the samanids , ghaznavids , and ilkhanids and from timur to babur: empire in central asia
DESCRIPTION
The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia. HIST 1007 11/15/13. History at the Movies. Kingdom of Heaven (2005) Thur. Nov. 21 st 6-9pm McMicken 53. Return of the Dihqans. Samanids (r. 819-999) Descent from pre-Islamic nobility - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Samanids, Ghaznavids, and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia
HIST 100711/15/13
![Page 2: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
History at the Movies
• Kingdom of Heaven (2005)• Thur. Nov. 21st 6-9pm• McMicken 53
![Page 3: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Return of the Dihqans• Samanids (r. 819-999)– Descent from pre-Islamic nobility– Maintained lands in Transoxania– Sub-governors under Tahirids– 901 – defeat Saffarids for control of Khurasan– Mixture of Islamic and Persian identity– Ability to deploy local networks
Monument to Isma`il b. Ahmad al-Samani (r. 892-907), Tajikistan
![Page 4: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Persian-Islamic Culture• Samanid court culture combines pre-Islamic Persian traditions
with Islam• Samanids rule through mixture of Persian kingship with Muslim
piety• New Persian – Persian in Arabic script• Persian as language of court and administration• Employment of religious scholars• Involvement in war against steppe Turks
Tomb of Ismail b. Ahmad, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
![Page 5: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nishapurware
![Page 6: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
New Persian• Is it anti-Arab?• Shu’ubiyya• Translation from Arabic• al-Tabari (d. 923), Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk (History of the Prophets and Kings)• Bal’ami, Tarikhnama-i Tabari (History of al-Tabari) – written in 963• Tafsiri Tabari
Manuscript of Tarikhnama-i Tabari
![Page 7: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Shahnama• “Book of Kings”• Stories of pre-Islamic Persian kings• Abu al-Qasim Firdawsi (940-1020)
– 1010 – completes verse Shahnama– 50,000 rhymed verses– Becomes national epic of Iran and neighboring countries
• Is this anti-Islamic?• Is it anti-Arab?
![Page 8: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Shahnama as Mirror for Princes• Royal farr – divine right of kings
– All kings must have it– Kings who misbehave can lose it
• Tales of legendary kings set the model for rulers both good and bad• Establishes a model of Persian kingship• Not entirely compatible with Islam
![Page 9: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Turko-Persian Culture• Turks entering Islamic world pass through the courts of the
Samanids first• Ghaznavids (r. 962-1186): Samanid ghulams turned rulers of
Afghanistan and Khurasan– Adoption of Persian as courtly language– Adoption of Persian dress and culture– Actual patrons of the Shahnama?!?
• Persian kingship another ideal for Turkic sultans to live up to.Mahmud of Ghazna (r. 997-1030) in hiscourt.
![Page 10: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Shanama and Turko-Persian Culture
![Page 11: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Steppe Peoples and Turko-Persian Culture
• Experience of ruling Transoxania and Khurasan• Incorporation of Persian advisors
– Seljuqs and Nizam al-Mulk• Over time, not just a shared culture• Shared story of transition from nomadic tribalism to empire• Turkic-Mongol social organization combined with Persianate-Islamic institutions and culture
![Page 12: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Turko-Persian Culture and the Mongols
• Mongol destruction of Central Asia• Calculated frightfulness• Il-Khanids – not immediately interested in Islam and Muslim traditions
– Golden Horde (Kipchak) and Chagatai Khanates convert first– Early favoritism towards Christians and Buddhists– Turko-Persian culture comes first
Chinggis Khan remembered as Persian Shah
![Page 13: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Turko-Mongol Traditions
• Lineage of Chinggis Khan – new source of legitimacy• Chagatay (son) and the Chagatay Khanate (r. 1225-
1687) – Central Asia• Jochi (son) and the Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) (r. 1240’s-1502) – Russia and Siberia• Hulagu (grandson) and the Il-khanids (r. 1256-1335) – Iraq, Iran, and Anatolia
![Page 14: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Timurids (r. 1370-1507)• Moghulistan – “Land of the Mongols” – modern Kazakhstan• Turkified Mongols• Turko-Persian culture• Timur (Tamerlane) (r. 1370-1405)
– Dream of recreating empire of Chinggis Khan– Not a Chinggisid– Islam as part of legitimization– “Sword of Islam”
![Page 15: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Timur the Mongol• Emir Timur not Timur Khan• Suyurghatmish (r. 1370-1384) – Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate, Chinggisid• Saray Mulk Khanum (ca. 1343-1406) – Wife of Timur, Chinggisid• Son-in-law State• Tokhtamysh-Timur War (1380’s-1390’s) – Timur battles Golden Horde for steppe supremacy
![Page 17: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Timur the Turko-Persian• Samarqand – Timur’s capital
– Silk Road entrepot– Samanid capital (along with Bukhara)
• 1383-1387 – Conquest of Iran• Isfahan – surrenders and later revolts
– Timur massacres 100,000-200,000 people– 28 towers of glowing heads– Systematic – spares artists and engineers
• Transformation of Samarqand• de Clavijo (d. 1412): Ambassador from Castile
![Page 18: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Gur-e Amir, Samarqand
![Page 19: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Timur the Muslim• Can’t become caliph• Ordained by God with supernatural personal power• Conquest is proof he is favored by God• “I am not a man of blood; and God is my witness that in all my wars I have never been the aggressor, and that my enemies have always been the authors of their own calamity.”
![Page 20: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Timur the Muslim• 1399-1402 – conquest of Anatolia, Iraq, and Syria• Wars with Mamluks and early Ottomans to restore Seljuq
authority• Removes Knights Hospitaller from Smyrna • Ghazi – Holy warrior• Establishment of mosques and madrassas• Sayyid Baraka (1343-1403): Sufi teacher, buried next to Timur
![Page 21: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Registan, Samarqand
![Page 22: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Forensic Reconstruction (1941)
![Page 23: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ulugh Beg Observatory, Samarqand
![Page 24: The Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids and From Timur to Babur: Empire in Central Asia](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568165a6550346895dd88d3b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ulugh Beg Observatory, Samarqand