the ruins of berlin's kaiser wilhelm memorial church. it was bombed by the allies and is...
TRANSCRIPT
The ruins of Berlin's Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. It was bombed by the Allies and is preserved todayas World War II monument.
As Europe enters the 20th century, powerful forces such as nationalism, colonialism, and industrialization plunge the continent into two world wars.
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Unit 2
Europe: War and Change
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Europe: War and Change
Establishing IndependenceSECTION 1
Europe at WarSECTION 2
The Soviet UnionSECTION 3
Section 1
European EmpiresThe beginning of the 20th century is a time of change in Europe, as feelings of nationalism begin to take hold.
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The Spread of Nationalism
New Ideas Sweep Europe• Late 1800s rise in nationalism—strong pride in
nation, ethnic group- ethnic group—people who share languages, traditions
European Empires1SECTION
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Continued . . .
Constitutional Monarchies• Nationalism is fueled by people’s ability to vote
- citizens strongly support, defend governments they elect
• By 1900, many nations are constitutional monarchies- have monarch whose power is limited by an elected ruling body
The Defense of Colonial Empires• Early 1900s is period of colonialism
- many Western European countries have Asian, African colonies including:- France, Italy, Britain, Germany, even tiny Belgium
• Colonies supply raw materials for production, markets for goods
• Nations spend money on armies, navies to defend colonies, borders
continued The Spread of Nationalism
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1SECTION
Map
Continued . . .
Austria-Hungary• Most Western, Northern European nations are
industrialized by 1900• Eastern Europe, including Russia, is still agricultural
- imports most manufactured goods from Western, Northern Europe
• Austria-Hungary is largest Eastern European empire in 1900- dual monarchy—one ruler governs two nations- includes parts of what is now Romania, Czech Republic, Poland
continued The Spread of Nationalism
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1SECTION
Map
Section 2
Europe at WarDuring the first half of the 20th century, European countries fight each other over land, wealth, and ideals.
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2SECTION
The World at War
World War I Alliances• To defend themselves, countries join alliances
- agreements among people, nations to unite for a common cause- members promise to help others if any of them are attacked
Europe at War
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Continued . . .
Chart
2SECTION
World War I Alliances • World War I begins when Archduke Franz
Ferdinand is murdered in 1914- Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia; Russia defends Serbia- Germany declares war on Russia; France defends Russia- Germany invades Belgium to get to France; Britain defends Belgium- U.S. enters war when German submarines sink its merchant ships
• Allies (France, U.K., U.S.) win; 22 million die, area is devastated
continued The World at War
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2SECTION
A Costly War• Allies blame Germany for much of killing, damage
of war• In 1919, Germany, Allies sign Treaty of Versailles
- Germany must pay for damage to Allies, give up valuable territory
Europe After World War I
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A New Map of Europe• Other treaties alter political boundaries
- Austria-Hungary becomes two countries- some Eastern Europeans gain independence from Austria-Hungary
Map
Image
2SECTION
Hitler Rises to Power• In 1930s, Germany is still paying damages,
economy is ruined• In 1933, Adolf Hitler, National Socialist (Nazi) Party
elected • Nazi Party believes in fascism:
- strong, central government controlled by military, led by dictator- extreme patriotism, nationalism, racist beliefs
World War II
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Continued . . .
Image
2SECTION
Hitler and the Nazi Party• Hitler blames Jewish Germans for nation’s problems
- Nazis send Jews, others to concentration camps- during this Holocaust millions are deliberately killed
• Hitler invades Poland in 1939, begins World War II- goes on to invade Belgium, Netherlands, France, Denmark, Norway, USSR
continued World War II
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WWII Alliances• U.S. enters war when Japan bombs Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii, in late 1941
Chart
2SECTION
The Birth of NATO• U.S., France, Britain occupy Western Europe
after the war• USSR occupies Eastern Europe, eastern half of
Germany• In 1949, Western Europe nations join Canada,
U.S. to form NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization a defensive alliance
Europe After World War II
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The Marshall Plan• U.S. Secretary of State’s Economic
Cooperation Act of 1948- agricultural, industrial, financial aid to Western Europe
Map
Section 3
The Soviet UnionAfter World War II, the Soviet Union is the most powerful country in Europe, but life for most Soviet citizens is difficult.
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3SECTION
East Against West
The Strongest Nation in Europe• Political differences divide USSR-run Eastern
Europe from Western Europe- differences create invisible Iron Curtain- people of East cannot travel outside their countries
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics—15 republics, Russia is largest
• Germany destroyed much of western USSR, killed millions in war
• After war, USSR becomes strongest nation in Europe
The Soviet Union
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Continued . . .
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3SECTION
Communism• After war, USSR sets up Communist governments
in Eastern Europe- uses politics, force to make sure government is loyal to USSR
continued East Against West
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Soviet Control of Eastern Europe• Puppet governments do what they’re told by an
outside force• Eastern Europeans vote, but have one-party system
- all parties other than Communist Party are outlawed• Citizens can be jailed for stating views their leaders
don’t like
3SECTION
Ruler of Steel• Joseph Stalin rules after 1924 death of Vladimir
Lenin- Lenin helped remove czar in 1917
• Stalin is tough, feared ruler—name is related to word for “steel”
Joseph Stalin
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The Five-Year Plans• Under Stalin, government controls every aspect
of life• Five-year plans are economic goals
- government decides what goods to produce
Continued . . .
3SECTION
Soviet Agriculture• In 1930s, peasants are moved to government-
owned collective farms- employ many workers; all crops are distributed by government
• Workers, families face food shortages
continued Joseph Stalin
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The Secret Police• Used by Stalin to remove citizens who don’t
support government• Millions taken to slave-labor camps in Siberia
- many never return from this remote, cold northeastern region
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3SECTION
Four-Decade Standoff• After WWII, NATO and Soviet-run nations no
longer trade, cooperate• Most NATO nations are constitutional
monarchies, democracies- most Eastern European Warsaw Pact nations are Communist, Soviet-run
• 40-year Cold War—countries never fight for fear of nuclear war
• U.S., Western Europe fear spread of communism- USSR protects against invasion
The Cold War
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