the role of the sow in the lifestart of her progeny · pdf filethe role of the sow in the...

The role of the sow in the lifestart of her progeny Dr. Decaluwé Ruben Lifestart symposium 12-13/05/2015

30 March 2015

Lifestart interpretation

2

LACTATION – WEI

Follicle development Mammogenesis

GESTATION

Development of embryo/fetus Mammogenesis

Farrowing process Colostrum production

Farrowing Nursery Fattening

http://www.google.be/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://zachosuzach.blogspot.com/&ei=F2v9VKiRKcXUOZudgNgJ&bvm=bv.87611401,d.ZWU&psig=AFQjCNGsoBrh9HGTLuzm6yG7a4mpucCvNQ&ust=1425980490327791

http://www.google.be/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://skepchick.org/2013/03/pigs-fetuses-and-an-emotional-richard-dawkins/&ei=dmv9VMGHJcXBObnpgOgI&bvm=bv.87611401,d.ZWU&psig=AFQjCNFKOw4g3a6N1ThHqXG2DrksK6JaXw&ust=1425980627011222


3

LACTATION – WEI


GESTATION



SOW PERIOD =

IMPORTANT IN LIFESTART



COLOSTRUM = CENTRE POINT

4

Colostrum??? COLOSTRUM YIELD/INTAKE

PIGLET PERFORMANCE ? Farmer and Quesnel, 2009

Functions of colostrum

ENERGY

5

Le Dividich et al., 2005


IMMUNITY

6

Time after birth (h)

Ig c

on

ten

t (m

g/m

l)

Klobasa et al., 1985


GI-DEVELOPMENT

7

Parameter Birth d 1 d 3

Intestinal tissue weight, g 35.7 63.4 61.5

Intestinal tissue length, cm 343 426 443

Intestinal tissue diameter, mm 3.85 4.44 4.60

Crypt depth, µm 82 102 115

Villus height, µm 883 1171 1077

Lactase, µmol/min 257 800 -

Sucrase, µmol/min 100 314 -

Maltase, µmol/min 103 223 -

Aminopeptidase, µmol/min 137 251 - Xu et al., 2000

Colostrum and piglet performance

MORTALITY

8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

<160 160-250 >250

% m

ort

alit

y

% mortality and CI/kg birth weight

D 0-3

D 0-7

D 0-spenen

Decaluwé et al., 2014


WEIGHT GAIN

9

Devillers et al., 2011


IMMUNITY

10

Rooke and Bland, 2002


11

Colostrum??? COLOSTRUM YIELD/INTAKE

PIGLET PERFORMANCE

?

Farmer and Quesnel, 2009


AIM OF COLOSTRUM MANAGEMENT

12

AT LEAST 200-250 g COLOSTRUM

of

GOOD QUALITY

per piglet

Nutritional

Immunological

Other compounds

Colostrum yield / Colostrum intake

ASSESSING THE PROBLEM

13

? ? ?



14

± 35%

Sow level Piglet level

± 40%

1. Insufficient colostrum yield/colostrum intake in large part of population




15

R² = 0,0031

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

8 10 12 14 16 18 20

To

tal

colo

stru

m y

ield

, g

Number of liveborn piglets R² = 0,3384

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Co

lost

rm y

ield

per

liv

ebo

rn p

igle

t, g

Number of liveborn piglets

2. Colostrum yield independent of litter size. Problem of large litter sizes




16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 >100

% o

f p

op

ula

tio

n

Coefficient of variation (%) of CI/kg BWb within a litter

75% of litters

3. Large heterogeneous distribution of colostrum intake within a litter

Decaluwé et al., unpublished results


17

Colostrum???

SOW PIGLET ENVIRONMENT

COLOSTRUM YIELD/INTAKE

PIGLET PERFORMANCE

?


Improve colostrum intake IMPROVE PIGLET VITALITY

IMPROVE BIRTH WEIGHT

IMPROVE WITHIN-LITTER BIRTH WEIGHT HOMOGENEITY

MANAGEMENT, NUTRITION, GENETICS

Focus during gestation and parturition


HOW TO IMPROVE? PIGLET LEVEL

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PIGLET LEVEL VITALITY

19


Combination of many factors! • MANAGEMENT of FARROWING utmost importance

• NUTRITION can help • Prevent long farrowing process (DYSTOCIA)

• e.g. risk factor constipation (Oliviero et al., 2010)

• Physical barrier

• Discomfort opioid production oxytocin release

• Fibre rich diets (Loisel et al., 2013; Oliviero et al., 2009; Tabeling et al., 2003)

• Water intake

• Sufficient peripartal feed intake (Black et al., 2009; Tabeling et al., 2003)

• Certain feed additives



20


• NUTRITION can help



21

Loisel et al., 2013


• NUTRITION can help



22

Loisel et al., 2013


• NUTRITION can help • Prevent long farrowing process

• e.g. risk factor constipation (Oliviero et al., 2010)

• e.g. risk factor back fat thickness

• Physical barrier

• Slower decrease progesterone at farrowing

Less activation oxytocin receptors

• Contradictory results (Oliviero et al., 2010; Cools, 2013)



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Combination of many factors! • MANAGEMENT at FARROWING of utmost importance

• NUTRITION can help • N-3 PUFA (DHA) improves prenatal brain development (Rooke et al., 2001; Innis et al., 2007)



24

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 20

g salmon oil / kg diet d60+

g brain/g live-weight

g DHA/100g FA2

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 20

g salmon oil / kg diet d60+

g brain/g live-weight

g DHA/100g FA2



25

0

1

2

3

Time to stand (min)0

10

20

30

Time to contact teat(min)

0

10

20

30

Time to suckle (min)

0%

0,03%

0,30%


• NUTRITION can help • N-3 PUFA (DHA) improves prenatal brain development (Rooke et al., 2001; Innis et al., 2007)

• N-3 PUFA (DHA) supplementation (%) last month of gestation (Adeleye et al., 2014)

• Effect of n-3 PUFA on piglet vitality ambiguous (Tanghe and Desmet, 2013)


• NUTRITION can help • BWb affects vitality positively (Canario et al., 2006)

• Meishan: lower birth weight – high vitality (Van der Steen et al., 1992; Canario et al., 2009)

Hypothesis of better placental vascularisation

• Effect of arginine

• Hazeleger et al., 2007

• 25g L-arginine/day; d16-28

• Mateo et al., 2006

• 1% L-arginine, d30-farrowing



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Control + Arginine

Embryo survival (%) 68 77

Placental vascularisation score 2,6 2,9

Birth weight (kg) 1,36 1,41


32

Colostrum???

SOW PIGLET ENVIRONMENT

COLOSTRUM YIELD/INTAKE

PIGLET PERFORMANCE

?



HOW TO IMPROVE? SOW LEVEL

33

Improve colostrum yield PERIPARTAL REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

GENETICS?

PARITY

MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT

NUTRITION AND BODY CONDITION

MUCH YET UNKNOWN



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IMPORTANT ORCHESTRATION

DIFFICULT TO ALTERATE BY PROSTAGLANDINS

OR PROSTAGENES

Foisnet et al., 2010a Foisnet et al., 2010b

Foisnet et al., 2011



35

Improve colostrum yield PERIPARTAL REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

GENETICS?

PARITY

MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT

NUTRITION AND BODY CONDITION

MUCH YET UNKNOWN


SOW LEVEL PERIPARTAL FEED INTAKE

36

Introduction

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Co

lost

rum

yie

ld, g

Change in BF between day 109 of gestation and day 1 of lactation, mm

Can we simulate with peripartal feeding strategies?




37

Materials and methods

Colostrum collection

− 6h after onset of farrowing

Blood collection sow

− Day 108 of gestation

− Day 1 of lactation

− After overnight fasting

50 PIC sows

Peripartal feeding strategy

H (n = 28), 3x1,5kg/d

L (n = 22), 1x1,5kg/d

Back fat d 108 of

gestation

Skinny <17mm n = 15

Moderate 17-23mm

n = 21

Fat >23mm n = 14




38

Results

a

b

ab a

b

3000

3500

4000

4500

CY, g

a

b ab

a

b

150

200

250

300

CY / kg LBP, g

IMPACT ON COMPOSITION SLIGHTLY POSITIVE Decaluwé et al., 2014


SOW LEVEL RESULTS

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Variable

Dietary treatment Body condition SD/

IR H L Skinny Good Fat

Seru

m c

on

cen

trat

ion

s

D1

NEFA (mmol/l) 0.17 a 0.45 b 0.23 0.32 0.48 0.44

Creatinine (µmol/l) 214 a 236 b 247 246 229 34

*C4 (µmol/l) 0.28 a 0.41 b 0.32 0.42 0.30 0.25

3-OH-C4 (µmol/l) 0.03 a 0.05 b 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.02

Urea (mmol/l) 4.4 a 3.6 b 4.3 3.9 3.8 0.9

*Urea/NEFA 27.5 a 7.5 b 19.3 10.3 9.1 23.2

Serum concentrations at D108: P > 0.05 for all variables

Higher use of body reserves

More ketone production

Less protein catabolites

Less protein/fat catabolites




40

Discussion

AcetylCoA

ATP

Glucose

Ketones

CAC

Oxaloacetate

AA

NEFA

AA

Glucose

L-group Higher ketone

production

Supply of nutrients the week prior to farrowing

helps to support the maternal energy

production

BALANCE

L-group Low ratio protein/fat catabolites



41

LACTATION – WEI


GESTATION



SOW PERIOD =

IMPORTANT IN LIFESTART



Thank you

42

References

43

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