the roman republic copyright © pearson education, inc. or its affiliates. all rights reserved....

The Roman Republic

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Introduction

This chapter will introduce you to The Roman Republic. You will learn about the development of the Roman republic, and about the growth of its government, society, and military.

Section 1: The Rise of the Roman Republic

Section 2: The Government of the Republic

Section 3: Roman Society

Section 4: The Republic’s Growth and Crisis

Chapter IntroductionChapter Introduction

The Roman Republic


myStory

• How does Cicero feel about his daughter?• She was the apple of his eye

• What evidence is there for Cicero’s feelings for Tullia?• He wrote letters about her to a friend

• Why are his views about his daughter unusual in the Roman republic?

• Daughters were much less valued than sons

Tullia’s father saves the republicTullia’s father saves the republic

The Roman Republic


myStory

• In what ways was Tullia excluded from Roman politics?

• she could not participate directly or attend meetings at the Senate.

• In what ways could Tullia be involved in Roman politics?

• She could learn about Roman politics through her father and his friends.

Tullia’s Father Saves the RepublicTullia’s Father Saves the Republic

The Roman Republic


myStory

• What was a positive effect for Cicero of his electionas a consul?

• He gained power from his new position

• What was a negative effect? • He made many enemies

• How did Cicero respond to attemptsto overthrow the republic?

• He spoke out against Catalina, sent an army against Catalina’s forces, and executed plotters without a trial

Tullia’s Father Saves the RepublicTullia’s Father Saves the Republic

The Roman Republic


myStory

What should governments do?

The Roman Republic


The Rise of the Roman Republic

The Italian Peninsula and the area around Rome provided many natural advantages.

Roman culture was influenced by Etruscan andGreek neighbors.

The people of Rome overthrew their kings,founded a republic, and conquered Italy.

Key IdeasKey Ideas

The Roman Republic



forum—an open area in a city filled with public buildings, temples, and markets

republic—a government in which citizens have the right to vote and elect officials.

Key TermsKey Terms

The Roman Republic



legion—the basic unit of the Romanarmy, including 4,500 to 5,000 foot soldiers

maniple—a unit of between 60 and 160 soldiers that could move independently

Key TermsKey Terms

The Roman Republic



• Italy occupies a peninsula. Rome is near the center of that peninsula.

• The Alps separate the peninsula from the rest of Europe. The Appenines run down the center of it.

• Several large, flat plains provide land for farming.

• Volcanoes help create fertile soil, but volcanic eruptions can sometimes threaten where people live.

What are some features of Italy’s What are some features of Italy’s geography?geography?

The Roman Republic



The Beginning of RomeThe Beginning of Rome• Who did the Romans believe founded their city?

• They believed Romulus and Remus founded their city after being saved form their uncle by a wolf and a shepherd.

http://www.schooltube.com/video/7575e41f7801ffd1743a/RomulusandRemus-JohnW

• Why are Roman beliefs about the founding of their city important?• They tell us that Romans believed their city had a connection to the gods.

The Roman Republic



Factors That Helped Rome GrowFactors That Helped Rome Grow

• The early Romans drained a swampy area between two of the town’s hills. This became the Roman Forum.

• A forum is an open area in a city filled with public buildings, temples, and markets.

• The Roman forum was the center of Rome’s government, religion, and economy.

Natural Advantages• The city’s hills gave the Romans a natural defense against attack• Because Rome was located on the Tiber River, it had access to a

nearby port. The river was perfect because it moved too fast for large boats so seagoing ships could not attack Rome

• Key trade routes – Tiber Valley was a natural east-west route for trade. Several north-south trade routes crossed the Tiber River just south of Rome.

The Roman Republic



Kings with broad powers ruled the city,with the consent of aristocratic senators. They were head of the army, chief priest, and supreme judge. Led wars.

Some kings treated their subjects badly,and this led to unrest in the kingdom.

Romans overthrew the king and formed a republic, in which citizens had the right to vote and elect officials.

Free adult male citizens could play a role in the government.

How did Rome change How did Rome change from a monarchy to a republic?from a monarchy to a republic?

The Roman Republic


• How did Greek culture get to Italy? • Greeks settled there and brought their culture with them.

• Romans made Greek mythology their own by identifying their gods with those of the Greeks (Zues=Jupiter)

• What are some ways that Etruscan culture influenced Roman culture? • Architecture, religion, alphabet

• Explain the sequence of influence from Greeks and Phoenicians to the modern world.

• Greek and Phoenician culture influenced Etruscan culture which in turn influenced Roman culture, which in turn influenced modern

culture.


The People of ItalyThe People of Italy

The Roman Republic



Legions of about 5,000 soldiers included maniplesof 60–160 soldiers.

Maniples could adapt to geography and battle situations. This helped the Roman army conquer many enemies.

Romans signed treaties with defeated enemies. Soldiers from defeated armies joined the Roman army.

After the Romans left the area they were fighting in was that roads and bridges had been built in places they hadn’t existed before.

The Roman ArmyThe Roman Army

The Roman Republic


The Government of the Republic

In the Roman republic, power was divided among many different people so that no one person could become too powerful.

The government of the Roman republic was made up of three separate branches that held different powers.

The Roman republic influenced later republics, including the United States.

Key IdeasKey Ideas

The Roman Republic



constitution—system of rules by which a government is organized

veto—to stop or cancel the action of a government official or body

Key TermsKey Terms

The Roman Republic



magistrates—elected officials who enforcethe law.

toga—a garment worn by adult men asa symbol of Roman citizenship

consuls—the top officials in theRoman republic

Key TermsKey Terms

The Roman Republic



• Rome had an unwritten constitution, a system of rules that organized the government. How is the US Constitution different?

• Separation of powers kept any one person from holding too much power by allowing power to be shared among different people with set role.

• One way they did this was by splitting offices between two men. There wasn’t just one top leader. They elected two called CONSULS.

• Each consul could veto the action of the other• They were also limited to one year in office.• Checks and balances kept the branches of

government from abusing their power. One branch could check, or stop, another branch from misusing its power.

• Rule of law meant that even powerful people could be tried for breaking the law.

Roman GovernmentRoman Government

The Roman Republic



Roman CitizensRoman Citizens• Free Roman men were citizens • Women and slaves were not and had not direct role

in government. • The symbol of Roman citizenship was the toga. • Roman citizens had the right to a trial. • Any adult male citizen had the right to vote and

responsibility to serve in the army if they could afford their own armor.

• Patricians were from oldest families. They were usually wealthy, and, at first, they controlled all government offices.

• Plebeians were the majority of Romans. They were not aristocratic. Many were farmers and artisans. They gained access to political offices over time.

The Roman Republic



Roman GovernmentRoman Government

Branches of Roman GovernmentBranches of Roman Government

The Roman Republic



• Assemblies In what way were the Roman assemblies democratic?• All adult males could participate in assemblies though the votes of the

wealthy usually counted for more than those of the poor. • Assemblies elected officials and passed laws• Checked the power of the Senate and magistrates

• Senate In what way was the Roman senate an oligarchy?• Made up of the wealthiest and best-known older Roman men• Chosen by an official called the censor• Did not represent the people• Guide to the state• Advised the assemblies and magistrates• Most powerful part of Roman government

• Magistrates In what way were Roman magistrates like monarchs?• Wealthy men whose ancestors usually held high offices

What was each branch of the Roman government like?What was each branch of the Roman government like?

The Roman Republic



The Race of HonorsThe Race of Honorsquaestors accountants who kept track of the states’ money. If did well they may run for aedile.

aedile in charge of holding festivals and maintaining public buildings.

tribunes of the plebs tribunes were protectors of the plebians; had the right to veto laws

praetors judged cases, managed the city of Rome, and led armies in times of war

consuls top officials in Rome – lead the army and preside over the senate and magistrates.

The Roman Republic



In ancient Rome a dictator was an important public official.

The senate could vote to name a dictator in times of great emergency

Served for a maximum of 6 months and had complete power.

The Roman Republic


Roman men were the leaders of their families while women had other roles.

Life was very different for different classes of Romans.

Religion was important to the Roman people, and the Roman government played a role in it.

Roman Society

Key IdeasKey Ideas

The Roman Republic


patriarchal society—society in which menrule their families and people trace theirorigins through male ancestors

paterfamilias—head of the household

Roman Society

Key TermsKey Terms

The Roman Republic


villa—large country home

established religion—an official religionsupported by the government

Roman Society

Key TermsKey Terms

The Roman Republic


Men• owned all property• had absolute power over their families and

its slavesWomen• could own personal property• had an active role in social life and

participated in religious rituals• were not allowed to vote, attend assemblies,

or hold public office• were responsible for bearing and raising

Roman children

Roman Society

How was life differentHow was life differentfor men and women in Rome?for men and women in Rome?

The Roman Republic


Roman Society

How was life differentHow was life differentfor rich and poor Romans?for rich and poor Romans?

MOST Romans were poor free people or slaves. A small minority were wealthy.

Rich• were small part of Roman society• made money from agriculture or business• owned slaves who did all the work• lived in large and luxurious houses;

often had second houses in the country• participated in government and politics

Poor• were largest part of Roman society• lived in crowded and dangerous conditions• were often tenant farmers or day laborers• also worked in shops or restaurants

The Roman Republic


• How did people become slaves in the Roman republic?• Could be born into it, or if he/she was captured in war,

kidnapped or fell into to much debt.

• What kinds of jobs did slaves do?• Worked in mines or on large farms; some worked in homes,

educated slaves worked as secretaries or teachers(Greeks)• In what ways could a slave become free?

• Served loyally or buy their freedom• Freed slaves became citizens and could vote

• Did Roman slaves ever fight backagainst their masters?

• Yes – most famous Spartacus who led an army of rebel slaves in 70’s BC.

Roman Society

SlaverySlavery

The Roman Republic


• Rome had an established religion, supported by the government.

• Top government officials were often priests or consulted religious experts about decisions.

• Roman leaders believed their success or the success of the empire came from the favor of the gods.

Roman Society

How were Roman religionHow were Roman religionand government linked?and government linked?

The Roman Republic


Think about Think about government’government’s role in s role in Roman Roman

society in society in terms of terms of gender and gender and class.class.

Roman Society

What should governments do?

The Roman Republic


empire—a state containing several countriesor territories

province—areas within a country or empire

The Republic’s Growth and Crisis

Key TermsKey Terms

The Roman Republic


civil war—war between groups from thesame country

Augustus—title used by Roman emperors meaning venerable or greatly honored one


Key TermsKey Terms

The Roman Republic


218 B.C. Hannibal attacks in daring strike over Alps; Rome barely avoids defeat.

204 B.C. Rome attacks Carthage; Hannibal must return home to defend his city and is defeated.

146 B.C. Still fearing Carthage, Rome destroys the city and sells its people into slavery.


Rome versus CarthageRome versus Carthage

The Roman Republic


• Who did the Romans fight in the Punic Wars?Carthage

• What were the results of the second Punic War?Rome was nearly destroyed by eventually triumphed

• Describe the extent of Roman rule after the Punic Wars. Rome controlled most of the western half of the Meditteranean,

Greece, and parts of Southwest Asia.


How did the Punic Wars affect Rome?How did the Punic Wars affect Rome?

The Roman Republic


• How did Roman magistrates behave late in the republic?• They stole, looted, broke laws, and used violence to keep

power• What two views about reform arose in the later years of the

Republic? • Some favored reform that would improve lives of the poor,

like giving out land. Others opposed this kind of reform.

• How did Gaius Marius change the Roman military?• He allowed poor citizens to join and had the government pay

for the equipment. This made the army larger and more professional.


Growing PainsGrowing Pains

The Roman Republic


The power of generals increases.

Civil wars: Sulla vs. Marius; Caesar vs. Pompey/Senate

Caesar wins, makes himself dictator for life.

Senators kill Caesar.

More civil wars: Octavian vs. assassins; Octavian vs. Antony. Octavian becomes Emperor Augustus.


What events led toWhat events led tothe collapse of the republic?the collapse of the republic?

The Roman Republic


Describe the end of the Roman republic.

Civil War continued after Ceasar’s death until the republic collapsed. It was replaced by a monarchy with

Octavian as the first emporer.


From Republic to EmpireFrom Republic to Empire

The Roman Empire and Christianity


Introduction

This chapter will introduce you to The Roman Empire and Christianity. You will learn about the growth and decline of the Roman empire and its effect on later cultures. You will learn about a new religion that changed the world.

Section 1: The Roman EmpireSection 2: Roman Culture and Its LegacySection 3: Origins of ChristianitySection 4: Beliefs of ChristianitySection 5: Decline of the Roman Empire

Chapter IntroductionChapter Introduction



The Roman Empire

Emperor Augustus and his successors helped bring about a long period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana.

Rome reached new heights in practical technology.

Key IdeasKey Ideas



The Roman Empire

Long-distance trade helped make the Roman empire wealthy.

Greco-Roman culture spread across the Roman empire.

Key IdeasKey Ideas



The Roman Empire

deify—officially declare to be a god

sPax Romana—the “Roman peace,” a long period of peace and prosperity in the Roman empire

Key TermsKey Terms



The Roman Empire

concrete—a building material made by mixing small stones and sand with limestone, clay, and water

aqueduct—a channel that moves water over land

Greco-Roman—culture that included Greek and Roman elements emerged in the Roman empire

Key TermsKey Terms



The Roman Empire

• He took the title Emperor Augustus.

• He held nearly total power and ended the Roman republic.

• He stabilized the empire and made the army more loyal to him by raising the soldier’s pay.

• He improved life for ordinary people by making life more peaceful.

What changedWhat changedwhen Octavian took control?when Octavian took control?



• Who held powerin the Roman empire after Augustus?• His stepson, Tiberius – republic is gone now a monarchy

• How did Romans choose new emperors?• There was not a clear method in place.

• What problems resulted from Rome’s methods for succession?• Rome suffered from political scheming like killing leaders and

military-imposed decisions.

The Roman Empire

The Emperors and the Roman PeaceThe Emperors and the Roman Peace



The Roman Empire

Roman ArchitectureRoman Architecture

• Roman architecture has influenced modern building. Many Roman buildings still stand today.

• Concrete allowed the Romans to build large buildings more easily. Roads made transportation faster. Aqueducts helped Roman cities grow by supplying them with water.



• What made the building of large domed structures possible for Romans? Explain.

• The invention of concrete, which is lighter than stone, so the domes didn’t collapse

• How were Roman cities differentfrom other cities of ancient times?

• They were cleaner and more technologically advanced.

• What did the Romans do with the water brought to cities by aqueducts?

• Household water, public fountains, baths, waste removal

The Roman Empire

Rome’s Practical AchievementsRome’s Practical Achievements



The Roman Empire

• The Roman navy made sea travel safer, faster, and cheaper than land travel. Roman roads made land transportation faster as well.

• The economy was based on farming, especially of grain to feed the growing Roman population.

• Provinces grew wealthy from trade with Rome.

• Stable currency throughout the empire helped the economy grow by making trade easier.

How did the Roman economy work?How did the Roman economy work?



The Roman Empire

• How did farming help Roman provinces develop?• Farmers grew wealthy from sales in Rome, then spent

money to build temples, theaters, and other markets in the provinces

• Why is stable currency important?• Stable currency gives people trading at great distance

confidence about the price they are paying and the value at what they are buying.

The Roman EconomyThe Roman Economy



Roman Culture and Its Legacy

The Romans made many achievements in art, literature, and science.

Latin continued to be an important world language long after the fall of the Roman empire.

Key IdeasKey Ideas




The Romans pioneered large-scale public entertainment.

Roman law influenced the legal systems of many modern countries.

Key IdeasKey Ideas




mosaic—a design formed with small tiles of glass, stone, or pottery.

romance languages—languages that developed from Latin

oratory—the art of giving speeches

Key TermsKey Terms




Who were some important Roman writers?Who were some important Roman writers?

Oratory Cicero wrote and delivered great speeches on issues of the day.

Poetry Virgil wrote epic poems, Horace wrote odes, and Ovid wrote witty verses in poems of love and mythology.

Satire Juvenal made fun of the Roman people and their government.

Philosophy Seneca wrote about the philosophy of Stoicism, which urges people to practice self-control.




Who were some important Roman scientists?Who were some important Roman scientists?

Astronomy and MathematicsPtolemy wrote about the organization of the universe, geography, and the study of light.

MedicineGalen learned through dissection that arteries and veins carry blood.




What did Romans do for fun?What did Romans do for fun?

Gladiatorial games were fights between men or groups of men, staged for entertainment.

Gladiators also fought exotic animals.

Chariot races were between teams of horses pulling people on chariots.




Popular EntertainmentPopular Entertainment• How did gladiatorial games enter Roman culture?

• Romans absorbed the tradition from people living in Southern Italy.

• Based on where different groups sat at gladiatorial games, which do you think were the best seats?

• The front row seats were the best, the Senate sat there.

• In what way were gladiatorial games entertainment and in what ways were they combat?

• The gladiators were paid to entertain and fight. The battles were staged like entertainment but once they began were still combat. Some

gladiators were prisoners of war, which made the games like a battle.




How did the Twelve Tables change the Roman legal system?

•They made it more reliable by writing down the laws.

How has Rome’s legal system How has Rome’s legal system influenced modern systems?influenced modern systems?

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