The Royal Family The Royal Family Attempts Attempts

to Fleeto FleeY June, 1791June, 1791

Y The King The King waswasrecognized recognized atatVarennes, Varennes, nearnearthe borderthe border

Y Causes Causes Great Anger Great Anger Amongst the Amongst the 33rdrd Estate Estate

Y Why? Why?

Austria and Prussia Threaten Austria and Prussia Threaten French Revolutionaries with French Revolutionaries with

War War

FRANCEFRANCE1792

-1815

1792-

1815AUSTRIAAUSTRIAPRUSSIAPRUSSIABRITAINBRITAINSPAINSPAINPIEDMONTPIEDMONTRUSSIARUSSIAPORTUGALPORTUGAL

Foreign Royals (Declaration of Pillnitz)Foreign Royals (Declaration of Pillnitz) “ “If the If the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!!”Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!!”

Why? Why?

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!all of Europe catches cold!

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!all of Europe catches cold!

Radicalization!!!

Why a Radicalization?•Constitutional monarchy is no longer practical•In a time of war, moderation can be easily interpreted as … •…treason!•Also, upon writing the Constitution, the National Assembly had dissolved itself, in an Enlightenment attempt to show that they were not trying to wrest control for themselves. New elections for legislative assembly .However, the time elections take place after the king’s flight. Radicals elected.

The Storming of the The Storming of the Tuilieres:Tuilieres:

August 9-10, 1792August 9-10, 1792

Urban Workers Come Looking for The King’s Urban Workers Come Looking for The King’s HeadHead

The September Massacres, 1792The September Massacres, 1792

Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.attacked from the front.

It discredited the Revolution among its remaining It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.sympathizers abroad.

The The Sans-Sans-CulottesCulottes

Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.

The The Radical’s Radical’s

Arms:Arms:

No God!No God!No Religion!No Religion!

No King!No King!No No

Constitution!Constitution!

Radical Actions of Radical Actions of the Legislative the Legislative

AssemblyAssembly Its first act was the formal abolition of Its first act was the formal abolition of

the monarchy on September 22, 1792.the monarchy on September 22, 1792.

The The Year IYear I of the French Republic. of the French Republic.

it offered French assistance to any it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governmentsoverthrow their governments

‘‘if kings try to crush the revolution if kings try to crush the revolution by inciting war against us, then we by inciting war against us, then we will incite a war of people against will incite a war of people against kings’ kings’

The JacobinsThe JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

Started as a debating society.Started as a debating society.

Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class, but very radical… claimed class, but very radical… claimed to represent the urban poor. to represent the urban poor.

Large number of them in Large number of them in legislative assemblylegislative assembly

There Was A Divide in the There Was A Divide in the National Convention National Convention Between Liberals and Between Liberals and

RadicalsRadicals

JacobinJacobinss

MontagnarMontagnardsds

(“The (“The Mountain”)Mountain”)

GirondistsGirondists

1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain

(swing (swing votes)votes)

TODAY:TODAY:

Louis XVI as a Louis XVI as a PigPig

c For the Mountain, the king was a traitor.For the Mountain, the king was a traitor.

c The Girondins felt that the Revolution had The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].execute the king [maybe exile him].

Marie Antoinette as a Marie Antoinette as a SerpentSerpent

The “Widow Capet”The “Widow Capet”

Radical Jacobin Triumph

• Call on the sans-culottes for support and literally arrest and execute a large number of the Girondin leaders

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January (January 21, 1793)21, 1793)

c The trial of the king The trial of the king was hastened by the was hastened by the discovery in a secret discovery in a secret cupboard in the cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache Tuilieres of a cache of documents.of documents.

c They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’ knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of foreign intervention.foreign intervention.

c The National The National Convention votedConvention voted387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the

GuillotineGuillotine

France Becomes France Becomes a ‘Republic’a ‘Republic’

Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety Given dictatorial power to Given dictatorial power to

‘save the Revolution’ ‘save the Revolution’ Kinda makes sense with all Kinda makes sense with all

the chaos and the the chaos and the desperation of France’s desperation of France’s situation in the European situation in the European wars, but pretty darn ironic,wars, but pretty darn ironic,

tootoo

Maximillian Maximillian RobespierreRobespierre

“If the spring of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the springs of popular government in revolution are at once virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is fatal; terror, without which virtue is powerless.” — Robespierre

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- RobespierreLet terror be the Let terror be the

order of the day! order of the day! -- -- RobespierreRobespierre

c Robespierre vows to save Robespierre vows to save the revolution at all coststhe revolution at all costs

c What is the sacrifice of an What is the sacrifice of an individual for the good of individual for the good of France? France?

c Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.15 months.

c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide was victims nationwide was over 20,000!over 20,000!

The Irony of the The Irony of the GuillotineGuillotine

The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!

Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

28%

31%

25%

8%

7%

Legislation Passed Legislation Passed by the National by the National

ConventionConvention1.1. Price Controls on FoodPrice Controls on Food

2.2. Bread of equalityBread of equality

3.3. In other words, the Committee In other words, the Committee on Public Safety is starting to on Public Safety is starting to offer Equality of ______________offer Equality of ______________

4.4. Early SOCIALISM!!!Early SOCIALISM!!!

The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – Over 1 Million SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – Over 1 Million Soldiers

An army based on merit, not An army based on merit, not birth!birth!

French Army Starts French Army Starts WinningWinning! !

•Conscript forces

•Less training given

•Less need to use massed infantry to ensure that soldiers don’t desert during battles… why?

To a Certain Degree, the French Fight Better Because They Are Fighting For Themselves

“The young men shall go to battle and the married men shall forge arms. The women shall make tents and clothes, and shall serve in the hospitals; children shall tear rags into lint. The old men will be guided to the public places of the cities to kindle the courage of the young warriors and to preach the unity of the Republic and the hatred of kings.”

• What is Nationalism?

• Identification not with a ruler or kingdom or empire, but instead with a culture group

• In other words, did subjects of the Habsburgs feel nationalism?

• Subject versus Citizen

• Divine Right versus Social Contract

Surging French Nationalism!!!

French Soldiers & the French Soldiers & the Tricolor:Tricolor:

ViveVive Le Patrie!Le Patrie!

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED Bourbons + the RED

& BLUE of Paris.& BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!Citizen!

The Tricolor is the The Tricolor is the Fashion!Fashion!

Intense Move Towards Intense Move Towards REASONREASON

1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican CalendarCalendar::

abolished Sundays & religious holidays.abolished Sundays & religious holidays. months named after seasonal features.months named after seasonal features. 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day

decades.decades. the yearly calendar was dated fromthe yearly calendar was dated from

the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792][Sept. 22, 1792]

The Convention symbolically divorced The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!the state from the Church!!

The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendar

New Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

The “Temple of The “Temple of Reason”Reason”

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, temple,

Become the goddess of the French Become the goddess of the French people.people.

The Festival of Supreme The Festival of Supreme BeingBeing

A new secular holidayA new secular holiday

Revolutionary Playing Revolutionary Playing CardsCards

83 Revolutionary 83 Revolutionary DepartmentsDepartments

February 26, 1790February 26, 1790

The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes

Its Own Children!Its Own Children!

Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, 1793Execution, 1793

The “Thermidorean Reaction,” The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 17941794

P Robespierre has demanded Robespierre has demanded complete obedience to his complete obedience to his version of revolutionary virtue version of revolutionary virtue throughout the Reign of Terrorthroughout the Reign of Terror

He has repeatedly purged the He has repeatedly purged the National Convention of ‘traitors’National Convention of ‘traitors’

Eventually he alienates members Eventually he alienates members of the CPS and the National of the CPS and the National Convention who feel they may be Convention who feel they may be next to be accusednext to be accused

P the Convention arrests the Convention arrests Robespierre.Robespierre.

P Robespierre is tried & guillotined!Robespierre is tried & guillotined!

The Arrest of Robespierre

Robespierre Lies WoundedRobespierre Lies WoundedBefore the Revolutionary Tribunal that Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.will order him to be guillotined, 1794.

V Curtailed the power of the Committee for Curtailed the power of the Committee for Public Safety.Public Safety.

V Closed the Jacobin Clubs.Closed the Jacobin Clubs.

V Churches were reopened.Churches were reopened.

freedom of worship for all cults was granted.freedom of worship for all cults was granted.

V Economic restrictions were lifted in favor Economic restrictions were lifted in favor of laissez-faire (capitalist) policies.of laissez-faire (capitalist) policies.

V A A more conservative more conservative republicanism.republicanism. An attempt to return as much as possible to the bourgeois An attempt to return as much as possible to the bourgeois

stage of the Revolutionstage of the Revolution

Yet Another Gov’t, the Directory, Is Established