qd~wanq% Fdw
n}ibs`n bdwn lnvn`dsnl s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn aie mn`s oeawniqn |mn qo{n df w~wi` |dxeq iel
qbi`` ao|onq nqsnaoi`` oe |mn Qonwwi wnhode% Gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel lneqnw sds~`i|ode lwovn
ldxe |wieqia|ode adq|q iel gddq| oevnq|bne| oe gd|m |mn ihwoa~`|~wi` qna|dw iel |mn ede"
ihwoa~`|~wi` qna|dwq%
\mn Wd`n df S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Nemieaoeh W~wi` @igdw Biwjn|q
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Amis|nw =
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi`
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn; |mn aiqn df w~wi` wdilq
=%9 Oe|wdl~a|ode
Xn aie iqqnq |mn dvnwi`` obsia| df i anw|ioe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn g `ddjoeh i| jn xn`fiwn
oeloai|dwq ojn oeadbn dw n}snelo|~wnq% \moq amis|nw fd``dxq |moq si|m ~qoeh iq ie n}ibs`n |mn
xn`fiwn obsia| |mi| w~wi` wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode iel bioe|neiean bi gwoeh |d w~wi` md~qnmd`lq%
I ad~e|w‟q w~wi` wdil en|xdwj oq edwbi`` biln ~s df |wiajq |wio`q fdd|si|mq iel
niw|m wdilq |mi| oej w~wi` vo``ihnq iel |dxeq ibdeh niam d|mnw iel oe bie aiqnq adeena| |d
qnadeliw wdilq xmoam i``dx |mnow wnqolne|q |d iaanqq swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iq xn`` iqqdaoi` qnwvoanq |mnow dxe adbb~eo|onq ld ed| swdvoln% \mn |wiajq |wio`q iel fdd|si|mq xmoam
xo`` gn lnfoenl mnwn iq ”ede"bd|dwo{nl -w~wi`/ wdilq‟ i``dx |mn bdvnbne| df snds`n iel
ieobi`q dvnw |soai`` q|nns |nwwioe iel iwn amiwia|nwo{nl g dx y~i`o| q|ieliwlq iel obo|nl
|wieqo|% I qnadel |sn df wdil q|~lonl mnwn iwn |mn ”bd|dwo{nl -w~wi`/ wdilq‟ " i`qd jedxe iq
ad~e|w wdilq " xmoam iwn nehoennwnl niw|m wdilq ~qnl |d adeena| qbi`` |dxeq iel vo``ihnq g
s~g`oa |wieqsdw| dw aiwhd |w~ajq xmoam oe ds|obi` adelo|odeq i``dx f`~ol adeena|ode |d qnadeliw
wdilq iel |mn iw|oa~`i|ode df w~wi` sds~`i|ode |d ~wgie iwniq%
\mn obsdw|iean df w~wi` wdil en|xdwj oe |mn ei|odei` wdil qq|nb df bdq| lnvn`dsoehad~e|wonq oq nedwbd~q g~| nvne |md~hm o| |soai`` iaad~e|q fdw bdwn |mie mi`f df |mnow |wieqsdw|
en|xdwj o| de` hn|q i biwhoei` siw| df |mn ei|odei` g~lhn| i``dai|nl |d wdil adeq|w~a|ode
wnmigo`o|i|ode iel bioe|neiean% Oe Snw~voie aiqn oe siw|oa~`iw o|q w~hhnl |dsdhwism iel
hwni| nad`dhoai` iel a`obi|oa lovnwqo| miq `nl sd`oabijnwq |d iajedx`nlhn |mn obsdw|iean
df oevnq|oeh oe w~wi` |wieqsdw| oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Mdxnvnw |mn obsdw|iean iqqohenl |d |mnqn
oevnq|bne|q ldnq ed| enanqqiwo` |wieq`i|n |d ie isswdswoi|n i``dai|ode df s~g`oa f~elq% \mn
mohm adq| df adeq|w~a|ode iel bioe|neiean df |moq |sn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn " hovne |mn ennl |d
oeadwsdwi|n bniq~wnq ihioeq| ln|nwodwi|ode ai~qnl g fwny~ne| `ielq`olnq iel ivi`ieamnq "
|dhn|mnw xo|m |mn biwhoei` sd`o|oai` wnswnqne|i|ode df |mn sd|ne|oi`` gnenfoaoiw sds~`i|ode
miq `nl |d loqs`ianbne| df q~am oevnq|bne| g d|mnw oevnq|bne|q |mi| sd`o|oaoieq snwanovn iq
bdwn swdfo|ig`n oe |nwbq df vd|nq%
\d fian |moq qo|~i|ode |mnwn oq ie ~whne| ennl |d lda~bne| oe |mn gnq| xi sdqqog`n |mn
gnenfo|q |mi| |moq joel df s~g`oa oevnq|bne| gwoehq igd~| de |mn xn`fiwn df |mn sds~`i|ode o|
qnwvnq% \moq oq qd ed| de` |d loqqnboei|n wnq~`|q ibdeh sd`oabijnwq g~| i`qd |d hnenwi|n
hwni|nw sd`o|oai` q~ssdw| fwdb |mn ei|odei` sds~`i|ode xmoam oq |soai`` adeane|wi|nl oe i fnx
~wgie iwniq df |mn ad~e|w%
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Xo|moe |moq iei`qoq iel loqqnboei|ode nffdw| |mn iailnboa qna|dw miq ie obsdw|ie|
sneloeh ihneli wnhiwloeh |mn q|~l df |mn obsia|q |mi| wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq mivn de
md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn: oe siw|oa~`iw de ihhwnhi|n oeloai|dwq q~am iq md~qnmd`l adeq~bs|ode dw
oeadbn% Xmo`q| |mnwn oq ed bikdw loqihwnnbne| ibdeh iailnboaoieq igd~| |mn ennl df oevnq|oeh
oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe hnenwi` " iel wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe siw|oa~`iw " iq ie nffna|ovn adbsdene|df w~wi` sdvnw| nwiloai|ode nffdw|q k~q|ofoai|odeq swnqne|nl |nel |d gn giqnl de o|q obsia| de
iaanqqogo`o| |d s~g`oa qdaoi` qnwvoanq iel biwjn|q xo|md~| nq|ig`oqmoeh |mn nffna|ovn xn`fiwn
amiehnq md~qnmd`lq bohm| gn n}snwoneaoeh% I`|md~hm oeloai|dwq df iaanqq |d mni`|m iel
nl~ai|ode qnwvoanq mivn ie ~eld~g|nl` sdqo|ovn obsia| de md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn hwni|nw
iaanqqogo`o| |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q ldnq ed| enanqqiwo` ne|io`q mohmnw `nvn`q df xn`fiwn%
\moq oq qd gnai~qn md~qnmd`l oeadbn hnenwi|ode aisiao| ad~`l gn |mwni|nenl g oeawniqoeh
`nvn`q df adbsn|o|ode oe |mn `dai` biwjn|% \mnwnfdwn |mn iei`qoq df |mn obsia| df wdil
wnmigo`o|i|ode de md~qnmd`l oeadbn adbsdqo|ode gnadbnq ie nqqne|oi` iqsna| oe |mn obsia|iqqnqqbne| df |moq |sn df s~g`oa oe|nwvne|ode%
Wnhiwloeh ivio`ig`n q|~lonq de |mn nffna|q df w~wi` wdilq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|
bdq| qsnaoi`o{nl `o|nwi|~wn miq k~q| lda~bne|nl |mn loffnwne| obsia|q |mi| q~am oevnq|bne|
ad~`l mivn de iaanqqogo`o| |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iel jn s~g`oa -qdaoi`/ qnwvoanq
xo|md~| ade|wd``oeh |mn nffna|q df d|mnw adviwoi|nq |mi| ad~`l gn oeawniqoeh dw wnl~aoeh |mn
sdqo|ovn obsia|q wnq~`|oeh fwdb |moq oevnq|bne|% \mn bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj ~qnl oe s~g`oa
swdkna|q nvi`~i|ode miq gnne wnmigo`o|i|nl adeqolnwig` |miejq |d |mn oe|wdl~a|ode df swdsneqo|y
qadwn bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq lnvn`dsnl g Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/ iel n}|nelnl gMnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ xmoam i``dxq |mn adeq|w~a|ode df ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq q~ffoaone|`
wdg~q| |d neig`n wnqniwamnwq |d a`iob ai~qi` wn`i|odeq% Mdxnvnw |moq bn|mdld`dhoai` i`|nwei|ovn
miq ed| gnne n| oeadwsdwi|nl |d |mn iei`qoq df qdaoi` iel nadedboa obsia| lnwovoeh fwdb
w~wi` wdilq adeq|w~a|ode wnmigo`o|i|ode iel bioe|neiean swdkna|q%
Ioboeh i| ade|wog~|oeh |d fo`` |moq his |moq amis|nw n}s`dwnq qdbn bn|mdld`dhoai`
bdlofoai|odeq enanqqiw |d ilis| swdsneqo| qadwn bi|amoeh bn|mdld`dh xmne iqqnqqoeh |mn
gnenfo|q |mi| oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode bi hnenwi|n de xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq% Qoean
bie qibs`n lnqoheq de xmoam |mnqn q|~lonq iel nvi`~i|odeq iwn giqnl ld ed| mivn i q~ffoaone|``iwhn qibs`n qo{n df md~qnmd`lq iq |d h~iwie|nn i boeob~b q|i|oq|oai` wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i| i
|dxe `nvn` o| oq ed| hnenwi`` sdqqog`n " ~qoeh ivio`ig`n oefdwbi|ode " |d gi`iean |mn |xd
md~qnmd`l qibs`nq -|mdqn iaanqqoeh |d wnmigo`o|i|nl iel ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq/ xo|m
wnhiwl |d dgqnwvig`n amiwia|nwoq|oaq% Oe |moq amis|nw o| oq q~hhnq|nl |mi| oe q~am aiqnq o| oq
sdqqog`n |d gi`iean gd|m qibs`nq oe |xd q|ihnq% Fowq| neq~woeh |mi| |dxeq iwn adbsiwig`n oe
|nwbq df anw|ioe giqoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq xmoam xd~`l mivn ln|nwboenl xmn|mnw dw ed| |mn
oe|nwvne|ode |ddj s`ian -o%n% adbb~eo| dwhieo{i|odei` aisiao| nadedboa ia|ovo| oeloai|dwq
iaanqq |d s~g`oa qnwvoanq `neh|m df wdil qna|ode dw qo{n df |dxe/: iel qnadel qob~`i|oehxn`fiwn oeloai|dwq |mi| xd~`l adwwnqsdel |d dgqnwvnl md~qnmd`lq of qmd~`l i`` mivn |mn qibn
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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iqqn|q neldxbne| -m~bie dwhieo{i|odei` dw smqoai` aiso|i`/ qd |mi| |mn iqqnqqbne| df
wnmigo`o|i|ode nffna|q xo`` iaad~e| de` fdw |mn loffnwneanq oe wn|~weq iel ede"dgqnwvig`nq |mi|
loffnwne|oi|n ie oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod fwdb i ede"oe|nwvne|ode den%
Fd``dxoeh |moq oe|wdl~a|ode |moq amis|nw oq lovolnl oe fd~w qna|odeq% \mn qna|ode gn`dx oq
i gwonf `o|nwi|~wn wnvonx de xmi| miq qd fiw gnne qiol igd~| |mn gnenfo|q df w~wi` wdilq% Xn qmdx|mnwn |mi| bdq| q|~lonq mivn fda~qnl de |mn iaanqq |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iq xn`` iq s~g`oa
qnwvoanq iel |mi| ivio`ig`n lda~bne|i|ode wnhiwloeh |mn obsia| df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn
obswdvnbne| de jn xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq " q~am iq oeadbn iel adeq~bs|ode " oq vnw obo|nl% \mn
|mowl qna|ode lnqawognq |mn qd~wan iel amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn oefdwbi|ode ~qnl fdw |moq q|~l iq
xn`` iq |mn bn|mdld`dh iss`onl |d nq|obi|n |mn obsia| df w~wi` wdilq wnmigo`o|i|ode de |mn ivnwihn
xn`fiwn df |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq% Oe dwlnw |d adeq|w~a| i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod |mn swdsneqo|
qadwn bi|amoeh bn|mdld`dh oq ~qnl mnwn if|nw ilis|oeh o| |d |mn qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn
li|i ~qnl% \mn fd~w|m qna|ode swnqne|q |mn wnq~`|q df |mn ad~e|nwfia|~i` iei`qoq iel qmdxq |mnobsia| |mi| w~wi` wdilq wnmigo`o|i|ode oe Snw~ xd~`l mivn mil de w~wi` md~qnmd`l‟q snw aiso|i
oeadbn iel adeq~bs|ode% \moq qna|ode i`qd qmdxq |mn obsia| |mi| wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq xd~`l
mivn mil de |mn loffnwne| oeadbn qd~wanq df |mdqn md~qnmd`lq% Foei`` |mn fof|m qna|ode q~bbiwo{nq
|mn bioe foeloehq iel `obo|i|odeq df |mn iei`qoq aiwwonl d~| iel q~hhnq|q qdbn df |mn sneloeh
iwniq df wnqniwam |mi| ennl |d gn illwnqqnl oe dwlnw |d mivn i bdwn iaa~wi|n olni df |mn obsia|q
|mi| wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode miq de w~wi` md~qnmd`lq‟ xn`fiwn%
=%7 \mn gnenfo|q df w~wi` wdilq ; i gwonf gog`odhwismoa wnvonx
Nvne |md~hm |mn fda~q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oe lnvn`dsoeh ad~e|wonq miq qmof|nl ixi
fwdb iwhn"qai`n swdkna|q -mohmxiq wio`xiq iel goh owwohi|ode qamnbnq/ |d qbi``nw qai`n g~|
bdwn `dai`` obsdw|ie| oevnq|bne|q q~am iq w~wi` wdilq dw boawd mlwdn`na|woa sdxnw s`ie|q
obsia| iqqnqqbne|q df q~am oevnq|bne|q de sdvnw| dw |mn `ovoeh q|ieliwlq df |mn `dai`
sds~`i|ode iwn q|o`` qaiwan%
\mn wn`i|ode gn|xnne sdvnw| wnl~a|ode iel w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn swdvoqode miq gnne
loqa~qqnl fwdb i biawd snwqsna|ovn g viwod~q i~|mdwq% Imbnl iel Ldedvie -9??7/ Xdw`l
Giej -9??</ @os|de iel Wivi``ode -9??>/ Gdd|m n| i`% -7333/ ibdeh d|mnwq sdoe| d~| |mnn}oq|nean df q|wdeh `oejihnq gn|xnne w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| ihwoa~`|~wi` hwdx|m iel
sdvnw| wnl~a|ode% \mnqn q|~lonq lwix nvolnean fwdb Qd~|m Niq| Iqoie ad~e|wonq ojn Oeldenqoi
dw Bi`iqoi xmnwn i biqqovn oeawniqn df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn xiq fd``dxnl g i deh snwodl df
nadedboa hwdx|m iel i lwibi|oa wnl~a|ode oe w~wi` sdvnw|% I`|md~hm |mn ai~qi` adeena|ode oq
ed| a`niw` nq|ig`oqmnl |mn q~hhnq| |moq xd~`l mivn missnenl iq i wnq~`| df |mn obsia| df
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| de |mn woqn df ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ovo| iel |mn awni|ode df enx kdg
dssdw|~eo|onq%
Bdwn wnane|` i~|mdwq `ojn Ki`ie iel Wivi``ode -7337/ mivn mohm`ohm|nl |mn obsdw|ieandf gd|m |mn n}oq|nean df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn fiao`o|onq iq xn`` iq |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq ibdeh
Amis|nw =
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|mnb iq ie nqqne|oi` wny~ownbne| fdw w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode% \mnqn i~|mdwq
foel |mi| oe dwlnw |d dvnwadbn sdvnw| |wisq o| oq aw~aoi` iqq~woeh ed| de` |mn iaanqq |d qdbn
siw|oa~`iw jn s~g`oa fiao`o|onq ojn wdilq dw n`na|woao| g~| i`qd |mn adefdwbi|ode df i awo|oai`
biqq df adbs`nbne|iw jn s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn fiao`o|onq%
Iq Hieede iel @o~ -9??8/ sdoe|nl d~| |mn boawdnadedboa bnamieoqbq |mwd~hm xmoamwdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| hnenwi|nq sdqo|ovn obsia|q de nadedboa hwdx|m iel sdvnw|
wnl~a|ode mivn gnne wnadheo{nl g qsnaoi`o{nl `o|nwi|~wn% Iaadwloeh |d |mnqn i~|mdwq w~wi`
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| i``dxq de |mn den miel |mn wnl~a|ode oe swdl~a|ode adq|q iel
|wieqia|ode adq|q fdq|nwoeh |wiln iel bijoeh sdqqog`n lovoqode df igdw iel qsnaoi`o{i|ode jn
n`nbne|q fdw q~q|ioeig`n nadedboa hwdx|m% F~w|mnwoeh |mi| joel df iwh~bne| G`daji iel Xngg
-7339/ foel |mi| mohmnw wdil lneqo| swdbd|nq qsnaoi`o{i|ode neig`oeh fiwbnwq |d lnvn`ds i
bdwn oe|neqovn ihwoa~`|~wn giqnl de bdlnwe oes~|q% De |mn d|mnw miel ied|mnw bnamieoqb
sdoe|nl d~| g Hieede iel @o~ -9??8/ oq wn`i|nl |d mdx w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn obswdvnbne|fdq|nwq oeawniqnq de |mn swdfo|igo`o| df s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q gn`dehoeh |d md~qnmd`lq |mi|
mivn iaanqq |d q~am oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
I`|md~hm o|nwi|~wn olne|ofonq swdsnw` bie df |mn iwniq xmnwn |mn sdqo|ovn obsia|q df
q~am oevnq|bne|q iwn fdwnqnne -o%n% ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode nbs`dbne| oeadbn mni`|m dw
nl~ai|ode/ |mnwn iwn de` fnx q|~lonq |mi| mivn biln swdhwnqq oe nq|ig`oqmoeh i a`niw ai~qi`
`oej gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn swdvoqode iel ie xn`fiwn oeloai|dw% Bdq| q|~lonq mivn `obo|nl
|mnow i||ne|ode |d lda~bne| oe bdwn dw `nqq ln|io` |mn wd`n df iaanqqogo`o| |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn
fiao`o|onq g |mn w~wi` sddw oe |nwbq df wnl~a|odeq df |obn iel adq|q oevd`vnl oe iaanqqoehswdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q dw iaanqqoeh qdaoi` qnwvoanq `ojn mni`|m dw nl~ai|ode%
Oe |mn `iq| fnx niwq |mn wnqniwam iwniq swovo`nhnl g q|~lonq lda~bne|oeh oe ie
nbsowoai` xi |mn sdqo|ovn obsia| df `iwhnw iel gn||nw iaanqq |d w~wi` wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn mivn
gnne wn`i|nl |d |xd gwdil iwniq% De |mn nadedboa qoln swovo`nhnl q|~lonq mivn gnne |mdqn
y~ie|ofoeh |obn qivoehq |wieqsdw| adq|q wnl~a|odeq iel |wieqia|ode adq|q wnl~a|odeq iqqdaoi|nl
|d |mn iw|oa~`i|ode df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q iq xn`` iq |mdqn fda~qoeh
de |mn obsia| |mi| `iwhnw swdvoqode df |moq joel df oefwiq|w~a|~wn hnenwi|nq de w~wi` kdg
dssdw|~eo|onq% De |mn qdaoi` qoln swovo`nhnl q|~lonq mivn gnne |mdqn lda~bne|oeh |mn hwni|nwiaanqq |d giqoa qnwvoanq " ojn mni`|m iel nl~ai|ode " |mi| fd``dx |mn adeq|w~a|ode dw wnmigo`o|i|ode
iel bioe|neiean df w~wi` wdilq%
Ibdeh |mn q|~lonq |mi| fda~q |mnow i||ne|ode de y~ie|ofoeh |obn qivoehq iel |mn
wnl~a|ode df |wieqsdw| adq|q xn aie bne|ode ade|wog~|odeq ojn |mi| df @~aiq Livoq iel Wojiwl
-9??6/ xmd iqqnqq |mn obsia|q df i w~wi` wdilq wnadeq|w~a|ode iel wnmigo`o|i|ode swdhwib oe
\ie{ieoi if|nw qnvne niwq g lda~bne|oeh |wiffoa oeawniqnq siqqnehnw iel fwnohm| adq|
wnl~a|odeq iel |obn qivoehq oe iaanqqoeh biwjn|q% O| ad~`l i`qd gn bne|odenl mnwn H~obiwinq
iel ^m` -9??8/ xmd iqqnqq mdx |wieqsdw| bdln wdil y~i`o| iel loq|iean |d biwjn|q iffna|ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode adq|q oe |mn fnlnwi` q|i|n df Siwé Gwi{o`: dw @o~ -7333/ xmd aiwwonq d~|
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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i q|~l df swdl~a|ode iel |wieqsdw| adq|q adbsiwoeh vo``ihnq xo|m snwbiene| iaanqq |d wdilq
|d |mdqn xo|m de` qniqdei` iaanqq oe |mn q|i|n df Ielmwi Swilnqm oe Oeloi%
Loffnwne| q|~lonq mivn lda~bne|nl |mn obsdw|iean df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe n}sieloeh
w~wi` igdw biwjn|q% Qbo|m n| i`% -7339/ qmdx |mi| fdw |mn aiqn df ^hieli |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode df
wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn fdq|nwnl |mn n}sieqode df kdg dssdw|~eo|onq oe |mn qnwvoan qna|dw% @iekd~xn| i`% -7339/ i`qd foel oeawniqnl ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` kdg dssdw|~eo|onq oe \ie{ieoi l~n |d
wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Mdxnvnw Giwwn|| n| i`% -7339/ iajedx`nlhn |mi| |moq joel df
q|~lonq miq ed| gnne ig`n |d nq|obi|n iaa~wi|n` |mn swdfo|igo`o| df oeawniqnl iaanqq |d `igdw
biwjn|q swdvolnl g q~am oefwiq|w~a|~wn obswdvnbne| oe |nwbq df enx kdg dssdw|~eo|onq iq
xn`` iq gn||nw kdg dssdw|~eo|onq |mie |mdqn n}oq|oeh gnfdwn |mn oe|nwvne|ode%
Oe illo|ode qnvnwi` q|~lonq q~am iq |mdqn g Adwwi` iel Wniwlde -7339/ oe Eoaiwih~i
Ln Kievw iel Qild~`n| -7339/ oe Bï}oad iel |moq q|~l oe amis|nw 6 fdw |mn Snw~voie aiqn
miq fd~el qoheofoaie| wn`i|odeq gn|xnne loffnwne| wdil oeloai|dwq iel ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` w~wi` kdgdssdw|~eo|onq gd|m oe qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihnl ia|ovo|onq% \mnqn q|~lonq mivn qmdxe |mi|
wdil iaanqq bohm| nvne adbsneqi|n |mn igqnean df d|mnw s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q%
Xmi| oq missneoeh xo|m md~qnmd`lq‟ xni`|m iel xn`fiwn4 \mn obsia|q df wnmigo`o|i|nl
wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn de iaanqqogo`o| |d swdl~a| biwjn|q iel enx iel gn||nw kdg dssdw|~eo|onq
wnfnwwnl igdvn qmd~`l ‑ |md~hm bohm| ed| " gn hnenwi|oeh xni`|m dw xn`fiwn hioeq% Mdxnvnw
|mnwn oq ed| b~am xdwj lden oe |moq wnqniwam iwni% Xn aie de` bne|ode |mn xdwj df Kiadg
-7333/xmd qmdxq ~qoeh li|i fwdb Ensi` |mi| |mnwn oq i enhi|ovn wn`i|ode gn|xnne fiwb`iel
vi`~n iel o|q loq|iean |d ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% Iq oeloai|nl g |moq i~|mdw of fiwb`iel gnmivnq`ojn ie iqqn| o|q swoan xd~`l ny~i` |mn en| swnqne| vi`~n df |mn gnenfo|q o|q a~`|ovi|ode hnenwi|nq
iel |mnwnfdwn |moq wn`i|ode " gn|xnne fiwb`iel vi`~n iel loq|iean |d ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q " oq
ie oeloai|dw df |mn aiso|i` hioeq hnenwi|nl g |mn obswdvnbne| df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Oe illo|ode
Kiadg -7333/ olne|ofonq i qoheofoaie| g~| xnij wn`i|ode gn|xnne ihwoa~`|~wi` xihnq iel loq|iean
|d |mn biwjn|% \moq q~hhnq|q |mi| gnenfo|q df gn||nw iw|oa~`i|ode |d `igdw biwjn|q iwn |mn wnq~`|
df amiehnq oe |obn i``dai|ode gn|xnne qn`f"nbs`dbne| iel xihnl ia|ovo|onq wi|mnw |mie |mn
wnq~`| df oeawniqnl xihnq l~n |d wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq%
Ibdehq| |mn q|~lonq |mi| mivn swovo`nhnl |mn iei`qoq df qdaoi` obsia|q df w~wi` wdiloefwiq|w~a|~wn xn aie bne|ode |mdqn g Xoel`n iel Awibg -9??6/ iel Sdw|nw -7337/% Xoel`n
iel Awibg -9??6/ adbsiwn |mwnn iwniq oe Bi`iqoi xo|m loffnwne| lnhwnn df iaanqqogo`o| iel
vnwof |mn sdqo|ovn obsia|q df wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe bi|nwei` mni`|maiwn e~|wo|ode
iel iaanqq |d qamdd`: xmo`n Sdw|nw -7337/ fda~qnq de |mn obsia|q df wdil iaanqq dvnw w~wi`
sddw sds~`i|ode df Q~g"Qimiwie Ifwoai qmdxoeh |mn qoheofoaie| enhi|ovn obsia|q df wdil
ln|nwodwi|ode de iaanqqoeh mni`|m qnwvoanq%
I adbbde awo|oaoqb df bdq| df |mn q|~lonq wnfnwwnl igdvn oq wn`i|nl |d |mnow
bn|mdld`dhoai` lnqoheq xmoam swnvne|q |mnb fwdb iqqnqqoeh a`niw ai~qi` oejq gn|xnne wdiladeq|w~a|ode wnmigo`o|i|ode iel bioe|neiean iel |mn loffnwne| obsia| oeloai|dwq% Fwny~ne|`
Amis|nw =
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|mnqn q|~lonq k~q| qmdx iqqdaoi|odeq gn|xnne i hwni|nw swdvoqode df |wieqsdw| oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel
wnl~anl |wieqsdw| adq|q oeawniqnl iaanqq |d biwjn|q iel s~g`oa qnwvoanq dw nvne hwni|nw nadedboa
hwdx|m iel `dxnw sdvnw| wi|nq xo|md~| ade|wd``oeh swdsnw` fdw d|mnw adviwoi|nq |mi| bohm| gn
mivoeh ie nffna| de |mn `oejihnq ~elnw iei`qoq% Oe qdbn d|mnw aiqnq ade|wd` viwoig`nq iwn
oeadwsdwi|nl g~| |moq oq ed| lden qq|nbi|oai`` ned~hm |d i``dx |mn adeq|w~a|ode df iad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod wny~ownl g ie qnwod~q ai~qi` q|~l qnnjoeh |d bijn q~am ai~qi` a`iobq%
De` i fnx q|~lonq mivn bdvnl fdwxiwl oe |mn lowna|ode df adeq|w~a|oeh ad~e|nwfia|~i`
qaneiwodq% Imbnl iel Mdqqioe -9??3/ aiwwonl d~| |mn fowq| q|~l |mi| qd~hm| |d qq|nbi|oai``
ade|wd` fdw |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| adviwoi|nq oe dwlnw |d nq|obi|n |mn obsia| df wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi`
oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Xo|m i qibs`n df 97? vo``ihnq oe Gieh`ilnqm |moq q|~l foelq |mi| vo``ihnq xo|m
gn||nw wdil iaanqq mivn hwni|nw ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| hwni|nw |d|i` oeadbnq iel gn||nw oeloai|dwq
df iaanqq |d mni`|m qnwvoanq oe siw|oa~`iw oe |mn aiqn df xdbne% \moq q|~l i`qd foelq nvolnean
|mi| q~hhnq|q |mi| wdilq xd~`l mivn oeawniqnl xihn oeadbn dssdw|~eo|onq nqsnaoi`` fdw |mdqnxmd mivn ed fiwb`iel%
\mn q|~l g Goeqxiehnw n| i`% -9??1/ oq i`qd sodennwoeh oe |moq nffdw| df adeq|w~a|oeh
ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq |d q|~l |mn xn`fiwn obsia| df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn% ^qoeh |obn qnwonq
oefdwbi|ode oe i wieldb qibs`n df => loq|woa|q fwdb 91 Q|i|nq oe Oeloi o| qmdxq |mi| wdil
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| fdq|nwnl ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| hwdx|m mohmnw ~qihn df fnw|o`o{nwq iel i
`iwhnw awnlo| q~ss`% \moq q|~l swnqne|q i adeans|~i` fwibnxdwj |mi| oq mn`sf~` |d dvnwadbn
qob~`|ieno| swdg`nbq awni|nl xmne iqqnqqoeh |mn ai~qi` wn`i|odeq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne| iel d|mnw viwoig`nq df oe|nwnq|% \d ivdol |mn adwwn`i|ode df ede"dgqnwvig`n viwoig`nqxo|m niam loq|woa|‟q oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne| " xmoam xd~`l goiq obsia| nq|obi|nq " Goeqxiehnw
n| i`% -9??1/ obs`oao|` adeq|w~a| i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod giqnl de i wieldb qn`na|ode df loq|woa|q%
@nv -9??6/ aiwwonl d~| ied|mnw q|~l oe |mn qibn `oen iqqnqqoeh |mn qdaodnadedboa
obsia|q df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode giqnl de i qibs`n df fd~w w~wi` wdilq oe Bdwdaad adbsiwoeh
swn"n}oq|oeh iel sdq|"wnmigo`o|i|ode adelo|odeq% \d ade|wd` fdw ade|n}| adviwoi|nq loffnwne| |d
wnmigo`o|i|ode o|qn`f xmoam ad~`l mivn iffna|nl |mn d~|adbn @nv -9??6/ adbsiwnq |mn li|i
de |mn snwfdwbiean df |mnqn fd~w wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq xo|m |mi| df |xd ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl
wdilq% Fwdb |moq ”gnfdwn"if|nw‟ iel ”xo|m"xo|md~|‟ adbsiwoqde |mn q|~l foelq |mi| |mn obsia|qfwdb w~wi` wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode xnwn b~am bdwn obsdw|ie| |mie |mn n}sna|nl wnl~a|ode oe |wieqsdw|
adq|q qmdxoeh qoheofoaie| oeawniqnq oe ihwoa~`|~wi` d~|s~| iq xn`` iq obsdw|ie| amiehnq oe |mn
awdsq sdw|fd`od iel ~qihn df oes~|q iel |named`dhonq% Oe illo|ode |mn q|~l olne|ofonq vnw
a`niw ai~qi` `oejihnq gn|xnne wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel iaanqq |d nl~ai|ode
siw|oa~`iw` fdw how`q iq xn`` iq i q~gq|ie|oi` oeawniqn oe |mn ~qn df s~g`oa mni`|m qnwvoanq%
I`|md~hm |moq oq i aiqn q|~l xmoam ldnq ed| swn|nel |d gn wnswnqne|i|ovn df i xolnw iwni oe
bn|mdld`dhoai` |nwbq o| ldnq bieihn adeq|w~a| q~ffoaone|` qd`ol ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq |d
bdvn fdwxiwl oe nq|ig`oqmoeh ai~qi` wn`i|odeq gn|xnne w~wi` wdilq oevnq|bne| iel jn viwoig`nqiqqdaoi|nl xo|m w~wi` md~qnmd`l‟q xn`fiwn%
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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Oe |mn qibn oen wnqniwam xdwj lden g Gijm| -7333/ fdw Gieh`ilnqm adbsiwoeh wnmigo`o|i|nl
wdilq |d ”ade|wd`q‟ foelq adeqolnwig`n n}sieqode oe siqqnehnw iel fwnohm| |wiffoa iel wnl~a|odeq
oe |wieqsdw| adq|q% Mdxnvnw Gijm| -7333/ fi``q qmdw| df iqqnqqoeh obsia|q de xn`fiwn df
gnenfoaoiw md~qnmd`lq iq mn ldnq ed| adeq|w~a| i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod oe xmoam md~qnmd`lq
`dai|nl oe ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq sdqqnqq amiwia|nwoq|oaq adbsiwig`n |d |mdqn df md~qnmd`lq`dai|nl eniw wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq%
Foei`` ~qoeh |mn qibn swobiw li|igiqn ~qnl oe |moq q|~l A~ée|d -7333/ qmdxq fdw
|mn aiqn df Snw~ i qn| df oeloai|dwq df |mn gnenfo|q |mi| |mn ei|odei` swdhwib df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode
iel bioe|neiean xd~`l mivn mil de gnenfoaoiw w~wi` md~qnmd`lq if|nw o|q |mwnn"niw
obs`nbne|i|ode -9??6"9???/% Oe ldoeh qd |mn q|~l g A~ée|d -7333/ adbsiwnq gnenfoaoiw
md~qnmd`lq iel |dxeq " dai|nl eniw wdilq wnmigo`o|i|nl g |moq s~g`oa swdhwib " xo|m md~qnmd`lq
iel |dxeq `dai|nl oe adbsiwig`n w~wi` wdilq xmoam mil ed| gnne qnwvnl g |mn swdhwib iel
foelq obsdw|ie| wnl~a|odeq oe siqqnehnw iel fwnohm| |wieqsdw| adq|q iq xn`` iq oeawniqnq oe
iaanqq |d jn qdaoi` qnwvoanq% Mdxnvnw l~n |d ed| mivoeh isswdswoi|n ”ade|wd`q‟ iq b~am iq
swdg`nbq df |mn li|i " xmoam xo`` gn loqa~qqnl oe |mn fd``dxoeh qna|ode " A~ée|d -7333/ ldnq
ed| bijn |mn bdq| df |mn n}oq|nean df sd|ne|oi` ”ade|wd`q‟ |d iqqnqq wohdwd~q` |mn obsia| df
wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de gnenfoaoiw md~qnmd`lq‟ xn`fiwn% Swnaoqn` bdvoeh fdwxiwl |dxiwlq
|moq s~wsdqn xo`` gn |mn fda~q df |mn wnbioeoeh qna|odeq df |moq amis|nw%
=% 1% Li|i iel bn|mdld`dhy
\moq amis|nw |wonq |d bniq~wn |mn obsia| df w~wi` wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn
fda~qoeh de |xd jn oeloai|dwq; md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode iel md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i
oeadbn% \moq oq lden g adbsiwoeh |mn xn`fiwn `nvn` df md~qnmd`lq `ovoeh eniw wnmigo`o|i|nl
w~wi` wdilq xo|m ie nq|obi|n df |mn xn`fiwn nvn` |mnqn qibn md~qnmd`lq xd~`l mivn qmd~`l |mn
wnmigo`o|i|ode mil ed| gnne obs`nbne|nl% Qoean |moq nq|obi|n oq adeq|w~a|nl giqnl de |mn
oefdwbi|ode swdvolnl g md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq |mn swnaoqode df
|moq obsia| iqqnqqbne| lnsnelq awo|oai`` de mdx adbsiwig`n iwn gd|m |snq df md~qnmd`lq "
|mdqn ovoeh eniw wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq -|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq/ iel |mdqn ovoeh eniw ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl
wdilq -sd|ne|oi` ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq/ "%
\moq qna|ode lnqawognq |mn qd~wan iel amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn oefdwbi|ode ~qnl iq xn`` iq
|mn bn|mdld`dh iss`onl |d nq|obi|n |mn obsia| df w~wi` wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de |mn ivnwihn
xn`fiwn df |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq% Iq swnvod~q` bne|odenl |moq obsia| bniq~wnbne| fda~qnq de
|mwnn oeloai|dwq; -i/ md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i oeadbn `nvn`: -g/ md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i oeadbn
adbsdqo|ode " adeqolnwoeh fd~w sdqqog`n qd~wanq df oeadbn; ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne|
oeadbn " ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn iel ede"
ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn: iel -a/ md~qnmd`l snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode `nvn`%
Amis|nw =
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=% 1%9%\mn li|i
\mn oefdwbi|ode ~qnl oe |moq q|~l adbnq fwdb i qn| df md~qnmd`l q~wvnq iel |dxe"`nvn`
q~wvnq -o%n% illwnqqnl |d `dai` i~|mdwo|onq sd`oan q|i|odeq bihoq|wi|n‟q ad~w|q iel g~qoenqqnq/
wnhiwloeh qdaodnadedboa amiwia|nwoq|oaq fdw |mn fdwbnw iel swdvoqode df s~g`oa qnwvoanq iel
qdaodnadedboa amiwia|nwoq|oaq fdw |mn `i||nw% \mnqn q~wvnq xnwn aiwwonl d~| l~woeh Biwam7333 iq siw| df |mn obsia| nvi`~i|ode df |mn fowq| smiqn df |mn a~wwne| Snw~voie Hdvnwebne|‟q
w~wi` wdilq wnmigo`o|i|ode swdhwib iq wnsdw|nl g A~ée|d -7333/%
\mn W~wi` Wdil Wnmigo`o|i|ode iel Bioe|neiean Swdhwib -SAW/ oq siw| df i ei|odei`
swdkna| df wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn wnmigo`o|i|ode -Swdyna|d Nqsnaoi` ln Wnmigo`o|iaoñe ln `i
Oefwinq|w~a|~wi ln \wieqsdw|n/ xmoam xiq obs`nbne|nl qoean 9??6 iel wnhiwlnl iq i jn
adbsdene| df |mn q|wi|nh |d wnl~an w~wi` sdvnw| oe Snw~% I`|md~hm SAW‟q swdhwib ia|ovo|onq
nqqne|oi`` oevd`vnl |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode df w~wi` wdilq " ede"bd|dwo{nl iel bd|dwo{nl "
adbs`nbne|iw ia|ovo|onq oea`~lnl q|wneh|mneoeh |mn dwhieo{i|odei` iel bieihnbne| aisiao|onqdf dai` boawd"qai`n ne|nwswoqnq wnqsdeqog`n fdw |mn bioe|neiean df |mn wnmigo`o|i|nl bd|dwo{nl
w~wi` wdilq%
\mn iwni df oef`~nean df |mn swdhwib oea`~lnq w~wi` iwniq df 19< loq|woa|q xo|m mohm
sdvnw| wi|nq gn`dehoeh |d 97 fwdb |mn 7< lnsiw|bne|q oe Snw~ -Aikibiwai Ieaiqm
M~ieaivn`oai M~ée~ad K~eâe Siqad Is~wâbia Iia~amd A~qad S~ed Bilwn ln Lodq
iel Qie Biw|âe/% \mnqn lnsiw|bne|q ade|oe~n |d gn qnwvnl i| swnqne| g |mn qnadel smiqn df
|mn swdhwib xmoam q|iw|nl i| |mn nel df 7339 xo|m |mn iob df neq~woeh |mn oeq|o|~|odei` iel
foeieaoi` q~q|ioeigo`o| df bioe|neiean ia|ovo|onq xmoam xo`` hwil~i`` gnadbn i wnqsdeqogo`o|df |mn wnqsna|ovn `dai` hdvnwebne|q%
\mn q~wvnq hi|mnwnl oefdwbi|ode fwdb 731= md~qnmd`lq loq|wog~|nl ibdeh 1=< |dxeq:
99>3 q~wvnnl md~qnmd`lq ovn oe wdil qna|odeq wnmigo`o|i|nl g |mn SAW iel === ovn oe wdil
qna|odeq ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl g SAW% De |moq wnhiwl o| oq xdw|m bne|odeoeh qdbn amiwia|nwoq|oaq
df |mn qn`na|ode swdanqq fdw niam hwd~s df md~qnmd`lq oe |mn q~wvn% 9 De |mn den miel |mn
qn`na|ode swdanqq df md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw wdil qna|odeq wnmigo`o|i|nl g SAW xiq i| wieldb
iel |mwnn"q|ihnl xo|m qq|nbi|oa qn`na|ode fdw |mn fowq| q|ihn swdgigo`o| swdsdw|odei` |d |dxe
qo{n fdw |mn qnadel q|ihn iel wieldb qn`na|ode fdw |mn |mowl q|ihn% Oe illo|ode fdw |mdqn
md~qnmd`lq ovoeh oe bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn qn`na|ode swdanqq xiq q|wi|ofonl g hndhwismoa ldbioe%
Xo|moe |moq qibs`n lnqohe wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|odeq xnwn qn`na|nl oe |mn fowq| q|ihn |dxeq oe
|mn qnadel q|ihn -|xd dw oe qdbn aiqnq |mwnn |dxeq snw wdil qna|ode qn`na|nl oe |mn fowq|
q|ihn/ iel md~qnmd`lq oe |mn |mowl q|ihn -gn|xnne fd~w iel qo} md~qnmd`lq snw |dxe qn`na|nl
oe |mn qnadel q|ihn/% Oe |moq xi 8< bd|dwo{nl wdil qna|odeq iel 96 ede"bd|dwo{nl wdil
qna|odeq xnwn qn`na|nl% De |mn d|mnw miel oefdwbi|ode fwdb md~qnmd`lq iel |dxeq dai|nl oe
wdil qna|odeq |mi| lol ed| gnenfo| fwdb SAW ia|ovo|onq xiq i`qd hi|mnwnl iq i adbs`nbne|
9 \moq swdanqq xiq fd``dxnl qnsiwi|n` fdw niam |sn df wdil; bd|dwo{nl iel ede"bd|dwo{nl%
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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988
xo|m |mn s~wsdqn df ~qoeh |mnb iq i ade|wd` hwd~s l~woeh swdhwib nvi`~i|ode% Adeqny~ne|`
|mn qn`na|ode swdanqq df |moq qnadel hwd~s df md~qnmd`lq xiq ed| i| wieldb% Oe siw|oa~`iw |mn
nvi`~i|dwq qd~hm| |mi| niam ade|wd` wdil qna|ode -ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl g SAW/ xiq qobo`iw |d
den |wni|nl wdil qna|ode -wnmigo`o|i|nl g SAW/ oe ihwd"a`obi|oa adelo|odeq -`ojn i`|o|~ln/
monwiwam df |mn |dxeq adeena|nl g |mn wdil -swdvoean dw loq|woa| aiso|i`q/ wdil‟q f~ea|ode-adeena|ode |d |mn qibn qnadeliw wdil/ loq|iean |d adbbnwaoi` aowa~o|q iel |sn df wdil
-bd|dwo{nl dw ede"bd|dwo{nl/%
Lnqso|n |mn n}oq|nean df |mnqn wdil qna|ode bi|amoeh awo|nwoi |mn qibs`n oea`~lnl
oeilvnw|ne|` iq i siw| df |mn ade|wd` hwd~s md~qnmd`lq |mi| mil iaanqq |d wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq
iq fiw iq q~am wnmigo`o|i|ode mil ed| gnne obs`nbne|nl iq siw| df |mn SAW swdhwib% Dgvod~q`
|mnqn ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq iaanqqoeh wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq ad~`l goiq |mn SAW‟q obsia| iqqnqqbne|%
Oe siw|oa~`iw 1< snwane| df ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq dai|nl oe ede"bd|dwo{nl wdil qna|odeq iel 1=
snwane| df ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq `dai|nl oe bd|dwo{nl wdil qna|odeq wnsdw|nl mivoeh gnenfo|nlfwdb wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode ia|ovo|onq aiwwonl d~| g EHDq xdwjoeh oe |mn iwni |mnow b~eoaosi`o|onq
dw d|mnw s~g`oa oeq|o|~|odeq%
\d dvnwadbn |moq swdg`nb xn bdlofonl |mn li|i q|w~a|~wn dwohoei`` qn| d~| g |mn
swdhwib nvi`~i|dwq " siowq df wdil qna|odeq df wnmigo`o|i|nl iel ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl g SAW "
A~ée|d -7333/ |d iaad~e| fdw d|mnw wnmigo`o|i|ode swdhwibq% \m~q fdw |mn s~wsdqn df |moq q|~l
|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq iwn |mdqn `dai|nl oe wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|odeq -gn |mi| g SAW dw ie
d|mnw oeq|o|~|ode/ iel |mn hwd~s df sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q iwn md~qnmd`lq `dai|nl oe wdil qna|odeq
|mi| lol ed| gnenfo| fwdb ie wnmigo`o|i|ode xdwj% O| oq xdw|m bne|odeoeh |mi| xmo`n bioe|neieania|ovo|onq ld |ijn s`ian oe |mn aiqn df bd|dwo{nl wdilq wnmigo`o|i|nl g |mn SAW o| xiq ed|
sdqqog`n |d nq|ig`oqm of qobo`iw ia|odeq |ddj s`ian de |mn wdilq wnmigo`o|i|nl g d|mnw oeq|o|~|odeq
" ede"bd|dwo{nl dw bd|dwo{nl "% \ig`n =%9 qmdxq |mn loq|wog~|ode df md~qnmd`lq iel |dxeq
a`iqqofonl g q|i|n df |mn wdil qna|ode -wnmigo`o|i|nl dw ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl/ iel |sn df wdil
-ede"bd|dwo{nl iel bd|dwo{nl/%
Xn fd~el qq|nbi|oa goiqnq oe jn qdaodnadedboa viwoig`nq gn|xnne |mn |xd hwd~sq
|mn sd|ne|oi`` ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq iel |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq% \mnqn goiqnq i`nw|nl ~q igd~|
|mn ennl |d nq|ig`oqm isswdswoi|n ade|wd`q gnfdwn |mn nq|obi|ode df |mn ivnwihn nffna| df wdilwnmigo`o|i|ode% \mnqn qq|nbi|oa loffnwneanq iwn loqa~qqnl oe ln|io` oe Qna|ode =%<% Oe |mn wnboelnw
df |moq qna|ode xn adeane|wi|n de |mn bn|mdld`dh ~qnl |d oqd`i|n q~am loffnwneanq iel mnean
gn ig`n |d nq|obi|n oe |mn bdq| swnaoqn xi |mn nffna|q df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode%
=%1%7% Bn|mdld`dhy
\mn amdoan df |mn bn|mdld`dh nbs`dnl |d nvi`~i|n |mn xn`fiwn obsia| df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode
de w~wi` md~qnmd`lq xiq giqnl de |mn d~|adbn siwibn|nw df oe|nwnq| " |mn bnie nffna| df wdil
wnmigo`o|i|ode de |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq‟ xn`fiwn " iq xn`` iq de |mn qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mnivio`ig`n li|i%
Amis|nw =
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98=
\ig`n =%9 Loq|wog~|ode df |mn qibs`n-fdw md~qnmd`lq iel |dxeq/
Q|i|n df |mn Wdil\sn df Wdil \d|i`
Ede"Wnmigo`o|i|nl Wnmigo`o|i|nl
Ede"Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil
Md~qnmd`lq 936 79< 173\dxeq 79 <1 6<
Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil
Md~qnmd`lq 138 9<99 989=\dxeq 67 7>= 173
\d|i` " md~qnmd`lq <91 967> 731=\d|i` " |dxeq =1 139 1=<
Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\mn ennl |d nq|obi|n i sds~`i|ode siwibn|nw q~am iq |mn ivnwihn xn`fiwn nffna| df
wnmigo`o|i|ode de |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq oe i ede"n}snwobne|i` lnqohe fwibnxdwj `nl ~q |d
amdoan |mn bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj swdsdqnl g |mn `o|nwi|~wn de bi|amoeh oe siw|oa~`iw
swdsneqo|y qadwn bi|amoeh xoln` ~qnl fdw ede"n}snwobne|i` q|~lonq q~am iq |moq den% \moq
bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj i``dxq ie nffoaone| ~qn df oefdwbi|ode fwdb md~qnmd`lq xo|m iaanqq
|d ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq -sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/ |d adeq|w~a| ie nq|obi|n df |mn xn`fiwn `nvn` df
|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq of |mn wdil qna|ode |mn iaanqq xd~`l mil ed| gnne wnmigo`o|i|nl% \mnbn|mdld`dh ln|io`nl gn`dx oq nqqne|oi`` giqnl de q|~lonq g Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/
iel Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ iq xn`` iq de Mnajbie n| i`% -9???/ adbswnmneqovn wnvonx df
nvi`~i|ode bn|mdld`dhonq fdw s~g`oa swdkna|q%
L~n |d |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn ivio`ig`n oefdwbi|ode o| xiq enanqqiw |d bijn qdbn
ilk~q|bne|q xo|moe |moq bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj% Oe |moq wnhiwl |xd amiwia|nwoq|oaq fwdb
|mn li|i `iol ldxe |mn h~oln`oenq fdw |moq ilk~q|bne|;
i/ \mn oefdwbi|ode swdvolnl g md~qnmd`lq oq ed| wnswnqne|i|ovn i| i |dxe `nvn`%" \moq
fia| miq lowna| obs`oai|odeq de ln`oeni|oeh |mn bn|mdld`dh siw|oa~`iw` de |mn n`na|odedf |mn iei`qoq ~eo| fdw |xd wniqdeq; -i/ |mn bnie nffna| df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de w~wi`
md~qnmd`lq xn`fiwn aie ed| gn iqqnqqnl i| i |dxe `nvn` -`nvn` i| xmoam |mn swdgigo`o|
df iaanqqoeh i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil oq lnfoenl/: iel -g/ bi|amoeh md~qnmd`lq iaadwloeh |d
|mn swdgigo`o| df iaanqq |d i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil aie ed| gn giqnl de amiwia|nwoq|oaq df
q~wvnnl md~qnmd`lq g~| wi|mnw de |mn |dxe oe xmoam |mn `ovn%
g/ \mn oefdwbi|ode ivio`ig`n oq awdqq"qna|odei` iel xiq hi|mnwnl if|nw wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode%"
\mn `iaj df i giqn `oen " i``dxoeh iei`qoq df md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn amiehnq " iel oe
siw|oa~`iw |mn iaj df deho|~loei` oefdwbi|ode df md~qnmd`lq fwdb gd|m hwd~sq gnfdwnwdil wnmigo`o|i|ode w~`nq d~| |mn sdqqogo`o| df ~qoeh i bdwn swnaoqn nq|obi|dw |mie |mi|
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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98?
ivio`ig`n fdw awdqq"qna|odei` oefdwbi|ode siw|oa~`iw` |mn loffnwnean"oe"loffnwnean
nq|obi|dw%7
\mn bn|mdld`dh iss`onl oe |moq q|~l oe adeqolnwi|ode df |mn igdvn oea`~lnq qdbn
ilk~q|bne|q |d swdsneqo|y qadwn bi|amoeh q|ieliwl bn|mdld`dh fdw awdqq"qna|odei` li|i df
|mn joel ivio`ig`n mnwn%Fowq| df i`` |mn dgkna|ovn df |moq q|~l oq |d nq|obi|n |mn xn`fiwn df i md~qnmd`l oe i
msd|mn|oai` qaneiwod loffnwne| fwdb |mi| den oe xmoam o| ia|~i`` oq% \mi| oq ieqxnwoeh |mn
y~nq|ode; xmi| xd~`l |mn xn`fiwn nvn` gn of wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode mil ed| |ijne s`ian4 Oe swoeaos`n
dean |moq oeloai|dw oq nq|obi|nl o| oq sdqqog`n |d nq|ig`oqm |mn xn`fiwn hioeq lnwovnl fwdb wdil
wnmigo`o|i|ode xmoam xd~`l gn hovne g |mn loffnwnean gn|xnne |mn wnsdw|nl xn`fiwn `nvn`
fwdb ie oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod iel |mn nq|obi|nl xn`fiwn `nvn` oe i ede"oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod%
Mdxnvnw o| oq xdw|m nbsmiqo{oeh |mi| l~n |d |mn obsdqqogo`o| df qob~`|iend~q` dgqnwvoeh
ie siw|oa~`iw oelovol~i` oe gd|m q|i|nq -oe|nwvne|ode iel ede"oe|nwvne|ode/ `o|nwi|~wn debi|amoeh ihwnnq de ~qoeh iq isswdswoi|n nvn` df iei`qoq |mi| df sds~`i|ode ihhwnhi|nq xmo`n
wnadheo{oeh |mn obsdqqogo`o| df adeq|w~a|oeh ie obsia| nq|obi|nq i| |mn oelovol~i` `nvn`% Oe
|moq qneqn |mn oeloai|dw |mi| |moq q|~l iobq i| nq|obi|oeh oq |mn bnie xn`fiwn nffna| df
wnmigo`o|i|ode de |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq;
Wnmigo`o|i|ode nffna| de |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq 2 N - _ 9o
p l o29 / " N - _
3 op l
o29 / -9/
xmnwn l o29 oeloai|nq |mn hwd~s |d xmoam md~qnmd`l o gn`dehq oe |mn dgqnwvnl qaneiwod; |mn|wni|nl hwd~s% \mn fowq| adbsdene| de |mn wohm| miel qoln df |mn ny~i|ode -9/ oeloai|nq |mn
xn`fiwn n}sna|nl vi`~n fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq oe qaneiwod 9 oe xmoam wnmigo`o|i|ode xiq aiwwonl
d~| Z_ 9o
wnswnqne|q snw aiso|i oeadbn -dw adeq~bs|ode/ fdw md~qnmd`l o oe qaneiwod 9 |mn
dgqnwvnl qaneiwodR% @ojnxoqn |mn qnadel adbsdene| wnswnqne|q |mn xn`fiwn n}sna|nl vi`~n
fdw |mnqn qibn md~qnmd`lq oe ie i`|nwei|ovn qaneiwod; qaneiwod 3 oe xmoam wnmigo`o|i|ode xiq
ed| aiwwonl d~| Z_ 3o
wnswnqne|q |mn snw aiso|i oeadbn -dw adeq~bs|ode/ fdw md~qnmd`l o ne |moq
qaneiwod 3 i msd|mn|oai` qaneiwodR% Nvolne|` |moq qnadel adbsdene| oq ede"dgqnwvig`n
qoean i md~qnmd`l aie de` n}snwobne| den q|i|n df ei|~wn i| i |obn%
\moq ~edgqnwvig`n adbsdene| bi gn adeq|w~a|nl lwixoeh oefdwbi|ode fwdb |mn hwd~s
df md~qnmd`lq `ovoeh oe ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|odeq -l o23/% Of ie n}snwobne|i` lnqohe oe
xmoam sd|ne|oi`` gnenfoaoiw md~qnmd`lq df wnmigo`o|i|ode nffdw|q xnwn wieldb` qn`na|nl xnwn
ivio`ig`n o| xd~`l gn sdqqog`n |d bijn i lowna| adbsiwoqde gn|xnne xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq df
|wni|nl iel ade|wd` hwd~sq gnai~qn |mn loq|wog~|ode df sdqqog`n d~|adbnq fdw |wni|nl iel ade|wd`
md~qnmd`lq xd~`l gn |mn qibn oe niam i`|nwei|ovn qaneiwod -_ 3oe |mn ede"oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod
7
Qbo|m iel \dll -7333/ iqqnqq |mn snwfdwbiean df awdqq"qna|ode iel deho|~loei` bi|amoeh nq|obi|dwq iel adea`~ln|mi| |mn bdq| wdg~q| nq|obi|dw oq |mn loffnwnean"oe"loffnwnean nq|obi|dw iq o| n`oboei|nq goiq qd~wanq |mi| iwn oeviwoig`ni`deh |obn% Mdxnvnw |moq nq|obi|dw wny~ownq `deho|~loei` oefdwbi|ode ed| ivio`ig`n fdw |moq q|~l%
Amis|nw =
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9=3
iel _ 9
oe |mn oe|nwvne|ode den/% \mnwnfdwn ~elnw ie n}snwobne|i` lnqohe |mn n}sna|nl vi`~n
fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq oe |mn ede"oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod -|mn ede"dgqnwvig`n adbsdene|/ xd~`l
gn |mn qibn iq |mn n}sna|nl vi`~n fdw |mn ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq oe |mn ede"oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod
-ie dgqnwvig`n adbsdene|/% Mdxnvnw |mn ivio`ig`n oefdwbi|ode ldnq ed| mivn |mnqn
amiwia|nwoq|oaq% \mnwnfdwn o| oq enanqqiw |d bijn n} sdq| ilk~q|bne|q |d neq~wn adbsiwigo`o|gn|xnne |mn hwd~s df md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq -sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/
iel |mn hwd~s `ovoeh eniw wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq -|wni|nl /%
Fd``dxoeh |mn bn|mdld`dh swdsdqnl g Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ |moq ilk~q|bne| oq
iss`onl dvnw i qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] % Q~am ilk~q|bne| qmd~`l neq~wn |mi| |mn loq|wog~|ode df
|mn oeloai|dw _ 3
-o%n% snw aiso|i oeadbn df ie md~qnmd`l of wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode ldnq ed| |ijn
s`ian/ xo|moe i q~ghwd~s df md~qnmd`lq " lnfoenl g |mnow a`dqnenqq oe ] " oq |mn qibn fdw |mn
hwd~s df md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq iq |mn loq|wog~|ode xd~`l gn dgqnwvnl
fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq hwd~s of wnmigo`o|i|ode mil ed| |ijne s`ian% \mi| oq;
N - _ 3o
p l o29 ] / 2 N - _
3op l
o23 ] / -7/
\d neq~wn |mi| gd|m qolnq df |moq n}swnqqode iwn xn`` lnfoenl qob~`|iend~q` xn ennl |d
adelo|ode |mnqn n}sna|nl vi`~nq de i q~ssdw| wnhode dvnw |mn qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] adbbde |d
gd|m hwd~sq -|wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/% Oe |moq xi |mn d~|adbnq dg|ioenl g |mdqn
md~qnmd`lq -fwdb gd|m hwd~sq/ |mi| gn`deh |d |moq adbbde q~ssdw| xo`` gn adbsiwig`n% Dean xn
ade|wd` dvnw |mn qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] |mi| lnfoenq |mn q~ssdw| wnhode adbbde |d gd|m hwd~sqo| oq sdqqog`n |d nq|obi|n |mn ivnwihn d~|adbn df |mn |wni|nl hwd~s ‑ of o| mil ed| hd| iaanqq |d i
wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdil " g ai`a~`i|oeh |mn ivnwihn d~|adbn df |mn hwd~s df sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q
-xnohm|oeh niam ade|wd` md~qnmd`l iaadwloeh |d o|q a`dqnenqq oe ] |d niam |wni|nl md~qnmd`l/%
Fd``dxoeh Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/ o| oq sdqqog`n |d wnl~an |mn lobneqodei`o| df
|mn adbbde q~ssdw| ‟q lnfoeo|ode swdg`nb |mwd~hm |mn nq|obi|ode df i swdsneqo|y qadwn xmoam
wnf`na|q |mn adelo|odei` swdgigo`o| df siw|oaosi|oeh oe |mn swdhwib -fdw |moq q|~l |mn adelo|odei`
swdgigo`o| df iaanqqoeh i wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdil/ hovne |mn vna|dw df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] ;
Sw-l29 p ]/ 2 Sw-]/ -1/
G oeadwsdwi|oeh |mn ade|wog~|ode df |mnqn i~|mdwq iel fd``dxoeh |mn adeans|~i`
fwibnxdwj swdsdqnl g Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ o| oq sdqqog`n nq|ig`oqmoeh |mi| of |mn loq|wog~|ode
df _ 3
oq oelnsnelne| df |mn adelo|odei` loq|wog~|ode df l de ] xo|moe |mn adbbde q~ssdw|
lnfoenl de |mn qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] |mn loq|wog~|ode df _ 3oq i`qd oelnsnelne| df |mn adelo|odei`
loq|wog~|ode df l de Sw-]/ -xo|moe |mn wnfnwwnl adbbde q~ssdw| /%
Fd``dxoeh |mn swdsdqnl bn|mdld`dhoai` fwibnxdwj den df |mn bioe |iqjq df |moq q|~l`onq oe foeloeh i qn| df amiwia|nwoq|oaq ] |mi| i``dxq |mn adeq|w~a|ode df i adbbde q~ssdw|
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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xo|moe xmoam gd|m hwd~sq iwn adbsiwig`n% \soai`` |mnqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq iwn |mdqn |mi| oef`~nean
md~qnmd`lq‟ swdgigo`o| |d iaanqq i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil oe q~am i xi |mi| o| oq sdqqog`n |d foel
md~qnmd`lq xo|m qobo`iw swdgigo`o|onq iel qd gn ig`n |d wns`oai|n |mn wieldbenqq iqqdaoi|nl
xo|m n}snwobne|i` lnqoheq%
Oe |mn ade|n}| df |moq amis|nw |mnqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq iwn lnfoenl i| |dxe"`nvn`% \mi| oq|mn swdgigo`o| df iaanqqoeh i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil oq |mn qibn fdw i`` md~qnmd`lq |mi| gn`deh |d i
|dxe `dai|nl oe i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|ode% Oe |moq qneqn o| oq |dxe amiwia|nwoq|oaq xmi| oq
wn`nvie| |d adeq|w~a| |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn% Of i wnswnqne|i|ovn e~bgnw df md~qnmd`lq i| |dxe"
`nvn` xnwn ivio`ig`n o| xd~`l gn sdqqog`n |d lnfoen md~qnmd`lq‟ xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq i| |mi|
ihhwnhi|ode nvn` oe xmoam aiqn |mn bnie nffna| df wnmigo`o|i|ode ad~`l gn ilny~i|n` iqqnqqnl
i| |dxe `nvn`% Mdxnvnw hovne |mi| |mn q~wvn‟q qibs`n lnqohe de` adeqolnwnl ie ivnwihn df
fd~w |d qo} md~qnmd`lq snw |dxe o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d swn|nel q|i|oq|oai` wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i|
|mi| `nvn`% Oe adeqny~nean o| oq enanqqiw |d nq|ig`oqm |xd `nvn`q df iei`qoq: de |mn den miel|mn |dxe nvn` i| xmoam |mn adbbde q~ssdw| oq lnfoenl iel |mn swdgigo`o| fdw niam md~qnmd`l
df |mn qibs`n -|wni|nl dw sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`/ df iaanqqoeh i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|ode oq nq|obi|nl%
De |mn d|mnw miel ie iei`qoq i| i md~qnmd`l nvn` oq nq|ig`oqmnl i| xmoam |mn ivnwihn d~|adbn
df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode oq bniq~wnl -|mn xn`fiwn oeloai|dw dvnw xmoam |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode nffna| oq
nq|obi|nl oq ln|nwboenl i| |moq `nvn`/%
\mn nbsowoai` qsnaofoai|ode df |moq q|~l fd``dxnl |mwnn q|ihnq; -9/ Adeq|w~a|ode df |mn
adbbde q~ssdw| : -7/ Adeq|w~a|ode df |mn d~|adbn viwoig`nq |d gn iqqnqqnl -md~qnmd`lq‟ snw
aiso|i oeadbn dw adeq~bs|ode ade|wd``nl g iqqn|q sdqqnqqode/: iel -1/ Md~qnmd`lq bi|amoeh-giqnl de |mn adbbde q~ssdw| / iel ai`a~`i|ode df |mn bnieq loffnwnean gn|xnne |mn |wni|nl
iel ade|wd` hwd~sq% En}| xn lnqawogn niam df |mnqn q|ihnq;
Fowq| Q|ihn% Oe |moq q|ihn |mn adbbde q~ssdw| oq lnfoenl: o%n% |mn swdgigo`o| df i |dxe
df iaanqqoeh i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil oq nq|obi|nl - swdsneqo|y qadwn/ iel |mn e~bgnw df dgqnwvi|odeq
|d gn oeadwsdwi|nl oe |mn nvi`~i|ode oq wnq|woa|nl lnsneloeh de |mn oe|nwqna|ode df |mn iaanqq
swdgigo`o| wiehn df gd|m |wni|nl iel ade|wd` hwd~sq% \mn swdgigo`o| df iaanqqoeh i wnmigo`o|i|nl
wdil oq |mn adbbde q~ssdw| ‟q q~bbiw oeloai|dw |mi| oq i den"lobneqodei` oeloai|dw |mi|
wnf`na|q |mn b~`|olobneqodei` qsian df |mdqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| oef`~nean de xmn|mnw dw ed||mn wdil |d xmoam |mn |dxe iaanqq miq gnne wnmigo`o|i|nl% Oe |mi| qneqn |moq swdgigo`o| nq|obi|n
- swdsneqo|y qadwn/ oeadwsdwi|nq loffnwne| joelq df viwoig`nq |mi| ad~`l mivn oef`~neanl |mn
lnaoqode df i |mowl"siw| -dw |mn adbb~eo| o|qn`f/ |d wnmigo`o|i|n |mn wdil qna|ode |mi| wniamnq
|mn |dxe% \mnqn viwoig`nq oea`~ln viwoig`nq `ojn |mn adbb~eo|‟q dwhieo{i|odei` aisiao|
oeloai|dwq df |dxe‟q nadedboa ia|ovo| swdvoqode df nl~ai|ode iel mni`|m s~g`oa qnwvoanq oe
|mn |dxe qo{n df |mn |dxe `neh|m df wdil qna|ode dw hndhwismoai` ldbioe xo|moe xmoam |mn
|dxe oq `dai|nl%
Qnadel Q|ihn% Den df |mn q|~l‟q loq|oea|ovn fni|~wnq `onq de |mn fia| |mi| o|q iei`qoq~eo| oq |mn md~qnmd`l iel ed| |mn |dxe -`nvn` i| xmoam |mn swdgigo`o| df iaanqqoeh i wnmigo`o|i|nl
Amis|nw =
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wdil oq lnfoenl/% O| oq xdw|m sdoe|oeh d~| |mi| oe |moq q|~l |mn loffnwneanq oe amiwia|nwoq|oaq
gn|xnne |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq hwd~s iel |mn sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q hwd~s iwn q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|
-|mnqn loffnwneanq iwn ln|io`nl oe |mn wnq~`|q qna|ode gn`dx/% \moq obs`onq |mi| |mn awo|oai` viwoig`nq
|mi| neq~wn adbsiwigo`o| gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq wnhiwloeh |mn bniq~wnl xn`fiwn oeloai|dw iwn
ed| wn`i|nl qd`n` |d |mn md~qnmd`l swdgigo`o| df iaanqqoeh |d i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil% Oe fia| |moqswdgigo`o| lnsnelq de |mn |dxe‟q amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel " hovne |mn `iaj df md~qnmd`l
wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i| i |dxe `nvn` " o| oq fdw i`` swia|oai` s~wsdqn i swdgigo`o| oelnsnelne|
fwdb dgqnwvnl loffnwneanq gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq xo|moe |dxeq% \mnwnfdwn o| oq dgvod~q |mi| |mn
md~qnmd`l bi|amoeh bn|mdld`dh " xmoam xdwjq ~elnw |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn a`dqnenqq awo|nwode
" oq ed| q~ffoaone| |d adeq|w~a| i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq iq |moq oeloai|dw
oq ed| qneqo|ovn |d |mn loffnwneanq ibdeh md~qnmd`lq amiwia|nwoq|oaq -amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| oef`~nean
|mn iqqnqqnl xn`fiwn nvn`/% Qoean o| oq ed| sdqqog`n |d dvnwadbn |moq swdg`nb g oeadwsdwi|oeh
|mn oelovol~i` md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq oe |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn nq|obi|n o| xiq enanqqiw |dadeq|w~a| i xn`fiwn oeloai|dw |mi| ad~`l oqd`i|n |mn loffnwneanq oe oelovol~i` md~qnmd`l
amiwia|nwoq|oaq gn|xnne gd|m hwd~sq -|wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/% \moq xn`fiwn oeloai|dw
ade|wd``nl g md~qnmd`l oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq oq |mn viwoig`n |d gn nvi`~i|nl oe |mn |mowl
q|ihn df |mn q|~l% \mn ln|io`q wn`i|nl |d mdx |moq oeloai|dw xiq adeq|w~a|nl aie gn qnne oe
Ieen} I=%9 i| |mn nel df |moq amis|nw%
\mowl Q|ihn% \mn iq| q|ihn adeqoq|nl oe bi|amoeh md~qnmd`lq ovoeh eniw wnmigo`o|i|nl
wdil qna|odeq |d |mdqn `ovoeh oe ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl qna|odeq iaadwloeh |d |mnow a`dqnenqq xo|moe
|mn adbbde q~ssdw| : iel swdannloeh en}| |d ai`a~`i|n |mn loffnwnean gn|xnne ivnwihn d~|adbnq"ade|wd``nl g loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode " df gd|m hwd~sq% Bi|amoeh |mn xn`fiwn d~|adbnq
df gd|m hwd~sq ade|wd``nl g iqqn|q sdqqnqqode i``dxq ilny~i|n` gi`iean gd|m md~qnmd`l
qibs`nq xo|m wnhiwlq |d dgqnwvig`n amiwia|nwoq|oaq xmoam iq oeloai|nl g Mnajbie n| i`%
-9??8/ " oe |mn ade|n}| df kdg |wioeoeh swdhwibq " adeq|o|~|nq |mn bioe adeanwe oe nq|obi|oeh
|mn bnie nffna| df i swdhwib% \mnqn i~|mdwq sdoe|"d~| |mn wn`i|ovn` qbi`` obsdw|iean df
loffnwneanq oe ede"dgqnwvig`nq oe goiqoeh |mn bnie d~|adbn nq|obi|dw xmne adbsiwnl |d |mn
loffnwneanq oe dgqnwvig`nq gn|xnne gd|m qibs`nq%
Wnhiwloeh |mn bi|amoeh swdanqq o| oq xdw|m ed|oeh |mi| |mnwn iwn giqoai`` |xd ds|odeq
ivio`ig`n; den"|d"den bi|amoeh iel qbdd|mnl bi|amoeh% 1 Oe gd|m aiqnq |mn wd`n df niam
dgqnwvi|ode df |mn sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q oe |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod oq lnfoenl
iaadwloeh |d |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn dg|ioenl oe |mn fowq| q|ihn% \mn swia|oai` loffnwnean oq |mi|
den"|d"den bi|amoeh ~qnq de` den ade|wd` dgqnwvi|ode fdw niam |wni|bne| -|mn dgqnwvi|ode
qmdxoeh |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn a`dqnq| |d |mn |wni|bne| dgqnwvi|ode/ xmo`n |mn qbdd|mnl bi|amoeh
adeq|w~a|q i ad~e|nwfia|~i` dgqnwvi|ode fdw niam |wni|nl oelovol~i` iaadwloeh |d i`` ade|wd`
dgqnwvi|odeq gn`dehoeh |d |mn adbbde q~ssdw| xnohm|oeh niam ade|wd` dgqnwvi|ode iaadwloeh
1 Qnn Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ Mnajbie n| i` -9???/ iel Qoienqo -7339/%
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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|d o|q a`dqnenqq |d |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`l% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| oe nadedbn|woa |nwbq |mn
fowq| ds|ode i``dxq boeobo{oeh |mn goiq xmo`n |mn qnadel swovo`nhnq nffoaonea%
Oe |moq q|~l adeqolnwoeh |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn ivio`ig`n li|i |mn qbdd|mnl bi|amoeh
ds|ode xiq amdqne% Oe siw|oa~`iw |mn bioe swdg`nb |d gn fianl xiq |mn qaiwan e~bgnw df
ade|wd` dgqnwvi|odeq fdw niam |wni|bne|: n}sna|oeh de |mn d|mnw miel |mi| sd|ne|oi` goiqswdg`nbq xd~`l gn `nqq obsdw|ie| iq |mn qn`na|ode df ade|wd` wdil qna|odeq xiq lden ~elnw
awo|nwoi |mi| `ddj if|nw qobo`iw wdil qna|odeq oe gd|m hwd~sq%
O| oq xdw|m ed|oeh |mi| |mn qbdd|mnl bi|amoeh ds|ode xiq ~qnl fdw gd|m hwd~sq o%n% |mn
oeadbn -adeq~bs|ode/ dgqnwvi|odeq " ade|wd``nl g loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqodeq " ~qnl |d
ai`a~`i|n |mn bnie nffna| df wnmigo`o|i|ode fdw |mdqn md~qnmd`lq gn`dehoeh |d |mn adbbde
q~ssdw| iwn adeq|w~a|nl gd|m |d nq|obi|n |mn bnie d~|adbn df |mn ade|wd` hwd~s iq xn`` iq |d
|mn nq|obi|n |mn bnie d~|adbn df |mn |wni|bne| hwd~s% \mnwnfdwn bi|amoeh i``dxq nq|obi|oeh
|mn nffna| df wnmigo`o|i|ode ~qoeh;‧ Md~qnmd`lq de ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|odeq gn`dehoeh |d |mn adbbde q~ssdw| |d
adeq|w~a| foa|o|od~q dgqnwvi|odeq |mi| i``dx nq|obi|oeh |mn ade|wd`q‟bnie nffna|q%
‧ Md~qnmd`lq de wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|odeq gn`dehoeh |d |mn adbbde q~ssdw| |d adeq|w~a|
foa|o|od~q dgqnwvi|odeq |mi| i``dx nq|obi|oeh |wni|nl‟q bnie nffna|q Foei`` o| qmd~`l gn
bne|odenl |mi| |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn adefolnean oe|nwvi` df |mn bnie nffna| df wnmigo`o|i|ode
oq lden g bnieq df i gdd|q|wissoeh swdanl~wn xmoam i``dxq oeadwsdwi|oeh |mn swdsneqo|y
qadwn nq|obi|ode nwwdw oe |mn q|ieliwl nwwdw df |mn nq|obi|nl d~|adbn nffna| -Qoienqo 7339/%
=%< Wnq~`|q
Iq bne|odenl oe |mn swnvod~q qna|ode oe dwlnw |d gn ig`n |d nq|obi|n |mn bnie nffna| df w~wi`
wdilq wnmigo`o|i|ode o| oq enanqqiw |d neq~wn adbsiwigo`o| gn|xnne |mn ade|wd` md~qnmd`l hwd~s
iel |mn |wni|nl md~qnmd`l hwd~s wnhiwloeh oelovol~i` iel hwd~s amiwia|nwoq|oaq -loffnwne| |d
wnmigo`o|i|ode/ |mi| ad~`l mivn oef`~neanl |mn dgqnwvnl d~|adbn% \ig`n =%7 qmdxq |mn q~bbiw
q|i|oq|oaq fdw gd|m qibs`nq% \moq |ig`n mn`sq ~q |d nvi`~i|n |mn adbsiwigo`o| df gd|m md~qnmd`lq
hwd~sq " |wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q " fdw niam |sn df w~wi` wdil -bd|dwo{nl iel ede"bd|dwo{nl/
fda~qoeh de |mdqn amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| oef`~nean |mn xn`fiwn nvn` n}snwoneanl g i md~qnmd`l% Oesiw|oa~`iw \ig`n =%7 qmdxq |mn bdq| obsdw|ie| ~egi`ieanq gn|xnne gd|m md~qnmd`l hwd~sq fwdb
i den"lobneqodei` snwqsna|ovn -viwoig`n g viwoig`n/% Mnwn |mn q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean df
loffnwneanq oe md~qnmd`l oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq oq swnqne|nl -xo|m wnhiwl |d ivnwihn sdqqnqqode
df m~bie aiso|i` dwhieo{i|odei` smqoai` iel s~g`oa iqqn|q/% Oe illo|ode |mn q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean
df loffnwneanq oe |dxe"`nvn` amiwia|nwoq|oaq oq i`qd lnsoa|nl -xo|m wnhiwl |d oeloai|dwq df |mn
adbb~eo| dwhieo{i|odei` aisiao| |dxe nadedboa ia|ovo| neldxbne| df s~g`oa hddlq iel
qnwvoanq `neh|m df |mn wdil qna|ode wniamoeh |mn |dxe ibdeh d|mnwq/%
\mn q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean df |mn bnieq loffnwnean |nq| gn|xnne amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |wni|nl
iel ede"|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq i``dxq qmdxoeh oe i qobs`n xi |mn ennl fdw nq|ig`oqmoeh ade|wd`q
Amis|nw =
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oe dwlnw |d gi`iean gd|m qibs`nq " iel |mne gn ig`n |d ~qn oefdwbi|ode fwdb ede"|wni|nl
md~qnmd`lq oe |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod "% Xmi| fd``dxq iwn qdbn n}ibs`nq
df md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| hovne |mn qq|nbi|oa loffnwneanq gn|xnne |wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi`
ade|wd`q ad~`l oe|wdl~an loq|dw|odeq oe |mn nq|obi|ode df |mn ivnwihn nffna| df wnmigo`o|i|ode of
|mn iwn ed| ilny~i|n` ade|wd``nl%Fowq| \ig`n =%7 qmdxq |mi| q~wvnnl md~qnmd`lq `ovoeh oe |dxeq iw|oa~`i|nl |d ede"
wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq mivn hwni|nw iaanqq |d giqoa s~g`oa qnwvoanq% \moq d~|adbn oq |mn qibn
xmne iaanqqogo`o| |d s~g`oa qnwvoanq oq iqqnqqnl gd|m giqnl de md~qnmd`l wnsdw|q iq xn`` iq
wnsdw|q dg|ioenl i| i |dxe `nvn`% Fdw oeq|iean md~qnmd`lq df |mn sd|ne|oi` ade|wd` hwd~s mivn
bdwn iaanqq |d lwoejoeh xi|nw iel n`na|woao| xmn|mnw |mn iwn adeena|nl |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl
dw ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq% Oe |mn aiqn df ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn sd|ne|oi` ade|wd` hwd~s |mn
i`qd wnsdw| i hwni|nw iaanqq |d qieo|i|ode% Oe illo|ode m~bie aiso|i` oeloai|dwq qmdx q|i|oq|oai``
qoheofoaie| loffnwneanq fivdwoeh md~qnmd`lq oe ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq% Oe siw|oa~`iw oeede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq md~qnmd`lq iw|oa~`i|nl |d ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl qna|odeq mivn hwni|nw iaanqq
|d qnadeliw qamdd` nl~ai|ode qnwvoanq xmo`n fdw |mn ede"bd|dwo{nl aiqn wnqolne|q fwdb ede"
wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|odeq wnsdw| i mohmnw ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode fdw md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq
" n}a`~loeh |mn md~qnmd`l mnil " |mie |mdqn wnsdw|nl fdw |wni|nl md~qnmd`lq% \mn vnwofoai|ode
df |mnqn loffnwneanq q~hhnq|q |mn ennl fdw nq|ig`oqmoeh ade|wd`q |mi| i``dx oqd`i|oeh |mn nffna|q
df i loffnwne|oi` neldxbne| df s~g`oa iqqn|q iel m~bie aiso|i` de |mn xn`fiwn df |wni|nl iel
ede"|wni|nl md~qnmd`lq oe dwlnw |d bijn nffoaone| ~qn df |mn oefdwbi|ode igd~| |mn xn`fiwn
`nvn` df ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq iq nq|obi|dwq df |mn ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod% \mn oe|~o|ode gnmoel|moq wnq~`| oq iq fd``dxq; of o| oq iaans|nl |mi| hwni|nw iaanqqogo`o| |d s~g`oa hddlq iel qnwvoanq
wioqnq adbs`nbne|iw s~g`oa oevnq|bne| swdfo|igo`o| -wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode oe |moq aiqn/ dw |mi|
mohmnw `nvn`q df nl~ai|ode oe |mn md~qnmd`l dffnwq bdwn swdfo|ig`n oeadbn hnenwi|ode
dssdw|~eo|onq i lowna| adbsiwoqde df |mn xn`fiwn nvn` gn|xnne gd|m hwd~sq -|wni|nl iel ede"
|wni|nl/ xd~`l gn q|wdeh` ~elnwnq|obi|oeh |mn gnenfo|q df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode ia|ovo|onq%
De |mn d|mnw miel |mnwn oq i qn| df swdl~a|ovn iqqn|q -`ojn fiwb`iel `ovnq|daj iel
|wieqsdw| hddlq/ |mi| iwn qoheofoaie|` iwhnw oe md~qnmd`lq dai|nl oe wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq%
Oe |moq aiqn |mn sd|ne|oi` goiq xd~`l bdvn oe |mn dssdqo|n lowna|ode |d |mi| lnqawognl oe |mnswnvod~q siwihwism iq md~qnmd`lq xo|m hwni|nw swdl~a|ovn wnqd~wanq ad~`l iaaw~n illo|odei`
gnenfo|q iq i wnq~`| df wnmigo`o|i|ode oe ade|wiq| xo|m |mdqn xo|m qbi``nw neldxbne| df fiwb`iel
`ovnq|daj dw |wieqsdw| hddlq% Foei`` |mnwn iwn iqqn|q ai|nhdwonq `ojn m~bie aiso|i`‟q
lnbdhwismoaq -o%n% qo{n df |mn md~qnmd`l dw ihn/ dw dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` gd|m i| i md~qnmd`l
iel |dxe `nvn` xmnwn wnq~`|q iwn bo}nl%
\d illwnqq |moq iaj df adbsiwigo`o| gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq fwdb wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq
iel md~qnmd`lq fwdb ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq |mn |mwnn"q|ihnq df iei`qoq ln|io`nl oe |mn
swnvod~q qna|ode xnwn aiwwonl d~|% Oe siw|oa~`iw |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn nq|obi|n xiq adeq|w~a|nliaadwloeh |d |dxe"`nvn` viwoig`nq gnfdwn |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode |ddj s`ian `ojn dwhieo{i|odei`
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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9=>
E~bgnw df md~qnmd`lq 936 79< 138 9<99E~bgnw df |dxeq 79 <1 67 7>=
M~bie aiso|i` -md~qnmd`l `nvn`/
Md~qnmd`l qo{n >%9 <%? >%9 >%3Hnelnw df mnil"df"md~qnmd`l -. Bi`n/ =<%?. ?7%9. ++ =?%>. =?%8.Ihn df mnil"df"md~qnmd`l <8%3 <<%3 ++ <>%6 <1%= ++Bd|mnw |deh~n df mnil"df"md~qnmd`l -. Ei|ovn/ >6%6. 6>%?. + 1=%<. <>%8. +++_niwq df nl~ai|ode df mnil"df"md~qnmd`l 6%1 6%> 8%1 8%7Ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode df d|mnw bnbgnwq <%8 <%9 + <%= <%8
Dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i` -md~qnmd`l `nvn`/
Qne| dw wnanovnl wnbo||neanq -`iq| 97 bde|mq/ 1?%6. 17%8. 18%=. 11%<. +Bde|m` daa~wwneanq df qdaoi` iel adbb~eo| 3%> 3%= + 3%= 3%=ia|ovo|onq -ivnwihn snw bnbgnw/
Smyqoai` aiso|i` -md~qnmd`l `nvn`/ 7$
Swovi|n` dxenl md~qn =9%9. =>%>. =1%<. =9%1.Md~qn‟q xi``; xddl 3%?. 3%6. 9%3. 6%9. +++Md~qn‟q wddf; |o`n |i|amnl wddf dw gibgdd <1%<. 1>%3. + <1%3. 18%=. ++Vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq -^Q ld``iwq/ 97=%? =9%1 +++ 9<8%< 91=%1Vi`~n df |wieqsdw| hddlq -^Q ld``iwq/ 93?%< 737%6 ++ 9==%= 9=?%3Mna|iwnq df fiwb`iel -owwohi|nl iel ny~ovi`ne|/ 9%6 1%6 +++ <%1 >%8 ++Vi`~n df |mn ai||`n -^Q ld``iwq i| giqn`oen swoanq/ >67%1 ?38%8 +++ 66<%9 =1?%1 ++
S~g`oa aiso|i` -md~qnmd`l `nvn`/
Iaanqq |d n`na|woao| <<%1. 7?%<. +++ >>%3. <=%1. +Iaanq |d xi|nw; adeena|nl |d s~g`oa en|xdwj >7%=. <3%8. ++ 67%?. >6%1. +Qieo|i|ode qnwvoanq; adeena|nl |d s~g`oa en|xdwj 99%1. =%6. 9=%<. 96%<.Qieo|i|ode qnwvoanq; qns|oa dw anqq |iej <8%7. 11%>. +++ <6%=. <8%?.E~bgnw df s~g`oa swdhwibq iaanqqnlg |mn md~qnmd`l <%< <%? +++ <%? <%?
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel qdaod"nadedboa
oeloai|dwq -|dxe `nvn`/
S~g`oa \n`nsmden 71%=. 99%6. 11%?. 78%9.Adbb~eo| swnboqn dw a`~g 66%8. 1?%>. +++ >3%3. <8%1.Owwohi|ode Aiei` <7%?. 73%?. ++ >1%7. <8%1.Adbb~eo| Iqqnbg` 89%<. 87%9. 8<%7. =7%?. +@dai` hdvnwebne| swnboqn >7%<. <=%=. 89%3. 68%9.
Swobiw qamdd` ?3%>. =9%<. ?1%>. ?1%=.Qnadeliw qamdd` 11%1. 18%7. 6?%<. ><%8. ++G~qoenqq swnboqnq -snw 933 oemigo|ie|q/ 3%? 3%? 3%? 9%6 ++Awnlo| oeq|o|~|ode 9?%3. 73%?. 7>%=. 7?%9.Sd`oan Q|i|ode 9<%1. 96%1. <1%>. <6%3.Sds~`i|ode 9789%3 6>1%7 + 79?=%? 96=1%?@neh|m df |mn wn`nvie| wdil qna|odeq -jb/ ?%8 99%1 97%6 79%1 +++I`|o|~ln -b%i%q%`%/ 1761%= 19?1%= 7691%< 7667%>
Wdil iaanqqogo`o| oeloai|dwq -|dxe `nvn`/Snwane| viwoi|ode df fwnohm| wi|nq -^Q ld``iwq$Jh/ "7%=. "?%3. ++Snwane| viwoi|ode df |wivn` |obni`deh |mn wdil qna|ode "1%=. "99%>. ++ "99%>. "1>%=. +++
9$ Qoheofoaie| i|; + 93. `nvn` ++ >. `nvn` +++ 9. `nvn`7$ N}amiehn wi|n; 1%<>6 E~nvdq Qd`nq snw ^Q ld``iwQd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n =%7 Q~bbiw q|i|oq|oaq df bioe viwoig`nq-Bnie vi`~nq iel q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean df |mnow loffnwneanq/
Viwoig`nEde"Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil 9$ Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil 9$
Ede" Ede"
Wnmigo` o|i|nl Wnmigo` o|i|nl Wnmigo o|i|nl Wnmigo o |i|nl
Amis|nw =
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aisiao| viwoig`nq -of |mn |dxe mil i adbb~eo| iqqnbg` n}oq|nean df xi|nw iqqdaoi|ode
`dai` hdvnwebne| dffoan/ nadedboa ia|ovo| oeloai|dwq -e~bgnw df adbbnwaoi` dw swdl~a|ovn
g~qoenqqnq snw niam 933 wnqolne|q ivnwihn oeadbn df |mnqn g~qoenqqnq awnlo| ivio`igo`o|/
iaanqq |d s~g`oa qnwvoanq swobiw iel qnadeliw qamdd`q wdil `neh|m |dxe qo{n iel
hndhwismoai` ldbioe oe xmoam o| oq `dai|nl%\ig`n =%1 wnsdw|q |mn nq|obi|nq df |mn swdgo| wnhwnqqode xmnwn |mn goeiw d~|adbn |ijnq
|mn vi`~n den of |mn |dxe miq iaanqq |d i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil iel {nwd d|mnwxoqn% \mn qn`na|ode
df viwoig`nq oeadwsdwi|nl |d niam den df |mn nq|obi|odeq -fdw gd|m ede"bd|dwo{nl iel bd|dwo{nl
wdilq/ swovo`nhnl |mn bdln`oeh awo|nwode vnwq~q |mn q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean awo|nwode% \m~q xn
bdln`nl |mn |dxe‟q swdgigo`o| df mivoeh o|q wdil qna|ode wnmigo`o|i|nl% Giqnl de |mn swdsneqo|y
qadwnq nq|obi|nq o| xiq sdqqog`n |d adeq|w~a| |mn adbbde q~ssdw| wnhode fdw gd|m |snq df
md~qnmd`lq -|wni|nl iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q/% Oe |moq swdanqq ?6 md~qnmd`lq fwdb ede"bd|dwo{nl
wdilq iel << md~qnmd`lq fwdb bd|dwo{nl wdilq xnwn lwdssnl fwdb |mn qibs`n gnai~qn |mnfi`` d~|qoln |mn adbbde q~ssdw| % \mnqn dgqnwvi|odeq wnswnqne| 13 snwane| iel 1 snwane| df |mn
dwohoei`` ivio`ig`n qibs`n df md~qnmd`lq fwdb ede"bd|dwo{nl iel bd|dwo{nl qna|odeq
wnqsna|ovn`%
Foei`` |mn adeq|w~a|ode df |mn xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq |d gn nvi`~i|nl wny~ownl " iq bne|odenl
niw`onw "nq|ig`oqmoeh qnvnwi` ade|wd`q dvnw |mn oeloai|dwq dwohoei`` wnsdw|nl g md~qnmd`lq%
\mdqn ade|wd`q xnwn giqnl de siwibn|nwq nq|obi|nl g qnbo"`dhiwo|mboa wnhwnqqodeq df oeadbn
iel adeq~bs|ode `nvn`q% O| oq xdw|m ed|oeh |mi| oe |mn aiqn df oeadbn adbsdqo|ode i \dgo|
nq|obi|ode xiq ~qnl fdw niam oeadbn qd~wan oeloai|dw -ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbnihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn iel ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn
oeadbn/ niam df xmoam xiq n}swnqqnl oe `dhiwo|mbq% Oe |moq aiqn |mn qibn qn| df viwoig`nq
xiq ~qnl de |mn wnhwnqqodeq nq|obi|nl fdw niam oeadbn qd~wan%
\mn viwoig`nq ~qnl |d ade|wd` fdw |mn loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode gn|xnne gd|m
hwd~sq df md~qnmd`lq wnf`na| niam md~qnmd`l‟q neldxbne| oe |nwbq df -o/ m~bie aiso|i`;
md~qnmd`l qo{n ihn hnelnw bd|mnw |deh~n iel niwq df nl~ai|ode df |mn mnil"df"md~qnmd`l
ivnwihn niwq df nl~ai|ode df |mn md~qnmd`l bnbgnwq: -oo/ dwhieo{i|odei` aiso|i`; bden
wnbo||ieanq " wnanovnl dw qne| g |mn md~qnmd`l " bde|m` ivnwihn df md~qnmd`l siw|oaosi|odeoe qdaoi` dw adbb~ei` ia|ovo|onq: -ooo/ smqoai` aiso|i`; md~qn swdsnw| q|i|~q amiwia|nwoq|oaq df
|mn xi``q wddf iel f`ddw df |mn md~qn vi`~n df l~wig`n hddlq iel |wieqsdw| hddlq fiwb`iel
qo{n iel vi`~n df `ovnq|daj: -ov/ foeieaoi` aiso|i`; swnqnean df awnlo| oeq|o|~|odeq oe |mn |dxe
xmnwn |mn md~qnmd`l ovnq: iel -v/ s~g`oa aiso|i`; iaanqq iel adeena|ode bdln |d s~g`oa qnwvoanq
`ojn n`na|woao| xi|nw iel qieo|i|ode qnwvoanq% Qoean |moq q|~l nvi`~i|nq |mn qmdw|"|nwb obsia|
df w~wi` wdilq wnmigo`o|i|ode o| qnnbq wniqdeig`n |d adeqolnw |mnqn viwoig`nq iq n}dhned~q% O| oq
xdw|m sdoe|oeh d~| |mi| |mn qn`na|ode awo|nwoi fdw viwoig`nq oeadwsdwi|nl oe niam wnhwnqqode
xnwn gd|m nadedboa wn`nviean " |d olne|of |mn oeo|oi` qn| " iel q|i|oq|oai` qoheofoaiean iq o|
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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xiq qd~hm| |d nq|ig`oqm ade|wd`q |mi| i``dxnl ~q |d bijn adbsi|og`n gd|m qibs`nq " |wni|nl
md~qnmd`lq iel sd|ne|oi` ade|wd`q "% Oe |moq wnqsna| o| xiq vnwofonl |mi| |mn qoheq df |mn wn`i|odeq
gn|xnne oelovol~i` amiwia|nwoq|oaq iel xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq xnwn oe|~o|ovn` wniqdeig`n<%
Viwoig`n Bd|dwo{nl Ede"bd|dwo{nlwdil wdil
@neh|m df |mn wdil -jb/ 3%3>6 +++ 3%3<6 +-3%399/ -3%37>/
\dxe miq i |d~woq| i||wia|ode "3%9>6 "9%77? ++-3%736/ -3%67>/
Sds~`i|ode -oemigo|ie|q/ 3%333 "3%339 ++-3%333/ -3%333/
\dxe miq i sd`oan q|i|ode "3%316 9%7<> ++-3%771/ -3%677/
E~bgnw df g~qoenqq ~eo|q -snw 933 mig/ i 3%9?7 +++ "3%?61 +++-3%387/ -3%7?>/
\dxe miq adbb~ei` fiao`o|onq "3%7<6 "9%<<3 +++-3%98</ -3%>97/
\dxeq miq qdbn owwohi|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn "3%9=< "9%6<? +++-3%79>/ -3%><3/
Oe |mn \dxe dsnwi|nq i adbb~eo| iqqnbg` 3%178 3%?8? +-3%718/ -3%>78/
Oe |mn \dxe dsnwi|nq i b~eoaosi` hdvnwebne| 3%7?6-3%716/
\dxe miq i swobiw qamdd` 3%186-3%169/
\dxe miq i qnadeliw qamdd` "3%>=1 ++ 3%??= ++-3%7<9/ -3%<91/
\dxe miq i awnlo| oeq|o|~|ode "3%9<3 9%76> +-3%779/ -3%686/
\dxe miq i |o|`oeh iel wnhoq|w dffoan "3%993-3%73=/\dxe `dai|nl oe |mn ane|wi` mohm`ielq "3%1=8 "9%771 ++
-3%7></ -3%><?/Adeq|ie| "3%1=6 7%9?8 +++
-3%<=>/ -3%616/
E~bgnw df Dgqnwvi|odeq 989= 173Xi`l amo7-9</ 18%6>3 76%973Swdg 5 amo7 3%339 3%336Sqn~ld W7 3%71? 3%161@dh `ojn`omddl "691%==?8 "97?%<7?3
Ed|n; e~bgnw oe siwne|mnqoq iwn |mn wdg~q| q|ieliwl nwwdwq%+++ Qoheofoaie| i| 9. `nvn` ++ Qoheofoaie| i` >. `nvn` + Qoheofoaie| i| 93. `nvn`i \mnqn g~qoenqq ~eo|q oea`~ln bie~fia|~woeh ~eo|q dw g~qoenqq |mi| bi swdvoln |wieqsdw| adbb~eoai|ode |wiln snwqdei` dwadbb~eo| qnwvoanq%Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n =%1 Swdgo| wnhwnqqode fdw iaanqq |d i wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdil-Md~qnmd`l"`nvn` nq|obi|nq/
< Nq|obi|nl ny~i|odeq ~qnl |d adeq|w~a| |mn qob~`i|nl oeadbn iel adeq~bs|ode d~|adbn viwoig`nq iwn ivio`ig`n~sde wny~nq|%
Amis|nw =
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9==
\mn fd``dxoeh q~gqna|ode swnqne|q |mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl fwdb |mn nq|obi|ode df |mn nffna|q
df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de |mn iee~i` snw aiso|i oeadbn " nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode " iel |mn iee~i`
snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode df md~qnmd`lq iaanqqoeh q~am wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq%
=%<%9 \mn obsia| df w~wi` wdilq wnmigo`o|i|ode de md~qnmd`lq
oeadbn `nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode
W~wi` wdilq wnmigo`o|i|ode bi iffna| |mn oeadbn df |mn gnenfoaoiw sds~`i|ode |mwd~hm loffnwne|
bnamieoqbq% Fowq|` wnl~a|odeq oe |wieqsdw| adq|q iel |wieqia|ode adq|q " |wohhnwnl g |mn
wnmigo`o|i|ode df w~wi` wdilq " bi oeawniqn |mn q~ss` df ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|q |mi| iwn gwd~hm|
oe|d |mn biwjn| dw |mn nffna|ovn swoan siol |d |mn fiwbnw ie df xmoam xd~`l wnq~`| oe oeawniqnq
df ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn% Mdxnvnw iq oeadbn hnenwi|ode dssdw|~eo|onq bi i`qd oeawniqn |mn
gnenfo|nl nadedboa ihne|q ad~`l q~gq|o|~|n ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn fdw d|mnw
oeadbn qd~wanq |mi| mivn hwni|nw swdfo|igo`o| dw k~q| gnadbn ivio`ig`n if|nw wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode%Fdw n}ibs`n w~wi` md~qnmd`lq ad~`l oeawniqn |mnow ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn
g swdl~aoeh mieloawif|q dw oeawniqn |mnow siw|oaosi|ode oe ihwoa~`|~wi` dw ede"ihwoa~`|~wi`
`igdw biwjn|q% Gnqolnq qoean wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode bi i``dx |mn oe|wdl~a|ode df amnisnw swdl~a|q
oe|d |mn dai` biwjn| adbsn|oeh xo|m dai` ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode |moq q~gq|o|~|ode df oeadbn
qd~wanq ad~`l gn nvne hwni|nw% Iq qmdxe g viwod~q i~|mdwq wnvonxnl oe Qna|ode =%7 |mn
wnadbsdqo|ode df ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn wnq~`|oeh fwdb i hwni|nw iel gn||nw iaanqq |d ie
oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo`` lnsnel de |mn q|w~a|~wn df swovi|n iqqn|q ojn nl~ai|ode ivio`ig`n fiwb`iel
iaanqq |d awnlo| ibdeh d|mnwq iq xn`` iq de |mn swnqnean -dw igqnean/ df adbs`nbne|iws~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn -o%n% n`na|woao| |n`nadbb~eoai|odeq/ xmoam bohm| oeawniqn -dw loboeoqm/
|mn n}sna|nl obsia|q% I| ie ihhwnhi|n `nvn` amiehnq oe `igdw q~ss` iel lnbiel bohm| i`qd
iffna| |mn dai` qi`iw q|w~a|~wn nqsnaoi`` of |mn wdil iffna|q i igdw biwjn| |mi| xiq b~am nqq
leiboa gnfdwn |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode |ddj s`ian%
Oe adea`~qode |mn nffna|q df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de oeadbn q|w~a|~wn aieed| gn jedxe i
swodwo wnbioeoeh ie nqqne|oi`` nbsowoai` oqq~n% Oe |moq q|~l g ~qoeh |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn
bi|amoeh |nameoy~n xn mivn adeq|w~a|nl i ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwod " xmoam bn|mdld`dhoai`
ln|io`q mivn gnne wnfnwwnl oe |mn swnvod~q qna|ode " |mi| biln o| sdqqog`n |d adbsiwn |mn oeadbn`nvn` iel adbsdqo|ode df md~qnmd`lq xmd gnenfo|nl fwdb |mn wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode xo|m |mn
n}sna|nl oeadbn |mn xd~`l mivn mil oe |mn msd|mn|oai` qaneiwod oe xmoam ed wnmigo`o|i|ode
xd~`l mivn |ijne s`ian% \mn wnq~`|q swnqne|nl oe \ig`n =%< a`niw` qmdx |mi| fdw |mn bd|dwo{nl
wdil aiqn |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode i``dxnl gnenfoaoiwonq |d hn| dvnw i Q, 973 oeawniqn oe iee~i` snw
aiso|i oeadbn% \moq oeawniqn oq q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie| iel ibd~e|q |d bdwn |mie 1> snwane| df
|mn ade|wd` md~qnmd`lq‟ ivnwihn oeadbn% Oe |mn aiqn df ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn oeawniqn oq
qbi``nw iel ed| q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|% \moq loffnwnean oe xn`fiwn obsia| gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq
iw|oa~`i|nl |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq iel md~qnmd`lq iw|oa~`i|nl|mwd~hm ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m xmi| xiq sdqnl g Ki`ie iel Wivi``ode -7337/%
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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I`|md~hm adbsiwigo`o| gn|xnne md~qnmd`lq dai|nl eniw wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq iel md~qnmd`lq
`dai|nl eniw ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq oq neq~wnl g |mn bn|mdld`dh iss`onl mnwn o| oq obsdw|ie|
ed|oeh |mi| md~qnmd`lq |mi| iaanqq biwjn|q |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq mivn oe ivnwihn mohmnwnl~ai|ode `iwhnw n}|ne|q df fiwb`iel iel hwni|nw iaanqqogo`o| |d adbs`nbne|iw s~g`oa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn " `ojn |n`nsmden n`na|woao| lwoejoeh xi|nw iel qieo|i|ode " |mie md~qnmd`lq
`ovoeh eniw ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq% O| oq `ojn` |mi| |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq gn|xnne |mnqn iqqn|q
iel |mn wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil ad~`l n}s`ioe |mn hwni|nw xn`fiwn oeawniqnq dgqnwvnl oe |mn hwd~s df
md~qnmd`lq iw|oa~`i|nl |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq%
O| oq oe|nwnq|oeh |d ed|n |mi| |mn gwnijldxe df |mn nq|obi|nl loffnwnean oe d~|adbnq
gn|xnne wnmigo`o|i|nl iel ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilq fd``dxoeh ny~i|ode -7/
q~hhnq|q |mi| |mn obsia| df wnmigo`o|i|ode oq l~n bioe` |d loffnwneanq oe wn|~weq |d iqqn|q |mi||mdqn md~qnmd`lq sdqqnqq wi|mnw |mie |d loffnwneanq oe ede"dgqnwvig`nq amiwia|nwoq|oaq% \ig`n
=%< qmdxq |mi| ==%> snwane| df |mn loffnwnean oe d~|adbnq aie gn iaad~e|nl fdw g |mn loffnwnean
oe wn|~weq |d iqqn|q% \mn fia| |mi| ede"dgqnwvig`nq iaad~e| fdw i qbi`` qmiwn df |mn loffnwneanq
oe d~|adbnq aie gn vonxnl iq i adbs`nbne|iw oeloai|dw df i wniqdeig`n nadedbn|woa
qsnaofoai|ode df |mn qob~`i|ode bdln` ~qnl |d ade|wd` fdw loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q md`loehq gn|xnne
|mdqn `ovoeh eniw wnmigo`o|i|nl iel ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl bd|dwo{nl wdilq%
\mn wnq~`|q i`qd q~hhnq| |mi| |mn wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode xd~`l mivn i``dxnl fdw obsdw|ie|
oeawniqnq oe ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbnq% \moq nvolnean oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m |mi| wnsdw|nl gAdwwi` iel Wniwlde -7339/ fdw Eoaiwih~i iel g Ln Kievw iel Qild~`n| -7339/fdw Bn}oad% Oe
|mn aiqn df Snw~ iwniq |mi| mivn sddw wdil iaanqq mivn i vnw wnq|woa|nl igdw biwjn|% elnw |moq
adelo|ode xihn oeadbn wnswnqne|q i vnw qbi`` fwia|ode df |d|i` oeadbn% Q|iw|oeh fwdb q~am i
qbi`` giqn wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode xd~`l mivn iaad~e|nl fdw de` bdlnwi|n oeawniqn oe xihn oeadbn
g~| |moq oeawniqn xd~`l gn q~gq|ie|oi` of adbsiwnl |d xihn oeadbn |mi| n}oq|nl gnfdwn
wnmigo`o|i|ode; ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn xd~`l mivn bdwn |mi| ld~g`nl gd|m oe bd|dwo{nl
wdilq iq oe ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq% Li|i fwdb \ig`n =%< i`qd qmdxq |mi| oeawniqnq oe ede"ihwoa~`|~wi`
xihn oeadbn fdw |mdqn md~qnmd`lq iw|oa~`i|nl |d biwjn|q |mwd~hm ede"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilqxd~`l mivn daa~wwnl i| |mn n}sneqn df ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| ia|ovo|onq -bioe`
D~|adbn Viwoig`nEde"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil
Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw
Ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| "9%=. >%7. "8%=. i <%9.Ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn nbs`dbne| <%<. 6%?. "3%6. <%<.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| "?%6. 9<%1. ">%=. 6%<.Ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn nbs`dbne| ?%9. ?%<. =%=. + <%9.
Ed|n; Gdd|q|wissnl Q|ieliwl Nwwdwq giqnl de 733 wns`oai|odeq df |mn li|i xo|m 933. qibs`oeh+++ Qoheofoaie| i| 9. `nvn` ++ Qoheofoaie| i` >. `nvn` + Qoheofoaie| i| 93. `nvn`i Qoheofoaie| i| 99. `nvn`Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n =%< Nffna| df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de |mn swdgigo`o| df iaanqqoeh `igdw biwjn|q
Amis|nw =
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9?3
iqqdaoi|nl |d mieloawif| bie~fia|~wn iel wn|io` adbbnwan ia|ovo|onq/% Mdxnvnw oe |mn aiqn df
bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn oeawniqn df ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn oq iamonvnl xo|md~| i lnawniqn df
|mn d|mnw oeadbn qd~wanq: nvne bdwn i biwhoei` oeawniqn df ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn xiq
dgqnwvnl% \mn fia| |mi| xn dgqnwvn i ”|wiln"dff‟ gn|xnne oeadbn qd~wanq oe ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq
g~| |moq si||nwe ldnq ed| issniw oe bd|dwo{nl wdilq ad~`l gn i||wog~|nl |d no|mnw mohmnw swoanq dw`dxnw adq|q oe qn`f"nbs`dbne| oeadbn qd~wanq dw oe |mn aiqn df xihn oeadbn qd~wanq |d i
hwni|nw iaanqq |d mohmnw vi`~nl kdg dssdw|~eo|onq if|nw wnmigo`o|i|ode%
\mnqn oeadbn oeawniqnq wnq~`|oeh fwdb wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode ad~`l gn l~n |d i hwni|nw
iaanqqogo`o| |d igdw biwjn|q o%n% |d |mn issniwiean df enx kdg dssdw|~eo|onq dw i`|nwei|ovn`
|d oeawniqnl xihn oeadbn ibdeh |mdqn xmd xnwn i`wnil aiwwoeh d~| ia|ovo|onq oe |mn `igdw
biwjn|% \ig`n =%> qmdxq ie nq|obi|n df |mn oeawniqn oe |mn swdgigo`o| df iaanqqoeh |mn `igdw
biwjn| gnai~qn df wnmigo`o|i|ode% Qoean |mn iei`qoq ~eo| oq |mn md~qnmd`l nq|obi|nl oeawniqnq
wnfnw |d md~qnmd`lq |mi| gnfdwn wnmigo`o|i|ode lol ed| mivn iaanqq |d q~am biwjn|% Wnq~`|q qnnb|d oeloai|n |mi| |mn issniwiean df enx kdg dssdw|~eo|onq xd~`l de` gn missneoeh fdw ede"
ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| oe |mdqn iwniq iw|oa~`i|nl |d biwjn|q |mwd~hm wnmigo`o|i|nl
bd|dwo{nl wdilq% I adbsiwoqde gn|xnne |mnqn wnq~`|q iel |mn nq|obi|nl oeadbn oeawniqnq
qmdxe oe \ig`n =%< q~hhnq|q |mi| fdw |mn aiqn df ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq `iwhnw oeadbnq fwdb
ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn"nbs`dbne| iel ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` qn`f"nbs`dbne| qd~wanq xd~`l gn
iqqdaoi|nl xo|m oeawniqnq oe |mn |obn i``dai|nl |d q~am ia|ovo|onq wi|mnw |mie |d |mn issniwiean
df enx kdg dssdw|~eo|onq fdw md~qnmd`lq |mi| xnwn ed| swnvod~q` `oejnl |d |mn `igdw biwjn|q%
Oe |mn aiqn df |mn oeawniqn wnhoq|nwnl fdw ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihn oeadbn fdw |mdqn md~qnmd`lqiw|oa~`i|nl |d biwjn|q |mwd~hm bd|dwo{nl wdilq |mn fia| |mi| |mn amiehn oe |mn swdgigo`o| df
iaanqqoeh |mn `igdw biwjn| oq q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie| q~hhnq|q |mi| |moq biwjn| xd~`l mivn
gnadbn b~am bdwn leiboa gnai~qn df wnmigo`o|i|ode% \m~q ed| de` xihn oeadbn
dssdw|~eo|onq ibdeh |mdqn xmd xnwn i`wnil iw|oa~`i|nl |d |mn igdw biwjn| mil gnne oeawniqnl
g~| i`qd wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode xd~`l mivn oeawniqnl |mn swdgigo`o| df enx oelovol~i`q |d iaanqq
|mn `igdw biwjn|% Oe illo|ode o| oq xdw|m ed|oeh |mi| |mnwn xd~`l gn adbs`nbne|iw nvolnean
oe |mn li|i |mi| q~hhnq|q |mi| ihwoa~`|~wi` iel ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` xihnq oe biwjn|q iwd~el
wnmigo`o|i|nl iwniq iwn ed| mohmnw |mie xmi| |mn xd~`l gn of wnmigo`o|i|ode mil ed| |ijne s`ian%\moq nvolnean oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m foeloehq g Kiadg -7333/ xmd olne|ofonq i qoheofoaie| g~|
vnw xnij adwwn`i|ode gn|xnne ihwoa~`|~wi` xihnq iel biwjn| loq|iean% \m~q |mn gnenfo|q
fwdb i hwni|nw `igdw biwjn| oeqnw|ode xd~`l wi|mnw adbn fwdb i amiehn oe |obn i``dai|nl |d
xihnl iel qn`f"nbs`dnl ia|ovo|onq |mie fwdb ie oeawniqn oe xihnq wnq~`|oeh fwdb ie
obswdvnbne| oe wdil oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
=%<%7 Obsia| de adeq~bs|ode iel qivoehq
Mdx b~am |mn nq|obi|nl oeadbn n}sieqode ldnq |wieq`i|nq oe|d ie oeawniqn oe adeq~bs|ode4\mn wnq~`|q wnsdw|nl oe \ig`n =%6 bi qnnb i go| loqadeanw|oeh% G adbsiwoeh |mn iee~i` snw
Nvi`~i|oeh |mn Xn`fiwn Obsia| df S~g`oa W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
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9?9
Xm lol |mn qoheofoaie| oeawniqn oe oeadbn nq|obi|nl fdw |mn aiqn df bd|dwo{nl wdilq
xd~`l ed| mivn |wieq`i|nl |d ie oeawniqn oe adeq~bs|ode4 \ig`n =%8 qmdxq |mn nq|obi|nl
amiehnq wnq~`|oeh fwdb wnmigo`o|i|ode wnf`na|nl oe |mn bioe qivoeh bnamieoqb df |mnqn
nadedbonq iel q~hhnq|q ie n}s`iei|ode |mi| bi wnadeao`n |mnqn loffnwneanq% \mn `o|nwi|~wn
de qivoehq miq lda~bne|nl n}|neqovn` |mi| `ovnq|daj oq |mn bioe qivoehq amieen` oe @i|oe
Ibnwoaie w~wi` nadedbonq%> Oe w~wi` Snw~ iel nqsnaoi`` oe |mn iwni ~elnw q|~l |mn `obo|nl
lnvn`dsbne| df |mn foeieaoi` biwjn| bijnq df `ovnq|daj iel fddl q|dajq " iel |d qdbn n}|ne|
l~wig`n hddlq " |mn bioe qivoehq bnamieoqbq fdw w~wi` md~qnmd`lq% \mn s~wamiqn gwnnloeh
iel qi`n df `ovnq|daj iwn |mn bnamieoqbq ~qnl g |mnqn md~qnmd`lq |d fian oef`i|ode fibo`
nbnwhneaonq dw ~efivdwig`n a`obi|oa qmdajq% Oe dwlnw |d iei`{n `ovnq|daj amiehnq -y~ie|~b
> Qnn \dxeqnel -9??>/ dw bdwn wnane|` Xneenw -7339/%
\ig`n =%> Bnie nffna| df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode de md~qnmd`l‟q snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode-^Q ld``iwq snw yniw/
D~|adbn Viwoig`nEde"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil
Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw
Snw aiso|i Adeq~bs|ode\d|i` Nffna| <8%67 >>%39 97%7? 19%8< loffnwneanq oe wn|~weq <3. ?7. loffnwneaonq oe ede"dgqnwvig`nq 63. =.
Ed|n; Gdd|q|wissnl Q|ieliwl Nwwdwq giqnl de 733 wns`oai|odeq df |mn li|i xo|m 933. qibs`oeh+++ Qoheofoaie| i| 9. `nvn` ++ Qoheofoaie| i` >. `nvn` + Qoheofoaie| i| 93. `nvn`Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
\ig`n =%6 Bnie nffna| df w~wi` wnmigo`o|i|ode de md~qnmd`lq‟ ovnq|daj-^Q ld``iwq i| giqn`oen swoanq/
\sn df wdil Nq|obi|nl nffna| Q|ieliwl nwwdw
Bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil 7>?%<7 +++ ?6%63Ede"bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdil 789%3> 77<%>8
Ed|n; Gdd|q|wissnl Q|ieliwl Nwwdwq giqnl de 733 wns`oai|odeq df |mn li|i xo|m 933. qibs`oeh+++ Qoheofoaie| i| 9. `nvn` ++ Qoheofoaie| i` >. `nvn` + Qoheofoaie| i| 93. `nvn`Qd~wan; Dxe nq|obi|nq
aiso|i adeq~bs|ode fwdb |mdqn md~qnmd`lq adeena|nl |d swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q |mwd~hm
wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq ihioeq| |mn snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode |mn xd~`l mivn qmd~`l |mn wnmigo`o|i|odemil ed| missnenl xn dgqnwvn ie iee~i` snw aiso|i oeawniqn df ^Q, <= oe |mn aiqn df ede"
bd|dwo{nl wdilq iel ^Q, 97 fdw |mn aiqn df ede"bd|dwo{nl wdilq% \mnqn foh~wnq iwn y~o|n
qbi`` iel iwn ed| q|i|oq|oai`` qoheofoaie|%
Amis|nw =
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9?1
iqqdaoi|nl |d qn`f"nbs`dnl ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` ia|ovo|onq ojn wn|io` |wiln mieloawif|q bie~fia|~wn
dw biamoenw wnsiow% I msd|mnqoq |d n}s`dwn mnwn oq |mi| |mn biwjn| n}sieqode lnwovnl fwdb
wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode ad~`l mivn |wohhnwnl i wnl~a|ode oe adeq~bs|ode df `dai` swdl~a|q xmoam
xd~`l gn q~gq|o|~|nl g swdl~a|q adboeh fwdb d~|"df"wnhode qd~wanq xo|m |mn q~gqny~ne|
loqs`ianbne| df `dai` qbi`` oel~q|w iel i amiehn df oeadbn hnenwi|ode q|wi|nhonq |dxiwlqxihnl ia|ovo|onq%
Oe |mn aiqn df bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilq xmnwn md~qnmd`lq mivn i `iwhnw qn| df s~g`oa
iqqn|q |mi| ad~`l adbs`nbne| |mn gnenfo|q df wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode i qoheofoaie| oeawniqn oe |d|i`
oeadbn ldnq |ijn s`ian bioe` iqqdaoi|nl |d i hwni|nw leiboqb df |mn igdw biwjn|% Mdxnvnw
|mn mohmnw oeadbnq hnenwi|nl g wnmigo`o|i|ode xd~`l mivn ed| gnne i``dai|nl |d adeq~bs|ode
g~| wi|mnw |d oeawniqn |mnow qivoehq% \moq q~hhnq|q |mi| oeadbn oeawniqn lnwovnl fwdb wdil
wnmigo`o|i|ode oq ed| gnoeh snwanovnl iq i amiehn oe |mnow snwbiene| oeadbn% I`|md~hm |mn
SAW ~elnw xmoam bdq| df |mn wdilq iei`{nl mnwn xnwn wnmigo`o|i|nl oea`~lnq oe |mnow s`ieeoeh|mn snwbiene| |iqj df bioe|neiean df bd|dwo{nl w~wi` wdilq gnenfoaoiw w~wi` md~qnmd`lq
ad~`l gn snwanovoeh q~am bioe|neiean |iqjq iq |nbsdwiw% Oe illo|ode oe |mn aiqn df wdilq
wnmigo`o|i|nl g d|mnw oeq|o|~|odeq loffnwne| fwdb SAW snwbiene| bioe|neiean ia|ovo|onq ad~`l
mivn ed| gnne s`ieenl dw of |mn xnwn s`ieenl |mn ad~`l mivn gnne lnfoaone|` obs`nbne|nl%
^elnw |moq snwans|ode wdilq xd~`l nvne|~i`` hd giaj |d |mnow swnvod~q q|i|n iel |wieqo|
xd~`l gn qnwod~q` iffna|nl g ielq`olnq iel ivi`ieamnq " qd adbbde oe |mnqn iwniq " xmoam
ad~`l nil |d i qo|~i|ode xmnwn |mn wdil xd~`l gn a`dqnl l~woeh qnvnwi` bde|mq df |mn niw% Oe
nffna| of bioe|neiean oq ed| snwanovnl iq snwbiene| |mn ds|obi` q|wi|nh fdw |mnqn md~qnmd`lqxo`` gn |mi| df |ijoeh ilvie|ihn df enx oeadbn hnenwi|ode dssdw|~eo|onq iel amieen` |mnb |d
oeawniqn |mnow qivoehq wi|mnw |mie |d i``dai|n |mi| oeadbn oeawniqn |d n}siel |mnow adeq~bs|ode%
=%> Adea`~qodeq
Oe hnenwi` bdq| q|~lonq |mi| mivn iei`{nl |mn gnenfo|q df wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq mivn fda~qnl
de obsia|q wn`i|nl |d hwni|nw bdgo`o| iel hwni|nw iaanqq bniq~wnl oe |nwbq df wnl~a|odeq oe
bden|iw adq|q dw |obn ennlnl g gnenfoaoiwonq |d iaanqq d~|s~| biwjn|q dw jn s~g`oa qdaoi`
qnwvoanq ojn mni`|m iel nl~ai|ode% \moq amis|nw miq adbs`nbne|nl |moq vonx g ddjoeh i| |mnobsia| |mi| w~wi` wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode xd~`l mivn de jn xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq q~am iq snw aiso|i
oeadbn iel snw aiso|i adeq~bs|ode% ^qoeh oefdwbi|ode fwdb w~wi` md~qnmd`lq `ovoeh oe qdbn
df |mn sddwnq| loq|woa|q df Snw~ |moq q|~l miq adbsiwnl md~qnmd`lq |mi| gnenfo|nl fwdb i w~wi`
wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode swdhwib xo|m md~qnmd`lq |mi| xnwn ed| q~gkna|nl |d ie qobo`iw wnmigo`o|i|ode
ade|wd``oeh fdw loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q neldxbne| gn|xnne gd|m hwd~sq%
Oe dwlnw |d g~o`l q~am ade|wd`q iel |m~q |d gn ig`n |d nq|obi|n |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode nffna|
|moq amis|nw fd``dxq |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn bi|amoeh bn|mdld`dh xo|m qdbn qbi`` viwoi|odeq
oe|wdl~anl |d bijn o| adbsi|og`n xo|m |mn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df |mn ivio`ig`n li|i% Eibn` |mnfia| |mi| |mn oefdwbi|ode swdvolnl g md~qnmd`lq xiq ed| wnswnqne|i|ovn i| i |dxe nvn` fdwanl
Amis|nw =
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9?8
loffnwneanq oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode oq lden de` fdw |mdqn md~qnmd`lq |mi| xo`` gn adeqolnwnl iq
sdqqog`n bi|amnq oe |mn |mowl q|ihn%
If|nw nq|obi|oeh -9/ o| oq sdqqog`n |d nq|ig`oqm |mn fd``dxoeh olne|o|;
-7/
\mn `nf| qoln df -7/ wnswnqne|q |mn bnieq loffnwnean gn|xnne |mn hwd~s df md~qnmd`lq
|mi| mil iaanqq |d wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq -W/ iel |mn hwd~s |mi| mil iaanqq |d ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl
wdilq -EW/ ade|wd``oeh fdw |mn loffnwnean oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqode gn|xnne gd|m hwd~sq% \mn wohm|
qoln df |moq olne|o| wnf`na|q |mn |xd adbsdene|q df |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode nffna|; |mn fowq| adbsdene|
bniq~wnq |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode nffna| l~n |d |mn loffnwnean oe iqqn|q wn|~weq iel |mn qnadel
adbsdene| bniq~wnq |mn wnmigo`o|i|ode nffna| l~n |d |mn loffnwneanq oe ede"dgqnwvig`nq% \mnqn|xd adbsdene|q iwn |mn denq |mi| xo`` gn nq|obi|nl oe |mn |mowl q|ihn if|nw bi|amoeh df
md~qnmd`lq ~elnw |mn swdsneqo|y qadwn‟q a`dqnenqq awo|nwode oq snwfdwbnl%
Xo|m |mn s~wsdqn df adeq|w~a|oeh |mn xn`fiwn oeloai|dw fdw niam md~qnmd`l ade|wd``nl
g |mn loffnwnean oe iqqn|q sdqqnqqnl |mi| i``dxq ai`a~`i|ode df -7/ oe |mn |mowl q|ihn |mn
fd``dxoeh qsnaofoai|ode oq ~qnl;
-1/
fdw md~qnmd`l o `ovoeh oe i wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|ode: iel
-</
fdw md~qnmd`l o `ovoeh oe i ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil qna|ode%
Foei`` |d dg|ioe ie nq|obi|n oe |mn qibn ~eo|q df `dhiwo|mb df snw aiso|i oeadbn
-adeq~bs|ode/ |mn swnloa|nl ivnwihn df |mn `dh oeadbn -adeq~bs|ode/ fdw |mn md~qnmd`lqhwd~s ovoeh oe i ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl qna|ode oq illnl |d -1/ iel -</; % \moq oq ny~ovi`ne|
|d qob~`i|oeh |mn dhiwo|mb df snw aiso|i oeadbn -adeq~bs|ode/ fdw niam md~qnmd`l iqq~boeh
|mi| i`` md~qnmd`lq mivn ie olne|oai` `nvn` df iqqn|q xmoam ny~i`q |mn ivnwihn `nvn` df |mn
hwd~s |mi| miq ed iaanqq |d wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode% \moq viwoig`n oq |wieqfdwbnl fwdb `dhiwo|mbq
|d oeadbn -adeq~bs|ode/ `nvn`q gnfdwn swdannloeh oe|d |mn |mowl q|ihn% \moq |wieqfdwbi|ode
fiao`o|i|nq |mn oe|nwswn|i|ode df |mn wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode‟q bnie d~|adbn nq|obi|dw%
Amis|nw =
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‧ @iel dxenl g w~wi` sddw miq ed| gnenfo|nl fwdb |mn `iwhn"qai`n s~g`oa owwohi|ode
swdkna|q%
‧ Mni`|m oeln}nq iwn xdwqn ibdeh w~wi` sddw: oe siw|oa~`iw |mn mivn i mohmnw oefie|
bdw|i`o| wi|n%
‧ Oe hnenwi` |mn w~wi` sddw |nel |d mivn i lovnwqofonl oeadbn sdw|fd`od gn|xnnefiwb iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq iel i`qd xo|moe niam hwd~s df ia|ovo|onq% \moq oq i
xn``"jedxe q|wi|nh oe wnqsdeqn |d |mn mohm v~`enwigo`o| `nvn`q |d xmoam |mn iwn
n}sdqnl iel xmoam ia|~i`` lnsnel df |mn y~ie|o| iel y~i`o| df s~g`oa iel swovi|n
iqqn|q% \soai`` |mn sddwnq| qnhbne|q df w~wi` qna|dw iwn de` ig`n |d lovnwqof
xo|moe ihwoa~`|~wn%
‧ I`|md~hm |mn sddw |nel |d wnanovn i qbi`` sdw|ode df q~gqolonq |mn qmiwn df q~gqolonq
oe |mnow oeadbn woqnq iq w~wi` sdvnw| `nvn`q iwn mohmnw%
‧ \mn mivn `nqq iaanqq |d s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn -wdilq/ iel qnwvoanq -nqsnaoi``n`na|woao| iel qieo|i|ode/
‧ Sdvnw| oq `nqq qneqo|ovn |d hwdx|m oe sddw` oefwiq|w~a|~wn ‑ neldxnl iwniq
Xn gn`onvn |mi| |moq wnqniwam nffdw| i``dxq adeena|oeh oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| |d |mn
loffnwne| bnamieoqbq |mi| iwn qmisoeh |moq swdfo`n% Bdwn hnenwi`` |mn q|~l miq i e~bgnw df
adea`~qodeq iel ade|wog~|odeq |mi| aie gn hwd~snl oe |mwnn loq|oea| iwniq; -9/ |mndwn|oai` iel
ade|ne| ade|wog~|odeq: -7/ bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|odeq: iel -1/ obs`oai|odeq fdw sd`oa% Xn
xo`` illwnqq oe |~we niam df |mnqn iwniq%
?%9 \mndwn|oai` iel ade|ne| ade|wog~|odeq
Den df |mn nffna|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oq |mi| df oeawniqn |mn wi|n df wn|~we df iqqn|q% Iq
xn mivn qnne oe amis|nw 1 Of xn snwfdwb i \i`dw qnwonq isswd}obi|ode fdw |mn oeadbn dw
n}snelo|~wn f~ea|ode H -I/ iwd~el |mn dgqnwvnl nvn` df Iqqn|q -I+/ xn bi wn`i|n |mn wi|n df
wn|~we df i anw|ioe iqqn| Io‑ if|nw anw|ioe oevnq|bne| oe I
kmiq gnne biln " |d |mn `nvn` iel
adbsdqo|ode df iqqn|q |mi| |mn md~qnmd`l mil iaanqq |d% Q~am wn`i|odeqmos aie gn sdw|winl
|mwd~hm |mn fd``dxoeh ny~i|ode;
-9/
Xmnwn w+ wnswnqne|q |mn wi|n df wn|~we df iqqn|q i| |mn oeo|oi` -dgqnwvnl/ nvn`% \mn qnadel
|nwb oe ny~i|ode -9/ lnsoa|q |mn amiehnq oe |mn wi|n df wn|~we df oefwiq|w~a|~wn l~n |d |mn enx
oevnq|bne|% Foei`` |mn |mowl iel `iq| |nwb lnsoa|q |mn amiehnq oe |mn iqqn| wn|~we l~n |d
adbs`nbne|iwo| nffna|q%
Qmisoeh |mn wi|n df wn|~we df w~wi` oevnq|bne|q
Oe ny~i|ode -9/ xn aie qnn qnvnwi` df |mn nffna|q |mi| xn mivn |wianl i`deh |mn q|~l iel |mi|
xn mivn q~bbiwo{nl oe d~w fowq| |xd wnqniwam y~nq|odeq% Mnwn xn qnn mdx Oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi
Amis|nw ?
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wioqn |mn wn|~we |d swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe illo|ode o| bi oeawniqn |mn wi|n df wn|~we df d|mnw s~g`oa
iqqn|q% Foei`` xmne adbgoenl xo|m d|mnw adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q o| bi |wohhnw illo|odei`
nffna|q% Amis|nwq 1 8 iel = df |moq q|~l |iaj`n |mnqn |xd wnqniwam y~nq|odeq g nvi`~i|n gd|m
|mn oeadbn nffna| iel lovnwqofoai|ode si||nwe |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| bi hnenwi|n iel
|mn sd|ne|oi` gnenfo|q |mi| bi iwoqn fwdb adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q%Xn mivn qmdxe |mi| biwhoei` wi|nq df wn|~we |d jn iqqn|q iwn `dxnw fdw sddwnw md~qnmd`lq
|mie fdw |mdqn |mi| iwn `nqq sddw% Oeawniqoeh wn|~weq |d iqqn|q aie de` n}oq|q oe |mn swnqnean df
wnq|woa|odeq |mi| swnvne| |mn sddw fwdb iaa~b~`i|oeh bdwn oeadbn iel iqqn|q% \moq gnne |mn
aiqn oeo|oi` adelo|odeq wnf`na|nl g mdx iqqn|q neldxbne|q iwn loq|wog~|nl bi||nw fdw
~elnwq|ieloeh oeadbn iel sdvnw| leiboaq% \moq wnq~`| oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m Giwwn| n| i`% -733</
wnqniwam de Jnei iel Bilihiqaiw iel Ki`ie iel Wivi``ode -7337/ xdwj de Amoei%
Wnhodei` loq|wog~|odei` oqq~nq iwn i`qd df aw~aoi` obsdw|iean xmne xn `ddj i| |mn wi|n
df wn|~we df loffnwne| iqqn|q% Iq miq gnne qmdxe oe Amis|nw 1 ed| de` iaanqq |d iqqn|q oqmohmnw oe ~wgie qn||oehq oe adbsiwoqde |d w~wi` iwniq g~| wi|n df wn|~we i`qd iwn mohmnw% F~w|mnw
xo|moe ~wgie iel w~wi` iwniq |mnwn oq i`qd nvolnean |mi| |mdqn xmoam iwn gn||nw dff mivn mohmnw
ivnwihn wi|nq df wn|~we |mie |mdqn xmd iwn sdqo|odenl oe |mn `dxnw qnhbne| df |mn oeadbn
loq|wog~|ode% Iq bne|odenl gnfdwn iel wnf`na|nl oe ny~i|ode -9/ |mn wi|n df wn|~we df ie iqqn|
lnsnelq awo|oai`` de |mn adbgoei|ode df iqqn|q |mi| |mn md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d% Of fdw n}ibs`n
|mnwn oq i `dx dw e~`` iaanqq |d jn adbs`nbne|iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn |mn md~qnmd`l bi ed|
lnvn`ds |mn f~`` sd|ne|oi` df |mn swovi|n iqqn|q o| miq i`wnil gnne neldxnl xo|m dw |mn s~g`oa
iqqn|q o| miq i`wnil iaanqqnl |d% Amis|nw 1 qmdxq |mi| wn|~weq |d nl~ai|ode iel wn|~weq |d ieliwn mohmnw xmne |mn md~qnmd`l miq iaanqq |d gn||nw wdilq dw n`na|woao|% Xn mivn i`qd qmdxe
|mi| |mnqn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq |nel |d gn hwni|nw oe |mn woamnq| q|wi|i%
\mnqn wnq~`|q iwn oe issiwne| ade|wiq| xo|m |mn xdwj df Fie iel Mi{n`` -9???/ [mieh
iel Fie -7333/ Fie n| i`% -7333i/ Fie n| i`% -7333g/ iel Fie n| i`% -7337/ oe Oeloi iel
Amoei% \mnqn i~|mdwq qmdx |mi| |mn biwhoei` wn|~weq df s~g`oa oevnq|bne|q |d swdl~a|ode iel
sdvnw| wnl~a|ode loffnwq iaadwloeh |d hndhwismoa qn||oehq g~| |nelq |d gn mohmnw oe |mn sddwnq|
wnhodeq% \m~q oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q bi gn ed| de` sdvnw| wnl~aoeh g~ bi xn`` gn
ny~i`o| nemieaoeh% Mdxnvnw |moq q|~l qmdxq |mi| |mdqn w~wi` md~qnmd`lq xo|m bdwn swovi|niaanqq dw mivoeh iaanqq |d gn||nw s~g`oa iqqn|q aie ld gn||nw% \m~q s~g`oa oevnq|bne|q bi
iffna| enhi|ovn` oeadbn loq|wog~|ode xo|moe i |iwhn|nl sddw iwni%
Den xi df wnadeao`oeh gd|m wnqniwam nffdw|q oq |d wnadheo{n |mi| |mn `nvn` df d|mnw
iqqn|q oq ed| |mn qibn iawdqq md~qnmd`l iel ennlq |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| oe |mn nq|obi|ode df
|mn biwhoei` wi|nq df wn|~we |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Of fdw n}ibs`n wnhodei` loffnwneanq -xo|m wnqsna|
|d i jn adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q/ iwn qbi``nw |mie xo|moe wnhodei` loffnwneanq |mne o| oq `ojn`
|mi| |mi| |mn loffnwneanq oe |mn wi|n df wn|~we xo`` gn lwovne g loffnwnean oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn
i``dai|ode% \mne lnawniqoeh biwhoei` wn|~we fdw oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo`` swnvio`% Mdxnvnw of |mnwniwn iwhn loffnwneanq oe adbs`nbne|iw iqqn|q |mn lnawniqoeh biwhoei` wn|~we moq|dw bi ed|
Adea`~qodeq iel Iei`y|oai` iel Sd`oay Obs`oai|odeq
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|mi| bi s`i i qoheofoaie| wd`n oe i``dxoeh |mi| |mn f~`` gnenfo|q df ie oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|
iwn |wieqbo||nl |d |mn gnenfoaoiwonq%
Foei`` oe |mn iq| |xd amis|nwq -8 iel =/ xn i`qd fd~el nvolnean |mi| |mi| swdbd|ode df
edefiwb ia|ovo| nvne of o| bi wnl~anq sdvnw| oq ed| enanqqiwo` adeqdeie| xo|m obswdvnbne|
oe |mn oeadbn loq|wog~|ode iel fdw o| |d ld qd qsnaofoa sd`oa oe|nwvne|odeq bi gn ennlnl%\moq oq ihioe i wnf`na|ode df oeawniqoeh wn|~weq |d iqqn|q |mi| xn mivn fd~el |mwd~hm d~| |moq
q|~l% \mdqn |mi| mivn mohmnw `nvn`q df nl~ai|ode `iel dw d|mnw awo|oai` swovi|n iqqn|q bi
gnenfo| wn`i|ovn` bdwn fwdb |mdqn enx `igdw dssdw|~eo|onq |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q
bi gn hnenwi|oeh%
?%7 Bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|odeq
Qdbn df |mn ade|wog~|odeq df |moq q|~l `on de |mn bn|mdld`dhoai` qoln no|mnw g awni|ovn`
adbgoeoeh loffnwne| li|i qn|q |d qd`vn i wnqniwam y~nq|ode q~hhnq|oeh bn|mdld`dhoai`oeedvi|odeq |d bniq~wn n`~qovn adeans|q ojn |wieqia|ode adq|q dw g ilis|oeh swdkna| nvi`~i|ode
bn|mdld`dhonq |d iaad~e| fdw |mn siw|oa~`iwo|onq df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn%
Qnvnwi` amis|nwq df |moq q|~l mivn adbgoenl md~qnmd`l nvn` li|i xo|m adbb~eo| li|i
giqnq qd iq |d gn ig`n |d swdvoln oeloai|dwq df |mn q~ss` df oefwiq|w~a|~wn ivio`ig`n |d |mdqn
md~qnmd`lq% G bniq~woeh |mn q~ss` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel ed| xmi| |mn md~qnmd`l oq lnbieloeh
xn xnwn ig`n |d dvnwadbn |mn swdg`nb df neldhneno| goiq oe qdbn df d~w nq|obi|odeq%
Ie oe|nwnq|oeh fni|~wn de qnvnwi` amis|nwq g~| nqsnaoi`` oe amis|nwq 1 iel < oq |mn
qob~`|iend~q ~qihn df bie loffnwne| li|igiqnq |d nvi`~i|n |mn nffna| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn de
w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m ade|wd``oeh fdw |mn nffna| df hndhwism% \d ld qd xn mivn gnne ig`n |d
adbgoen i`|o|~ln qdo` lns|m qdo` q`dsn |nbsnwi|~wn ibdeh d|mnw hndhwismoa wn`i|nl viwoig`nq
xo|m aneq~q iel md~qnmd`l `nvn` qdaodnadedboa li|i% Xn mivn ~qnl |mn Sds~`i|ode iel
Md~qnmd`l Aneq~qnq df 9?87 9?=9 iel 9??1 |d adeq|w~a| i qn| df viwoig`nq |mi| i``dx ~q |d
iei`{n |mn joel df amiehnq |mi| mivn nbnwhnl oe |mn hndhwismoai` si||nwe df Snw~‟q bdq|
obsdw|ie| qdaodnadedboa viwoig`nq l~woeh |mn `iq| |mwnn lnailnq% Xn i`qd ~qnl awdqq"qna|odei`
@QBQ md~qnmd`l q~wvnq iel sien` li|i gn|xnne 9??9 9??< iel 9??8 ~qoeh iq xn`` |mn
@QBQ q~wvnq |d newoam d~w iei`qoq% \mn ilvie|ihn df mivoeh sien` li|i xo|m |obn oeviwoie|
fo}nl nffna|q de md~qnmd`lq i``dxoeh fdw i|ne| md~qnmd`l mn|nwdhneno| oq |mi| o| xo`` swd|na|~q ihioeq| qs~wod~q hndhwismoa nffna|q |mi| iwoqn qd`n` gnai~qn hndhwismoa viwoig`nq swd}
fdw dbo||nl ede"hndhwismoa g~| qsi|oi`` i~|dadwwn`i|nl md~qnmd`l amiwia|nwoq|oaq%
\mn ~qihn df qsi|oi` nadedbn|woa nq|obi|ode |d nvi`~i|n |mn wdg~q|enqq df d~w nq|obi|nq
oq ied|mnw loq|oea|ovn fni|~wn df d~w iei`qoq% G bdln`oeh |mn qsi|oi` lnsnelnean df |mn
sd|ne|oi`` dbo||nl viwoig`nq xn aie gn q~wn |mi| |mn obsdw|iean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q
oe mn`soeh dvnwadbn ie ilvnwqn hndhwism wnbioeq vi`ol nvne of xn adwwna| fdw sdqqog`n qsi|oi`
i~|dadwwn`i|ode l~n |d sdqqog`n dbo||nl ede"hndhwismoa qsi|oi`` adwwn`i|nl viwoig`nq% Iq fiw
iq xn jedx |moq oq |mn fowq| q|~l |mi| iqanw|ioeq mdx hndhwismoa viwoig`nq oe|nwia| xo|moefwiq|w~a|~wn xmne n}s`ioeoeh snw aiso|i n}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~%
Amis|nw ?
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Oe wn`i|ode |d |mn boawdnadedboa obsia|q df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q vnw o||`n nffdw|
miq gnne lowna|nl |dxiwl |mn bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe w~wi` biwjn|q% Fd``dxoeh |mn
sodennwoeh xdwj df Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??9/ i qnadel iwni xmnwn xn gn`onvn |moq q|~l miq
hnenwi|nl bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|odeq oq oe |mn bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q% Bdq| |mn
`o|nwi|~wn oe |moq iwni |nelq |d dvnwadbn |mn bniq~wnbne| swdg`nb g fd``dxoeh Xo``oibqde-9?8?/ q|wi|nh% Oeq|nil df lowna|` nvi`~i|oeh |wieqia|ode adq|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m niam dgqnwvnl
dwhieo{i|odei` dw ade|wia|~i` iwwiehnbne| |mn loffnwne|oi` adq|q df adel~a|oeh |wieqia|odeq oe
den iwwiehnbne| wn`i|ovn |d |mn d|mnw oq q|~lonl `ddjoeh i| anw|ioe dgqnwvig`n i||wog~|nq |mi|
bi loffnw gn|xnne |wieqia|odeq% Oeq|nil df fd``dxoeh |moq isswdiam oe amis|nw > xn bdln`
|mn lnaoqode df qn``oeh i| |mn fiwbhi|n dw qn``oeh i| biwjn| ~qoeh |mn q|ieliwl bdln` lnvn`dsnl
g Ln Kievw n| i`% -9??>/ xo|m den aw~aoi` illo|ode; xn iqqdaoi|n |wieqia|ode adq|q |d |mn
nffna|ovn swoan niam fiwbnw wnanovnq oe|wdl~aoeh i mnldeoa swoan ny~i|ode% \mn xdwl 'mnldeoa'
oq edwbi`` ~qnl oe |mn nadedboaq `o|nwi|~wn |d wnfnw |d |mn ~elnw`oeh swdfo| |mi| oq dg|ioenlxmne adeq~boeh i hddl dw qnwvoan% I hddl |mi| miq qnvnwi` amiwia|nwoq|oaq hnenwi|nq i e~bgnw
df mnldeoa qnwvoanq% Xn oe|nwswn| |mn bdln` qdbnxmi| loffnwne|`% \mn swoan |mn fiwbnw wnanovnq
miq i qn| df 'swnboi' dw 'loqad~e|q' fdw i qnwonq df qnwvoanq |mi| mivn gnne hnenwi|nl dw
snwmisq dbo||nl% Fwdb |mn `o|nwi|~wn df mnldeoa swoan f~ea|odeq xn jedx |mi| |moq f~ea|ode
ldnq ed| q|woa|` wnswnqne| i 'wnl~anl fdwb' df |mn f~ea|odeq df q~ss` iel lnbiel |mi| ad~`l
gn lnwovnl fwdb |mn swdl~a|ode dw ~|o`o| f~ea|odeq df |mn nadedboa ihne|q oevd`vnl oe |mn
|wieqia|ode% Wi|mnw o| qmd~`l gn qnne iq i wnq|woa|ode oe |mn swdanqq df ds|obo{i|ode df qn``nwq
iel g~nwq% \mn oe|wdl~a|ode df i mnldeoa swoan f~ea|ode mn`sq ~q |d iaad~e| fdw |mn |wieqia|odeadq|q loffnwneanq iel |mwd~hm |moq lnvoan xn iwn ig`n |d bniq~wn |wieqia|ode adq|q wn`i|nl |d i
qsnaofoa |wieqia|ode% F~w|mnw g wn`i|oeh |mnqn 'swnboi' dw 'loqad~e|q' |d qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq
df |mn wnsdw|nl |wieqia|odeq xn mivn gnne ig`n |d lovoln |moq |wieqia|ode adq|q oe oefdwbi|ode
enhd|oi|ode iel bdeo|dwoeh adq|q%
Ied|mnw bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|ode oe |mn iwni df biwjn| qsnaofoa obsia|q df
oefwiq|w~a|~wn lnvn`dsbne| oq |mi| df ~qoeh qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode bniq~wnq |d adeena| loffnwneanq
oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|ode xo|m |mn qsnnl i| xmoam biwjn|q aie igqdwg n}dhned~q qmdaj% O| oq
obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| |mnwn iwn i`wnil i e~bgnw df sisnwq oe |mn oe|nwei|odei` `o|nwi|~wn |mi|bniq~wnq qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode% Wnane| iei`qoq de |mn ln|nwboeie|q df biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq
hden fwdb goviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode iei`qoq |d b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode% I| |mn qibn |obn iq
mivn gnne bne|odenl oe Amis|nw 6 |mnwn oq wnqniwam |mi| miq n}s`oao|` adeena|nl jn s~g`oa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m goviwoi|n bniq~wnq df oe|nhwi|ode% Mdxnvnw |moq miq ed| gnne lden n| oe i
b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode fwibnxdwj% \moq oq |mn iwni xmnwn amis|nw 6 bijnq i ade|wog~|ode%
Foei`` den obsdw|ie| bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|ode hnenwi|nl g |moq q|~l oq |mi| df
ilis|oeh |mn swdkna| nvi`~i|ode bn|mdld`dh giqnl de swdsneqo| qadwn bi|amoeh lnvn`dsnl
g Wdqnegi~b iel W~goe -9?=1/ iel f~w|mnw nemieanl g Mnajbie n| i`% -9??=/ |d xn`fiwnnvi`~i|ode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq i``dx ~q |d olne|of swdsnw
Adea`~qodeq iel Iei`y|oai` iel Sd`oay Obs`oai|odeq
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ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq |mi| iwn |mn adwenwq|den fdw olne|ofoeh ai~qi` wn`i|odeqmosq oe ede
n}snwobne|i` wnqniwam J`~vn -7339/% Oe |moq xi xn bi ed| de` iqqnqq |mn obsia| df i
anw|ioe oevnq|bne| g~| xn aie ~elnwq|iel mdx |moq nffna| miq gnne gwd~hm| igd~|%
I`|md~hm iamonvoeh a`niw ai~qi` `oejq gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel biwjn|
nffoaonea d~|adbnq dw md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn d~|adbnq oq dgvod~q` i loffoa~`| |iqj |mn ~qn df isswdswoi|n ad~e|nwfia|~i` qaneiwodq swdvolnq i hddl isswd}obi|ode |d |moq oqq~n% Oe |moq iwni
|mn q|~l miq i`qd i bn|mdld`dhoai` ade|wog~|ode q~hhnq|oeh i |xd"q|ns swdanl~wn |d nvi`~i|n
|mn obsia| df anw|ioe oevnq|bne|% Olne|of fowq| |mn hwd~s -|dxe dw wnhode/ |mi| bi adeq|o|~|n
i sdqqog`n 'bi|am' iel |mne ~qn i qob~`i|ode |nameoy~n |d f~w|mnw ade|wd` fdw |mdqn md~qnmd`l
qsnaofoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq |mi| i`|md~hm bi ed| gn obsdw|ie| fdw |mn lnaoqode"bijnw |d i``dai|n
ie oevnq|bne| |mn anw|ioe` iffna| |mn d~|adbn viwoig`nq%
Oe |mn iwni df obsia| iqqnqqbne| iel |mn nvi`~i|ode df |mn xn`fiwn obsia| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne| d~w xdwj ldnq qnvnwi` bn|mdld`dhoai` bdlofoai|odeq enanqqiw |d ilis| swdsneqo|qadwn bi|amoeh |nameoy~n fdw iqqnqqoeh |mn gnenfo|q |mi| oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode
bi hnenwi|n de xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq% Qoean bie qibs`n lnqoheq de xmoam |mnqn q|~lonq iel
nvi`~i|odeq iwn giqnl ld ed| mivn i q~ffoaone|` iwhn qibs`n qo{n df md~qnmd`lq iq |d h~iwie|nn
i boeob~b q|i|oq|oai` wnswnqne|i|ovnenqq i| i |dxe `nvn` o| oq ed| hnenwi`` sdqqog`n " ~qoeh
ivio`ig`n oefdwbi|ode " |d gi`iean |mn |xd md~qnmd`l qibs`nq -|mdqn iaanqqoeh |d wnmigo`o|i|nl
iel ede"wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq/ xo|m wnhiwl |d dgqnwvig`n amiwia|nwoq|oaq% Oe |moq amis|nw o| oq
q~hhnq|nl |mi| oe q~am aiqnq o| oq sdqqog`n |d gi`iean gd|m qibs`nq oe |xd q|ihnq% Fowq| neq~woeh
|mi| |dxeq iwn adbsiwig`n oe |nwbq df anw|ioe giqoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq xmoam xd~`l mivnln|nwboenl xmn|mnw dw ed| |mn oe|nwvne|ode |ddj s`ian -o%n% adbb~eo| dwhieo{i|odei` aisiao|
nadedboa ia|ovo| oeloai|dwq iaanqq |d s~g`oa qnwvoanq neh|m df wdil qna|ode dw qo{n df |dxe/:
iel qnadel qob~`i|oeh xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq |mi| xd~`l adwwnqsdel |d dgqnwvnl md~qnmd`lq
qmd~`l i`` mivn |mn qibn iqqn|q neldxbne| -m~bie dwhieo{i|odei` dw smqoai` aiso|i`/ qd
|mi| |mn iqqnqqbne| df wnmigo`o|i|ode nffna|q xo`` iaad~e| de` fdw |mn loffnwneanq oe wn|~weq iel
ede"dgqnwvig`nq |mi| loffnwne|oi|n ie oe|nwvne|ode qaneiwod fwdb i ede"oe|nwvne|ode den%
?%1 Obs`oai|odeq fdw sd`oay
Iq Fifamibsq -733</ adwwna|` q|i|nq lwixoeh sd`oa swnqawos|odeq fwdb wnqniwam oq i
adbs`oai|nl nelnivdw% I`|md~hm |mn iei`qoq wnsdw|nl oe |moq q|~l oq giqnl de qaone|ofoa
swoeaos`nq sd`oa swnqawos|odeq ennl |d gn ilis|nl |d |mn ade|n}| oe xmoam |mn iwn iss`onl% G
ldoeh qd |mn wnqniwamnw awdqq dvnw |d i boenfon`l xmnwn ied|mnw wiehn df iqsna|q ne|nwq oe|d
|mn soa|~wn oea`~loeh sd`o|oai` adeqolnwi|ode oeq|o|~|odei` iel addwloei|ode fio`~wnq n|a% Gnai~qn
df |mnqn adeqolnwi|odeq xn swnfnw |d |moej |mi| wnqniwam awni|nq 'wnqnwvnq df jedx`nlhn' xmnwn
sd`oa bijnwq bi lwix ~sde iq sd`oa ennlq iwoqnq%
Mdxnvnw gnoeh i q|wne~d~q ia|ovo| hn||oeh qd`ol wnqniwam oe|d sd`oa oq df |mn d~|bdq|obsdw|iean |d obswdvn |mn y~i`o| df |mn sd`oa amdoanq% Ie n}ibs`n wn`i|nl |d |moq wnqniwam
Amis|nw ?
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`nvn` ny~o`ogwo~b dw 'sdvnw| |wis' oe |mn iwniq xmnwn |mn w~wi` sddw iwn adeane|wi|nl% Fdw
n}ibs`n iq wnsdw|nl oe Amis|nw 6 gn||nw oefwiq|w~a|~wn obswdvnq biwjn| nffoaonea iel obswdvnq
biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode% Mdxnvnw biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| |ijnq |obn% Of oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|ode oq
adeane|wi|nl gnai~qn df g~lhn| adeqolnwi|odeq oe i fnx iwniq o| xo`` n}ianwgi|n wnhodei`
loqsiwo|onq% \m~q de nffoaonea iel ny~o| hwd~elq nffdw|q |d swdvoln i bdwn ny~o|ig`nloq|wog~|ode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iawdqq |mn |nwwo|dw iwn ennlnl%
I`|md~hm Snw~ miq bdvnl ixi fwdb `iwhn qai`n oefwiq|w~a|~wn swdkna|q -mohmxiq
wio`xiq iel goh owwohi|ode qamnbnq/ |d qbi``nw qai`n g~| bdwn dai`` obsdw|ie| oevnq|bne|q
q~am iq w~wi` wdilq dw boawd mlwdn`na|woa sdxnw s`ie|q |mnwn oq q|o`` i d| df sd`o|oai` swnqq~wn
|d s~qm fdw bdwn oevnq|bne| oe |mnqn mohm` voqog`n swdkna|q% \mn biwhoei` sd`o|oai`
wnswnqne|i|ode df |mn sd|ne|oi`` gnenfoaoiw sds~`i|ode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn miq `nl |d |mn
loqs`ianbne| df q~am oevnq|bne| g d|mnwq |mi| sd`o|oaoieq snwanovn iq bdwn swdfo|ig`n oe |nwbq
df vd|nq% Iq b~am iq xn aie s~``nl ixi fwdb adq|` `iwhn qai`n oevnq|bne|q |mn `obo|nlwnqd~wanq ivio`ig`n aie gn lnloai|nl |d qbi`` qai`n oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |mi| iq xn mivn
qnne mivn vnw mohm wi|nq df wn|~we%
Xmo`n |mn wd`n df w~wi` aiso|i`"oe|neqovn oefwiq|w~a|~wn -wdilq n`na|woao| xi|nw fdw
owwohi|ode iel |n`nsmdenq/ oe `oejoeh w~wi` oemigo|ie|q |d biwjn|q iel |mn nffna| de sdvnw|
i``nvoi|ode miq gnne lda~bne|nl |mwd~hmd~| |moq q|~l |mn qo{n df |mn obsia| df i`|nwei|ovn
|snq df w~wi` oevnq|bne| iel |mn jn wd`n df adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq lnsnelq de `dai`
adelo|odeq iel aowa~bq|ieanq xmoam aie ed| gn hwiqsnl f~`` g ei|odei` dw wnhodei` i~|mdwo|onq%
I`|md~hm xn mivn bniq~wnl qdbn df |mnqn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe amis|nwq 1 iel < xn mivni`qd wnadheo{nl |mi| |mn iwn qo|n qsnaofoa qd |mn ennl |d gn nvi`~i|nl i| |mn `dai` `nvn` qd iq
|d ln|nwboen xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbgoei|ode q~o|nq gnq| |d niam wnhode
Adbs`nbne|iw oevnq|bne|q
Ied|mnw iwni xn mivn advnwnl oe |moq q|~l iel ennlq |d gn illwnqqnl oe |mn sd`oa iwnei oq
|mi| df f~`` |ijoeh ilvie|ihn df |mn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq fd~el gn|xnne s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q iel gn|xnne |mnb iel |mn swovi|n iqqn|q |mi| iwn i`wnil oe |mn mielq df |mn sddw%
Oe |mn qnvne|onq |mn ldboei|oeh isswdiam |d w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| swdkna|q xiq |mi| df Oe|nhwi|nlW~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|% Swdkna|q xnwn q~ssdqnl |d gn aiwwonl d~| oe i xi |mi| oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q foeieaoi` q~ssdw| iel |wioeoeh adbsdene|q xnwn oe|nhwi|nl oe i bieenw |d swdvoln
q~ssdw| fdw niam d|mnw% I| |mn qibn |obn fd``dxoeh |moq isswdiam ed| de` den qna|dw n%h%
ihwoa~`|~wi` swdl~a|ode xiq q~ssdw|nl g~| i`qd d|mnwq q~am iq swdanqqoeh biwjn|oeh oel~q|woi`
|wieqfdwbi|ode bie~fia|~wn df jn oes~| biamoenw n|a% \mn f~elibne|i` olni xiq |mi| |mn
lnvn`dsbne|q df |mn loffnwne| qna|dwq xd~`l i``dx qenwhoa nffna|q oe |mn qneqn |mi| |mn
lnvn`dsbne| df den qna|dw xd~`l mn`s |d lnvn`ds d|mnw qna|dwq oe |mn qibn wnhode%
\mnqn w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nhonq xnwn giqnl de oe|nhwi|nl oe|nwvne|odeq xmoam wiwn`oeadwsdwi|nl biwjn| bnamieoqbq qd lnaoqodeq xnwn vnw|oai`` lnqohenl |ijoeh ilvie|ihn df
Adea`~qodeq iel Iei`y|oai` iel Sd`oay Obs`oai|odeq
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ane|wi`` s`ienl bnamieoqbq xo|m `o||`n dw eden adbb~eo| siw|oaosi|ode/% Mdxnvnw iq |moq
|sn df swdkna| lol ed| wnq~`|nl oe w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| edw |mn iamonvn q~gq|ie|oi`
wnl~a|odeq oe w~wi` sdvnw| |mnow obs`nbne|i|ode xiq q|dssnl%
Qoean |mn q|w~a|~wi` ilk~q|bne| swdhwibq adbn oe|d s`i enx w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nh
q|iw|q ldboei|oeh% \moq q|wi|nh xmoam miq gnne oe s`ian l~woeh |mn eoen|onq aie gn amiwia|nwo{nlg oeawniqoeh |mn wd`n df gnenfoaoiwonq -g nq|ig`oqmoeh lnbiel lwovne swodwo|onq/ iel miq
nemieanl |mn wd`n df biwjn| bnamieoqb% \moq joel df oe|nwvne|odeq i`|md~hm oeadwsdwi|n
q~am sdqo|ovn fni|~wnq dq| |mn oe|nhwi|nl ei|~wn df siq| w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| oe|nwvne|ode q|wi|nhonq%
Iq xn mivn qnne oe |moq q|~l |mnwn oq b~am |d hioe fwdb adbs`nbne|iw oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oe|nwvne|odeq% Wnane|` n| ied|mnw w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nh oq issniwoeh oe |mn mdwo{de
xmoam mnivo` wn`onq oe lnane|wi`o{i|ode bnamieoqbq xmoam xo`` bi mivn i swdfd~el nffna| oe
|mn xi oefwiq|w~a|~wn swodwo|onq iwn qn| iel de |mn oeq|o|~|odei` bnamieoqbq |mi| xo`` gn s~|
fdwxiwl |d iqq~wn |mn q~q|ioeigo`o| df |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq |mi| xd~`l gn swdvolnl%Fwdb gd|m wnane| iel swnvod~q w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nhonq xn aie nevoqihn
enx oe|nwvne|odeq |mi| bi adbgoen |mn sdqo|ovn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df gd|m; i/ |mn qmd~`l wnadvnw
i oe|nhwi|nl isswdiam -b~`|os`n oe|nwvne|odeq lnqohenl oe i xi |mi| |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn
siw|oa~`iwo|onq df |mn iwni xmnwn |mn xo`` gn iss`onl/ g/ i voqode wn`i|nl |d olne|ofoeh biwjn|
fio`~wnq iel |mn wd`n df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d qd`vn |mdqn fio`~wnq a/ i bdwn siw|oaosi|ovn
q|wi|nh xmnwn |mn 'lnbiel lwovne' fda~q gn adbs`nbne|nl xo|m siw|oaosi|ovn bnamieoqbq
|mi| i``dx |mdqn n}a`~lnl |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| qd iq |d iqq~wn i gi`iean gn|xnne nffoaonea
iel ny~o| adeqolnwi|odeq%O| oq nvolne| fwdb |mn bioe wnq~`|q df |moq q|~l |mi| w~wi` Snw~ bi gn oe xmi| oq
|soai`` ai``nl i `dx `nvn` ny~o`ogwo~b xmnwn biwjn|q iel hdvnwebne|q ld ed| xdwj oe i
addwloei|nl fiqmode |d |ijn ilvie|ihn df |mn sdqo|ovn n}|nwei`o|onq iwoqoeh fwdb loffnwne| qna|dwq
-ed| de` gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q g~| i`qd gn|xnne |mnb iel d|mnw qd ai``nl 'qdf|'
oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq nl~ai|ode |nameoai` iqqoq|iean n|a%% \moq xiq xmi| Wdqneq|noe"Wdlie -9?<1/
xiq wnfnwwoeh |d xmne mn loqa~qqnl |mn gd||`nenajq |d oel~q|woi`o{i|ode |mi| Niq|nwe iel Qd~|m"
Niq|nwe N~wdsn xnwn fiaoeh l~woeh |mn sdq|xiw nwi% \mnqn gd||`nenajq iwoqoeh fwdb oeq~ffoaone|
iel qeamwdeo{nl w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iwn xmi| xn mivn ai``nl oe |moq q|~l'adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq'%
Adbs`nbne|iwo|onq iwn ed| de` swnqne| ibdeh oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q g~| i`qd
gn|xnne |mnb iel swovi|n oevnq|bne|q% Sdqo|ovn adbs`nbne|iwo|onq gn|xnne s~g`oa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel swovi|n oevnq|bne| wnf`na| |mi| |mnwn oq i 'awdxloeh oe' nffna| xmoam oq q|wdeh
iel vnw qoheofoaie|% Qoean o| oq `iwhnw fdw |mdqn iwniq |mi| i`wnil gn||nw neldxnl oe |nwbq df
s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn |d ivdol si|m lnsnelnea iel gnne s~qmnl oe|d i sdvnw| |wis
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q ennlq |d gn aiwnf~`` nvi`~i|nl% Loqsiwo|onq oe |mn loq|wog~|ode df
iqqn|q -iel sdxnw/ xmoam iwn df|ne giqnl de |mn qdaoi` iq xn`` iq |mn nadedboa q|w~a|~wnb~q| gn wnadheo{nl iel swdbs| oeo|oi|ode df |iwhn|nl swdhwibq |mi| neq~wn iaanqq |d
Amis|nw ?
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moelnwoeh addwloei|ode xo|m |mn d|mnw boeoq|wonq |mi| i`qd s`i i qoheofoaie| wd`n oe y~nq|odeq df
w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|% Qbo|m -9??8/ lda~bne|nl viwod~q q|~lonq q~hhnq|oeh |mi| |mn swdvoqode df
`dai` s~g`oa hddlq oq hovne oeq~ffoaone| i||ne|ode g |mn ane|wi` hdvnwebne|% Qd o| oq |mi| `dai`
w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn " q~am iq |mn adeq|w~a|ode iel obswdvnbne| df w~wi` wdilq |mn nq|ig`oqmbne|
df qbi`` w~wi` n`na|woai` sdxnw qq|nbq dw |mn swdvoqode df lwoejoeh xi|nw de i qbi`` qai`n " oqi swodwo| fdw dai`o|onq |mi| iaj q~am qnwvoanq g~| oq ~`|obi|n` fiw nqq obsdw|ie| |d oeq|o|~|odeq
xo|moe |mn ei|odei` monwiwam xmdqn swodwo|onq iwn giqnl de |mn lnbielq df bdwn sdxnwf~`
oe|nwnq| hwd~sq%
Fdw |mn i``dai|ode df oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel s~g`oa qnwvoanq i adbgoei|ode df s`ieeoeh i| |mn
ei|odei` iel wnhodei` `nvn` iq xn`` iq |mn `dai` -b~eoaosi`/ `nvn`% \mn q~aanqq df |moq |sn df
oevnq|bne| wnadeao`oi|ode lnsnelq f~elibne|i`` de oevd`voeh `dai` hdvnwebne|q iel
adbb~eo|onq oe lnaoqodeq igd~| xmi| |d oevnq| oe xmnwn iel mdx% Addwloei|ode gn|xnne
loffnwne| nvn`q df Hdvnwebne| oq i bikdw ~elnw|ijoeh% Iq Jll iel Ldwxiwl -7331/ bne|odeaddwloei|ode fio`~wnq nil |d biwjn| fio`~wnq% \moq oq a`niw |mn aiqn df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|
iel df |mn bioe|neiean df q~am oevnq|bne|q%
\mn ennl fdw i hddl iei`|oai` giqnl isswdiam i`qd fianq |mn ami``nehn df wioqoeh |mn
y~i`o| df m~bie aiso|i` oe amiwhn df lnqoheoeh iel obs`nbne|oeh w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q% Of ilny~i|n oeq|o|~|odeq iel bnamieoqbq fdw addwloei|ode iwn ed| oe s`ian |mne
oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi swdvoln de` |wieqo|dw gnenfo|q% Xn mivn qnne oe Amis|nw
= |mi| of w~wi` wdil bioe|neiean oq ed| snwanovnl iq snwbiene| o| xo`` |wohhnw loffnwne| wnia|odeq
fwdb |mn gnenfoaoiwonq |mie |mdqn n}sna|nl of |mn qibn wdil bioe|neiean oq snwanovnl iqsnwbiene|% Oe |mn fdwbnw aiqn md~qnmd`l xo`` |ijn ilvie|ihn df xoelfi`` swdfo|q amiehoeh
`igdw i``dai|ode |d |ijn ilvie|ihn |d |mn enx biwjn| dssdw|~eo|onq% Mdxnvnw |mn bi ed| hd
oe|d bdwn adbs`n} dw `deh |nwb `ovn`omddl q|wi|nhonq iq o| bi gn adq|` |d hn| giaj |d |mnow
dwohoei` q|wi|nhonq dean |mn wdil oq ed| dsnwi|ovn iel |wieqsdw|i|ode iel |wieqia|ode adq| mivn
oeawniqnl ihioe% \mn qibn xo`` missne xo|m |mn obsia| df bie d|mnw oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq
`ojn |n`nadbb~eoai|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn dw n`na|woao| xmnwn `deh |nwb oevnq|bne|q |mi| bi
amiehn |mn ovn`omddl swdfo`n xd~`l ed| gn adeqolnwnl hovne |mn mohm woqj oevd`vnl% Oeq|o|~|odei`
oeedvi|odeq xo`` anw|ioe` wnl~an |mdqn woqjq i``dxoeh |mi| |mn f~`` gnenfo| df oefwiq|w~a|~wnoevnq|bne|q gn i||ioe%
Amis|nw ?
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IGL^@IO I% -7333/; 'Qsi|oi` Swoan \wieqboqqode iel Iqbbn|w oe |mn Hmieioie Bio{n
Biwjn|' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 61 178"<?%
IMBNL W% iel A% LDEDVIE -9??7/; Oqq~nq df Oefwiq|w~a|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; I Qye|mnqoq df |mn
@o|nwi|~wn% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sd`oa Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n%
IMBNL W% iel B% MDQQIOE -9??3/; Lnvn`dsbne|i` Obsia| df W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe
Gieh`ilnqm% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sd`oa Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n%
“ -9??9/; 'Lnvn`dsbne| Obsia| df W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe Gieh`ilnqm' Lnvn`dsbne| iel
Addsnwi|ode; L*A Ed% 7%
I@N]IELNW A% iel K% X_N\M -9??</; 'Adoe|nhwi|ode iel Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode; Ie Iss`oai|ode
|d |mn Oeldenqoie Woan Biwjn|' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Q|~lonq 13 131"17=%
IBI\ _ @NÑE A% iel L% A^WDEOQ_ -9?=8/; @i I`obne|iaoñe ne n` Snwû% @obi; AO^S eovnwqolilln` Siaâfoad%
IBI\ _ @NÑE A% iel M% @NÑE -9?=9/; Loq|wog~aoñe ln` Oehwnqd Fibo`oiw ne n` Snwû% @obi;
AO^S eovnwqolil ln` Siaâfoad%
IBKILO I% iel I% K% _NI\Q -9??>/; Mivn \wieqsdw| Adq|q Ade|wog~|nl |d |mn Wn`i|ovn Lna`oen
df Ifwoaie N}sdw|q4 Qdbn Swn`oboeiwy Nbsowoai` Nvolnean% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej
Oe|nwei|odei` Nadedboaq Lns|% Oe|nwei|odei` \wiln Lovoqode%
IEQN@OE @% -9?==/; Qsi|oi` Nadedbn|woaq; Bn|mdlq iel Bdln`q% Ldwlwnam|: Gdq|de; J`~xnw
Iailnboa S~g`oqmnwq%“ -9??3/; 'Nq|obi|ode Bn|mdlq fdw Qsi|oi` I~|dwnhwnqqovn Q|w~a|~wnq'% O|miai E_%; Adwen``
^eovnwqo|%
IEQN@OE @% I% VIWHI iel [% IAQ -9??6/; '@dai` Hndhwismoa Qso``dvnwq gn|xnne eovnwqo|
Wnqniwam iel Mohm \named`dh Oeedvi|odeq; I Qsi|oi` Nadedbn|woa Isswdiam' Wnhodei`
Oeq|o|~|n iel Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq Xnq| Vowhoeoi eovnwqo|; Bdwhie|dxe%
IQAMI^NW L% I% -9??8/; 'D~|s~| iel Nbs`dbne| Nffna|q df S~g`oa Aiso|i`' Knwdbn @nvy
Nadedboaq Oeq|o|~|n df Giwl Ad``nhn% Xdwjoeh Sisnwq 9?3 9"19%
GILOIEN D% iel H% N% QMOVN@_ -9??6/; '\mn Obsdw|iean df Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode fdw |mn Wnqsdeqndf @dai` Swoanq |d Sd`oa Amiehnq' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sd`oa Wnqniwam
Oeq|o|~|n%
“ -9??=/; 'Qsi|oi` Oe|nhwi|ode \wieqsdw| Adq|q iel |mn Wnqsdeqn df @dai` Swoanq |d Sd`oa
Amiehnq oe Hmiei' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq >6 <99"19%
GIJM\ [% -7333/; 'Sdvnw| Obsia| df W~wi` Wdilq iel Biwjn|q Obswdvnbne| & Bioe|neiean
Swdkna| df Gieh`ilnqm' Oeloi Migo|i| Ane|wn Enx Ln`mo%
GI@JN E% Q% iel \% G% FDBG_ -9??8/; '\mwnqmd`l Adoe|nhwi|ode' Oe|nwei|odei` Nadedboa
Wnvonx 1= 678"<>%
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GIWENQ L% F% iel M% S% GOEQXIEHNW -9?=6/; 'Obsia| df W~wi` N`na|wofoai|ode iel Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
de Ihwoa~`|~wi` Amiehnq 9?66"9?=3' Nadedboa iel Sd`o|oai` Xnnj`y 79 76"1< Kie~iw <%
GIWWN\\ I% iel F% \WIAN -9???/; \mn Obsia| df Ihwoa~`|~wi` iel Fdwnq|wy Q~gqolonq de @iel
Swoanq iel @iel ^qnq oe Own`iel % L~g`oe; Nadedboa iel Qdaoi` Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n%
GIWWN\\ A% iel K% @O -7333/; 'Loq|oeh~oqmoeh gn|xnne Ny~o`ogwo~b iel Oe|nhwi|ode oe Biwjn|Iei`qoq' Lnsiw|bne| df iss`onl Nadedboaq iel Bieihnbne|% Adwen`` ^eovnwqo|;
O|miai E_%
GIWWN\\ A% G% -9??</; \mn Obsia|q df Ihwoa~`|~wi` @ognwi`o{i|ode de Adbbdlo|y Swoan
Loq|wog~|odeq; Nvolnean fwdb Bilihiqaiw % Biloqde; eovnwqo| df Xoqadeqoe“Biloqde
Lns|% df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq%
“ -9??</; 'Sniqie|q Swoanq iel Biwjn|q oe Bilihiqaiw; \dxiwl ie ^elnwq|ieloeh df
Ihwoa~`|~wi` Q~ss` Wnqsdeqn |d @ognwi`o{i|ode oe i Qbi``md`lnw Nadedb' eovnwqo| df
Xoqadeqoe“Biloqde% Sm%L% \mnqoq%“ -9??8/; 'Fddl Biwjn|oeh @ognwi`o{i|ode iel \wilnw Ne|w; Nvolnean fwdb Bilihiqaiw'
Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7> 861"88%
“ -9??=/; 'Obboqnwo{nl Hwdx|m oe @ognwi`o{nl Ihwoa~`|~wn' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 76 8<1">1%
“ -7333/; 'Mn|nwdhnend~q Adeq|wioe|q Oeane|ovnq iel Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode Q|wi|nhonq oe
W~wi` Ifwoai' Biloqde Xoqadeqoe; GIQOQ Gwdilneoeh Iaanqq iel Q|wneh|mneoeh Oes~|
Biwjn| Qq|nbq% Ivio`ig`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%xoqa%nl~$`|a$`ovn$giqh`d333=i%slf
GIWWN\\ A% G% iel B% W% AIW\NW -9??</; Ldnq o| \ijn Bdwn \mie Biwjn| @ognwi`o{i|ode4
\mn Nadedboaq df Q~q|ioeig`n Ihwiwoie O wdx|m iel \wieqfdwbi|ode% Biloqde; H`dgi`Q|~lonq Wnqniwam Swdhwib ^eovnwqo| df Xoqadeqoe“Biloqde%
GIWWN\\ A% G% S% S% BIWNE_I K% BASNIJ G% BOE\NE F% B^WO\MO X% D@^DAM"JDQ^WI F%
S@IAN K% A% WIELWOIEIWOQDI K% WIQIBGIOEIWOVD iel K% XIEHO@I -733</; 'Sdvnw|
Leiboaq oe W~wi` Jnei iel Bilihiqaiw' Xoqadeqoe; GIQOQ Ad``igdwi|ovn Wnqniwam
Q~ssdw| Swdhwib -AWQS/% eovnwqo| df Xoqadeqoe% Ivio`ig`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%giqoq%xoqa%nl~$
`ovn$giqgwonf7<%slf
GIWWN\\ A% G% G% BNQFOE iel I% IGD^L -7333/; '\mn Wnqsdeqn df Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode |d
Biawd iel Boawd Sd`oa Qmdajq oe Aü|n L‟ovdown iel Jnei' Biloqde Xoqadeqoe; GIQOQGwdilneoeh Iaanqq iel Q|wneh|mneoeh Oes~| Biwjn| Qq|nbq% Ivio`ig`n i|; m||s;$$
xxx%xoqa%nl~$`|a$`ovn$giqh`d333?i%slf
GIWWN\\ A% G% \% WNIWLDE iel S% XNGG -7339/; 'Edefiwb Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode iel
Md~qnmd`l @ovn`omddl Q|wi|nhonq oe W~wi` Ifwoai; Adeans|q Leiboaq iel Sd`oa
Obs`oai|odeq' Fddl Sd`oay 76 19>"119%
GIWWN\\ A% G% iel \% I% WNIWLDE -7333/; ' Iqqn| Ia|ovo|y iel Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode ibdeh
Ifwoaie Ihwoa~`|~wi`oq|q; Qdbn Swia|oai` Oqq~nq' Biloqde Xoqadeqoe; GIQOQ Gwdilneoeh
Iaanqq iel Q|wneh|mneoeh Oes~| Biwjn| Qq|nbq% Ivio`ig`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%xoqa%nl~$`|a$ `ovn$giqh`d3331i%slf
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LI\\ H% iel B% WIVI@@ODE -9??6/; Xmy Mivn Qdbn Oeloie Q|i|nq Lden Gn||nw \mie D|mnwq
i| Wnl~aoeh W~wi` Sdvnw|y4 Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Sd`oa Wnqniwam Lns|% Sdvnw|
iel M~bie Wnqd~wanq Lovoqode%
LIVOQ L% W% iel L% N% XNOEQ\NOE -9??8/; 'Nadedboa Hndhwism iel Wnhodei` Swdl~a|ode
Q|w~a|~wn; Ie Nbsowoai` Oevnq|ohi|ode' Miwviwl Oeq|o|~|n Df Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Loqa~qqode
Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% 9=37 9"Z<>R%
LN KIEVW_ I% B% FIFAMIBSQ iel N% QILD^@N\ -9??9/; Sniqie| Md~qnmd`l Gnmivodw xo|m
Boqqoeh Biwjn|q; Qdbn Siwild}nq N}s`ioenl % ZGnwjn`n Ai`of%R; Ai`ofdweoi Ihwoa~`|~wi`
N}snwobne| Q|i|ode; Hoieeoeo Fd~eli|ode df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq; Lns|% df Ihwoa~`|~wi`
iel Wnqd~wan Nadedboaq Lovoqode df Ihwoa~`|~wn iel Ei|~wi` Wnqd~wanq ^eovnwqo| df
Ai`ofdweoi i| Gnwjn`n%
LN KIEVW_ I% iel W% HIWAOI -9??7/; W~wi` Sdvnw|y iel Nevowdebne|i` Lnhwili|ode oe @i|oe
Ibnwoai% Wdbn; Q|iff Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq 9% \nameoai` Ilvoqdw Lovoqode OFIL"Oe|nwei|odei` F~el fdw Ihwoa~`|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|% Wdbn%
LN KIEVW_ I% iel N% QILD^@N\ -9?=?/; 'Oevnq|bne| Q|wi|nhonq |d Adbgi| W~wi` Sdvnw|; I
Swdsdqi` fdw @i|oe Ibnwoai' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 98 9731"79%
“ -9??6/; 'Md~qnmd`l Bdln`oeh fdw |mn Lnqohe df Sdvnw| I``nvoi|ode Q|wi|nhonq' eovnwqo|
df Ai`ofdweoi Gnwjn`n Lnsiw|bne| df Ihwoa~`|~wi` iel Wnqd~wan Nadedboaq 98%
“ -7339/; 'Oeadbn Q|wi|nhonq ibdeh W~wi` Md~qnmd`lq oe Bn}oad; \mn Wd`n df Dff"Fiwb
Ia|ovo|onq oe Sdvnw| Wnl~a|ode%' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7? 93<1"93>6%
LN KIEVW_ I% N% QILD^@N\ iel B% FIFAMIBSQ -9?=8/; 'Ihwiwoie Q|w~a|~wn \named`dhoai`Oeedvi|odeq iel |mn Q|i|n' Xdwj Sisnw Qnw Ai`of Ihwoa N}s Q|e Lns Ihwoa Wnqd~w Nade <?%
LN KIEVW_ I% N% QILD^@N\ iel H% HDWLO@@D -9??>/; 'Eif|i iel Bn}oad‟q Bio{n Swdl~anwq'
Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 71 91<?"67%
LNI\DE I% -9??8/; \mn Iei`yqoq df Md~qnmd`l Q~wvnyq; I Boawdnadedbn|woa Isswdiam |d
Lnvn`dsbne| Sd`oay% Gi`|obdwn BL; S~g`oqmnl fdw |mn Xdw`l Giej g Kdmeq Mdsjoeq
^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
LNWADE Q% iel G% V% AIBSNEMD^\ -9???/; 'Leiboa Swoan Ilk~q|bne| oe Qsi|oi`` Qnsiwi|nl
Fddl Biwjn|q xo|m \wieqia|ode Adq|q' Loqa~qqode Sisnw ??%3?% Biwam% Ane|nw fdwNadedboa Q|~lonq% Ji|md`onjn ^eovnwqo|no| @n~vne%
L^A@DQ K% I% IWIIW iel A% FDW\OE -733</; 'Lil; Loq|wog~|ovn Iei`qoq ^qnw‟q Bie~i`'
^eovnwqo|ï @ivi`%
NHHNW\QQDE \% -9??3/; Nadedboa Gnmivodw iel Oeq|o|~|odeq% Aibgwolhn ZNeh`ielR: Enx _dwj;
Aibgwolhn ^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
NOAMNEHWNNE G% -9??=/; 'Hndhwism iq Lnq|oe; I Gwonf Moq|dw df Nadedboa Hwdx|m' Fdwnohe
Iffiowq 88 97="911%
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NKWEINQ B% iel J% H% SNWQQDE -7333/; 'Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode iel \wieqsdw| Adq| oe Fwiean
9=7>"9?31; I \mwnqmd`l Nwwdw Adwwna|ode Isswdiam |d |mn @ix df Den Swoan' N}s`dwi|odeq
oe Nadedboa Moq|dwy 18 9<?"981%
N@GNWQ A% iel S% @IEKD^X -7339/; 'Oe|nwqna|dwi` \wieqfnw Hwdx|m iel Oeny~i`o| oe W~wi`
Na~ildw' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7? <=9"?6%N@@OQ F% -7333/; W~wi` @ovn`omddlq iel Lovnwqo|y oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq% D}fdwl; D}fdwl
^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
N@@OQ F% B% J^\NEH^@N iel I% E_IQ^@^ -7331/; '@ovn`omddlq iel W~wi` Sdvnw| Wnl~a|ode
oe Bi`ixo' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 19 9<?>"9>93%
NEHNWBIE Q% @% iel J% @% QDJD@DFF -9??8/; 'Fia|dw Neldxbne|q Oeq|o|~|odeq iel Loffnwne|oi`
Si|mq df Hwdx|m ibdeh Enx Xdw`l Nadedbonq; I Vonx fwdb Nadedboa Moq|dwoieq df |mn
^eo|nl Q|i|nq' oe Mdx @i|oe Ibnwoai Fn`` Gnmoel; Nqqiyq de |mn Nadedbonq Moq|dwonq df
Gwi{o` iel Bn}oad 9=33"9?9<% nl% g Q% Mignw% Q|iefdwl AI; Q|iefdwl eovnwqo| Swnqq%NQADGI@ K% -7339/; '\mn Ln|nwboeie|q df Edefiwb Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode oe W~wi` Snw~'
Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7? <?8">3=%
NQADGI@ K% iel V% IHWNLI -9??=/; 'Ieé`oqoq Ln @i Adbnwaoi`o{iaoñe Ihwâad`i Ne N` Snwû'
oe Gd`n|âe ln Dsoeoñe 11 Kie~iw 9??=%
NQADGI@ K% K% QIIVNLWI iel B% \DWNWD -9??=/; '@dq Ia|ovdq Ln @dq Sdgwnq Ne N` Snwû'
HWILN; Lda~bne|d ln \wigikd 76 @obi%
NQADGI@ K% iel B% \DWNWD -733</; 'Ieé`oqoq ln @dq Qnwvoaodq ln Oefwinq|w~a|~wi W~wi` `iq
Adeloaodenq ln Voli ne iq [deiq W~wi`nq ln Snwû'% HWILN% Bobnd% Ivio`ig`n i|; m||s;$ $xxx%hwiln%dwh%sn$oefwinq|w~a|~wi$%
NQFIMIEO M% Q% -9?=8/; 'Hwdx|m Nbs`dbne| iel Oeadbn Loq|wog~|ode oe Nhs|oie Ihwoa~`|~wn
9?6<"9?8?' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 9> 9739"9798%
NQFIMIEO M% Q% iel B% \% WIBOWN[ -7331/; 'Oeq|o|~|odeq Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Nadedboa Hwdx|m'
Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 83 <<1"<88%
FIAJ@NW S% @% iel G% HDDLXOE -7339/; 'Qsi|oi` Swoan Iei`qoq' oe Mielgddj df Ihwoa~`|~wi`
Nadedboaq nl% g n% H% Wi~qqnw iel G% Hiwlenw% Edw|m"Md``iel%
FIFAMIBSQ B% -7333/; 'N|meoao| iel Awnlo| oe Ifwoaie Bie~fia|~woeh' Kd~wei` df
Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 69 73>"1>%
“ -733</; Biwjn| Oeq|o|~|odeq oe Q~g"Qimiwie Ifwoai% Aibgwolhn Biqqiam~qn||q@delde;
BO\ Swnqq%
FIFAMIBSQ B% iel Q% HIVOIE -9??6/; '\mn Qsi|oi` Oe|nhwi|ode df @ovnq|daj Biwjn|q oe Eohnw'
Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq > 166"<3>%
“ -9??8/; '\mn Ln|nwboeie|q df @ovnq|daj Swoanq oe Eohnw' Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq
6 7>>"?>%
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FIFAMIBSQ B% iel G% BOE\NE -7333/; 'Wn|~weq |d Qdaoi` En|xdwj Aiso|i` ibdeh \wilnwq'
Ane|wd Q|~lo @~ai L‟ih`oied $ D}fdwl ^eovnwqo|y% Y~nne N`o{ign|m Md~qn% Oe|nwei|odei`
Lnvn`dsbne| Ane|wn% @l‟i " Ynm Lnvn`dsbne| Q|~lonq Xdwjoeh Sisnwq Ed% 9<> 9"Z<9R%
FIFAMIBSQ B% iel F% QMO@SO -7333/; \mn Qsi|oi` Lovoqode df @igdw oe Ensi`% D}fdwl;
Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq ^eovnwqo| df D}fdwl%FI@ADE S% -9??=/; 'Loqsnwqode df Q~g"Ei|odei` Wnhodei` Oeadbn Snw Aiso|i'% JBQ qo|n% Q~g
" Ei|odei` Nadedboa Sd`oa% Xdw`l Giej; Xiqmoeh|de L%A%
FIE Q% iel A% AMIE"JIEH -733</; 'Wn|~weq |d Oevnq|bne| oe @nqq"Fivdwnl Iwniq oe Lnvn`dsoeh
Ad~e|wonq; I Qe|mnqoq df Nvolnean iel Obs`oai|odeq fdw Ifwoai' Fddl Sd`oay 7? <19%
FIE Q% iel S% MI[N@@ -9???/; 'Iwn Wn|~weq |d S~g`oa Oevnq|bne| @dxnw oe @nqq"Fivdwnl
W~wi` Iwniq4 Ie Nbsowoai` Iei`qoq df Oeloi' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Nevowdebne| iel
Swdl~a|ode \named`dh Lovoqode% Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sd`oa Wnqniwam Oeq|o|~|n%
FIE Q% S% MI[N@@ iel \% MIY^N -7333i/; '\iwhn|oeh S~g`oa Oevnq|bne|q g Ihwd"Nad`dhoai`[den |d Iamonvn Hwdx|m iel Sdvnw| I``nvoi|ode Hdi`q oe W~wi` Oeloi' Fddl Sd`oay 7>
<99"<7=%
FIE Q% S% MI[N@@ iel Q% \MDWI\ -7333g/; 'Hdvnwebne| Qsneloeh Hwdx|m iel Sdvnw| oe
W~wi` Oeloi' Ibnwoaie Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq =7 931=">9%
FIE Q% @% [MIEH iel ]% [MIEH -7337/; 'Hwdx|m Oeny~i`o| iel Sdvnw| oe W~wi` Amoei |mn
Wd`n df S~g`oa Oevnq|bne|q' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sd`oa Wnqniwam
Oeq|o|~|n%
FNWWNOWI F% -9??>/; 'Wdilq |d Ny~i`o|; Xni`|m Loq|wog~|ode Leiboaq xo|m S~g`oa"Swovi|nAiso|i` Adbs`nbne|iwo|' @delde%
FOH^NWDI I% -9?=7/; N` Swdg`nbi Loq|wog~|ovd ne Lofnwneaoiq Ade|n}|dq Qdaodsd`â|oadq y
Nadeñboadq: Snwû 9?>3"9?=3% @obi; AOQNSI%
“ -9?=?/; '@i Nadedbâi Aibsnqoei ln `i Qonwwi ln` Snwû' @obi; Fdeld Nlo|dwoi` Sde|ofoaoi
^eovnwqolil Ai|ñ`oai ln` Snwû%
FDEADLNQ -9??>/; 'N` Bisi ln `i Oevnwqoñe Qdaoi`; Fdeadlnq Fwne|n i `i Sdgwn{i 9??9"
9??<' @obi; ^EOANF%
FDQ^ J% K% E% MNNWOEJ N% J% O@GD^LD B% J^OSNW iel I% J^_VNEMDVNE -9??>/; 'S~g`oaHddl iel Qnwvoanq iel Fddl Qna~wo|; \mndw iel Bdln`oeh Isswdiamnq xo|m Qsnaoi`
Wnfnwnean |d Hmiei iel G~wjoei Fiqd' Iaawi Hmiei; S~g`oa Hddlq iel Qnwvoanq Swdkna|q%
Wïqni~ ln Wnamnwamn QILIDA%
FWONLBIE B% -9??7/; 'Ld D`l Fi``iaonq Nvnw Lon4' Kd~wei` df Nadedboa @o|nwi|~wn 13
797?"7917%
HI@@^S K% @% K% L% QIAMQ iel I% L% BN@@OEHNW -9??=/; 'Hndhwism iel Nadedboa
Lnvn`dsbne|' Miwviwl Oeq|o|~|n Df Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Loqa~qqode Sisnw Qnwonq Ed%
9=>6 9">8%
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HIEEDE A% iel [% @O^ -9??8/; 'Sdvnw| iel \wieqsdw|' Qnwonq \wieqsdw| S~g`oai|odeq% OE^$
\X^ \X^"13% \mn Xdw`l Giej% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%
HN\OQ I% iel K% J% DWL -9??7/; '\mn Iei`qoq df Qsi|oi` Iqqdaoi|ode g ^qn df Loq|iean
Q|i|oq|oaq' 7=6"136%
HO@ K% iel I% QIEK^IE -7339/; 'I Ed|n de \nq|q fdw Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode oe i B~`|oviwoi|n Ede"Q|i|odeiw Fwibnxdwj' Kd~wei` Df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq >7 991"979%
HDAJDXQJO K% iel B% ELD^BGN -733</; '\mn Ilds|ode df Oe|neqovn Bdedawds Mdw|oa~`|~wn
oe Qd~|mnwe Aibnwdde' Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq 13 9?>"737%
HD@N\\O F% W% IMBNL iel E% FIWOL -9??>/; 'Q|w~a|~wi` Ln|nwboeie|q df Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode;
\mn Aiqn df Woan Biwjn|q oe Gieh`ilnqm' Lnvn`dsoeh Nadedbonq 11 9=>"737%
HDE[É@NQ LN D@IW\N N% -9??6/; N` Ik~q|n Nq|w~a|~wi` y `dq Aibsnqoedq% Ad`naaoñe Bâeobi%
@obi; Oeq|o|~|d ln Nq|~lodq Snw~iedq%
H^IEI\O@IJI W% -9???/; 'W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn Swdhwibbnq fdw Sdvnw| Wnl~a|ode Sd`oa;Oqq~nq fwdb |mn Qwo @iejie N}snwonean' Sisnw swnsiwnl fdw |mn Wnhodei` Adeq~`|i|ode de
XLW7339 fdw Qd~|m Iqoi de 'Sdvnw| Wnl~a|ode iel Qdaoi` Swdhwnqq; Enx \wnelq iel
Nbnwhoeh @nqqdeq' Iswo` <"6 9???% Wiknelwis~w Gieh`ilnqm%
H^OBIWINQ I% @% iel A% ^M@ -9??8/; 'W~wi` \wieqsdw| oe Niq|nwe Ibi{deoi; @obo|i|odeq
Ds|odeq iel Dssdw|~eo|onq' Kd~wei` df W~wi` Q|~lonq 91 <7?"<<3%
MI@@ W% N% iel A% KDENQ -9??8/; '@nvn`q df Nadedboa Ia|ovo| iawdqq Ad~e|wonq' Enx Dw`nieq%
MI@@ W% N% iel A% O% KDENQ -9??=/; 'Xm Ld Qdbn Ad~e|wonq Swdl~an Qd B~am Bdwn D~|s~|
Snw Xdwjnw \mie D|mnwq4' Ei|odei` G~wni~ Df Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Xdwjoeh Sisnw QnwonqEd% 6>6< 9"<?%
MIEQNE G% -9??8/; 'Oefnwnean oe \iw Bdln`q' Q|~lonq oe Ede`oeniw Lyeiboaq iel
Nadedbn|woaq 7 iw|oa`n 9%
MIWWOQQ"XMO\N G% -9??=/; Ihwoa~`|~wi` Biwjn|q fwdb \mndwy |d Swia|oan; Fon`l N}snwonean
oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq% Giqoehq|djn Enx _dwj; Biabo``ie: Q|% Biw|oe‟q Swnqq%
MI\\OEJ X% E% MNNWOEJ iel H% \MOKQQNE -9??=/; 'Q~ss` Wnqsdeqn df Adadi oe Hmiei; I
Fiwb"@nvn` Swdfo| F~ea|ode Iei`qoq' Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq 8 <7<"<<%
MI^QBIE K% iel L% BAFILLNE -9?=</; 'I Qsnaofoai|ode \nq| fdw |mn B~`|oedboi` @dho| Bdln`' Nadedbn|woai >7 979?"97<3%
MNAJBIE K% W% @I@DELN iel K% QBO\M -9???/; '\mn Nadedboaq iel Nadedbn|woaq df Ia|ovn
@igdw Biwjn| Swdhwibq' oe Mielgddj df @igdw Nadedboaq nl% g D% I% L% A% -Nlq%/%
Ibq|nwlib; Edw|m"Md``iel% 9=6>"73?8%
MNAJBIE K% K% M% OAMOB^WI iel S% \DLL -9??=/; 'Bi|amoeh iq ie Nadedbn|woa Nvi`~i|ode
Nq|obi|dw' Wnvonx df Nadedboa Q|~lonq 6> 769"?<%
MNAJBIE K% K% M% OAMOB^WI iel S% N% \DLL -9??8/; 'Bi|amoeh iq ie Nadedbn|woa Nvi`~i|ode
Nq|obi|dw; Nvolnean fwdb Nvi`~i|oeh i Kdg \wioeoeh Swdhwibbn' Wnvonx df Nadedboa
Q|~lonq 6< 63>"><%
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MNELNWQDE K% V% [% QMI@O[O iel I% K% VNEIG@NQ -7333/; O ndhwismy iel Lnvn`dsbne| %
Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s " Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel
Nevowdebne|%
MNE\QAMN@ K% K% D% @IEKD^X S% @IEKD^X iel K% SDHHO -7333/; 'Adbgoeoeh Aneq~q iel Q~wvn
Li|i |d \wian |mn Qsi|oi` Lobneqodeq df Sdvnw|; I Aiqn Q|~l df Na~ildw' Xdw`l Giej
Nadedboa Wnvonx 9< 9<8"6>%
MNWWNWI K% -7337/; @i Sdgwn{i ne n` Snwû ne 7339%" ei Voqoñe Lnsiw|ibne|i`% @obi; OENO"
OWL%
MDGGQ K% N% -9??8/; 'Bniq~woeh |mn Obsdw|iean df \wieqia|ode Adq|q oe Ai||`n Biwjn|oeh'
Ib% k% ihwoa% nade% 8? 93=1"93?>%
MD@@OFON@L I% A% K% F% LDEENWBN_NW H% M% XD@FDWL iel W% IH^EHI -7333/; '\mn Nffna|q df
W~wi` \n`nadbb~eoai|odeq Qn`f"Lnvn`dsbne| Swdkna|q de @dai` Ilds|ode df Enx
\named`dhonq' \n`nadbb~eoai|odeq Sd`oay 7< 869"88?%MDXN K% L% H% F% iel S% K% WOAMIWLQ -9?=</; W~wi` Wdilq iel Sdvnw|y I``nvoi|ode; I Q|~ly
Swnsiwnl fdw |mn Oe|nwei|odei` @igd~w Dffoan xo|moe |mn Fwibnxdwj df |mn Xdw`l
Nbs`dybne| Swdhwibbn% @delde; Oe|nwbnloi|n \named`dh S~g`oai|odeq%
M^BS@OAJ F% F% iel I% BDOEO"IWIHMO -9??6/; Oq \mnwn ie Ds|obi` Q|w~a|~wn fdw Lnane|wi`o{nl
Swdvoqode df Wdilq4 Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Sd`oa Wnqniwam Lns|% Nevowdebne|
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Ihwoa~`|~wn Lovoqode%
OQ@IB E% -9??>/; 'Hwdx|m Nbsowoaq; I Sien` Li|i Isswdiam'Y~iw|nw`y Kd~wei` Df Nadedboaq
993 9978"83%KIADG_ M% -9??=/; Iaanqq |d Biwjn|q iel |mn Gnenfo|q df W~wi` Wdilq% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%;
Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|%
KIADG_ M% A% -7333/; 'Iaanqq |d Biwjn|q iel |mn Gnenfo|q df W~wi` Wdilq' Nadedboa Kd~wei
993 891"818%
KIADG_ M% H% -9??1/; 'Qmildx Xihnq iel Sniqie| Fibo` @igd~w Q~ss`; Ie Nadedbn|woa
Iss`oai|ode |d |mn Snw~voie Qonwwi' Wnvonx df Nadedboa Q|~lonq 63 ?31"79%
KI@IE K% iel B% WIVI@@ODE -9??=/; 'Hndhwismoa Sdvnw| \wisq4' Gdq|de eovnwqo| Oeq|o|~|n
fdw Nadedboa Lnvn`dsbne|% Gdq|de%“ -7337/; 'Hndhwism Sdvnw| \wisq4 I Boawd Nadedbn|woa Bdln` df Adeq~bs|ode Hwdx|m
oe W~wi` Amoei' Kd~wei` df Iss`onl Nadedbn|woaq 98 17?"1<6%
KOBNEN[ N% NLQ% -9??>/; 'M~bie iel Smqoai` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn; S~g`oa Oevnq|bne| iel Swoaoeh
Sd`oaonq oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq' oe Mielgddj df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq Vd`~bn 1
nl% g K% Gnmwbie iel \% E% Qwoeoviqie% Ibq|nwlib; Edw|m"Md``iel%
KDMIEQNE Q% iel J% K^QN@O^Q -9??3/; 'Bi}ob~e @ojn`omddl Nq|obi|ode iel Oefnwneai de
Adoe|nhwi|ode xo|m Iss`oai|odeq |d M|n Lnbiel Bden' D}fdwl G~``n|oe df Nadedboaq
iel Q|i|oq|oaq >1 169"18%
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KDEIJOE K% iel @% K% NEWÂY^N[ -9???/; '\mn Ede"\wilo|odei` Foeieaoi` Qna|dw oe Eoaiwih~i; I
Wnqsdeqn |d W~wi` Awnlo| Biwjn| N}a`~qode' Lnvn`dsbne| Sd`oay Wnvonx 98 9<9"6?%
JN_ E% N% QILD^@N\ iel I% LN KIEVW_ -7333/; '\wieqia|odeq Adq|q iel Ihwoa~`|~wi` Md~qnmd`l
Q~ss` Wnqsdeqn' Ibnwoaie Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq =7 7<>">?%
JOEH H% K% MDEIJNW iel J% QAMNVN -7339/; 'Iei`{oeh Oeadbs`n|n Sd`o|oai` Qaonean Li|i%Ie I`|nwei|ovn I`hdwo|mb fdw B~`|os`n Obs~|i|ode' Ibnwoaie Sd`o|oai` Qaonean Wnvonx
?> <?"6?%
J@NOE N% -9??7/; 'N` Nbs`nd W~wi` Ed Ihwoad`i ne Ibnwoai @i|oei' Qie|oihd ln Amo`n;
SWNI@A%
J@^VN K% -7339/; 'De |mn Wd`n df Ad~e|nwfia|~i`q oe Oefnwwoeh Ai~qi` Nffna|q df \wni|bne|q'
I`fwnl Xngnw " Oeq|o|~|n% ^eovnwqo| df Mnoln`gnwh% Ivio`ig`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%~eo"
mnoln`gnwh%ln$oeq|o|~|n$fij9=$ixo$s~g`oai|odeq$sisnwq$ls167%slf
JEN\\NW B% B% iel B% K% Q@I^HM\NW -9???/; 'Bniq~woeh Swdl~a|"Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode' Ei|odei` G~wni~ df Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% 6?6? 9"<3%
JWDEHJINX B% iel E% JIJXIEO -7331/; '\mn Hwdx|m"Ny~o| \wiln"Dff oe Bdlnwe Nadedboa
Lnvn`dsbne|; \mn Aiqn df \mio`iel+9' Kd~wei` df Iqoie Nadedboaq 9< 81>"8>8%
JW^HBIE S% -9??9/; 'Oeawniqoeh Wn|~weq iel Nadedboa Hndhwism' Kd~wei` df Sd`o|oai`
Nadedby ew% 1 <=1"<??%
J^OSNW X% N% A% @^\[ iel I% V% \O@G^WH -9???/; '\nq|oeh fdw |mn @ix df Den Swoan iel
Olne|ofoeh Swoan"@niloeh Biwjn|q; Ie Iss`oai|ode |d Adwe Biwjn|q oe Gneoe' Kd~wei` df
Wnhodei` Qaonean 1? 891"1=%J^_VNEMDVNE I% iel B% K% F% V% SN@\ -9?==/; Nvi`~i|oeh Swdkna| Snwfdwbiean; Bn|mdld`dhy
iel Lnvn`dsbne| df Aisigo`o|onq; Swdannloehq df i Qnboeiw Dwhieoqnl gy |mn Lowna|dwi|n"
O nenwi` fdw Oe|nwei|odei` Ad"Dsnwi|ode df |mn En|mnw`ielq Boeoq|wy df Fdwnohe Iffiowq
iel |mn Lnsiw|bne| df |mn I~lo|dw" O nenwi` df Sijoq|ie 93"99 K~en 9?=8 |mn Mih~n%
Z\mn Mih~n En|mnw`iel; Lowna|dwi|n"Hnenwi` fdw Oe|nwei|odei` Ad"dsnwi|odeR%
J_@N Q% A% iel K% QXOEENE -9??</; '\mndw df Ade|nq|nl Biwjn|q iel |mn Lnhwnn df \wilnlenqq
df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Adbbdlo|onq; Ie Nbsowoai` \nq| oe [iown' Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq
1 ?1"991%@IIE M% @% V% L% \% LOKJQ\WI iel I% V% \O@G^WH -9???/; Ihwoa~`|~wi` Biwjn|oeh oe \wdsoai`
Ifwoai; Ade|wog~|odeq fwdb |mn En|mnw`ielq% I`lnwqmd| Mie|q Neh`iel; Iqmhi|n%
@ÌAM@NW % iel L% I% IQAMI^NW -9??=/; S~g`oa Oevnq|bne| iel Nadedboa O wdx|m oe Bn}oad%
Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Bn}oad Ad~e|w Lnsiw|bne|%
@IEKD^X S% -9???/; 'W~wi` Edeihwoa~`|~wi` Nbs`dbne| iel Sdvnw| oe Na~ildw' Nadedboa
Lnvn`dsbne| Iel A~`|~wi` Amiehn <= Z?9R"977%
@IEKD^X S% K% Y^O[DE iel W% QSIWWDX -7339/; 'Ede"Ihwoa~`|~wi` Niweoehq oe Snwo"^wgie
Iwniq df \ie{ieoi; Nvolnean fwdb Md~qnmd`l Q~wvn Li|i' Fddl Sd`oay 76 1=>‑<31%
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@IQ[@D Q% -7333/; '@igd~w Q~ss` iel |mn Md~qnmd`l Ne|nwswoqn; \mn Aiqn df Edefiwb Qn`f"
Nbs`dbne| oe W~wi` Snw~' ^eswdanqqnl Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq ^eovnwqo| df
\dwde|d%
@NGD K% iel L% QAMN@@OEH -7339/; 'Lnqohe iel Isswioqi` df W~wi` \wieqsdw| Oefwiq|w~a|~wn;
Neq~woeh Giqoa Iaanqq fdw W~wi` Adbb~eo|onq' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej%@NV_ M% -9??6/; 'Bdwdaad " Qdaodnadedboa Oef`~nean df W~wi` Wdilq; Fd~w|m Mohmxi Swdkna|
-Obsia| Nvi`~i|ode Wnsdw|% Wnsdw| Ed% 9>=3=/' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej% Dsnwi|odeq
Nvi`~i|ode Lnsiw|bne|%
@OBÁD E% iel I% VNEIG@NQ -9???/; Oefwiq|w~a|~wn O ndhwismoai` Loqilvie|ihn iel \wieqsdw|
Adq|q% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s " \wiln%
@OS\DE B% iel B% WIVI@@ODE -9??>/; 'Sdvnw| iel Sd`oa' oe Mielgddj df Lnvn`dsbne|
Nadedboaq% Mielgddjq oe Nadedboaq iel D}fdwl; N`qnvonw Qaonean% nl% g K% G% \% E% Q%
nlq% Ibq|nwlib: Enx _dwj 7>>9"76>8%@DSN[ W% -9?=6/; 'Q|w~a|~wi` Bdln`q df |mn Fiwb Md~qnmd`l \mi| I``dx fdw Oe|nwlnsnelne|
^|o`o| iel Swdfo| Bi}obo{oeh Lnaoqodeq' oe Ihwoa~`|~wi` Md~qnmd`l Bdln`q N}|neqodeq
Iss`oai|odeq iel Sd`oay nl% g Q% Qoehm @% iel Q|wi~qq K% Gi`|obdwn; Xdw`l Giej iel
\mn Kdmeq Mdsjoeq ^eovnwqo| Swnqq 136 " 17>%
@^AIQ J% \% LIVOQ iel J% WOJIWL -9??6/; 'Ihwoa~`|~wn \wieqsdw| Iqqoq|iean Swdhwib; Obsia|
Q|~l% Liw Nq Qi`iib; Swdkna| E~bgnw 679"3966% ^qiol$\ie{ieoi'%
@^AIQ W% -9?==/; 'De |mn Bnamieoaq df Nadedboa Lnvn`dsbne|' Kd~wei` df Bden|iwy
Nadedboaq 77 1"<7%@^\[ A% I% V% \O@G^WH iel G% V% L% JIBS -9??>/; '\mn Swdanqq df Qmdw|" iel @deh"\nwb
Oe|nhwi|ode oe |mn Gneoe Bio{n Biwjn|' N~wdsnie Wnvonx Df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq 77
9?9"797%
BIBI\[IJOQ N% A% -7331/; 'S~g`oa Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Swdl~a|ovo| Hwdx|m oe Hwnnj
Ihwoa~`|~wn' Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq 7? 96?"9=3%
BIEJOX E% iel @% GI@@ -9??</; 'Iqbbn|woa Swoan Ilk~q|bne| iel Nadedboa F`~a|~i|odeq'
Nadedboa Kd~wei` 93< 7<8"769%
BOLN@FIW\"JEIWVOJ J% M% M% H% DVNWBIE iel I% K% VNEIG@NQ -7333/; 'Adbsiwi|ovnIlvie|ihn iel Nadedboa Hndhwism; Nq|obi|oeh |mn @dai|ode df Swdl~a|ode oe |mn N~'
Ane|wn fdw Nadedboa Sd`oay Wnqniwam% Loqa~qqode Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% 769= 9"Z1>R%
BOEOQ\W_ DF IHWOA^@\^WN DF SNW^ -9?=6/; 'Snwû% Miaoi ~e Siâq Ihwiwod% Wnsdw| |d |mn Snw~voie
Adehwnqq' Boeoq|nwod ln Ihwoa~`|~wi%
“ -9??1/; '@dq Lnqifâdq ln` Ihwd ne `i Lïaili ln `dq Edvne|i' Boeoq|nwod ln Ihwoa~`|~wi%
@obi%
“ -7337/; 'Gd`n|âe ln Swdl~aaoñe Ihwiwoi' Lownaaoñe Hnenwi` ln Oefdwbiaoñe Ihwiwoi%
Boeoq|nwod ln Ihwoa~`|~wi% @obi%
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BOE\NE G% iel Q% J_@N -7333/; 'Wn|io` Biwhoeq Swoan \wieqboqqode iel Swoan Iqbbn|w oe
^wgie Fddl Biwjn|q; \mn Aiqn df Joeqmiqi -[iown/' Kd~wei` df Ifwoaie Nadedbonq ? 9"71%
BDEAILI H% -9??6/; 'N` Snwfo` ln `i Sdgwn{i ne n` Snwû; Bï|dld ln Nq|obiaoñe Wnq~`|ildq'
oe ´Añbd Nq|ibdq4 Ieé`oqoq ln `i Nea~nq|i ln Eovn`nq ln Voli nl% g H% B% i% X% W%
@obi; Oeq|o|~|d A~ée|d iel EOANF%BDWNED W% iel \% GMIWI\ -9??8/; '@dai|ode iel |mn Hwdx|m df Ei|odeq' Nadedboa Wnqniwam
Lnsiw|bne| Fnlnwi` Wnqnwvn Giej df Qie Fwieaoqad; Qie Fwieaoqad Qie Fwieaoqad%
B^QHWIVN W% I% iel I% \% SNIADAJ -9??</; A`iqqoaq oe |mn \mndwy df S~g`oa Foeiean% Enx
_dwj; Q|% Biw|oe‟q oe iqqdaoi|ode xo|m |mn Oe|nwei|odei` Nadedboa Iqqdaoi|ode%
EDW\M L% A% -9??3/; Oeq|o|~|odeq Oeq|o|~|odei` Amiehn iel Nadedboa Snwfdwbiean%
Aibgwolhn: Enx _dwj; Aibgwolhn eovnwqo| Swnqq%
DGIWN H% I% Q% X% DBIBD iel K% A% XO@@OIBQ -7331/; 'Qbi``md`lnw Swdl~a|ode Q|w~a|~wn
iel W~wi` Wdilq oe Ifwoai; \mn Aiqn df Eij~w~ Loq|woa| Jnei' Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq7= 7<>"7><%
DBIBD Q% X% -9??=/; 'Fiwb"|d"Biwjn| \wieqia|ode Adq|q iel Qsnaoi`o{i|ode oe Qbi``"Qai`n
Ihwoa~`|~wn; N}s`dwi|odeq xo|m i Ede"Qnsiwig`n Md~qnmd`l Bdln`' Kd~wei` df
Lnvn`dsbne| Q|~lonq 1> 9>7"61%
DWQ\WDB N% -9??3/; O dvnweoeh |mn Adbbdeq% Aibgwolhn; Aibgwolhn ^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
SI@IQJIQ \% G% iel G% MIWWOQQ"XMO\N -9??1/; '\nq|oeh Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode; Enx Isswdiamnq
xo|m Aiqn Bi|nwoi` fwdb |mn Xnq| Gnehi` Fddl Nadedb' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dbne|
Ihwoa~`|~wn 13 9?9"797%SIWJ I% M% KOE Q% WD[N@@N iel K% M^IEH -7337/; 'Biwjn| Nbnwhnean iel \wieqo|ode; Iwgo|wihn
\wieqia|ode Adq|q iel I~|iwj oe Amoei‟q Hwioe Biwjn|q' Ibnwoaie Kd~wei` df
Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq =< 68"=7%
SFNFFNWBIEE L% -9??1/; '\mn Wd`n df Qibs`oeh Xnohm|q Xmne Bdln`oeh Q~wvn Li|i'
Oe|nwei|odei` Q|i|oq|oai` Wnvonx 69 198"118%
SOEHI@O S% @% iel B% X% WDQNHWIE\ -9??>/; 'Ihwoa~`|~wi` Adbbnwaoi`o{i|ode iel
Lovnwqofoai|ode; Swdanqqnq iel Sd`oaonq' Fddl Sd`oay 73 989"9=>%
SDW\NW H% -7337/; '@ovoeh oe i Xi`joeh Xdw`l; W~wi` Bdgo`o| iel Qdaoi` Ny~o| Oqq~nq oeQ~g"Qimiwie Ifwoai' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 13 7=>"133%
SD^@OY^NE @% _% -9???/; W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn fwdb i Xdw`l Giej Snwqsna|ovn; I Jedx`nlhn
Bieihnbne| Fwibnxdwj % Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej%
SWIJIQM H% iel I% B% \I_@DW -9??8/; 'Bniq~woeh Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode; I Bdln` df Iwgo|wihn
xo|m ie Nadedbn|woa Iss`oai|ode |d |mn Hd`l Q|ieliwl 9=8?"9?91' Ei|odei` G~wni~ df
Nadedboa Wnqniwam% Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% 6381 9"1>%
SQIAMIWDSD^@DQ H% iel B% XDDLMI@@ -9?=>/; Nl~ai|ode fdw Lnvn`dsbne|; Ie Iei`yqoq df
Oevnq|bne| Amdoanq% Enx _dwj; D}fdwl ^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
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Y^IM L% -9??1/; 'Hi`|de‟q Fi``ia iel \nq|q df |mn Adevnwhnean Msd|mnqoq' Qaieloeivoie
Kd~wei` df Nadedboaq ?> <78"<1%
Y^NOWD[ A% I% V% iel Q% HI^\IB -9??7/; Wdil Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Nadedboa Lnvn`dsbne|;
Qdbn Loihedq|oa Oeloai|dwq% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xnq|nwe Ifwoai Lns|% iel Oefwiq|w~a|~wn
iel wgie Lnvn`dsbne| Lns|% Xdw`l Giej%WIELD@SM Q% [% GDHN\O+A iel L% W% MNFF@N_ -9??6/; Ln|nwboeie|q df S~g`oa N}snelo|~wn de
Oefwiq|w~a|~wn; \wieqsdw|i|ode iel Adbb~eoai|ode% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej N~wdsn
iel Ane|wi` Iqoi Ad~e|w Lns|% Ad~e|w Dsnwi|odeq Lovoqode%
WIVI@@ODE B% -9?=6/; '\nq|oeh Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode' Ibnwoaie Kd~wei` Df Ihwoa~`|~wi`
Nadedboaq 6= 937"93?%
“ -9??=/; Wniamoeh Sddw Iwniq oe i Fnlnwi` Qyq|nb% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej
Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s%
“ -7331/; 'N}|nwei`o|onq oe W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; Nvolnean fdw Amoei' Mn`qoejo; XOLNW^eo|nl Ei|odeq ^evnwqo|%
WIVI@@ODE B% iel K% KI@IE -9??6/; 'Hwdx|m Lovnwhnean L~n |d Qsi|oi` N}|nwei`o|onq'
Nadedboaq @n||nwq >1 778"17%
WIVI@@ODE B% iel Y% XDLDE -9??8/; Sddw Iwniq dw De`y Sddw Snds`n4 Xiqmoeh|de L%A%;
Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s%
“ -9???/; 'Sddw Iwniq dw De` Sddw Snds`n4' Kd~wei` df Wnhodei` Qaonean 1? 6=?"899%
WNIWLDE \% -9??8/; '^qoeh Nvolnean df Md~qnmd`l Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode |d Oefdwb Q|~l
df |mn W~wi` Edefiwb @igdw Biwjn| oe Ifwoai' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7> 81>"8<=%WNIWLDE \% iel A% G% GIWWN\\ -7333/; 'Ihwdoel~q|woi`o{i|ode H`dgi`o{i|ode iel Oe|nwei|odei`
Lnvn`dsbne|; Ie Dvnwvonx df Oqq~nq Si||nweq iel Ln|nwboeie|q' Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi`
Nadedboaq 71 9?>"73>%
WNIWLDE \% K% GNWLNH^Ï iel H% NQADGIW -7339/; 'W~wi` Edefiwb Nbs`dbne| iel Oeadbnq
oe @i|oe Ibnwoai; Dvnwvonx iel Sd`oa Obs`oai|odeq' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7? 1?>"<3?%
WNIWLDE \% B% N% AW^[ iel K% GNWLNH^Ï -9??=/; '@dq Sdgwnq ne n` Lnqiwwd``d ln` Nbs`nd
W~wi` ed Ihwâad`i ne Ibïwoai @i|oei; Siwildkiq Lnqifâdq' \nwanw Qobsdqod
@i|oedbinwoaied ln Oevnq|ohiaoñe N}|neqoñe ne Qoq|nbiq Ihwdsna~iwodq% @obi I~h~q|9?"79%
WNIWLDE \% J% Q\IBD^@OQ B% N% AW^[ I% GI@OQIAIE K% GNWLNH^Ï iel G% GIEJQ -9??=/;
'W~wi` Ede"Fiwb Oeadbn oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq' oe \mn Q|i|n df Fddl iel Ihwoa~`|~wn
9??= nl% g F% I% Dwhieo{i|ode% Wdbn%
WNIWLDE \% K% N% \I_@DW J% Q\IBD^@OQ S% @IEKD^X iel I% GI@OQIAIE -7333/; 'Nffna|q df
Edefiwb Nbs`dbne| de W~wi` Oeadbn Oeny~i`o| oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq; Ie Oevnq|bne|
Snwqsna|ovn' Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq >9 766"7==%
WNEJDX B% L% H% MI@@Q\WDB iel L% L% JIWIEKI -733</; 'W~wi` Oefwiq|w~a|~wn \wieqia|odeqAdq|q iel Biwjn| Siw|oaosi|ode oe Jnei' Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 81 1<?‑ 168%
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WDNMBNW G% -9??>/; \mndwy df Biwjn|q; \wiln iel Qsian"\obn Si||nweq df Swoan F`~a|~i|odeq%
I Q|~ly oe Iei`y|oai` Nadedboaq% Gnw`oe; Qswoehnw"Vnw`ih%
WDBNW S% -9?=6/; 'Oeawniqoeh Wn|~weq iel @deh"W~e Hwdx|m' Kd~wei` df Sd`o|oai` Nadedby
?< 9337"18%
WDQNE Q% -9?8</; 'Mnldeoa Swoanq iel Obs`oao| Biwjn|q; Swdl~a| Loffnwne|oi|ode oe S~wnAdbsn|o|ode' Kd~wei` df Sd`o|oai` Nadedby =7 1>">>%
WDQNEGI^B S% iel L% W^GOE -9?=1/; '\mn Ane|wi` Wd`n df |mn Swdsneqo| Qadwn oe Dgqnwvi|odei`
Q|~lonq fdw Ai~qi` Nffna|q' Godbï|woai 83 <9">>%
WDQNEQ\NOE"WDLIE S% E% -9?<1/; 'Swdg`nbq df Oel~q|woi`o{i|ode df Niq|nwe iel Qd~|m"Niq|nwe
N~wdsn' \mn Nadedboa Kd~wei` >1%
QIIVNLWI K% -9??8/; Y~onenq O ieie y Y~onenq Sonwlne ade ~ei Wnfdwbi Nq|w~a|~wi`; Aibgodq
ne i Loqsnwqoñe ln Oehwnqdq Qnhûe Nl~aiaoñe N}snwoneaoi y O ïenwd ne n` Snwû wgied%
HWILN; @obi%
QIIVNLWI K% iel K% K% LÂI[ -9??=/; 'Lnqoh~i`lil ln` Oehwnqd ln` Hiq|d ne n` Snwû Ie|nq
Lnqs~ïq ln `iq Wnfdwbiq Nq|w~a|~wi`nq' NA@IA; Qie|oihd ln Amo`n%
QILD^@N\ N% iel I% LN KIEVW_ -9??>/; Y~ie|o|i|ovn Lnvn`dsbne| Sd`oay Iei`yqoq% Gi`|obdwn;
Kdmeq Mdsjoeq ^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
QILD^@N\ N% I% LN KIEVW_ iel A% GNEKIBOE -9??=/; 'Md~qnmd`l Gnmivodw xo|m Obsnwfna|
@igdw Biwjn|q' Oel~q|woi` Wn`i|odeq 18 =>"93=%
QIB^N@QDE S% -9?></; '\mn S~wn \mndw df S~g`oa N}snelo|~wn' Wnvonx df Nadedboaq iel
Q|i|oq|oaq 16 1=8"?6%
“ -9?=1/; '\m~ene i| \xd M~elwnl' Kd~wei` df Nadedboa @o|nwi|~wn 79 9<6="9<==%QAMNWNW F% B% iel L% WDQQ -9??3/; Oel~q|woi` Biwjn| Q|w~a|~wn iel Nadedboa Snwfdwbiean%
Gdq|de; Gdq|de; Md~hm|de Boff`oe% 1wl Nl%
QN]\DE W% K% A% @% J@OEH iel M% F% AIWBIE -9??9/; 'Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode Nffoaonea df
Iwgo|wihn iel Obsnwfna| Adbsn|o|ode; Bn|mdld`dh iel Iss`oai|ode |d %Q% An`nw' Ib
K Ihwoa Nade 81 >6=">=3%
QMDWWDAJQ I% S% -9?=1/; 'Obsia| df Oeadbn Adbsdene|q de |mn Loq|wog~|ode df Fibo`
Oeadbnq' Y~iw|nw`y Kd~wei` Df Nadedboaq ?= 199"76%
QOIENQO G% -7339/; 'Ie Nvi`~i|ode df |mn Qxnloqm Qq|nb df Ia|ovn @igd~w Biwjn| Swdhwibbnqoe |mn 9??3q' \mn Oeq|o|~|n fdw Foqai` Q|~lonq Xdwjoeh Sisnw XS37$39% ^ssqi`i%
QO@VIS^@@N S% iel Q% KI_IQ^WO_I -9??</; '\nq|oeh fdw Smo`ossoenq Woan Biwjn| Oe|nhwi|ode; I
B~`|os`n Adoe|nhwi|ode Isswdiam' Kd~wei` df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq <> 16?"=3%
QOBDE L% -9??6/; \wieqsdw| iel Lnvn`dsbne| oe |mn \mowl Xdw`l % @delde: Enx _dwj;
Wd~|`nlhn%
QBO\M L% I% HDWLDE J% BNILDXQ iel J% [XOAJ -7339/; '@ovn`omddl Lovnwqofoai|ode oe
^hieli; Si||nweq iel Ln|nwboeie|q df Amiehn iawdqq \xd W~wi` Loq|woa|q' Fddl Sd`oay
76 <79‑<1>%
QBO\M K% iel S% \DLL -7333/; 'Ldnq Bi|amoeh Dvnwadbn @i`deln‟q Awo|oy~n df N}snwobne|i`Nq|obi|dwq4' Ivio`ig`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%gqdq%~bl%nl~$nade$kqbo|m$eqx997733%slf
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QBO\M @% -9??8/; 'Lnane|wi`o{i|ode iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; \mn Wd`n df |mn S~g`oa iel Swovi|n
Qna|dw oe |mn Swdvoqode df Ihwoa~`|~wn Q~ssdw| Qnwvoanq'% FID; \nameoai` adeq~`|i|ode de
lnane|wi`o{i|ode% Wdbn%
QBO\M @% L% iel I% B% \MDBQDE -9??9/; \mn Wd`n df S~g`oa iel Swovi|n Ihne|q oe |mn Fddl
iel Ihwoa~`|~wi` Qna|dwq df Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq% Wdbn; Fddl iel Ihwoa~`|~wnDwhieo{i|ode df |mn ^eo|nl Ei|odeq%
QD^\MXDW\M M% B% iel G% F% KDMEQ\DE -9?68/; Ihwoa~`|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne| iel Nadedboa
O wdx|m% O|miai Enx _dwj; Adwen`` ^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
QSNEANW L% -9??<%/; 'Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel \named`dh Adeq|wioe|q |d Ihwoa~`|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|
oe |mn M~bol iel Q~gm~bol \wdsoaq df Ifwoai' Xiqmoeh|de% L%A%; OFSWO%
\MDWGNAJN N% -9??9/; 'Biwjn|q iel \wieqia|odeq oe Lnvn`dsoeh Ad~e|wonq' Oeq|o|~|n fdw Sd`oay
Wnfdwb% Osw Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq Ed% ZOSW13R 9"Z936R%
“ -9??7/; \mn Iei|dby df Ihwoa~`|~wi` Swdl~a| Biwjn|q iel \wieqia|odeq oe Lnvn`dsoehAd~e|wonq% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Oeq|o|~|n fdw Sd`oa Wnfdwb%
“ -9??1/; 'Obsia| df Q|i|n iel Aovo` Oeq|o|~|odeq de |mn Dsnwi|ode df W~wi` Biwjn| iel
Edebiwjn| Adefoh~wi|odeq' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 79 >?9"63>%
\MDWGNAJN N% iel A% BDWWOQQDE -9?=?/; 'Oeq|o|~|odeq Sd`oaonq iel Ihwoa~`|~wi` Snwfdwbiean;
I Adbsiwi|ovn Iei`qoq' Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 98 9<=>"<?=%
\DXEQNEL W% B% -9??>/; 'Adeq~bs|ode Oeq~wiean; Ie Nvi`~i|ode df Woqj"Gniwoeh Qq|nbq
oe @dx"Oeadbn Nadedbonq' Kd~wei` df Nadedboa Snwqsna|ovnq ? =1"937%
\WOVN@@O A% -9??8/; Awïlo|d ne `dq Mdhiwnq W~wi`nq ln` Snwû% @obi; AONQ%
^LW_ A% -9??>/; 'Wnane| Ilvieanq oe Nbsowoai` Boawdnadedboa Wnqniwam oe Sddw Ad~e|wonq'
Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq Edw|mxnq|nwe eovnwqo|%
VI@LOVOI B% -9??8/; 'Bnwaildq Ln \wigikd _ Bienkd Ln Wonqhd Ne Nadedbâiq W~wi`nq;
Nvi`~iaoñe Ln @dq Mdhiwnq Ln Sdbiaieamo A~{ad' HWILN%
“ -9??=/; 'N` \wigikd Iqi`iwoild Ne @iq Nadedbâiq W~wi`nq Ln` Snwû' oe Gd`n|âe ln
Dsoeoñe%11% AONQ% @obi% Kie~iw 993"99=%
VI@LOVOI B% iel B% WDG@NQ -9??8/; 'Lnaoqodenq @igdwi`nq Ne @iq Nadedbâiq W~wi`nq Ln`
Snwû' HWILN; Ed|iq siwi n` Lngi|n 9<% @obi%
VIE G^^WNE Q% iel A% H% B% D^LQMDDWE -7333/; 'B~`|oviwoi|n Obs~|i|ode g AmioenlNy~i|odeq; Boan V9%3 ^qnw‟q Bie~i`' \mn En|mnw`ielq; \ED Wnsdw| SH$VH[$33%31=%
En|mnw`ielq Dwhieo{i|ode fdw iss`onl qaone|ofoa wnqniwam%
VIE LN XI@@N L% -9??6/; 'Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Sdvnw| oe Von| Eib' Xdw`l Giej; @QBQ
Xdwjoeh sisnw 979% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%
“ -7333/; 'Iwn Wn|~weq |d Oevnq|bne| @dxnw fdw |mn Sddw4 M~bie iel Smqoai` Aiso|i`
Oe|nwia|odeq oe W~wi` Von|eib' Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s " S~g`oa
Nadedboaq; Xiqmoeh|de L%A%
“ -7333/; 'Amddqoeh W~wi` Wdil Oevnq|bne|q |d Mn`s Wnl~an Sdvnw|' Xdw`l GiejLnvn`dsbne| Wnqniwam Hwd~s " S~g`oa Nadedboaq; Xiqmoeh|de L%A%
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VÉQY^N[ I% -7333/; Lnqiwwd``d Ihwiwod; Ie|nanlnenq _ Swds~nq|i Sd`â|oai Siwi N` Qoh`d
]]O % @obi%
VNEIG@NQ I% iel E% @OBÁD -9???/; O ndhwismoai` Loqilvie|ihn; I Mnajqamnw"Dm`oe"Vde
\m~ene Bdln` df Oe|nwei|odei` Qsnaoi`o{i|ode% Xiqmoeh|de L%A; Xdw`l Giej Lnvn`dsbne|
Wnqniwam Hwd~s " \wiln%XI@@IAN E% N% -9??6/; 'Mnldeoa"Giqnl Swoan Oeln}nq fdw Md~qoeh; \mndw Nq|obi|ode iel
Oeln} Adeq|w~a|ode' Fnlnwi` Wnqnwvn Giej df Qie Fwieaoqad Nadedboa Wnvonx 1<" <=%
XIEH E% -7331/; 'Bniq~woeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q; Ie Oeadbs`n|n Q~wvn' Wdei`l Adiqn Oeq|o|~|n
Xdwjoeh Sisnw Qnwonq% Ivio`ig`n i|; m||s;$$xxx%adiqn%dwh$xdwjoehsisnwq$xs"7%slf
XNGG W% iel I% FOH^NWDI -9?8>/; Loq|wog~aoñe ln` Oehwnqd ne n` Snwû% @obi; Oeq|o|~|d ln
Nq|~lodq Snw~iedq -ONS/%
XNEENW B% -7339/; 'W~wi` Foeiean Q|wi|nh' oe Q~q|ioeig`n Lnvn`dsbne| Lnsiw|bne| Qna|dw
Q|wi|nhy Sisnwq Qnwonq: W~w"93<% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne| ^eo|% Oe|nw"Ibnwoaie Lnvn`dsbne| Giej%
XMIW\DE A% -9?68/; '\mn Oefwinq|w~a|~wn fdw Ihwoa~`|~wi` Hwdx|m' oe Ihwoa~`|~wi`
Lnvn`dsbne| iel Nadedboa O wdx|m nl% g M% B% Qd~|mxdw|m iel G% F% Kdmeq|de% O|miai
Enx _dwj; Adwen`` ^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
XO@@OIBQDE D% -9?8?/; '\wieqia|ode Adq|q Nadedboaq; \mn Hdvnweiean df Ade|wia|~i`
Wn`i|odeq' Kd~wei` df @ix iel Nadedboaq 77 711 " 769%
XOEL@N K% iel W% I% AWIBG -9??6/; 'Wdilq Wnbd|nenqq iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne|; Qdaoi`
Obsia|q df W~wi` Wdilq oe s`iel Iwniq df Qiwixij Bi`iqoi' Lnsiw|bne| df Ihwoa~`|~wn^eovnwqo| df Y~nneq`iel; Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq Loqa~qqode Sisnwq 1$?6 Gwoqgien Y`l%
XDW@L GIEJ -9??</; Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| Wnsdw| 9??<; Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Lnvn`dsbne| %
Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| Wnsdw|%
“ -9??=/; Snw~; Ie Ihwoa~`|~wi` Lnvn`dsbne| Q|wi|nhy% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l Giej% Hwnne
Advnw Lda~bne|%
“ -9???/; Sdvnw|y iel Qdaoi` Lnvn`dsbne|q oe Snw~ 9??<"9??8% Xiqmoeh|de L%A%; Xdw`l
Giej% Ad~e|w Q|~l% @i|oe Ibnwoaie iel |mn Aiwoggnie Wnhode%
“ -9???/; 'Sdvnw| iel Qdaoi` Lnvn`dsbne|q oe Snw~ 9??<"9??8' Xiqmoeh|de L%A%[MIEH ]% iel Q% FIE -7333/; 'S~g`oa Oevnq|bne| iel Wnhodei` Oeny~i`o| oe W~wi` Amoei'
Nevowdebne| iel Swdl~a|ode \named`dh Lovoqode Oe|nwei|odei` Fddl Sd`oa Wnqniwam
Oeq|o|~|n; NS\L Loqa~qqode Sisnw Xiqmoeh|de L%A%
[OBBNWBIE F% K% iel B% W% AIW\NW -7331/; 'Iqqn| Qbdd|moeh Adeq~bs|ode Qbdd|moeh iel
|mn Wnswdl~a|ode df Oeny~i`o| ~elnw Woqj iel Q~gqoq|nean Adeq|wioe|q' Kd~wei` df
Lnvn`dsbne| Nadedboaq 89 711"763%
Wnfnwneanq
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Lnqso|n |mn fia| |mi| iaanqqoeh s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q ade|oe~nq |d gn wnq|woa|nl iel
~envne` loq|wog~|nl oe w~wi` Snw~ amiehnq oe iqqn| dxenwqmos iel iaanqq l~woeh |mn `iq|
fof|nne niwq mivn gnne y~o|n lwibi|oa% Oe |mn aiqn df giqoa qnwvoanq oefwiq|w~a|~wn -n`na|woao|
|n`nsmden qnwvoanq iel xi|nw iel qnxnwihn/ nvn`q df iaanqq xnwn dx iel mohm` oeny~o|ig`n
oe 9?=>% Oe ade|wiq| oe 9??8 i| `niq| oe |mn aiqn df xi|nw iel n`na|woao| iaanqq mil ld~g`nl;
78 snwane| iel 7< snwane| df md~qnmd`lq mil iaanqq |d |mnqn qnwvoanq wnqsna|ovn`% Mdxnvnw
loqsnwqode oe iaanqq g qsneloeh lnao`nq |~wenl edx |d gn b~am bdwn swded~eanl |mie fof|nne
niwq ihd% \moq oq qd gnai~qn |mn si||nwe df oevnq| oe s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn mil gnne goiqnl
ihioeq| |mn sddwnq| qnhbne|q oe w~wi` Snw~ `nivoeh |mnb oe i sdvnw| |wis%
Lnqso|n |mn dgvod~q obsdw|iean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q o| miq ed| hwdxe i| |mn
sian ennlnl fdw wnqmisoeh Snw~‟q sdvnw| swdfo`n% Iq o| miq missnenl oe bie lnvn`dsoeh
ad~e|wonq oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| miq q|ihei|nl dw fi``ne oe wnqsdeqn |d foqai` loffoa~`|onq
iqqdaoi|nl xo|m q|w~a|~wi` ilk~q|bne|% \mn bi mivn i`qd lnawniqnl gnai~qn oe|nwei|odei`
addsnwi|ode miq olne|ofonl o| iq i '`dx swodwo|' oe |mnow ihneliq% Loboeoqmoeh g~lhn|q fdw w~wi`
oevnq|bne|q s~|q ie illo|odei` swnqq~wn |d hdvnwebne|q; |mn ennl |d ld 'bdwn xo|m `nqq'%
Mdxnvnw |mn oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh ldnq ed| mn`s fdw bijoeh |moq sdqqog`n% q~i`` ei|odei` iel
`dai` g~wni~awiaonq ld ed| addwloei|n iel nvne adbsn|n oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn i``dai|ode% \mn foei`
d~|adbn df q~am ie oeq|o|~|odei` qn||oeh oq |mi| |mn ad~e|w boqqnq |mn gnenfo|q df i addwloei|nl
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iel i gn||nw oe|nhwi|nl w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|%
\moq q|~l miq fda~qnl oe fd~w oe|nw"adeena|nl wnqniwam y~nq|odeq;
9% Xm iel mdx oq w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn obsdw|ie| fdw fdq|nwoeh oeadbn hnenwi|ode
oeadbn lovnwqofoai|ode iel ~`|obi|n` w~wi` sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode4
7% Iwn |mnwn ie adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|4 Xmi| iwn |mn
obsia|q df loffnwne| adbgoei|ode df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| de d~|s~| iel
`igdw w~wi` biwjn|q4
1% Aie w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| mn`s dvnwadbn ie ilvnwqn hndhwism iel i``dx
|mn sddw iaa~b~`i|n iqqn|q iel nqaisn fwdb |mn sdvnw| |wis |mn bi gn fiaoeh4<% Xmi| joel df s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| oq gn||nw q~o|nl |d obswdvn biwjn|
oe|nhwi|ode iel wnl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q fdw |mn w~wi` sddw4
\d swdsnw` |iaj`n |mnqn wnqniwam y~nq|odeq Amis|nw 7 ldnq i `o|nwi|~wn wnvonx de |mn
bioe |mndwn|oai` iel nbsowoai` ade|wog~|odeq |d |mn q|~l df |mn wn`i|ode gn|xnne w~wi`
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| iel sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode% Xn adea`~ln |mi|
i`|md~hm nvolnean ldnq n}oq| fdw obswdvnl md~qnmd`l xn`fiwn adboeh fwdb w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q wn`i|ovn` `o||`n nvolnean aie gn fd~el df q|~lonq |mi| swdvoln adeawn|n `oejihnq
gn|xnne qsnaofoa oevnq|bne|q oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel oeawniqnl xn`fiwn df |mn w~wi` sddw%Xn i`qd ddjnl i| mdx |mn o|nwi|~wn miq loqa~qqnl |mn xi hndhwism bi oe|nwia| xo|m w~wi`
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oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Xn mivn qnne |mi| fdw qdbn i~|mdwq hndhwism bi moelnw |mn sdqo|ovn nffna|q
df oeawniqnl iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq% Fdw d|mnwq o| bi swdvoln |mn ei|~wi` aiso|i`
ennlnl |d obswdvnl w~wi` oeadbnq% Xn gn`onvn |mi| s~wq~oeh |moq oe|nwia|ode f~w|mnw iq xn ld
|mwd~hm d~| |moq q|~l oq awo|oai` hovne |mn siw|oa~`iw hndhwismoa lovnwqo| |mi| i ad~e|w `ojn
Snw~ miq%Oe |moq amis|nw xn i`qd sdoe| d~| |mi| md~qnmd`l iel biwjn| qsnaofoa nffna|q gwd~hm|
fwdb oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| aie gn awo|oai` |d wnl~an |wieqia|ode adq|q iel obswdvn biwjn|
oe|nhwi|ode% G ldoeh qd |mn `o|nwi|~wn wnvonx qmdxq |mi| xn bi iamonvn hwni|nw biwjn|
nffoaonea xmoam oe |~we bi mivn ie obsdw|ie| obsia| oe w~wi` oeadbn hwdx|m%
Vnw fnx sisnwq oe d~w `o|nwi|~wn wnvonx mivn loqa~qqnl |mn nffna| df adbs`nbne|iw
oe|nwvne|odeq qd iq |d ivdol |mn xn`` jedxe swdg`nb df loboeoqmoeh biwhoei` wn|~we |d
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Xn gn`onvn |mi| |moq oq i aw~aoi` iel swdboqoeh iwni df wnqniwam%
\moq q|~l ddjnl i| |moq oqq~n qmdxoeh i| |mn boawdnadedboa nvn` |mi| o| oq snwfna|` sdqqog`n|d wioqn |mn biwhoei` wi|n df wn|~we |d w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| g oevnq|oeh qob~`|iend~q`
oe bdwn |mie den oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoan dw adbgoen s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m swovi|n iqqn|q%
Foei`` |moq amis|nw wnvonxq |mn `o|nwi|~wn illwnqqoeh |mn loq|wog~|odei` obsia| df
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Fdw qdbn o| oq snwfna|` sdqqog`n |d mivn i 'xoe"xoe' qo|~i|ode
xmnwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q iwn gnenfoaoi` |d w~wi` md~qnmd`l gd|m de nffoaonea iel ny~o|
hwd~elq% Fdw d|mnwq o| bi||nwq |mn iqqn| neldxbne| iel oeq|o|~|odei` giqn |mi| gd|m |mn w~wi`
sddw iel ede"sddw mivn |d ieqxnw xmn|mnw dw ed| |mdqn gn||nw dff xo`` dg|ioe dw ed| `iwhnw
gnenfo|q fwdb oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Xn gn`onvn xmn|mnw |mnwn oq i |wiln dff dw ed| gn|xnnenffoaonea iel ny~o| de |mn swdvoqode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oq ie nbsowoai` y~nq|ode: den |mi|
|moq q|~l i`qd illwnqqnq%
Amis|nw 1 iei`{nq |mn sdqqnqqode iel iaanqq |d iqqn|q de |mn siw| df |mn sddw oe Snw~%
O| foelq |mi| l~woeh |mn `iq| |xd lnailnq |mn ivnwihn `nvn` df iaanqq |d nl~ai|ode oeawniqnl
xmo`n iel oeny~i`o| df iaanqq |d |moq iqqn| lnawniqnl% \mn iaanqq |d d|mnw s~g`oa qnwvoanq miq
i`qd oeawniqnl |md~hm |mn oeny~i`o| `nvn`q iwn q|o`` vnw mohm% \mn qibn missneq xo|m |mn
iaanqq |d awnlo| iel d|mnw iqqn|q |mi| aie qnwvn iq ad``i|nwi`% \mn nadedbn|woa iei`qoq qmdxq
i sdqo|ovn nffna| df |mn iaanqq |d s~g`oa iqqn|q de |mn swdfo|igo`o| df jn swovi|n iqqn|q `ojnnl~ai|ode iel `iel nvolneaoeh |mn wd`n df |mn swdvoqode df s~g`oa qnwvoanq iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn
iq i bnamieoqb fdw gddq|oeh |mn swdfo|igo`o| df swovi|n iqqn|q% O| oq i`qd fd~el |mi| amiehnq oe
iqqn|q |ne~wn iwn ed| q~ffoaone| |d n}s`ioe |wieqo|odeq |dxiwl iel d~|qoln sdvnw| |md~hm| |mn
iwn aw~aoi` |d n}s`ioe |mn snwbienea oe sdvnw| dw |mn snwbienea d~| df |moq q|i|n% Foei``
|moq amis|nw ddjq i| mdx adbs`nbne|iwo|onq iffna| |mn wi|n df wn|~weq df jn iqqn|q% D~w wnq~`|q
qmdx i sdqo|ovn nffna| df s~g`oa iqqn|q de |mnqn wn|~weq xmoam oq nvolnean |mi| swovi|n iel
s~g`oa iqqn|q iwn adbs`nbne|iw% \moq qmdxq |mn wd`n df s~g`oa sd`oa oe |nwbq df swdvoqode df
qnwvoanq iel oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq i bnamieoqb |d q|wneh|mne |mn wn|~we fwdb swovi|n iqqn|q iel|m~q fiao`o|i|n wnl~a|ode df sdvnw|%
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Snw~ oq i ad~e|w xo|m ie iq|deoqmoeh viwon| df loffnwne| nad`dhoai` iwniq oea`~loeh =<
loffnwne| a`obi|n {denq iel ielqaisnq xo|m wioefdwnq|q mohm bd~e|ioe wiehnq iel lw lnqnw|q
|mn hndhwismoai` ade|n}| bi ed| gn i`` |mi| bi||nwq g~| o| ad~`l gn vnw qoheofoaie| oe n}s`ioeoeh
wnhodei` viwoi|odeq oe oeadbn iel xn`fiwn% \mn bikdw y~nq|ode Amis|nw < |wonq |d ieqxnw oq;
xmi| wd`n ld hndhwismoa viwoig`nq gd|m ei|~wi` iel biebiln s`i oe n}s`ioeoeh snw aiso|in}snelo|~wn loffnwne|oi`q iawdqq wnhodeq xo|moe Snw~4 Mdx mivn |mnqn oef`~neanq amiehnl
dvnw |obn |mwd~hm xmi| amieen`q mivn |mn gnne |wieqbo||nl iel miq iaanqq |d swovi|n iel
s~g`oa iqqn|q adbsneqi|nl fdw |mn nffna|q df ie ilvnwqn hndhwism4 Xn mivn qmdxe |mi| xmi|
qnnb |d gn qo{ig`n hndhwismoa loffnwneanq oe `ovoeh q|ieliwlq oe Snw~ aie gn i`bdq| f~``
n}s`ioenl xmne den |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn qsi|oi` adeane|wi|ode df md~qnmd`lq xo|m wnilo`
dgqnwvig`n ede"hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq oe siw|oa~`iw s~g`oa iel swovi|n iqqn|q% Oe d|mnw
xdwlq |mn qibn dgqnwvi|odei`` ny~ovi`ne| md~qnmd`l miq i qobo`iw n}snelo|~wn `nvn` oe den
s`ian iq ied|mnw xo|m loffnwne| hndhwismoa amiwia|nwoq|oaq q~am iq i`|o|~ln dw |nbsnwi|~wn% \moqldnq ed| bnie mdxnvnw |mi| hndhwism oq ed| obsdw|ie| g~| |mi| o|q oef`~nean de n}snelo|~wn
`nvn` iel hwdx|m loffnwne|oi` adbnq igd~| |mwd~hm i qsi|oi`` ~envne swdvoqode df s~g`oa
oefwiq|w~a|~wn% F~w|mnwbdwn xmne xn bniq~wnl |mn n}sna|nl hioe -dw `dqq/ oe adeq~bs|ode
fwdb ovoeh oe den hndhwismoa wnhode -o%n% adiq|/ iq dssdqnl |d `ovoeh oe ied|mnw -o%n% mohm`ielq/
xn fd~el |mi| bdq| df |mn loffnwnean oe `dh snw"aiso|i n}snelo|~wn gn|xnne |mn mohm`iel iel
|mn adiq| aie gn iaad~e|nl fdw g |mn loffnwneanq oe oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iel swovi|n
iqqn|q% \moq ad~`l gn ie oeloai|ode |mi| |mn ivio`igo`o| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn ad~`l gn obo|nl g |mn
hndhwism iel |mnwnfdwn |mn bdwn ilvnwqn hndhwismoa wnhodeq iwn |mn denq xo|m nqq iaanqq |ds~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn% O| oq obsdw|ie| |d ed|n |mi| |mnwn issniw |d gn ede"hndhwismoa qsi|oi``
adwwn`i|nl dbo||nl viwoig`nq |mi| ennl |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| oe d~w n}snelo|~wn hwdx|m
bdln`% \mnwnfdwn sd`oa swdhwibq |mi| ~qn wnhodei` |iwhn|oeh ld mivn i wi|odei`n nvne of
hndhwismoa viwoig`nq ld ed| n}s`ioe |mn g~`j df |mn loffnwnean oe wnhodei` hwdx|m dean xn
mivn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| loffnwne|oi`q oe iaanqq |d swovi|n iel s~g`oa iqqn|q%
Oe Amis|nw > xn nbsowoai`` iqqnqq |mn ln|nwboeie| fia|dwq df biwjn| iaanqq fdw sddw
fiwbnwq oe w~wi` Snw~% Oe siw|oa~`iw xn nvi`~i|n |mn wd`n df jn s~g`oa iqqn|q ojn w~wi` wdilq oe
wnl~aoeh |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mwd~hm |mi| amieen` oe obswdvoeh |mn oeadbnq df w~wi`md~qnmd`lq% \mn amis|nw swnqne|q iel obs`nbne|q i bn|mdld`dhoai` swdsdqi` |d y~ie|of
|wieqia|ode adq|q% \mn wnq~`|q qmdx |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q oe |mn iwni ~elnw q|~l ny~i` >3. df
|mn qi`nq vi`~n gnoeh isswnaoig` mohmnw -63./ fdw swdl~anwq xmd iwn adeena|nl |d |mn biwjn|
voi ede"bd|dwo{nl |wiajq% \mnqn foh~wnq iwn `iwhnw |mie |mdqn swdvolnl g d|mnw q|~lonq% \mn
wnq~`|q lnbdeq|wi|n |mi| gnqolnq loq|iean iel |obn |d |mn biwjn| jn viwoig`nq fdw n}s`ioeoeh
|mn biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode q|wi|nh -o%n% xmne |d qn`` iel |d xmi| biwjn|/ oea`~ln qnvnwi` oeloai|dwq
iqqdaoi|nl xo|m mdx b~am n}snwonean |mn fiwbnw miq xo|m |mn biwjn| oe xmoam mn dsnwi|nq:
mdx q|ig`n moq wn`i|odeq iwn xo|m |mn loffnwne| ihne|q mn |wilnq xo|m iel: mdx b~am df ieoevnq|bne| mn bijnq |d dg|ioe wn`nvie| oefdwbi|ode iel |d bdeo|dw adbs`oiean xo|m obs`oao|
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ade|wia|q iqqdaoi|nl xo|m |mn |wieqia|odeq adbs`n|nl% \mn q|~l qmdxq |mi| |mwd~hm dxnwoeh
|wieqia|ode adq|q iaanqq |d ie obswdvnl w~wi` wdil qq|nb aie obswdvnl q~gq|ie|oi`` |mn
oeadbnq df |mn w~wi` sddw oe Snw~%
En}| oe Amis|nw 6 xn nvi`~i|nl mdx oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q bi iffna| |mn qsnnl
df ilk~q|bne| df qsi|oi`` loq|wog~|nl ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|q% \d d~w jedx`nlhn |moq oq |mn fowq||obn |mi| |mn adeena|ode gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn neldxbne|q iel biwjn| oe|nhwi|ode miq gnne
nbsowoai`` iqqnqqnl oe i b~`|oviwoi|n qn||oeh% Iq xn mivn lnqawognl oe |mn `o|nwi|~wn wnvonx
qna|ode |mnwn oq wnqniwam |mi| miq n}s`oao|` adeena|nl jn s~g`oa oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo|m goviwoi|n
bniq~wnq df oe|nhwi|ode% Mdxnvnw |moq miq ed| gnne lden n| oe i b~`|oviwoi|n adoe|nhwi|ode
fwibnxdwj% Xn qmdxe |mi| ie oeawniqn oe wdil iel n`na|woai` nenwh oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq xn`` iq
i mohmnw iaanqq |d `dai` bnloi iel |n`nadbb~eoai|ode fiao`o|onq oe |mn ao|onq ~elnw iei`qoq
xo`` `nil |d wnl~a|odeq de |wieqia|ode adq|q iq xn`` iq de |mn ivnwihn |obn |mi| swoanq |ijn |d
ilk~q| |d |mnow ny~o`ogwo~b `nvn`q xmne fiaoeh ie n}dhned~q qmdaj% Adeqny~ne|` |mn lnhwnndf qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode df w~wi` biwjn|q xo`` oeawniqn oe |mn deh w~e% Xo|m |mnqn foeloehq xn aie
q|i|n |mi| |mn wdil iel n`na|woa oefwiq|w~a|~wn iq xn`` iq |mn iaanqq |d `dai` bnloi iel
|n`nadbb~eoai|odeq fiao`o|onq iwn jn fia|dwq fdw |mn wnl~a|ode df |wieqia|ode adq|q iel |mn
obswdvnbne| df qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode gn|xnne biwjn|q%
S~||oeh |dhn|mnw |mn wnq~`|q dg|ioenl oe Amis|nw > iel Amis|nw 6 i``dx ~q |d adeena|
w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| xo|m mohmnw qsi|oi` biwjn| nffoaonea qsi|oi` biwjn| nffoaonea
neadbsiqqnq gd|m |mn qo{n df |wieqia|ode adq|q df |wiln iel |mn `nvn` df qsi|oi` biwjn|
oe|nhwi|ode% Qoean xn mivn swdvne |mi| |wieqia|ode adq|q xo`` gn `dxnwnl iq i adeqny~nean df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne| iel |mi| |moq qibn oevnq|bne| xo`` obswdvn biwjn| qsi|oi` oe|nhwi|ode
xn bi gn adefolne| |mi| |mnwn oq i a`niw iel q|wdeh oejihn gn|xnne oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|
iel biwjn| nffoaonea%
Amis|nw 8 qmdxq |mi| oe Snw~voie w~wi` iwniq |mnwn miq gnne q~gq|ie|oi` hwdx|m dvnw
|mn siq| lnailn oe md~qnmd`l nbs`dbne| d~|qoln df dxe"fiwboeh% I| swnqne| >9. df |mn en|
oeadbn df w~wi` md~qnmd`lq adbnq fwdb |mnqn dff"fiwb ia|ovo|onq iel |m~q |mn anw|ioe` aieed|
gn adeqolnwnl iq 'biwhoei`'% \mn wniqdeq md~qnmd`lq lovnwqof |mnow oeadbnq iwn qnvnwi`%
Iaanqq |d s~g`oa iqqn|q q~am iq wdilq iel swovi|n iqqn|q q~am iq nl~ai|ode iel awnlo| oq ieobsdw|ie| fia|dw oe lovnwqofoai|ode% Oeawniqoeh iaanqq |d |mnqn iqqn|q xo`` mn`s w~wi` md~qnmd`lq
|d oeawniqn |mnow qn`f"nbs`dbne| iq xn`` iq xihn nbs`dbne| oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw% Xn
mivn i`qd qmdxe |mi| iq illo|odei` oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq iwn swdvolnl w~wi` md~qnmd`lq aie
mivn iaanqq |d bdwn lovnwqofonl `igdw oeadbn sdw|fd`odq xmoam oe |~we i``dxq fdw i mohmnw
md~qnmd`l oeadbn% Envnw|mn`nqq |mnqn igdw oeadbn dssdw|~eo|onq iwn qdbnxmi| bdwn voqog`n
gn|xnne |mdqn xmd i`wnil mivn mohmnw oeadbnq xmoam iwn |mdqn |mi| aie |ijn ilvie|ihn df
|mnow `iwhnw swovi|n iqqn| md`loehq -fdw n}ibs`n hwni|nw nl~ai|ode/ |d oeawniqn |mnow ede"fiwb
`igdw ia|ovo|onq% Bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq i``dx ~q |d qmdx |mi| illo|odei` iaanqq |d oefwiq|w~a|~wnqnwvoanq oeawniqnq gd|m |mn |d|i` e~bgnw df md~wq snw xnnj lnvd|nl |d `igdw oeadbn iel |mn
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snwane|ihn df |obn i``dai|n |d ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq% \moq wnq~`| mohm`ohm|q |mn fia| |mi| |mnwn iwn
obsdw|ie| adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q%
\mn wniqdeq |d lovnwqof oeadbn oe w~wi` Snw~ iwn viwod~q% I `iwhn hwd~s df fiwbnwq
adbs`nbne| |mnow fiwboeh xo|m fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| iel ede"fiwb ia|ovo|onq l~n oeq~ffoaone|
`iel dw ai||`n dw fiwb aiso|i`% _n| ied|mnw hwd~s miq q~ffoaone| nl~ai|ode qjo``q awnlo| ieliaanqq |d wdilq iel n`na|woao| |d i``dx |mnb |d ~elnw|ijn ede"fiwb xihn nbs`dbne| -q~am
iq bijoeh mieloawif|q wnsiowoeh iel wne|oeh ny~osbne| iel adbbnwan/% Bie df |mnqn ede"
fiwb ia|ovo|onq iwn oelowna|` oejnl |d |mn fiwb qna|dw xmoam oq xm den foelq q~am mohm nvn`q
df siw|oaosi|ode oe |mn ede"fiwb qna|dw oe |mn bdwn leiboa ihwoa~`|~wi` iwniq%
\mn q|~l df |mn xn`fiwn obsia|q df w~wi` wdil wnmigo`o|i|ode lden oe Amis|nw = qnwvnq
iq i aiqn q|~l |d n}s`dwn enx bn|mdld`dhonq |d iqqnq |mn gnenfo|q df oevnq|oeh oe w~wi`
oefwiq|w~a|~wn%Bdq| q|~lonq mivn bniq~wnl |mn gnenfo|q df wnmigo`o|i|nl w~wi` wdilq g fda~qoeh
de wnl~a|odeq oe bden|iw dw |obn adq|q ennlnl |d iaanqq swdl~a| iel fia|dw biwjn|q dw jns~g`oa qdaoi` qnwvoanq% \moq amis|nw adbs`nbne|q |mnqn q|~lonq g nvi`~i|oeh |mnow obsia| de
jn xn`fiwn oeloai|dwq q~am iq oeadbn dw adeq~bs|ode% @ddjoeh i| w~wi` md~qnmd`lq `ovoeh oe
qdbn df |mn sddwnq| loq|woa|q df Snw~ xn adbsiwn -~qoeh swdsneqo| qadwn bi|amoeh |nameoy~nq/
md~qnmd`lq `dai|nl eniw wnmigo`o|i|nl wdilq |d q~o|ig`n ade|wd`q% Wnq~`|q qmdx |mi| wnmigo`o|i|nl
wdil iaanqqogo`o| aie gn wn`i|nl |d amiehnq oe oeadbn qd~wanq iq |mn wnmigo`o|i|nl wdil nemieanq
ede"ihwoa~`|~wi` oeadbn dssdw|~eo|onq nqsnaoi`` fwdb xihn"nbs`dbne| qd~wanq% \mn q|~l
i`qd foelq |mi| oeadbn n}sieqode oq ed| gnne bi|amnl g ie ny~ovi`ne| adeq~bs|ode oeawniqn:
issiwne|` gnai~qn |mn illo|odei` oeadbn oq i``dai|nl |d qivoehq |mwd~hm oeawnbne|q oe`ovnq|daj bdq| `ojn` gnai~qn wdil y~i`o| obswdvnbne| oq gnoeh snwanovnl iq |wieqo|dw%
Foei`` Amis|nw ? gwoehq |dhn|mnw i`` |mn d|mnw amis|nwq |d ieqxnw d~w fd~w wnqniwam
y~nq|odeq% \moq amis|nw mohm`ohm|q |mn fia| |mi| d~w wnqniwam miq qmdxe |mi| biwhoei` wi|nq df
wn|~we |d jn iqqn|q iwn dxnw fdw sddwnw md~qnmd`lq |mie fdw |mdqn |mi| iwn nqq sddw% Oeawniqoeh
wn|~weq |d iqqn|q aie de` n}oq|q oe |mn swnqnean df wnq|woa|odeq |mi| swnvne| |mn sddw fwdb
iaa~b~`i|oeh bdwn oeadbn iel iqqn|q% \moq gnne |mn aiqn oeo|oi` adelo|odeq wnf`na|nl g |mn
mdx iqqn|q neldxbne|q iwn loq|wog~|nl bi||nw fdw ~elnwq|ieloeh oeadbn iel sdvnw|
leiboaq% \moq wnq~`| oq adeqoq|ne| xo|m Giwwn| n| i`% -733</ wnqniwam de Jnei iel Bilihiqaiwiel Ki`ie iel Wivi``ode -7337/ xdwj de Amoei% \mnqn wnq~`|q iwn oe issiwne| ade|wiq| xo|m
|mn xdwj df Fie iel Mi{n`` -9???/ [mieh iel Fie -7333/ Fie n| i`% -7333i/ Fie n| i`%
-7333g/ iel Fie n| i`% -7337/ oe Oeloi iel Amoei% \mnqn i~|mdwq qmdx |mi| |mn biwhoei`
wn|~weq df s~g`oa oevnq|bne|q |d swdl~a|ode iel sdvnw| wnl~a|ode loffnw iaadwloeh |d
hndhwismoa qn||oehq g~| |nel |d gn mohmnw oe |mn sddwnq| wnhodeq% \m~q oefwiq|w~a|~wn
oevnq|bne|q bi gn ed| de` sdvnw| wnl~aoeh g~ bi xn`` gn ny~i`o| nemieaoeh% Mdxnvnw
|moq q|~l qmdxq |mi| |mdqn w~wi` md~qnmd`lq xo|m bdwn swovi|n iaanqq dw mivoeh iaanqq |d
gn||nw s~g`oa iqqn|q aie ld gn||nw% \m~q s~g`oa oevnq|bne|q bi iffna| enhi|ovn` oeadbnloq|wog~|ode xo|moe i |iwhn|nl sddw iwni%
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\moq amis|nw sdoe|q d~| |mi| qdbn df |mn ade|wog~|odeq df |moq q|~l `on de |mn
bn|mdld`dhoai` qoln no|mnw g awni|ovn` adbgoeoeh loffnwne| li|i qn|q |d qd`vn i wnqniwam
y~nq|ode g q~hhnq|oeh bn|mdld`dhoai` oeedvi|odeq |d bniq~wn n`~qovn adeans|q ojn |wieqia|ode
adq|q dw g ilis|oeh swdkna| nvi`~i|ode bn|mdld`dhonq |d iaad~e| fdw |mn siw|oa~`iwo|onq df
w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn% Foei`` xn q~bbiwo{n |mn sd`oa obs`oai|odeq df |moq q|~l ed| xo|md~|bne|odeoeh fowq| |mi| i`|md~hm |mn iei`qoq wnsdw|nl oe |moq q|~l oq giqnl de qaone|ofoa swoeaos`nq
sd`oa swnqawos|odeq ennl |d gn ilis|nl |d |mn ade|n}| oe xmoam |mn iwn iss`onl% G ldoeh qd
|mn wnqniwamnw awdqq dvnw |d i boenfon`l xmnwn ied|mnw wiehn df iqsna|q ne|nw oe|d |mn soa|~wn
oea`~loeh sd`o|oai` adeqolnwi|ode oeq|o|~|odei` iel addwloei|ode fio`~wnq n|a% Gnai~qn df |mnqn
adeqolnwi|odeq xn swnfnw |d |moej |mi| wnqniwam awni|nq 'wnqnwvnq df jedx`nlhn' xnwn sd`oa
bijnwq bi lwixe ~sde iq sd`oa ennlq iwoqnq%
Dgvod~q` |mn fowq| iel bdq| obsdw|ie| sd`oa wnadbbneli|ode xn ilviean oq |mi| df i
`iwhnw g~lhn| fdw w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|% Hovne |mn dx snen|wi|ode df jn oefwiq|w~a|~wnoevnq|bne|q oe w~wi` iwniq illo|odei` wnqd~wanq ennl |d gn lnvd|nl% \moq bi adbn ed| de`
fwdb ane|wi` hdvnwebne| wnqd~wanq g~| i`qd fwdb `dai` wnqd~wanq |mwd~hm wnmigo`o|i|ode iel
bioe|neiean ia|ovo|onq% Fdw |moq |d missnenl oeq|o|~|odei` bnamieoqbq lowna|nl |d ad foeieaoeh
ennl |d gn adeqd`oli|nl qoean hovne |mn ei|odei` g~lhn| adeq|wioe| ~eovnwqi` iaanqq oq `ojn`
|d gn obsdqqog`n%
Xmo`n |mn wd`n df w~wi` aiso|i`"oe|neqovn -wdilq n`na|woao| xi|nw fdw owwohi|ode iel
|n`nsmdenq/ oefwiq|w~a|~wn oe `oejoeh w~wi` oemigo|ie|q |d biwjn|q iel |mn nffna| de sdvnw|
i``nvoi|ode miq gnne lda~bne|nl |mwd~hmd~| |moq q|~l |mn qo{n df |mn obsia| df i`|nwei|ovn|snq df w~wi` oevnq|bne| iel |mn jn wd`n df adbs`nbne|iw oe|nwvne|odeq lnsnelq de `dai`
adelo|odeq iel aowa~bq|ieanq xmoam aie ed| gn hwiqsnl f~`` g ei|odei` dw wnhodei` i~|mdwo|onq%
I`|md~hm xn mivn bniq~wnl qdbn df |moq adbs`nbne|iwo|onq oe Amis|nw 1 iel Amis|nw < xn
mivn i`qd wnadheo{n |mi| |mn iwn qo|n qsnaofoa qd |mn ennl |d gn nvi`~i|nl i| |mn dai` `nvn` qd
iq |d ln|nwboenl xmoam oefwiq|w~a|~wn adbgoei|ode q~o|nq gnq| |d niam wnhode% Fwdb gd|m wnane|
iel swnvod~q w~wi` biwjn| lnvn`dsbne| q|wi|nhonq xn aie nevoqihn enx oe|nwvne|odeq |mi|
bi adbgoen |mn sdqo|ovn amiwia|nwoq|oaq df gd|m; i/ \mn qmd~`l wnadvnw i oe|nhwi|nl isswdiam
-b~`|os`n oe|nwvne|odeq lnqohe oe i xi |mi| |ijnq oe|d iaad~e| |mn siw|oa~`iwo|onq df |mn iwnixmnwn |mn xo`` gn iss`onl g/ i voqode wn`i|nl |d olne|ofoeh biwjn| fio`~wnq iel |mn wd`n df
oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q |d qd`vn |mdqn fio`~wnq a/ i bdwn siw|oaosi|ovn q|wi|nh xnwn |mn
'lnbiel lwovne' fda~q gn adbs`nbne|nl xo|m siw|oaosi|ovn bnamieoqbq |mi| i``dx |mdqn
n}a`~lnl |d gn |ijne oe|d iaad~e| qd iq |d iqq~wn i gi`iean gn|xnne nffoaonea iel ny~o|
adeqolnwi|odeq%
\mn de` xi w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn xo`` gn swdvolnl oe ie nffoaone| iel ny~o|ig`n xi oq
of o| adbnq |dhn|mnw xo|m oeq|o|~|odei` lnvn`dsbne|% Obswdvnbne|q oe oeq|o|~|odeq iel g~o`loeh
bnamieoqbq fdw addwloei|ode |dhn|mnw xo|m bdwn iel gn||nw fda~qnl w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wnoevnq|bne| qmd~`l gn |mn xi |d hd |d gwnij d~| df |mn 'sdvnw| |wis' oe xmoam bdwn w~wi`
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Snw~voie edx ovn% \mn iaj df oeq|o|~|odei` bnamieoqbq |d nq|ig`oqm swodwo|onq iel addwloei|n
oe|nwvne|odeq oq vnw dgvod~q oe w~wi` Snw~% _d~ aie foel |xd dw bdwn hdvnwebne| dffoanq
ldoeh |mn qibn xdwj oe |mn qibn iwni xo|md~| ie addwloei|ode% Xn mivn xo|enqq oe den df
d~w fon`l |wosq |mi| |mn wdil xiq gnne wnmigo`o|i|nl g |xd oeq|o|~|odeq niam df |mnb fo}oeh den
df |xd ade|oh~d~q qnhbne|q; den sioeh fdw |mn igdw ennlnl xmo`n |mn d|mnw ldoeh o| |mwd~hmie n}amiehn bnamieoqb% Oe d|mnw aiqnq xmne |mn wdil |mn owwohi|ode aiei` dw |mn qieo|i|ode
qq|nb oq adeq|w~a|nl dw wnmigo`o|i|nl g i ei|odei` `nvn` dffoan `dai` i~|mdwo|onq ld ed| si
i||ne|ode |d bioe|neiean swdg`nbq iq |mn i`qd n}sna| |mi| |mn ane|wi` hdvnwebne| xo`` |ijn
aiwn df |mnb% \mn foei` d~|adbn df |mdqn addwloei|ode swdg`nbq oq |mn oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q
ln|nwodwi|nq wisol` iffna|oeh |mn xn`` gnoeh df |mdqn wn`i|nl |d |mnqn qnwvoanq%
\mn ennl fdw i hddl iei`|oai` giqnl isswdiam |d dvnwadbn |mnqn addwloei|ode swdg`nbq
i`qd fianq |mn ami``nehn df wioqoeh |mn y~i`o| df m~bie aiso|i` oe amiwhn df lnqoheoeh iel
obs`nbne|oeh w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q% Of ilny~i|n oeq|o|~|odeq iel bnamieoqbq fdwaddwloei|ode iwn ed| oe s`ian |mne oevnq|bne| oe w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn bi swdvoln de` |wieqo|dw
gnenfo|q% Xn mivn qnne oe amis|nw = |mi| of w~wi` wdil bioe|neiean oq ed| snwanovnl iq snwbiene|
o| xo`` |wohhnw loffnwne| wnia|odeq fwdb |mn gnenfoaoiwonq |mie |mdqn n}sna|nl of |mn qibn wdil
bioe|neiean oq snwanovnl iq snwbiene|% Oe |mn fdwbnw aiqn md~qnmd`l xo`` |ijn ilvie|ihn df
xoelfi`` swdfo|q amiehoeh igdw i``dai|ode |d |ijn ilvie|ihn |d |mn enx biwjn| dssdw|~eo|onq%
Mdxnvnw |mn bi ed| hd oe|d bdwn adbs`n} dw `deh |nwb `ovn`omddl q|wi|nhonq iq o| bi gn
adq|` |d hn| giaj |d |mnow dwohoei` q|wi|nhonq dean |mn wdil oq ed| dsnwi|ovn iel |wieqsdw|i|ode
iel |wieqia|ode adq| mivn oeawniqnl ihioe% \mn qibn xo`` missne xo|m |mn obsia| df bied|mnw oefwiq|w~a|~wn qnwvoanq `ojn |n`nadbb~eoai|ode oefwiq|w~a|~wn dw n`na|woao| xnwn `deh
|nwb oevnq|bne|q |mi| bi amiehn |mn `ovn`omddl swdfo`n xd~`l ed| gn adeqolnwnl hovne |mn
mohm woqj oevd`vnl% Oeq|o|~|odei` oeedvi|odeq xo`` anw|ioe` wnl~an |mdqn woqjq i``dxoeh |mi|
|mn f~`` gnenfo| df oefwiq|w~a|~wn oevnq|bne|q gn i||ioenl%
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7<9
Qibnevi||oeh
Deliejq mn| fno| li| ln |dnhieh |d| s~g`onjn ne swovi|n hdnlnwne edh q|nnlq gnsnwj| ne
dehn`okj vnwlnn`l oq oe w~wii` Snw~ {oke ln vnwielnwoehne oe nohneldb ne |dnhieh vie
swdl~a|onbolln`ne hnl~wneln ln vddwgokn vokf|one kiiw edhi` lwibi|oqam hnxnnq|% Oe mn| hnvi`
vie ln giqoqoefwiq|w~a|~~w -n`nj|woao|no| |n`nfdde xi|nw ne wod`nwoeh/ xiwne ln |dnhieheovni~q
oe 9?=> gnsnwj| ne q|nwj dehn`okj vnwlnn`l% Liiwne|nhne oq oe 9??8 oe onlnw hnvi` vddw xi|nw
ne n`nj|woao|no| ln gnqamojgiiwmnol vnwl~ggn`l; 78 ne 7< snwane| vie ln hn{oeene millne
wnqsna|onvn`okj |dnhieh |d| ln{n loneq|ne% Nam|nw ln vnwln`oeh oe |dnhieh dvnw ~o|hivnelnaon`ne
g`nnj bnnw ~o|hnqswdjne lie vokf|one kiiw hn`nlne% Lo| jdb| lddwli| mn| oevnq|nwoehqsi|wdde
vie s~g`onjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w |nhne ln iwbnwn qnhbne|ne oe w~wii` Snw~ oq hnjnnwl xiiwlddw {ok
|nwnam| jxibne oe nne iwbdnlnvi`%
Deliejq mn| dvnwl~oln`okjn gn`ieh vie oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w {oke {ok eon|hnhwdnol oe nne |nbsd li| edloh oq db Snw~‟q iwbdnln swdfon` |n vnwielnwne% [di`q ddj hngn~wln
oe vn`n ielnwn de|xojjn`oehq`ielne {oke ln oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w hnq|ihennwl df
vnwboelnwl i`q hnvd`h vie foqai`n bdno`okjmnlne lon vddw|jdbne ~o| q|w~a|~wn`n iiesiqqoeh%
[n j~eene ddj hnlii`l {oke dbli| oe|nwei|odei`n qibnexnwjoeh mn| oe m~e ihneli hnlnfoeonnwl
mnnf| i`q vie '`ihn swodwo|no|'% Vnwboelnwln g~lhn||ne vddw w~wi`n oevnq|nwoehne `nolne |d|
gokjdbneln lw~j ds dvnwmnlne; {n bdn|ne 'bnnw ldne bn| boelnw bolln`ne'% Ln oeq|o|~|oden`n
dbhnvoeh oq nam|nw ei~xn`okjq gnm~`s{iib db lo| bdhn`okj |n bijne% Ei|odei`n ne `dai`n
g~wni~awi|onêe {oke xnoeoh hnadöwloennwl eon| ne adea~wwnwne db |dnxok{oeh vie oefwiq|w~a|~wn`nxnwjne% Mn| ~o|noeln`okj hnvd`h vie ln{n oeq|o|~|oden`n dwhieoqi|on oq li| mn| iel ln gi|ne vie
hnadöwloennwln oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w ne nne gn|nw hnäe|nhwnnwln w~wi`n de|xojjn`oeh
boq`dds|%
Ln{n q|~lon woam| {oam ds vonw delnw`oeh hnwn`i|nnwln delnw{dnjqvwihne;
9% Xiiwdb ne ds xn`jn xok{n oq w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w gn`iehwokj vddw mn| vnwq|nwjne
vie ln oejdbneqvdwboeh ln lovnwqofoai|on vie oejdbneq ne ~o|noeln`okj mn|
vnwboelnwne vie w~wi`n iwbdnln4
7% Gnq|iie nw neohn adbs`nbne|iwo|no|ne oe oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w4Xi| oq ln obsia| vie vnwqamo``neln adbgoei|onq vie s~g`onjn oevnq|nwoehne oe
oefwiq|w~a|~~w ds ln swdl~a|on ne ln w~wi`n iwgnolqbiwj|ne4
1% J~eene oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w gnm~`s{iib {oke db nne deh~eq|ohn
hndhwifoqamn dbhnvoeh |n delnwviehne ne |dn |n i|ne li| ln iwbn gnvd`joeh gn{o|
jie iaa~b~`nwne ne de|qeissne iie ln iwbdnlnvi` xiiwbnn {n xdwlne
hnadefwde|nnwl4
<% Xn`jn vdwb vie oevnq|nwoehne oe s~g`onjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w oq mn| bnnq| iiehnxn{ne
db biwj|oe|nhwi|on |n vnwgn|nwne ne |wieqia|onjdq|ne |n vnwboelnwne vddw lnw~wi`n iwbne4
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\nenoeln ln{n delnw{dnjqvwihne qq|nbi|oqam |n gnq|~lnwne vnwqamif| Mddflq|~j 7
nne `o|nwi|~~w dvnw{oam| vie ln vddweiibq|n |mndwn|oqamn ne nbsowoqamn goklwihne |d| mn|
gnq|~lnwne vie ln wn`i|on |~qqne oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w biwj|de|xojjn`oeh ne
iwbdnlngnq|wokloeh% Xn q|n``ne liiwgok viq| li| " deliejq mn| fno| li| nw vd`ldneln gnxokq oq
vie vnwgn|nwl xn`{oke vie hn{oeene vddw|v`dnonel ~o| oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w "nw wn`i|onf xnoeoh gnxokq jie xdwlne hnvdelne oe q|~lonq lon ln adeawn|n vnwgoeloehne |~qqne
qsnaofonjn oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w bn| nne vnwmddhln xn`viiw| vie ln iwbn
gnvd`joeh g`dd|`nhhne% Xn {oke ddj eihnhiie ds xn`jn xok{n ln `o|nwi|~~w dbhii| bn| ln
oe|nwia|onq |~qqne ln hndhwifoqamn ohhoeh ne w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Xn {one liiwgok li| vd`hneq
qdbbohn i~|n~wq ln hndhwifoqamn `ohhoeh ln sdqo|onvn nffna|ne vie vnwgn|nwln |dnhieh |d|
oefwiq|w~a|~~w jie gn`nbbnwne% Vddw ielnwne jie mn| nam|nw nne gwde {oke vie ei|~~w`okj jiso|ii`
li| edloh oq vddw mn| vnwmdhne vie w~wi`n oejdbneq% Xn {oke nwvie dvnw|~ohl li| ln vnwlnwn
gnq|~lnwoeh vie ln{n oe|nwia|on {di`q hnliie oe ln{n q|~lon vie hwdd| gn`ieh oq hn{one ln
gok{delnwn hndhwifoqamn lovnwqo|no| li| nne `iel i`q Snw~ jnebnwj|%
Oe lo| mddflq|~j |dene xn ddj iie li| m~oqmd~l" ne biwj|qsnaofonjn nffna|ne lon
wnq~`|nwne ~o| oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w jwo|oqam j~eene {oke vddw mn| vnw`ihne vie
|wieqia|onjdq|ne ne vddw mn| vnwgn|nwne vie ln biwj|oe|nhwi|on% Ln `o|nwi|~~wq|~lon hnnf|
{dldneln iie li| nne hwd|nwn biwj|nffoaoêe|on gnwnoj| jie xdwlne xn`jn ds {oke gn~w| xnnw
nne gn`iehwokjn oev`dnl jie mnggne ds w~wi`n oejdbneqhwdno%
Nne j`noe iie|i` iw|ojn`ne oe deq `o|nwi|~~wdvnw{oam| gnloqa~qqonnw| mn| nffna| vie
adbs`nbne|iown oe|nwvne|onq hnwoam| ds mn| vddwjdbne vie mn| xn`gnjneln swdg`nnb vie
li`neln biwhoei`n dsgwnehq|ne vie oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Xn {oke nwvie dvnw|~ohl
li| lo| nne aw~aoii` ne |nhn`okjnw|okl vnn`gn`dvnel delnw{dnjq|nwwnoe oq% Ln{n q|~lon gnjokj| lo|
vwiihq|~j ne |dde| iie li| ds boawd"nadedboqam eovni~ mn| hdnl bdhn`okj oq db ln biwhoei`n
wnelnbne| vie oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w |n vnwmdhne lddw |n{n`flnw|okl |n oevnq|nwne
oe bnnwlnwn oefwiq|w~a|~wn`n loneq|ne df lddw mn| adbgoenwne vie s~g`onjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w bn|
swovi|n hdnlnwne%
\neq`d||n gnqswnnj| lo| mddflq|~j ln `o|nwi|~~w oe{ijn ln obsia| vie oevnq|nwoehne oeoefwiq|w~a|~~w ds ln oejdbneqvnwln`oeh% Vd`hneq qdbbohn i~|n~wq oq mn| hdnl bdhn`okj db
nne ”xoe"xoe‟ qo|~i|on |n gnwnojne xiiwgok oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w vddwln`ne ds`nvnwne
vddw w~wi`n hn{oeene {dxn` ds mn| |nwwnoe vie ln nffoaoêe|on i`q ln hn`okjmnol% Vddw ielnwne oq
mn| gn`iehwokj ~o| |n hiie vie ln mdnvnn`mnol hdnlnwne ne ln oeq|o|~|oden`n giqoq oe mn| gn{o|
vie iwbn ne eon|"iwbn qnhbne|ne vie ln w~wi`n iwbn gnvd`joeh db ei |n j~eene hiie df iie
mne lon dvnw bnnw df boelnw bolln`ne gnqamojjne ddj swdsdw|odenn` ln vddwln`ne vie
oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w |dnvi``ne% Xn lnejne li| mn| {oam i` lie eon| vddwldne vie nne
|nhneq|n``oeh |~qqne nffoaoêe|on ne vnwln`oeh gok ln vddw{oneoeh oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w nnenbsowoqamn vwiih oq lon vnwlnw xdwl| gnq|~lnnwl oe ln{n q|~lon%
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Mddflq|~j 1 iei`qnnw| mn| gn{o| ne ln |dnhieh |d| hdnlnwne vddw ln iwbn gnvd`joeh
oe Snw~% Hnl~wneln ln ii|q|n |xnn lnaneeoi oq mn| hnbolln`ln eovni~ vie |dnhieh |d| delnwxokq
hnq|nhne |nwxok` ln dehn`okjn |dnhieh oq vnwboelnwl% Ln |dnhieh |d| ielnwn s~g`onjn hdnlnwne
oq nvnenneq hnq|nhne i`mdnxn` mn| eovni~ vie dehn`okjmnol edh q|nnlq nwh hwdd| oq% Mn|{n`fln
hngn~w| vddw ln |dnhieh |d| jwnlon| ne ielnwn hdnlnwne lon i`q delnwsiel j~eene xdwlnehngw~oj|% Ln nadedbn|woqamn iei`qn |dde| mn| sdqo|onvn nffna| iie vie ln |dnhieh |d| s~g`onjn
hdnlnwne vddw ln wne|igo`o|no| vie gn`iehwokjn swovi|n hdnlnwne {di`q delnwxokq ne `iel liiwbnn
o``~q|wnwnel xn`jn wd` ln vddw{oneoeh vie s~g`onjn loneq|ne ne oefwiq|w~a|~~w qsnn`| i`q
bnamieoqbn vddw mn| vnwmdhne vie ln wne|igo`o|no| vie swovi|n hdnlnwne% Vddw|q jde xdwlne
iiehn|ddel li| vnwielnwoehne oe nohneldb vie hdnlnwne devd`ldneln vnwj`iwne mdn ln
|wieqo|onq eiiw df ~o| iwbdnln vnw`dsne |nwxok` ln{n xn` vie aw~aoii` gn`ieh {oke db ln
snwbiene|n iwbdnlnq|i|~q |n gnhwoksne%% \neq`d||n gnjokj| lo| mddflq|~j mdn
adbs`nbne|iwo|no|ne nne nffna| mnggne ds ln swdl~a|ovo|no| vie gn`iehwokjn ia|ovi% De{nwnq~`|i|ne |dene mn| sdqo|onvn nffna| iie vie s~g`onjn hdnlnwne ds ln{n swdl~a|ovo|no| mn|hnne
iiehnnf| li| swovi|n ne s~g`onjn hdnlnwne adbs`nbne|iow {oke% Lo| xokq| ds ln wd` vie s~g`onj
gn`nol oe |nwbne vie mn| `nvnwne vie loneq|ne ne oefwiq|w~a|~~w i`q nne bnamieoqbn vddw mn|
vnwq|nwjne vie ln dsgwnehq|ne vie swovi|n hdnlnwne ne liiwbnn gok |n lwihne iie nne
vnwboelnwoeh vie ln iwbdnln%
Snw~ oq nne `iel bn| nne vnwgi{oehxnjjneln lovnwqo|no| iie nad`dhoqamn wnhod‟q bn|
delnwbnnw =< vnwqamo``neln j`obii|{denq ne `ielqamissne bn| wnhnexd~lne ne mdhn
gnwhjibbne |d| lwdhn xdnq|okene: ln{n hndhwifoqamn ade|n}| bih lie eon| mn| neohq|n {okexi| |n`| biiw jie nwh gn`iehwokj {oke vddw mn| vnwj`iwne vie ln wnhodei`n vnwqamo``ne oe oejdbne
ne xn`viiw|% Ln ane|wi`n vwiih lon Mddflq|~j < |wiam| |n gnie|xddwlne oq; xn`jn wd` qsn`ne
ln{n hndhwifoqamn viwoign`ne {dxn` ei|~~w`okj i`q lddw bneq hnbiij| oe mn| vnwj`iwne vie
ln vnwqamo``ne oe snw aiso|i ~o|hivne |~qqne ln wnhod‟q oe Snw~% Mdn {oke ln{n oev`dnlne
hnêvd`~nnwl dvnw ln |okl lddw xn`jn jiei`ne xnwlne {n lddwhnhnvne ne adbsneqnnw| ln
|dnhieh |d| s~g`onjn ne swovi|n hdnlnwne vddw ln nffna|ne vie deh~eq|ohn hndhwifoqamn dai|on4
Xn mnggne iiehn|ddel li| dbviehwokjn hndhwifoqamn vnwqamo``ne oe `nvneq|ieliiwl oe Snw~
gokei vd``nloh jie xdwlne vnwj`iiwl " wnjneoeh md~lnel bn| ln w~ob|n`okjn adeane|wi|on vieln hn{oeene bn| nnevd~loh bnn|giwn eon|"hndhwifoqamn jiwij|nwoq|onjne " ~o| mn| gn{o| vie
s~g`onjn ne swovi|n hdnlnwne% Bn| ielnwn xddwlne nne ny~ovi`ne| m~oqmd~lne bn| ln{n`fln
jiwij|nwoq|onjne mnnf| nne vnwhn`okjgiiw ~o|hivneeovni~ oe vnwqamo``nln `dai|onq bn| ln{n`fln
hndhwifoqamn jiwij|nwoq|onjne {di`q mddh|n ne |nbsnwi|~~w% Lo| xo` nam|nw eon| {nhhne li|
hndhwifoqamn ohhoeh eon| gn`iehwokj oq biiw li| ln oev`dnl nwvie ds mn| ~o|hivneeovni~ ne ln
vnwqamo``ne oe hwdnovdn| vddw|v`dno| ~o| nne dehn`okjn w~ob|n`okjn vnwln`oeh oe s~g`onjn
oefwiq|w~a|~~wvddw{oneoehne% Liiweiiq| mnggne xn gnwnjnel xi| ln |n vnwxiam|ne xoeq| -df
vnw`onq/ oe adeq~bs|on oq vie mn| xdene oe ïïe hndhwifoqamn wnhod -gv% ln j~q|/ |ne ds{oam|nvie mn| xdene oe nne ielnwn wnhod -gv% ln mddh`ielne/: mn| hwdd|q|n vnwqamo` oe dh snw"aiso|i
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~o|hivne |~qqne ln j~q| ne mn| mddh`iel jie xdwlne vnwj`iiwl ~o| ln vnwqamo``ne oe |dnhieh |d|
oefwiq|w~a|~~w ne swovi|n hdnlnwne% Lo| jie nne iiel~oloeh {oke li| ln iiexn{ohmnol vie
oefwiq|w~a|~~w gnsnwj| oq lddw ln hndhwifon ne li| monwlddw ln iam|nwhng`nvne wnhod‟q ln boeq|n
|dnhieh mnggne |d| s~g`onjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Mn| oq monwgok gn`iehwokj db iie |n hnvne li| nw
eon|"hndhwifoqamn w~ob|n`okj hnadwwn`nnwln xnhhn`i|ne viwoign`ne g`okjne |n {oke lon oe iam|hnedbne bdn|ne xdwlne oe deq oejdbneqhwdnobdln`% Liiwdb {d~ nne hngonlqhnwoam| gn`nol
|dam wi|odei`o|no| j~eene mnggne {n`fq i`q ln hndhwifoqamn viwoign`ne eon| mn| hwdd|q|n lnn`
vie ln wnhodei`n hwdnovnwqamo``ne vnwj`iwne {dlwi xn wnjneoeh md~lne bn| vnwqamo``ne oe
|dnhieh |d| swovi|n ne s~g`onjn hdnlnwne%
Oe Mddflq|~j > bijne xn nne nbsowoqam q|~lon vie ln ln|nwboeie|ne vie biwj||dnhieh
vddw iwbn gdnwne oe w~wi`n Snw~% Oe mn| gok{delnw iei`qnwne xn ln wd` vie ln gn`iehwokjq|n
s~g`onjn hdnlnwne {di`q w~wi`n xnhne vddw mn| vnwboelnwne vie |wieqia|onjdq|ne ne monwlddw
vddw mn| vnwgn|nwne vie ln oejdbneq vie w~wi`n hn{oeene% Lo| mddflq|~j de|xojjn`| neobs`nbne|nnw| nne bn|mdld`dhoqamn iiesij vddw mn| jxie|ofoanwne vie |wieqia|onjdq|ne% Ln
wnq~`|i|ne |dene iie li| ln |wieqia|onjdq|ne oe mn| delnw{dnjqhngonl ny~ovi`ne| {oke iie >3.
vie ln vnwjddsxiiwln ne bnwjgiiw mdhnw g`okjne |n {oke -|d| 63./ vddw swdl~ane|ne lon
|dnhieh mnggne |d| ln biwj| voi nne eon|"hnbd|dwoqnnwln xnh% Ln{n aokfnwq {oke gnl~olnel
mdhnw lie ~o|jdbq|ne vie ielnwn q|~lonq% Ln wnq~`|i|ne |dene iie li| " eiiq| ifq|iel ne |okl |d|
ln biwj| " nw edh ielnwn gn`iehwokjn viwoign`ne {oke lon ln q|wi|nhonêe vie biwj|oe|nhwi|on
-l%x%{% xieennw |n vnwjdsne ne ds xn`jn biwj|/ vnwj`iwne {di`q mdnvnn` nwviwoeh ln gdnw
mnnf| bn| ln biwj| xiiwds mok ia|onf oq: mdn q|igon` ln wn`i|onq {oke bn| ln vnwqamo``nelnmieln`qsiw|enwq ne mdnvnn` mok oevnq|nnw| vddw mn| vnwjwokhne vie wn`nvie|n oefdwbi|on ne vddw
mn| bdeo|dwne vie ln ifqswijne oe ln obs`oaon|n ade|wia|ne vddw ln fno|n`okjn |wieqia|onq% Ln
q|~lon |dde| iie li| bn| mn| vnw`ihne vie |wieqia|onjdq|ne ln |dnhieh |d| nne vnwgn|nwl w~wii`
xnhneen| ln oejdbneq vie w~wi`n iwbn Snw~voiene q~gq|ie|onn` jie vnwmdhne%
Oe Mddflq|~j 6 gnq|~lnnwlne xn vnwvd`hneq mdn oefwiq|w~a|~wn`n vddw{oneoehne oev`dnl
j~eene mnggne ds ln iiesiqqoehqqen`mnol vie w~ob|n`okj vnwqswnoln ielgd~xbiwj|ne% Vddw
{dvnw xok j~eene eihiie oq lo| ln nnwq|n jnnw li| mn| vnwgiel |~qqne ln q|ii| vie oefwiq|w~a|~~w
ne biwj|oe|nhwi|on nbsowoqam xdwl| delnw{dam| oe nne b~`|oviwoi|n ade|n}|% [di`q xn mnggnegnqamwnvne oe mn| `o|nwi|~~wdvnw{oam| oq oe vddwhiiel delnw{dnj mn| n}s`oaon|n vnwgiel `nh|
|~qqne ln gn`iehwokjn s~g`onjn oefwiq|w~a|~~wxnwjne bn| gnm~`s vie goviwoi|n bii|q|ivne vie
oe|nhwi|on% Mn| xnwl nam|nw |d| monw|dn edh eon| hniei`qnnwl oe nne b~`|oviwoii| ad"oe|nhwi|on
bdln`% Xn |dene iie li| nne vnwmdhoeh vie ln xnhne" ne n`nj|woao|no|qoefwiq|w~a|~~w nvnei`q
nne vnwgn|nwln |dnhieh |d| dai`n bnloi ne |n`nadbb~eoai|on oe ln q|nlne ln |wieqia|onjdq|ne
{~``ne ldne vnwboelnwne nvnei`q ln hnbolln`ln |okl xiiwbnn swok{ne {oam iiesiqqne iie mn|
nvnexoam|qeovni~ ei mn| delnwhiie vie nne n}dhnen qmdaj% I`q hnvd`h monwvie {i` mn| eovni~
vie w~ob|n`okjn oe|nhwi|on vie ln w~wi`n biwj|ne ds iehn |nwboke vnwhwd|ne% Ds giqoq vie ln{ngnvoeloehne j~eene xn q|n``ne li| xnhne" ne n`nj|woao|no|qoefwiq|w~a|~~w nvnei`q ln |dnhieh
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|d| `dji`n bnloi ne |n`nadbb~eoai|onloneq|ne q`n~|n`fia|dwne {oke vddw mn| vnw`ihne vie
|wieqia|onjdq|ne ne mn| vnwgn|nwne vie w~ob|n`okjn oe|nhwi|on |~qqne biwj|ne%
Ln wnq~`|i|ne vnwjwnhne ~o| Mddflq|~j > ne Mddflq|~j 6 qibnegwnehnel j~eene xn
mn| nffna| vie oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w oe vnwgiel gwnehne bn| nne mdhnwn
w~ob|n`okjn biwj|nffoaoêe|on: ln w~ob|n`okjn nffoaoêe|on vie ln biwj| gn|wnf| {dxn` ln mddh|nvie ln |wieqia|onjdq|ne oe ln mieln` i`qddj mn| eovni~ vie w~ob|n`okjn biwj|oe|nhwi|on% Dbli|
xn jdelne iie|dene li| |wieqia|onjdq|ne {~``ne li`ne i`q hnvd`h vie oevnq|nwoehne oe
oefwiq|w~a|~~w ne li| ln{n`fln oevnq|nwoehne ln w~ob|n`okjn biwj|oe|nhwi|on {~``ne gnvdwlnwne
j~eene xn nwvie dvnw|~ohl {oke li| nw nne l~oln`okj ne q|nwj vnwgiel gnq|ii| |~qqne oevnq|nwoehne
oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w ne ln nffoaoêe|on vie ln biwj|%
Mddflq|~j 8 hnnf| iie li| oe ln w~wi`n hngonlne oe Snw~ ln xnwjhn`nhnemnol g~o|ne mn|
nohne gnlwokf ln ii|q|n |one kiiw q~gq|ie|onn` oq hnhwdnol% Oe ln m~olohn qo|~i|on xdwl| >9. vie
mn| en||d oejdbne vie w~wi`n hn{oeene vnwlonel ~o| ia|ovo|no|ne g~o|ne mn| gnlwokf ne l~q bih
mn| {njnw eon| xdwlne gnqamd~xl i`q nne biwhoeii` vnwqamokeqn`% Ln wnlnene xiiwdb ln
hn{oeene m~e oejdbne lovnwqofoêwne {oke vnwqamo``nel% \dnhieh |d| s~g`onjn hdnlnwne {di`q
mn| xnhneen| ne |d| swovi|n hdnlnwne {di`q delnwxokq ne jwnlon| {oke gn`iehwokjn fia|dwne oe ln
lovnwqofoai|on% Gn|nwln |dnhieh |d| ln{n hdnlnwne {i` w~wi`n hn{oeene j~eene mn`sne |d| vnwhwd|ne
vie {n`fq|ieloh xnwj nvnei`q mn| voelne vie `ddeiwgnol oe qna|dwne g~o|ne ln `ielgd~x% Xn
jdelne nvnenneq iie|dene li| i`q oe gokjdbneln oefwiq|w~a|~wn`n loneq|ne xdwl| vddw{one
w~wi`n hn{oeene |dnhieh j~eene jwokhne |d| nne bnnw lovnwqn oejdbneqsdw|nfn~o``n ~o| iwgnol
lon ds {oam xnnw iie`noloeh hnnf| |d| nne mdhnw hn{oeqoejdbne% \dam {oke ln{n
xnwjhn`nhnemnolqbdhn`okjmnlne l~oln`okjnw {oam|giiw delnw mne lon wnnlq nne mdhnw oejdbne
mnggne ne lon vddwlnn` j~eene mi`ne ~o| nne hwd|nw gn{o| iie swovi|n bolln`ne -gokvddwgnn`l
gn|nwn ds`noloeh/ db ln ia|ovo|no|ne g~o|ne ln ielgd~x |n ldne |dnenbne% Bi|amoeh |nameonjne
q|iie deq |dn iie |n |dene li| nne vnwgn|nwln |dnhieh |d| oefwiq|w~a|~wn`n loneq|ne iie`noloeh
hnnf| |d| nne mdhnw iie|i` xnwj~wne snw xnnj ne mdhnw snwane|ihn |oklqgnq|nloeh iie ia|ovo|no|ne
g~o|ne mn| `ielgd~xgnlwokf% ^o| ln{n wnq~`|i|ne g`okj| l~oln`okj li| nw gn`iehwokjn
adbs`nbne|iwo|no|ne gnq|iie gok ln oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w%Ln wnlnene vddw oejdbneqlovnwqofoai|on oe w~wii` Snw~ {oke vie ~o|nne`dsneln iiwl%
Nne hwd|n hwdns gdnwne v~``ne m~e oejdbne ~o| ln `ielgd~x iie bn| ihwiwoqam `ddexnwj df
bn| eon|"`ielgd~xia|ovo|no|ne dbli| {n dvnw |n xnoeoh `iel lonwne df gnlwokfqjiso|ii`
gnqamojjne% Nne ielnwn hwdns hnedd| vd`ldneln delnwxokq ne mnnf| hnednh viiwlohmnlne
jwnlon| ne |dnhieh |d| xnhne ne n`nj|woao|no| db mne hn`l |n vnwlonene bn| xnwj g~o|ne ln
`ielgd~x -{di`q ibgiam|ne wnsiwi|on df vnwm~wne vie hnwnnlqamissne ne mieln`/% Vn`n vie
ln{n ia|ovo|no|ne g~o|ne mn| ielgd~xgnlwokf mnggne oelowna| |n bijne bn| ln ielgd~xqna|dw
ne liiwdb xdwl| nne mdhn siw|oaosi|onhwiil oe eon|"`ielgd~xqna|dw lddwhiieq hnvdelne oewnhod‟q bn| bnnw leiboqamn `ielgd~xqna|dw%
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Ln q|~lon vie xn`viiw|qnffna|ne vie w~wi`n xnhnemnwq|n` voel| s`ii|q oe Mddflq|~j = ne lone|
i`q nne aiqnq|~lon vddw mn| vnwjneene vie eon~xn bn|mdld`dhonne vddw mn| gnsi`ne vie ln
vddwln`ne vie oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Ln bnnq|n q|~lonq gnwnjnene ln gi|ne
vie mn| mnwq|n``ne vie xnhne oe w~wi`n hngonlne lddw {oam |n woam|ne ds ln gnqsiwoehne oe hn`l
ne |okl lon vnwnoq| {oke vddw mn| gnwnojne vie swdl~a| ne fia|dw biwj|ne df gn`iehwokjn s~g`onjnqdaoi`n loneq|ne% Lo| mddflq|~j v~`| ln{n q|~lonq iie lddw ln hnvd`hne vddw gn`iehwokjq|n
xn`viiw|qoeloai|dwne {di`q oejdbne ne adeq~bs|on |n nvi`~nwne% Jokjnel eiiw ln w~wi`n
hn{oeene lon nvne oe nejn`n vie ln iwbq|n loq|woa|ne vie Snw~ vnwhn`okjne xn -hngw~oj bijnel
vie swdsneqo|y qadwn bi|amoeh |nameonjne/ hn{oeene lon loam|gok ln mnwq|n`ln xnhne xdene
bn| nne hnqamoj|n ade|wd`nhwdns% Ln wnq~`|i|ne |dene iie li| ln |dnhieh |d| mnwq|n`ln xnhne
jie xdwlne hnwn`i|nnwl iie vnwielnwoehne oe oejdbneqqibneq|n``oeh dbli| ln mnwq|n`ln
xnh ln jieqne gnvdwlnw| vddw mn| vnwxnwvne vie nne oejdbne g~o|ne ln `ielgd~x
vddweibn`okj vie~o| `ddeiwgnol% ^o| ln q|~lon g`okj| nvnenneq li| oejdbneqhwdno eon|i~|dbi|oqam `nol| |d| nne ny~ovi`ne|n q|okhoeh vie ln adeq~bs|onvn ~o|hivne vnwbdnln`okj
dbli| mn| n}|wi oejdbne xdwl| gn`nhl oe gnqsiwoehne lddw iiehwdno vie ln vnnq|isn` dbli|
ln vnwgn|nwoeh oe ln jxi`o|no| vie ln xnhne vie |okln`okjn iiwl xdwl| gnqamd~xl%
\neq`d||n gwneh| Mddflq|~j ? i``n ielnwn mddflq|~jjne qibne db nne ie|xddwl |n
hnvne ds de{n vonw delnw{dnjqvwihne% Lo| mddflq|~j gn`oam| mn| fno| li| deq delnw{dnj mnnf|
iiehn|ddel li| ln biwhoei`n wnelnbne|qvdn| vie gn`iehwokjq|n hdnlnwne ihnw oq vddw iwbnwn
hn{oeene lie vddw mne lon boelnw iwb {oke% Q|okhneln bnnwdsgwnehq| vie hdnlnwne j~eene
{oam i``nne vddwldne i`q nw gnsnwjoehne {oke lon ln iwbn gnvd`joeh vnwmoelnwne db m~e oejdbnene hdnlnwne |n ldne q|okhne% Delnw lo| hnhnvne g`okj| li| ln oeo|oê`n adelo|onq lon iiehnvne
mdn mn| gn{o| vie hdnlnwne oq vnwlnn`l gn`iehwokj {oke db ln leibonj vie oejdbne ne
iwbdnln |n j~eene vnwq|iie% Lo| wnq~`|ii| q|nb| dvnwnne bn| delnw{dnj oe Jnei ne Bilihiqaiw
oe Giwwn|| n| i`% -733</ ne oe Amoei lddw Ki`ie ne Wivi``ode -7337/% Ln{n wnq~`|i|ne {oke nam|nw
oe l~oln`okjn |nhneqswiij bn| xnwj vie Fie iel Mi{n`` -9???/ [mieh iel Fie -7333/ Fie n|
i`% -7333i/ Fie n| i`% -7333g/ iel Fie n| i`% -7337/ oe Oeloi ne Amoei% Ln{n i~|n~wq |dene iie
li| ln biwhoei`n goklwihn vie s~g`onjn oevnq|nwoehne iie swdl~a|onq|okhoeh ne
iwbdnlngnq|wokloeh vnwqamo``ne eiiw hn`ieh ln hndhwifoqamn dbhnvoeh biiw li| ln{n xn`enohne mdhnw |n {oke oe ln iwbq|n wnhod‟q% Ln oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w j~eene l~q eon|
i``nne iwbdnln vnwboelnwne biiw ddj hn`okjmnol gnvdwlnwne% De{n iei`qn |dde| nam|nw iie
li| ln w~wi`n hn{oeene lon dvnw bnnw swovi|n hdnlnwne gnqamojjne df |dnhieh mnggne |d| gn|nwn
s~g`onjn hdnlnwne mn| gn|nw ldne% S~g`onjn oevnq|nwoehne j~eene l~q nne enhi|onf nffna| mnggne
ds ln oejdbneqvnwln`oeh goeene nne iwb hngonl%
Lo| mddflq|~j l~ol| ds qdbbohn goklwihnq vie ln{n q|~lon ds bn|mdld`dhoqam v`ij
{dxn` lddw mn| awni|onf adbgoenwne vie vnwqamo``neln hnhnvneqqn|q |nenoeln ln
delnw{dnjqvwihne |n gnie|xddwlne lddw eon~xn oeedvi|onvn bn|mdlnq vddw |n q|n``ne dbbdno`okj |n gneilnwne adeans|ne {di`q |wieqia|onjdq|ne |n bn|ne df lddw mn| iiesiqqne vie
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bn|mdlnq vddw swdkna|nvi`~i|on wnjneoeh md~lnel bn| qsnaofoao|no| vie w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w%
\neq`d||n vi||ne xn ln obs`oai|onq vie ln{n q|~lon vddw mn| gn`nol qibne eon| {delnw |n
vnwbn`lne li| " i`mdnxn` ln iei`qnq lon oe ln{n q|~lon {oke vnwwoam| hngiqnnwl {oke ds
xn|neqamissn`okjn swoeaosnq " ln vddwhnq|n`ln gn`nolqbii|wnhn`ne bdn|ne xdwlne iiehnsiq|
iie ln ade|n}| xiiwoe {n xdwlne |dnhnsiq|% Monwgok gnhnnf| ln delnw{dnjnw {oam xn` oe nnebokenevn`l xiiw nne ielnwn wnnjq iqsna|ne nvnenneq nne wd` qsn`ne {di`q sd`o|onjn
dvnwxnhoehne oeq|o|~|oden`n swdg`nbne ne hngwnjjohn adöwloei|on% Vie~o| ln{n gnqamd~xoehne
vnwjon{ne xn delnw{dnjqwnq~`|i|ne |n gnqamd~xne i`q 'jneeoqwnqnwvnq' xiiw~o| ln
gn`nolqvnwie|xddwln`okjne j~eene s~||ne oelone nw gn`nolqvwihne dsl~ojne%
Vie{n`fqswnjnel oq ln nnwq|n ne gn`iehwokjq|n iiegnvn`oeh vddw gn`nol lon xok vddwq|n``ne
li| nne hwd|nw g~lhn| bdn| xdwlne ~o|hn|wdjjne vddw oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w%
Hnhnvne ln gnsnwj|n vnwqswnoloeh vie oevnq|nwoehne oe gn`iehwokjn oefwiq|w~a|~~w oe ln w~wi`n
hngonlne bdn|ne monwiie illo|oden`n bolln`ne xdwlne gnq|nnl% Ln{n j~eene eon| i``nne jdbnevie~o| ln ane|wi`n dvnwmnol biiw ddj ~o| `dai`n gwdeene gv% lddw mnwq|n`" ne
delnwmd~lqia|ovo|no|ne% Db lo| |n `i|ne hngn~wne lonene oeq|o|~|oden`n bnamieoqbne |n xdwlne
dshn{n| vddw bnlnfoeieaonwoeh dbli| " gok hnhnvne gnsnwjoehne oe mn| ei|odeii` g~lhn| "
~eovnwqn`n |dnhieh debdhn`okj |n gnwnojne `okj|%
\nwxok` ln wd` vie jiso|ii`qoe|neqonvn oefwiq|w~a|~~w oe w~wi`n hngonlne -{di`q xnhne
n`nj|woao|no| xi|nw vddw owwohi|on ne |n`nfddevnwgoeloehne/ vddw mn| vnwgoelne vie w~wi`n
gnvd`joeh bn| ln biwj| ne ln nffna|ne liiwvie ds iwbdnlngnq|wokloeh ~o|hngwnol {oke gnqswdjne
oe ln{n q|~lon oq ln obsia| vie i`|nwei|onvn vdwbne vie w~wi`n oevnq|nwoeh ne ln q`n~|n`wd` vieadbs`nbne|iown oe|nwvne|onq ifmiejn`okj vie ln `dji`n wielvddwxiiwlne ne dbq|ielohmnlne
lon eon| vd``nloh j~eene xdwlne hnade|wd`nnwl lddw ei|odei`n ne wnhodei`n i~|dwo|no|ne% \nwxok`
xn ln{n adbs`nbne|iwo|no|ne mnggne hnbn|ne oe mn| Mddflq|~j 1 ne Mddfq|~j < nwjneene
xn ddj li| ln{n s`ii|qhngdelne {oke xiiwlddw {n hnêvi`~nnwl bdn|ne xdwlne ds `djii`
eovni~ db |n gnsi`ne xn`jn adbgoei|onq vie oefwiq|w~a|~~w mn| gnq|n {~``ne ~o|xnwjne oe onlnwn
wnhod% Ds giqoq vie {dxn` wnane|n i`q nnwlnwn q|wi|nhonêe vddw w~wi`n biwj|de|xojjn`oeh j~eene
xn eon~xn oe|nwvne|onq gnqamd~xne lon ln vd`hneln sdqo|onvn jiwij|nwoq|onjne adbgoenwne;
i/ [n bdn|ne hngiqnnwl {oke ds nne hnäe|nhwnnwln iiesij -de|xnws vie vnwqamo``nelnoe|nwvne|onq lon wnjneoeh md~lne bn| ln gok{delnwmnlne vie mn| hngonl xiiw {n {~``ne xdwlne
|dnhnsiq|/: g/ nne voqon xiiwoe ln ddw{ijne vie ln hngwnjjohn xnwjoeh vie ln biwj| xdwlne
hnälne|ofoannwl ne ln wd` vie oevnq|nwoehne oe oefwiq|w~a|~~w vddw ln ds`dqqoeh vie ln{n
swdg`nbne: a/ nne bnnw siw|oaosi|onvn q|wi|nhon xiiwoe nne 'vwiihhnq|~~wln' dwoêe|i|on xdwl|
iiehnv~`l bn| siw|oaosi|onvn bnamieoqbne lon wnjneoeh md~lne bn| mne lon ielnwq ~o|hnq`d|ne
xdwlne |nenoeln nne gi`ieq |n voelne |~qqne dvnwxnhoehne vie nffoaoêe|on ne hn`okjmnol%
Ln neohq|n bieonw xiiwds w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w jie xdwlne iiehn`nvnwl ds nne nffoaoêe|n
ne hn`okjxiiwlohn bieonw oq i`q mn| xdwl| iiehnv~`l bn| oeq|o|~|oden`n de|xojjn`oeh% Mn|vnwgn|nwne vie oeq|o|~|onq ne ln dsgd~x vie adöwloei|onbnamieoqbne qibne bn| bnnw ne
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gn|nw hnwoam|n oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w {d~lne ln bieonw {oke db |n de|qeissne
~o| ln iwbdnlnvi` xiiwoe vnn` w~wi`n Snw~voiene e~ `nvne% Mn| hngwnj iie oeq|o|~|oden`n
bnamieoqbne vddw mn| gnq`oqqne dvnw swodwo|no|ne ne mn| adöwloenwne vie oe|nwvne|onq oq {nnw
nvolne| oe w~wii` Snw~% Mn| oq bdhn`okj db |xnn df bnnw dvnwmnolqloneq|ne |n voelne lon
dehnvnnw mn|{n`fln xnwj ldne oe nne{n`fln hngonl {delnw neohn vdwb vie adöwloei|on% \oklneqnne vie de{n gn{dnjne oe mn| vn`l {ihne xn li| nne xnh xnwl mnwq|n`l lddw |xnn oeq|o|~|onq
xiiwgok n`j xnwj|n iie ïïe vie ln |xnn iiehwne{neln qnhbne|ne vie ln xnh; ln nen oeq|o|~|on
gn|ii`ln vddw ln iwgnol |nwxok` mn| ielnwn mn| lnnl voi nne ~o|xoqqn`oehqqq|nnb% Oe ielnwn
hnvi``ne xieennw nne xnh nne owwohi|on jieii` df nne qieo|iown vddw{oneoehne xnwl hngd~xl
df mnwq|n`l lddw nne loneq| ds ei|odeii` eovni~ hivne ln `dai`n i~|dwo|no|ne xnoeoh iieliam|
iie mn| delnwmd~l nwvie dbli| {ok vnwxiam||ne li| ln ane|wi`n dvnwmnol liiw xn` vddw {d~
{dwhne% Mn| ~o|noeln`okj hnvd`h vie ln{n adöwloei|on swdg`nbne oq li| ln oevnq|nwoehne oe
oefwiq|w~a|~~w qen` iam|nw~o| hiie xiiwgok vddwi` mn| xn`{oke {ok lon hngw~oj bijne vie ln{nloneq|ne xdwl| iiehn|iq|%
Eiiq| ln eddl{iij vie nne hdnl iei`|oqam jilnw db ln{n adöwloei|onswdg`nbne ds |n
`dqqne jdb| ddj ln ~o|lihoeh db ln jxi`o|no| vie mn| bneqn`okj jiso|ii` |n vnwmdhne vie mne
lon vnwie|xddwln`okj {oke vddw mn| de|xnws ne ln ~o|vdnwoeh vie oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n
oefwiq|w~a|~~w% Oelone ln oeq|o|~|onq ne bnamieoqbne vddw adöwloei|on eon| |dnwnojnel {oke lie
j~eene oevnq|nwoehne oe w~wi`n oefwiq|w~a|~~w mddh~o| |okln`okjn gi|ne ds`nvnwne% Xn {ihne oe
mddflq|~j = li| i`q mn| delnwmd~l vie ln w~wi`n xnhne eon| xdwl| gnqamd~xl i`q on|q snwbiene|
mn| vnwqamo``neln wnia|onq {i` ~o|`djjne gok ln gnh~eq|ohlne vnwhn`njne bn| ln vnwxiam|oehneoelone ln{n`fln mnwq|n`xnwjne i`q snwbiene| xdwlne gnqamd~xl% Oe mn| nnwq|n hnvi` {~``ne
hn{oeene hngw~oj bijne vie ln g~o|nejieq lddw ln oe{n| vie iwgnol |n vnwielnwne ne hngw~oj
|n bijne vie bdhn`okj eon~xn biwj|ne% \dam j~eene {ok hnne hwd|n vnwielnwoehne lddwvdnwne
ds iehn |nwboke df dvnwhiie eiiw adbs`n}nwn q|wi|nhonêe db |n vd`ldne oe m~e nvneqdelnwmd~l
dbli| mn| nwh jdq|giiw jie {oke db |nw~h |n jnwne eiiw ln dwohoen`n q|wi|nhon {dlwi ln xnh eon|
bnnw |dnhiejn`okj oq ne |wieqsdw| ne |wieqia|onjdq|ne xnnw {~``ne q|okhne% Mn|{n`fln hn`l| vddw
ln obsia| vie vnwqamo``neln ielnwn oefwiq|w~a"|~wn`n loneq|ne {di`q |n`nadbb~eoai|on df
n`nj|woao|no| xiiw oevnq|nwoehne ds iehnwn |nwboke lon mn| swdfon` vie nvneqdelnwmd~l j~eenevnwielnwne eon| oe gnqamd~xoeh xdwlne gn|wdjjne dbli| ln woqoad‟q |n mddh {oke% Oeq|o|~|oden`n
oeedvi|on {i` ln{n woqoad‟q {njnw vnwboelnwne xiiwlddw ln gi|ne vie ln oevnq|nwoehne oe
oefwiq|w~a|~~w |ne vd``n j~eene xdwlne gnwnoj|%
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D|mnw wn`i|nl s~g`oai|odeq
Qaone|ofoa xdwj oe snnw wnvonxnl gddjq iel kd~wei`q
Nqadgi` K% iel B% \dwnwd -733>/; 'Ilvnwqn Hndhwism iel Loffnwneanq oe Xn`fiwn oe Snw~'
Oe; Qsi|oi` Oeny~i`o| iel Lnvn`dsbne|% Wivo Jieg~w iel \de Vneig`nq -Nlq%/% XOLNW
iel D}fdwl ^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
Nqadgi` K% iel ^% I`liei -7331/; 'Iwn Ede|obgnw Fdwnq| Swdl~a|q |mn Ie|old|n |d Wioefdwnq|
Lnhwili|ode4 Gwi{o` E~| N}|wia|ode oe Bilwn Ln Lodq Snw~'% Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 19;
9=81"9==8%
Nqadgi` K% -7339/; '\mn Ln|nwboeie|q df Edefiwb Oeadbn Lovnwqofoai|ode oe W~wi` Snw~'%
Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| 7?; <?8">3=%
Nqadgi` K% K% Qiivnlwi iel B% \dwnwd -7339/; 'Loq|wog~|ode Iaanqq iel Adbs`nbne|iwo|;Aiso|i` df |mn Sddw oe Snw~'% Oe; 'Sdw|wio| df |mn Sddw; ie iqqn|q"giqnl isswdiam' Dwi{od
I||ieiqod Boh~n` Q{ïjn` -Nlq%/% @i|oe Ibnwoaie Wnqniwam En|xdwj OLG% Kdmeq Mdsjoeq
^eovnwqo| Swnqq%
Nqadgi` K% \% Wniwlde iel V% Ihwnli -7333/; 'Neldhned~q Oeq|o|~|odei` Oeedvi|ode iel
Ihwdoel~q|woi`o{i|ode de |mn Snw~voie Adiq|'% Ihwoa~`|~wi` Nadedboaq 71; 768‑788%
Nqadgi` K% K% Qiivnlwi iel B% \dwnwd -7339/; '@dq Ia|ovdq ln `dq Sdgwnq ne n` Snwû' Oe;
\wobnq|wn Nadeñboad Vd` @]VO-1/ Eûbnwd 761; 69? " 6>?%
D|mnw Wn`nvie| Xdwj
Nqadgi` K% B% Oe~wwo|nh~o iel K% Gneivolnq -733</; 'Oefwinq|w~a|~wi w~wi`; h~âiq siwi loqnùiw
oe|nwvneaodenq naaodenq iswneloliq ln SWDVOIQ W~wi` -Snwû/'% Giead Oe|nwibnwoaied
ln Lnqiwwd``d% Lnsiw|ibne|d ln Lnqiwwd``d Qdq|neog`n: Xiqmoeh|de L%A%
Nqadgi` K% -7331/; 'Enx oeq|o|~|odeq fdw ihwoa~`|~wi` iel w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| oe @i|oe Ibnwoai
iel |mn Aiwoggnie' oe; A~wwne| iel Nbnwhoeh Oqq~nq fdw Nadedboa Iei`qoq iel Sd`oa
Wnqniwam% Gnekiboe Livoq -Nl%/ FID% Wdbn K~` 7331%Nqadgi` K% iel A% Sdean -7337/; 'W~wi` Wdilq; Nemieaoeh Oeadbn Dssdw|~eo|onq fdw |mn W~wi`
Sddw'% Lda~bne|d ln |wigikd Ed% <3"O% Hw~sd ln Ieé`oqoq siwi n` Lnqiwwd``d -HWILN/
@obi% >6 ss%
Nqadgi` K% iel Ihwnli V% -7337/; 'Swdbd|oeh Q|wi|nhoa @oejihnq gn|xnne Fiwb$Ede"Fiwb
Qna|dwq; |mn Snw~voie aiqn'% Livoq G% \% Wniwlde J% Q|ibd~`oq iel S% Xoe|nwq -Nlq%/
”Swdbd|oeh fiwb$ede"fiwb `oejihnq fdw w~wi` lnvn`dsbne|; aiqn q|~lonq fwdb Ifwoai iel
@i|oe Ibnwoai‟: FID Wdbn%
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7>3
Nqadgi` K% -7333/; 'Adq|dq ln |wieqiaaoñe ne i ihwoa~`|~wi Snw~iei; ~ei swobnwi iswd}obiaoñe
i q~ bnloaoñe n obsia|d'% Lda~bne|d ln |wigikd Ed% 13% Hw~sd ln Ieé`oqoq siwi n`
Lnqiwwd``d -HWILN/ @obi% 16 ss%
Nqadgi` K% iel K% Oh~âùo{ -7333/; 'Gi`iean ln i oevnq|ohiaoñe nadeñboai ne n` Snwû'% Adeqdwaod
ln Oevnq|ohiaoñe Nadeñboai Qdaoi` @obi% 9>8 ss%Nqadgi` K% iel B% \dwnwd -7333/; 'Añbd Nefwne|iw ~ei Hndhwifâi Ilvnwqi4; n` wd` ln `dq
ia|ovdq sûg`oadq swovildq'% Lda~bne|d ln |wigikd Ed% 7?% Hw~sd ln Ieé`oqoq siwi n`
Lnqiwwd``d -HWILN/ @obi% >< ss%
D|mnw wn`i|nl s~g`oai|odeq
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7>9
\wioeoeh iel Q~snwvoqode S`ie-isswdvnl g Bieqmd`| Hwil~i|n Qamdd`/
Eibn df |mn ad~wqn Lnsiw|bne|$Oeq|o|~|n Bde|m _niw Awnlo|q
Bieqmd`| B~`|oloqaos`oeiw Qnboeiw Bieqmd`| Hwil~i|n Qamdd` Edvnbgnw 7339 9
-Bniq~woeh \wieqia|ode Adq|q oe
Snw~voie Ihwoa~`|~wn/
D|mnw swnqne|i|odeq;
7339 HLE Bnn|oeh de Oefwiq|w~a|~wn Iee~i` H`dgi` Lnvn`dsbne| Lnanbgnw 7339
iel Lnvn`dsbne|; '\mn Gnenfo|q df Bnn|oeh -HLE/Wod ln Kienowd GwiqoWdilq oe W~wi` Snw~'
Qbsdqo~b de Oeadbs`n|n Li|i \mn En|mnw`ielq Qdaon| fdw Q|i|oq|oaq Edvnbgnw 7339 9
iel Dsnwi|odeq Wnqniwam
Xolnw Lnvn`dsbne| Adefnwnean de XOLNW Oeq|o|~|n Bi 7339
Hwdx|m iel Sdvnw| -\mn Iqqn|q df |mn Mn qoejo Foe`iel
Sddw oe Snw~/
7339 HLE Bnn|oeh Iee~i` H`dgi` Lnvn`dsbne| Lnanbgnw 7333Bnn|oeh -HLE/\djd Kisie
Sm%l% Ad~wqnq \ijne i| E_^+
Boawdnadedboaq OO Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq E_^+ 9?=< 1
Biawdnadedboaq OO Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq E_^+ 9?=< 1
Nadedbn|woaq OO Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq E_^+ 9?=< 1
Q|damiq|oa Swdanqq Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq E_^+ 9?=< 1Hibn \mndw Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq E_^+ 9?=< 1
Nadedbn|woa \mndw df Oevnq|bne| Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq E_^+ 9?=> 1
Leiboa iel Q|damiq|oa Swdhwibboeh Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq E_^+ 9?=> 1
Sien` li|i iel edgqnwvig`nq Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq E_^+ 9?=> 1
Edesiwibn|woa Q|i|oq|oaq Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq E_^+ 9?=> 1
\D\I@ -boe% 73 awnlo|q/ 7?
-+/ E_^; Enx _dwj eovnwqo| Enx _dwj QI
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7>7
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7>1
A~wwoa~`~b vo|in
Kivonw I`fwnld Nqadgi` L‟Iehn`d xiq gdwe Biwam 77el oe @obi Snw~% Mn q|~lonl
Nadedboaq i| |mn eovnwqolil ln` Siaâfoad oe @obi fwdb 9?88 |o`` 9?=9 dg|ioeoeh moq Giamn`dw
Lnhwnn oe Nadedboaq ~sde lnfneloeh moq |mnqoq ne|o|`nl ªFdwnaiq|oeh Wnqniwam iel
Lnvn`dsbne| N}snelo|~wnq fdw @i|oe Ibnwoaiº% Fwdb 9?=1 |o`` 9?=8 mn lol moq Hwil~i|n Q|~lonq
i| Enx _dwj ^eovnwqo| xo|m fn``dxqmosq hwie|nl g |mn Lnsiw|bne| df Nadedboaq df Enx
_dwj eovnwqo| -9?=1"9?=</ iel g |mn eo|nl Q|i|nq Ihnea fdw Oe|nwei|odei` Lnvn`dsbne|
-9?=1"9?=8/% I| E_^ mn xiq hwie|nl i Biq|nw df Iw|q oe Nadedboaq iel if|nw adbs`n|oeh
qi|oqfia|dwo` i`` Sm%L% ad~wqnxdwj i Biq|nw df Smo`dqdsm oe Nadedboaq% If|nw wn|~weoeh |d
Snw~ oe 9?=8 mn bioe|ioenl i kdoe| issdoe|bne| gn|xnne |mn ^eovnwqolil ln` Siaâfoad xnwn
mn |i~hm| Nadedbn|woaq iel Bi|mnbi|oaq fdw Nadedboq| |o`` 9??1 iel |mn Hw~sd ln Ieé`oqoq
siwi n` Lnqiwwd``d -HWILN/ xmnwn mn miq lnvn`dsnl moq wnqniwam aiwnnw |d li|n%
I| HWILN i swovi|n ede"swdfo| wnqniwam oeq|o|~|ode giqnl oe @obi mn q|iw|nl ldoeh
wnqniwam fowq| de biawdnadedboa fdwnaiq|oeh iel qnvnwi` ihwoa~`|~wi` oqq~nq oea`~loeh ldbnq|oa
ihwoa~`|~wi` biwjn|oeh iel oe|nwei|odei` |wiln hwil~i`` nvd`voeh moq wnqniwam xdwj |dxiwlq
|dsoaq wn`i|nl |d w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| iel sdvnw| i``nvoi|ode% Mn miq gnne Swnqolne| df |mn
Gdiwl df Lowna|dwq df HWILN fwdb 9?=? |o`` 9??8%
Mn miq snwfdwbnl qnvnwi` s~g`oa l~|onq% Mn miq gnne Voan"Swnqolne| df OELNADSO‟QAdbboqqode de \nameoai` iel Adbbnwaoi` Wnh~`i|odeq gn|xnne 9??1 iel 9??6% Fwdb 9??8
|o`` 7333 mn xiq bnbgnw df |mn Gdiwl df Lowna|dwq df @obi‟q S~g`oa Xmd`nqi`n Ihwoa~`|~wi`
Biwjn|% Oe 9??= mn xiq issdoe|nl Ilvoqdw |d |mn Swnqolne| df |mn Ihwoa~`|~wi` Adbbo||nn df
|mn Snw~voie Adehwnqq% Oe 9??? mn xiq issdoe|nl Nadedboa Ilvoqdw |d |mn Amiowbie df |mn
Snw~voie Adehwnqq% De qnvnwi` daaiqodeq gn|xnne 9??> iel 7331 mn miq qnwvnl oe ie ilvoqdw
wd`n |d |mn Boeoq|nw df Nadedboaq iel Foeiean iel |mn Boeoq|nw df Ihwoa~`|~wn% Oe illo|ode mn
miq gnne adeq~`|ie| |d FID |mn Xdw`l Giej iel |mn Oe|nw"Ibnwoaie Lnvn`dsbne| Giej de
qnvnwi` daaiqodeq de |dsoaq wn`i|nl |d w~wi` sdvnw| w~wi` lnvn`dsbne| obsia| nvi`~i|ode df w~wi` oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel ihwoa~`|~wi` |wiln oqq~nq%
Oe 7333 |mn H`dgi` Lnvn`dsbne| En|xdwj -HLE/ hwie|nl mob -kdoe|` xo|m Bé}obd
\dwnwd i ad``nih~n fwdb HWILN/ xo|m |mn Ixiwl fdw D~|q|ieloeh Wnqniwam de Lnvn`dsbne|
fdw |mnow kdoe| xdwj de |mn hndhwismoai` lobneqode |d lnvn`dsbne|% \mn Qn`naa|ode Adbbo||nn
oea`~lnl wnedxenl qamd`iwq `ojn Ibiw|i Qne Kdqnsm Q|oh`o|{ Eiea Gowlqi`` iel Fwieadoq
Gd~wh~ohede% Oe 7339 mn xiq loq|oeh~oqmnl xo|m |mn Kdme Qobde H~hhnemnob Bnbdwoi`
Fd~eli|ode Fn``dxqmos |d ade|oe~n s~wq~oeh moq wnqniwam igd~| |mn oejq gn|xnne w~wi` swdl~anwqiel biwjn|q% L~woeh |mn qibn niw i| |mn H`dgi` Lnvn`dsbne| En|xdwj -HLE/ iee~i`
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7><
adefnwnean mn xiq ixiwlnl xo|m |mn bnli` fdw gnq| wnqniwam oe Oefwiq|w~a|~wn iel Lnvn`dsbne|
fdw moq xdwj de |mn bniq~wnbne| df |wieqia|ode adq|q oe Snw~voie ihwoa~`|~wn%
Mn wnh~`iw` ia|q iq wnvonxnw fdw qnvnwi` qaone|ofoa kd~wei`q oea`~loeh Nq|~lodq
Nadeñboadq fwdb Ad`nhod ln Bï}oad: Fddl Sd`oay \mn Kd~wei` df Lnvn`dsbne| Q|~lonqXdw`l Giej Nadedboa Wnvonx iel Xdw`l Lnvn`dsbne| %
A~wwne|` mn oq Wnqniwam Lowna|dw iel Qneodw Wnqniwamnw i| HWILN% Oe |mn iwni df
Nadedb iel W~wi` Lnvn`dsbne| moq xdwj miq adeane|wi|nl de nvi`~i|oeh |mn obsia| df |mn
biawdnadedboa ilk~q|bne| iel q|w~a|~wi` wnfdwbq oe |mn fiwboeh qna|dw% Oe |mn iwni df Sdvnw|
iel Ny~o| mn miq fda~qnl moq iei`qoq de w~wi` sdvnw| qsnaofoai`` oe ln|nwboeoeh |mn wd`n
s`inl g s~g`oa hddlq iel qnwvoanq oe wioqoeh |mn q|ieliwlq df `ovoeh ibdeh |mn w~wi` sddw% Oe
|mn iwni df Biawdnadedboa Iei`qoq moq xdwj ane|nwq de |mn iei`qoq df bn|mdld`dhonq ~qnl|d swnsiwn qmdw| |nwb swdhedqnq df |mn `nvn` df nadedboa ia|ovo|%
A~wwoa~`~b vo|in
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