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by Charles Lathrop Pack

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Title: The School Book of Forestry

Author: Charles Lathrop Pack

Release Date: March 15, 2004 [eBook #11587]

Language: English

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BOOK THE SCHOOL BOOK OF FORESTRY***

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FOREST FIRE GUARD STATIONED IN A TREE TOP



THE SCHOOL BOOK OFFORESTRY

BY



CHARLES LATHROP PACK

PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN TREE ASSOCIATION

1922

THE AUTHOR GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGESINFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE FROM THEWRITINGS AND REPORTS OF COL. W.B. GREELEY,U.S. FORESTER; COL. HENRY S. GRAVES, FORMERU.S. FORESTER; GIFFORD PINCHOT, FORMER U.S.FORESTER; DR. B.E. FERNOW, DR. J.W. TOUMEY,F.W. BESLEY, W.I. HUTCHINSON, R.H.D. BOERKER,PROF. NELSON C. BROWN, PROF. R.S. HOSMER,

E.A. STERLING, R.S. KELLOGG, E.T. ALLEN, S.GORDON DORRANCE, DR. HUGH P. BAKER,

ALFRED GASKILL, J.S. ILLICK, AND MANY OTHERLEADERS IN FORESTRY.



"THE PART OF GOOD CITIZENS"

A people without children would face a hopelessuture; a country without trees is almost as helpless;orests which are so used that they cannot renewhemselves will soon vanish, and with them all their enefits. When you help to preserve our forests or lant new ones you are acting the part of good

tizens.

— THEODORE ROOSEVELT.



INTRODUCTION

Our forests, with their billions of trees, are theackbone of agriculture, the skeleton of lumbering,nd the heart of industry. Even now, in spite of their epletion, they are the cream of our naturalesources. They furnish wood for the nation, pastureor thousands of cattle and sheep, and water supply

or countless cities and farms. They are theominions of wild life. Millions of birds, gamenimals, and fish live in the forests and the foresttreams. The time is coming when our forests will behe greatest playgrounds of America. It is necessaryhat we preserve, protect, and expand our

mberlands. By so doing we shall provide for theeeds of future generations.

The forest is one of the most faithful friends of man. It provides him with materials to build homes. Iturnishes fuel. It aids agriculture by preventing floodsnd storing the surplus rainfall in the soil for the usef farm crops. It supplies the foundation for all our ailroads. It is the producer of fertile soils. It givesmployment to millions of workmen. It is a resource

which bountifully repays kind treatment. It is the best



rganized feature of the plant world. The forest is notmerely a collection of different kinds of trees. It is aermanent asset which will yield large returns over

ong periods when properly managed.

Our forest fortune has been thoughtlesslyquandered by successive generations of pendthrifts. Fortunately, it is not too late to rebuild ithrough coöperative effort.

The work has been well begun, but it is a work of ears, and it is to the youth of the country that we

must look for its continuous expansion anderpetuation. A part of our effort must be directedoward familiarizing them with the needs andewards of an intelligent forestry policy.



CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. HOW TREES GROW AND MULTIPLY

CHAPTER II. THE FOREST FAMILIES

CHAPTER III. FORESTS AND FLOODS

CHAPTER IV. WILD LIFE OF THE FOREST

CHAPTER V. IMPORTANT FOREST TREES AND THEIRUSES

CHAPTER VI. THE GREATEST ENEMY OF THE FOREST—FIRE

CHAPTER VII. INSECTS AND DISEASES THATDESTROY FORESTS

CHAPTER VIII. THE GROWTH OF THE FORESTRY IDEA

CHAPTER IX. OUR NATIONAL FORESTS

CHAPTER X. THE NATIONAL FORESTS OF ALASKA

CHAPTER XI. PROGRESS IN STATE FORESTRY

CHAPTER XII. THE PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION

CHAPTER XIII. SOLVING OUR FORESTRY PROBLEMS

CHAPTER XIV. WHY THE UNITED STATES SHOULDPRACTICE FORESTRY



CHAPTER XV. WHY THE LUMBERMAN SHOULDPRACTICE FORESTRY

CHAPTER XVI. WHY THE FARMER SHOULD PRACTICEFORESTRY

CHAPTER XVII. PUTTING WOOD WASTE TO WORK

CHAPTER XVIII. WOOD FOR THE NATION

ILLUSTRATIONS

Transcriber's note: This list has been re-orderedo match the order the illustrations appeared in the

ook. "Section of a Virgin Forest" had been listeds the second illustration.

Forest Fire Guard Stationed in a Tree Top

The Sequoias of California

A Forest Ranger and His Forest Cabin

Pine Which Yields Turpentine and Timber

Forest Fires Destroy Millions of Dollars Worth of Timber Every Year



Blackened Ruins of a Fire Swept Forest

Section of a Virgin Forest

Forest Management Provides for Cutting Mature Trees

Seed Beds in a Forest Nursery

Sowing Forest Seed in an Effort to Grow a New Forest

A Camping Ground in a National Forest

Good Forests Mean Good Hunting and Fishing

Young White Pine Seeded from Adjoining Pine Trees

What Some Kinds of Timber Cutting Do to a Forest

On Poor Soil Trees Are More Profitable Than Farm Crops

A Forest Crop on its Way to the Market



THE SCHOOL BOOK OFFORESTRY



CHAPTER I

HOW TREES GROW AND MULTIPLY

The trees of the forest grow by forming new layersf wood directly under the bark. Trees are heldpright in the soil by means of roots which reach to aepth of many feet where the soil is loose and

orous. These roots are the supports of the tree.hey hold it rigidly in position. They also supply theee with food. Through delicate hairs on the roots,

hey absorb soil moisture and plant food from thearth and pass them along to the tree. The body of he tree acts as a passage way through which the

ood and drink are conveyed to the top or crown. Therown is the place where the food is digested andhe regeneration of trees effected.

The leaves contain a material known ashlorophyll, which, in the presence of light and heat,hanges mineral substances into plant food.

Chlorophyll gives the leaves their green color. Theells of the plant that are rich in chlorophyll have theower to convert carbonic-acid gas into carbon andxygen. These cells combine the carbon and the soil



water into chemical mixtures which are partiallyigested when they reach the crown of the tree. The

water, containing salts, which is gathered by theoots is brought up to the leaves. Here it combines

with the carbonic-acid gas taken from the air. Under

he action of chlorophyll and sunlight theseubstances are split up, the carbon, oxygen andydrogen being combined into plant food. It is either sed immediately or stored away for futuremergency.

Trees breathe somewhat like human beings. Theyake in oxygen and give off carbonic-acid gas. Their enters the tree through the leaves and smallpenings in the bark, which are easily seen in suchees as the cherry and birch. Trees breatheonstantly, but they digest and assimilate food only

uring the day and in the presence of light. In therocess of digestion and assimilation they give off xygen in abundance, but they retain most of thearbonic acid gas, which is a plant food, and

whatever part of it is not used immediately is storedp by the tree and used for its growth andevelopment. Trees also give off their excess

moisture through the leaves and bark. Otherwisehey would become waterlogged during periodswhen the water is rising rapidly from the roots.



After the first year, trees grow by increasing thehickness of the older buds. Increase in height andensity of crown cover is due to the development of he younger twigs. New growth on the tree is spreadvenly between the wood and bark over the entire

ody of the plant. This process of wood productionesembles a factory enterprise in which three layersf material are engaged. In the first two of theseelicate tissues the wood is actually made. The inner de of the middle layer produces new wood while

he outer side grows bark. The third layer is

esponsible for the production of the tough, outer ark. Year after year new layers of wood are formedround the first layers. This first layer finally develops

nto heartwood, which, so far as growth isoncerned, is dead material. Its cells are blocked upnd prevent the flow of sap. It aids in supporting the

ee. The living sapwood surrounds the heartwood.ach year one ring of this sapwood develops. Thisrocess of growth may continue until the annual

ayers amount to 50 or 100, or more, according tohe life of the tree.

One can tell the age of a tree by counting theumber of annual rings. Sometimes, because of the

nterruption of normal growth, two false rings may beroduced instead of a single true ring. However,uch blemishes are easy for the trained eye to



ecognize. Heartwood does not occur in all varietiesf trees. In some cases, where both heartwood andapwood appear, it is difficult to distinguish betweenhem as their colors are so nearly alike. Because itakes up so much moisture and plant food, sapwood

ots much more quickly than heartwood. Theapwood really acts as a pipe line to carry water om the roots to the top of the tree. In some of our

argest trees the moisture is raised as high as 300eet or more through the sapwood.

Strange though it may seem, trees fight with eachther for a place in the sunlight. Sprightly trees thathoot skyward at a swift pace are the ones thatevelop into the monarchs of the forest. They excelheir mates in growth because at all times they arexposed to plenty of light. The less fortunate trees,

hat are more stocky and sturdy, and less speedy inheir climb toward the sky, are killed out in largeumbers each year. The weaker, spindly trees of theorest, which are slow growers, often are smotheredut by the more vigorous trees.

Some trees are able to grow in the shade. Theyevelop near or under the large trees of the forest.

When the giants of the woodland die, these smaller ees, which previously were shaded, develop rapidlys a result of their freedom from su ression. In



many cases they grow almost as large and high ashe huge trees that they replace. In our easternorests the hemlock often follows the white pine inhis way. Spruce trees may live for many years inense shade. Then finally, when they have access to

lenty of light they may develop into sturdy trees. Aee that is a pigmy in one locality may rank as aiant in another region due to different conditions of rowth and climate. For example, the canoe birch ats northern limit is a runt. It never grows higher than aew feet above the ground. Under the most favorable

onditions in Florida, where this species thrives,uch trees often tower to a height of 125 feet.

In sheltered regions the seeds of trees may fall,prout and take root close to their parent trees. As aule, the wind plays a prominent part in distributingeed in every section of the country. Pine and fir eeds are equipped with wings like those of a birdr an airplane. They enable the seeds to fly longistances on the wind before they drop to the groundnd are covered with leaves. Maple seeds fly by

means of double-winged sails which carry them far field before they settle. Ash seeds have peculiar ppendages which act like a skate-sail inansporting them to distant sections. Cottonwoodeeds have downy wings which aid their flight, whileasswood seeds are distributed over the country by



means of parachute-like wings. The pods of theocust tree fall on the frozen ground or snow crustnd are blown long distances from their source. On

he other hand, oak, hickory, and chestnut treesroduce heavy seeds which generally remain where

hey fall.

Squirrels are the most industrious foresters in thenimal world. Each year they bury great quantities of ee seeds in hoards or caches hidden away inollow logs or in the moss and leaves of the forest

oor. Birds also scatter tree seed here, there, andverywhere over the forests and the surroundingountry. Running streams and rivers carry seedsninjured for many miles and finally deposit them inlaces where they sprout and grow into trees. Manyeeds are carried by the ocean currents to distant

oreign shores.

The decay of leaves and woodland vegetationorms rich and fertile soils in the forests, in whichonditions are favorable for the development of new

ee growth. When living tree seeds are exposed toroper amounts of moisture, warmth and air in aertile soil, they will sprout and grow. A root developswhich pushes its way down into the soil, while theeaf-bud of the plant, which springs from the other nd of the seed works its wa u ward toward the



ght and air. This leafy part of the seed finally formshe stem of the tree. But trees may produce plenty of eed and yet fail to maintain their proper proportion

n the forest. This results because much of the seeds unsound. Even where a satisfactory supply of

ound fertile seed is produced, it does not follow thathe trees of that variety will be maintained in theorest, as the seed supply may be scattered innfavorable positions for germination. Millions of ttle seedlings, however, start to grow in the forestach year, but only a small number survive and

ecome large trees. This is because so many of theeedlings are destroyed by forest fires, cattle andheep grazing, unfavorable soil and weather onditions, and many other causes.

Beech and chestnut trees and others of the broad-eaved type reproduce by means of sprouts as wells by seed. Generally, the young stumps of broad-

eaved trees produce more sprouts than the stumpsf older trees which have stood for some time.Among the cone-bearing trees reproduction byprouts is rare. The redwood of California is one of he few exceptions. The pitch pine of the Easterntates produces many sprouts, few of which live andevelop into marketable timber.



When trees are grown in nurseries, the practice iso sow the seed in special beds filled with rich soil.ath screens are used as shade. They protect theoung seedlings from the sun just as the parent trees

would do in the forest. The seedbeds are kept well

ultivated and free of weeds so that the seedlingsmay have the best opportunities for rapid growth.Generally the seeds are sown in the spring betweenMarch and May. Such seeds as the elms and softmaples, which ripen in the early summer, are sowns soon as possible after they are gathered.

ractical tests have shown that thick sowings of treeeeds give the best results. There is little danger of weeds smothering out the seedlings under suchonditions. After the seed has germinated the beds

may be thinned so that the seedlings will have moreoom to develop.

During the fall of the same year, or in the followingpring, the seedlings should be transplanted toursery rows. Thereafter it is customary to transplanthe young trees at least once again during dampweather. When the trees finally are robust and

gorous and have reached the age of two to fiveears, they are dug up carefully and set outermanently. The usual practice is to keep theeedlings one year in the seedbed and two years inhe nursery rows before they are set out. Whether the



ansplanting should take place during the spring or all depends largely on the climate and geography of he locality. Practical experience is the best guide inuch matters.

Some farmers and land owners are nownterested in setting out hardwood forests for ommercial purposes. If they do not wish tourchase their seedlings from a reliable nursery-

man, they can grow them from carefully selectedeed planted in well-prepared seedbeds. The

opular practice is to sow the seed in drills about 2o 3 feet apart so that horses may be used for ultivation. The seeds are sown to a depth of 2 to 3mes their thickness. They are placed close enoughn the drill so that from 12 to 15 seedlings to thenear foot result. In order to hasten the sprouting of

he seeds, some planters soak them in cold water or several days before sowing. In the case of suchard-coated seed as the black locust or honey

ocust, it is best to soak them in hot water beforelanting.



CHAPTER II

THE FOREST FAMILIES

Trees are as queer in picking out places to livend in their habits of growth as are the peoples of

he various races which inhabit the world. Someees do best in the icy northland. They become

weak and die when brought to warm climates.Others that are accustomed to tropical weather failo make further growth when exposed to extremeold. The appearance of Jack Frost means death to

most of the trees that come from near the equator.ven on the opposite slopes of the same mountain

he types of trees are often very different. Trees thato well on the north side require plenty of moisturend cool weather. Those that prosper on southxposures are equipped to resist late and earlyosts as well as very hot sunshine. The moistureeeds of different trees are as remarkable as their

kes and dislikes for warmth and cold. Some treesttain large size in a swampy country. Trees of theame kind will become stunted in sections where dry

weather persists.



In some parts of the United States forestry expertsan tell where they are by the local tree growth. For xample, in the extreme northern districts the sprucend the balsam fir are native. As one travels farther outh these give way to little Jack pine and aspen

ees. Next come the stately forests of white andorway pine. Sometimes a few slow-growingemlock trees appear in the colder sections. If oneontinues his journey toward the equator he will nextass through forests of broad-leaved trees. They will

nclude oak, maple, beech, chestnut, hickory, and

ycamore.

In Kentucky, which is a centre of the broad-leavedelt, there are several hundred different varieties of ees. Farther south, the cone-bearing speciesrevail. They are followed in the march toward the

Gulf of Mexico by the tropical trees of southernlorida. If one journeys west from the Mississippi

River across the Great Plains he finally will come tohe Rocky Mountains, where evergreen treesredominate. If oak, maple, poplar, or other broad-

eaved trees grow in that region, they occur incattered stands. In the eastern forests the trees areose together. They form a leafy canopy overhead.

n the forests of the Rockies the evergreens standome distance apart so that their tops do not touch.

As a result, these Western forests do not shade the



round as well as those in the east. This causes theoils of these forests to be much drier, and alsoncreases the danger from fire.

The forests of western Washington and Oregon,

nlike most timberlands of the Rocky MountainRegion, are as dense as any forests in the world.

ven at midday it is as dark as twilight in theseorests. The trees are gigantic. They tower 150 to00 feet above the ground. Their trunks often are 6eet or larger in diameter. They make the trees of the

astern forests look stunted. They are excelled inze only by the mammoth redwood trees of northern

California and the giant Sequoias of the southernierras.



THE SEQUOIAS OF CALIFORNIA

Differences of climate have largely influenced treerowth and types in this country. The distribution of ee families is changing all the time. It shifts just as

he climate and other conditions chan e. Trees



onstantly strive among themselves for control of ifferent localities. For a time one species willredominate. Then other varieties will appear andisplace the ones already established. Theistribution of trees changes very remarkably from

ne century to another. For example, in someections, the red and black oaks are replacing thewhite oaks. Some trees are light-lovers. They requiremuch more sunlight than others that do well under eavy shade. Oak trees require plenty of light;

maples or beeches thrive on little light.

The seed of trees requiring little light may becattered in a dense forest together with that of trees

which need plenty of daylight in order to makeormal growth. The seedlings that like shade willevelop under such conditions while those that needght will pine away and die. Gradually the shade-oving trees will replace the light-loving trees in such

forest stand. Even the different trees of the sameamily often strive with one another for light andmoisture. Each tree differs from every other one inhape and size. Trees will adapt themselves to theght and moisture conditions to which they arexposed. A tree that has access to plenty of

moisture and sunlight grows evenly from the groundo its top with a bushy, wide-spreading crown. Theame tree, if it grows in the shade, will reach a



reater height but will have a small compact crown.rees run a race in their rapidity of growth. The

winners get the desirable places in the sunlight androsper. The losers develop into stunted trees thatften die, due to lack of light exposure. A better

uality of lumber results from tall straight trees thanhat produced by the symmetrical, branching trees.hat is why every forester who sets out trees tries torovide conditions which will make them grow tallnd with the smallest possible covering of branchesn the lower part of the trunks.

Where trees are exposed to strong winds, theyevelop deep and strong root systems. Theyroduce large and strong trunks that can bend andesist violent winds which sway and twist them invery direction. Such trees are much stronger and

turdier than those that grow in a sheltered forest.he trees that are blown down in the forest providepace for the introduction and growth of newarieties. These activities are constantly changinghe type of tree growth in the forest.

Our original forests which bordered the Atlanticoast line when America was first settled, wereense and impenetrable. The colonists feared theorests because they sheltered the hostile Indianswho lurked near the white settlements. In time this



ear of the forest developed into hatred of the forest.As a result, the colonists cut trees as rapidly as theyould. In every way they fought back the wilderness.hey and their children's children have worked soffectively that the original wealth of woodlands has

een depleted. At present, cleared fields andutover areas abound in regions that at one timewere covered with magnificent stands of timber.

In many sections of the country our forests are nowo reduced that they are of little commercialmportance. However, these areas are not yetntirely denuded. Predictions have been madeequently that our woodlands would soon disappear.cientific foresters report that such statements are

ncorrect. There are only a few districts in the countrywhich probably will never again support much treerowth. Their denuded condition is due largely to theestruction of the neighboring mountain forests ando the activities of erosion. Under ordinaryonditions, natural reforestation will maintain aatisfactory tree growth on lands where a practicalystem of forest protection is practiced. Theomplete removal of the forest is now accomplishednly in fertile farming regions, where the agriculturalalue of the land is too high to permit it to remainonger in forest cover. Even in the Mississippi Valleynd the Great Lakes belts there are still large areas



f forest land. Most of the farms have woodlots whichrovide fuel, fencing, and some lumber. For the mostart, these farm woodlots are abused. They have noteen managed correctly. Fortunately, a change for he better is now evident. The farm woodlot owners

re coming to appreciate the importance of rotecting the trees for future use. In some cases,hey are even replanting areas that have been cutver. There are large tracts of sandy, rocky andwampy land in these districts that are satisfactoryor tree production. In fact, about all these fields are

ood for is the growing of timber. Campaigns areow under way to increase tree planting and develophe production of lands adapted for forestry whichreviously have been idle.

The United States of the future will not be a desert,

ee-less country. However, immediate measures toave our remaining trees must be developed. Thereater part of our virgin timber has already been

elled. The aftermath forests, which succeed thergin stand, generally are inferior. Our supplies of sh, black walnut and hickory, once abundant, areow seriously limited. Formerly, these mixed forestsovered vast stretches of country which todayupport only a scant crop of young trees which willot be ready for market for many years. Theseecond-growth stands will never approach in value



r quality the original forests. Over large areas,oplar, white birch, and Jack pine trees nowredominate on lands which formerly bore densetands of white pine. In many places, scrubbynderbrush and stunted trees occupy lands which

eretofore have been heavy producers of marketable timber trees.

Generally speaking, farm lands should not besed for forestry purposes. On the other hand, someorest lands can be profitably cleared and used for

griculture. For example, settlers are felling treesnd fighting stumps in northern Wisconsin, Michigan,nd Minnesota. Some of these virgin lands arealuable for farming purposes, others are not. It isreferable that they should produce farm crops

nstead of tree crops if the land is best adapted to

gricultural use. It is an economic necessity that allands in this country best suited for farming purposeshould be tilled. Our ever-increasing populationemands that every acre of land useful for growingrops should be cleared and devoted to farming.nder such conditions, the settlers should reserveufficient woodlands for their home needs, carefullyistinguishing between the land that is best for gricultural purposes and the land that is best for orestry purposes, and thus doubling their resources.



Thoughtless lumbermen have pillaged millions of cres of our most productive forests. The early

umbermen wasted our woodland resources. Theymade the same mistakes as everyone else in theare and protection of our original forests. The

reatest blame for the wasting of our lumber esources rests with the State and Federaluthorities who permitted the depletion. Many of our

umbermen now appreciate the need of preservingnd protecting our forests for future generations.ome of them have changed their policies and are

ow doing all in their power to aid forestonservation.

The ability of a properly managed forest toroduce new crops of trees year after year promisess a future supply of wood sufficient for all our needsonly we will conserve our timberlands as they

eserve. It is our duty to handle the forests in theame way that fertile farming fields are managed.hat is to say, they should be so treated that they willeld a profitable money crop every year without

educing their powers of future production. Privatewners and farmers are coming slowly to realize therave importance of preserving and extending our

woodlands. The public, the State and the Nation areow solidly behind the movement to improve our orestry and to safe-guard our forests. Several of the



tates, including New York and Pennsylvania, haveurchased large areas of timberlands for State

orests. These will be developed as future sources of umber supply.



CHAPTER III

FORESTS AND FLOODS

Forests are necessary at the headwaters of treams. The trees break the force of the rain drops,nd the forest floor, acting as a large sponge,bsorbs rainfall and prevents run-off and floods.

nless there are forests at the sources of streamsnd rivers, floods occur. The spring uprisings of theMississippi, Ohio and Missouri Rivers are dueargely to the lack of forests at their headwaters. Inhe regions drained by these streams the run-off water is not absorbed as it should be. It flows

nimpeded from the higher levels to the river valleys.floods the river courses with so much water thathey burst their banks and pour pell-mell over theurrounding country. Many floods which occur in thenited States occur because we have cut down

arge areas of trees which formerly protected the

ources of streams and rivers.

A grave danger that threatens western farming ishat some time in the future the greater part of theegetation and forest cover on the watersheds of



The National Forests aid greatly in conserving andmaking available for use the precious limited rainfallf the arid regions. That is why settlers in irrigatedistricts are deeply interested in the cutting of timber

n the Federal woodlands. Destructive lumbering isever practiced in these forests. In its place haseen substituted a system of management thatssures the continued preservation of the forest-over. Uncle Sam is paying special attention to the

western water-sheds which supply reclamation and

rigation projects. He understands that the ability of he forest to regulate stream flow is of greatmportance. The irrigation farmers also desire aegular flow, evenly distributed, throughout therowing season.

One of the chief reasons for the establishment of he National Forest was to preserve the naturalonditions favorable to stream flow. In a treelessountry, the rise of the streams is a very accurate

measure of the rainfall. In the region where forests

re frequent, an ordinary rain is scarcely noticed ins effect on the stream. In a denuded district noatural obstacles impede the raindrops as theyatter to the ground. The surface of the soil is usuallyard. It is baked and dried out by the sun. It is not inondition to absorb or retain much of the run-off



water, consequently, the rain water finds little to stopas it swirls down the slopes. In torrents it rushes

own the stream beds, like sheets of water flowingown the steep roof of a house.

Conditions are very different in a region whereorest cover is abundant. In the forests, the tops of he trees catch much of the rain that falls. The leaves,wigs, branches and trunks of the trees also soak uponsiderable moisture. The amount of rainfall thatirectly strikes the ground is relatively small. Thepper layer of the forested ground consists of aetwork of shrubs, and dead leaves, branches, and

moss. This forest carpet acts like an enormousponge. It soaks up the moisture which drops fromhe trees during a storm. It can absorb and hold for ame a rainfall of four or five inches. The water thatnally reaches the ground sinks into the soil and isvaporated or runs off slowly. The portion that isbsorbed by the soil is taken up by the roots of theees and plants or goes to supply springs and

watercourses.

The power of the trees and forest soil to absorbwater regulates the rate at which the rainfall is fed tohe streams and rivers. Frequently it takes weeksnd even months for all the waters of a certain rain to



each these streams. This gradual supplying of water o the streams regulates their flow. It prevents floodsnd freshets. Careful observation and

measurements have shown that unforested regionswill discharge rain water at least twice as fast as will

orested districts.

The stealing of soil by erosion occurs where run-ff waters are not obstructed by forest growth. Silt,and, and every other kind of soil are swept fromheir natural positions and spritted away by the

oaming waters as they surge down the steepopes. The stream or river which is flooded by these

ushing waters roars down its narrow channel,earing loose and undermining the jutting banks. Inome cases, it will break from its ordinary course toood exposed fields and to carry away more soil. As

he speed of the stream increases its power to stealoil and carry it off is increased. Engineers reporthat the carrying power of a stream is increased 64mes when its rate of flow is doubled. If the flow of aver is speeded up ten times, this raging torrent wille able to carry one million times as much foreign

material as it did when it was flowing at a normalate of speed, causing inexpressible damage andestruction of life and property.

The rotection afforded b forests on the water-



heds of streams furnishing the domestic water upply for cities and towns is becoming more fullyealized. A large number of cities and towns haveurchased and are maintaining municipal or ommunal forests for this very reason.



CHAPTER IV

WILD LIFE OF THE FOREST

The forests of our country are the home andreeding grounds of hundreds of millions of birdsnd game animals, which the forests provide with

ood and shelter. If we had no forests, many of these

irds and animals would soon disappear. Thecorns and other nuts that the squirrels live upon arexamples of the food that the forest provides for itsesidents.

In the clear, cold streams of the forests there aremany different kinds of fish. If the forests wereestroyed by cutting or fire many of the brooks andvers would either dry up or the water would becomeo low that thousands of fish would die.

The most abundant game animals of forestegions are deer, elk, antelope and moose.artridge, grouse, quail, wild turkeys and other ame birds are plentiful in some regions. The bestnown of all the inhabitants of the woods are the



quirrels. The presence of these many birds andnimals adds greatly to the attractiveness of theorest.

Predatory animals, such as wolves, bears,

mountain lions, coyotes and bobcats also live in theorest. They kill much livestock each year in themountain regions of the Western States and theylso prey on some species of bird life. The Federalnd some State governments now employrofessional hunters to trap and shoot these

marauders. Each year the hunters kill thousands of redatory animals, thus saving the farmers and cattlend sheep owners many thousands of dollars.

Sportsmen are so numerous and hunting is so

opular, that game refuges have to be provided inhe forests and parks. Were it not for these havens of efuge where hunting is not permitted, some of our est known wild game and birds would soon bextinct. There are more than 11,640,648 acres of orest land in the government game refuges.

California has 22 game refuges in her 17 Nationalorests. New Mexico has 19, while Montana, Idaho,

Colorado, Washington and Oregon also have setside areas of government forest land for thaturpose. In establishing a game refuge, it isecessar to ick out a lar e area of land that



ontains enough good feed for both the summer andwinter use of the animals that will inhabit it.

A FOREST RANGER AND HIS FOREST CABIN

Livestock is sometimes grazed on game refuges,

ut only in small numbers, so that plenty of grass wille left for the support of the wild game. The refugesre under the direction of the Federal and the Stateame departments. To perpetuate game animalsnd game birds, it is not enough to pass game laws



nd forbid the shooting of certain animals and birdsxcept at special times of the year; it is alsoecessary to provide good breeding grounds for theirds and animals where they will not be molested or lled. The game refuges provide such conditions.

The division of the range country into small farmsnd the raising of all kinds of crops have, it isaimed, done more to decrease our herds of ntelope, elk, deer and other big game than have thefles of the hunters. The plow and harrow have

riven the wild life back into the rougher country. Thenow becomes very deep in the mountains in the

winter and the wild animals could not get food were itot for the game refuges in the low country. In the

Yellowstone National Park country great bands of elkome down from the mountains during severe

winters and have to be fed on hay to keep them fromtarving, as there is not sufficient winter range in thisegion to supply food for the thousands of elk.

Where the elk are protected from hunters they

ncrease rapidly. This means that some of theurplus animals have to be killed, otherwise, the elk

would soon be so numerous that they woulderiously interfere with the grazing of domesticvestock. In different sections of the elk country, aount is made ever few ears on the breedin



nimals in each band. Whenever a surplusccumulates, the state permits hunters to shootome of the elk. If the breeding herds get too small,o hunting is allowed. In this way, a proper balance

s maintained.

In many states the wild game birds and fur-bearingnimals of the forests are protected by closedeasons during which hunting is not permitted. It isealized that birds and animals are not only of nterest to visitors to the forests, but that they, as wells the trees, are a valuable forest product.



CHAPTER V

MPORTANT FOREST TREES AND THEIRUSES

Of our native trees, the white pine is one of theest and most valuable. It is a tall straight tree thatrows to a height of 100 to 150 feet. It produces

wood that is light in weight and easy to workecause it is so soft. At one time there werextensive pine forests in the northeastern states.

Many of the trees were very large, and occasionallyne may still see pine stumps that are 5 to 6 feet iniameter. White pine made fine lumber for houses

nd other buildings and this timber was among therst to be exhausted in the country.

Spruce trees have long furnished the bulk of thewoodpulp used in making our supplies of paper.

hese trees live in the colder climates of the northerntates. They like to grow in low, wet localities closeo lakes or rivers. The spruces generally do not growigher than 75-100 feet. The wood is soft like pinend even whiter in color. The aboriginal Indians usedhe roots of the spruce trees as thread, twine and



ope.

The cedar trees, which are landmarks in many of ur northern states, yield light, soft, durable woodhat is useful in making poles, fence posts, lead

encils and cedar chests. The wood of the red cedar ives off a peculiar odor which is said to keep mothsway from clothes stored in cedar chests, but it ishe close construction of the chest which keeps themut. These trees are becoming scarce in all parts of

he country. Cedars generally are small trees that

row slowly and live a long time. The outside woods white and the heartwood is red or yellow. Cedar osts last a long time and are excellent for use inarm fences.

Chestnut blight, which destroys entire forests of hestnut timber, is gradually exhausting our suppliesf this wood. Chestnut timber has long been used for ailroad ties, fence posts and in the manufacture of heap furniture. The wood is soft and brown in color.he bark and wood are treated at special plants in

uch a way that an extract which is valuable for anning leather is obtained. Chestnut trees arepstanding, straight trees that tower 80 to 100 feetbove the ground. The extinction of our chestnutorests threatens as no effectual control measuresor checkin the chestnut bli ht disease over lar e



reas has yet been discovered.

The yellow poplar or tulip poplar furnishes timber or the manufacture of furniture, paper, the interior of ailroad cars and automobiles. The dugouts of thearly settlers and Indians were hewed out of poplar

ogs. These boats were stronger than those made of anoe birch. Poplar wood is yellow in color and soft

n texture. The poplar is the largest broad-leaf tree inhis country and the trees are of great size andeight. Some specimens found in the mountains of he South have been over 200 feet high and 8 to 10eet in diameter, while poplars 125 to 150 feet highre quite common.

Among our most useful and valuable trees are the

white oak, and its close kin, the red oak, whichroduce a brown-colored, hard wood of remarkableurability. The white oak is the monarch of the forest,s it lives very long and is larger and stronger thanhe majority of its associates. The timber is used for ailroad ties, furniture, and in general construction

work where tough, durable lumber is needed. Manyf our wooden ships have been built of oak. The

white oaks often grow as high as 100 feet and attainmassive dimensions. The seeds of the white oaksre light brown acorns, which are highly relished by



irds and animals. Many southern farmers rangeheir hogs in white oak forests so that the porkersan live on the acorn crop.

Beech wood is strong and tough and is used in

making boxes and barrels and casks for thehipment of butter, sugar and other foods. It makesxles and shafts for water-wheels that will last for

many years. The shoes worn by Dutch children areenerally made of beech. The wood is red in color.he beech tree is of medium size growing to a

eight of about 75 feet above the ground. There isnly one common variety of beech tree in thisountry.

Hickory trees are very popular because they

roduce sweet, edible nuts. The hickory wood isxceedingly strong and tough and is used wherever tout material is needed. For the spokes, wheelsnd bodies of buggies and wagons, for agricultural

mplements, for automobile wheels and for handles,ickory is unexcelled. The shafts of golf clubs as well

s some types of base-ball bats are made of ickory. Most hickory trees are easy to identify onccount of their shaggy bark. The nuts of the hickory,

which ripen in the autumn, are sweet, delicious andmuch in demand.



Our native elm tree is stately, reaching a height of 00 feet and a diameter of 5 to 6 feet or more. It isne of our best shade trees. Elm wood is light brown

n color and very heavy and strong. It is the bestvailable wood for making wagon wheel hubs and islso used largely for baskets and barrels. The rimsf bicycle wheels generally are made of elm.

The canoe birch is a tree which was treasured byhe early Indians because it yielded bark for making

anoes. Birch wood is used in making shoe lastsnd pegs because of its strength and light weight,nd the millions of spools on which cotton is woundre made of birch wood. School desks and church

urniture, also, are made of birch. The orange-olored inner bark of the birch tree is so fine and

elicate that the early settlers could use it as theywould paper. No matter whether birch wood is greenr dry, it will burn readily. The birch was the mostseful tree of the forest to the Indians. Its bark wassed not only for making their canoes, but also for uilding their wigwams. They even dried and ground

he inner bark into a flour which they used as a food.

The northern sugar maple is another tree which isfavorite in all sections where it is grown. This treeelds a hard wood that is the best and toughest



mber grown in some localities. The trees grow toeights of 75 to 100 feet and attain girths of 5 to 9

eet. Maple lumber is stout and heavy. It makes fineooring and is used in skating rinks and for bowlinglleys. Many pianos are made of maple. Wooden

ishes and rolling pins are usually made from maplewood. During the spring of the year when the sap isowing, the average mature maple tree will yieldom fifteen to twenty gallons of sap in a period of

hree to four weeks. This sap is afterwards boiledown to maple syrup and sugar.

Hemlock trees, despite the fact that they rankmong the most beautiful trees of the forest, produce

umber which is suitable only for rough buildingperations. The wood is brown and soft and will not

ast long when exposed to the weather. It cracks and

plits easily because it is so brittle. Hemlock is nowf considerable importance as pulpwood for makingaper. For many years, a material important for anning leather has been extracted in large amountsom the bark of hemlock trees.

One of the most pleasing uses to which thealsam fir is put is as Christmas trees. Sometimes it

s used in making paper pulp. The balsam fir seldomrows higher than 50 feet or thicker than 12 inches.he leaves of this tree have a ver sweet odor and



re in demand at Christmas time. Foresters andwoodsmen often use balsam boughs to make their eds and pillows when camping in the woods.

PINE WHICH YIELDS TURPENTINE AND TIMBER

Our native supplies of hardwoods and softwoodsre used for general building purposes, for farmepairs, for railroad ties, in the furniture and veneer ndustry, in the handle industry, and in the vehicle andgricultural implement industries. On the average



ach American farmer uses about 2,000 board feetf lumber each year. New farm building decreased

n the several years following the World War, due tohe high price of lumber and labor. As a result of thisack of necessary building, millions of dollars worth

f farm machinery stood out in the weather.ivestock lacked stables in some sections. Very littleuilding was done in that period in two hundred andfty prosperous agricultural counties in thirty-twoifferent states.

The railroads consume about 15 per cent. of our otal lumber cut. They use between 100,000,000 and25,000,000 railroad ties a year. It used to be that

most of the cross-ties were of white oak cut close tohe places where they were used. Now Douglas fir,outhern pine and other woods are being used

argely throughout the Middle Western and Easterntates. The supply of white oak ties is small and therices are high. Some years ago, when white oak

was abundant, the railroads that now are using other ross-ties would not have even considered such

material for use in their roadbeds. The fact that other es are now being used emphasizes the fact that were short on oak timber in the sections where thisardwood formerly was common.

The furniture industr uses hardwoods of su erior



rade and quality. The factories of this industry havemoved from region to region as the supply of ardwoods became depleted. Originally, theseactories were located in the Northeastern States.hen, as the supplies of hardwood timber in those

ections gave out, they moved westward. Theyemained near the Corn Belt until the virginardwood forests of the Middle West wereractically exhausted. The furniture industry is now

argely dependent on what hardwoods are left in theemote sections of the Southern Appalachians and

he lower Mississippi Valley. When these limitedupplies are used up, there will be very little moreld-growth timber in the country for them to use.

The furniture, veneer, handle, vehicle, automobilend agricultural implement industries all are inompetition for hardwood timber. The furniturendustry uses 1,250,000,000 feet of high-gradeardwood lumber annually. Production of timber of his type for furniture has decreased as much as 50er cent. during the past few years. It is now difficultor the furniture factories and veneer plants to securenough raw materials. Facilities for drying the green

umber artificially are few. It used to be that theardwood lumber was seasoned for six to nine

months before being sold. Furniture dealers nowave to buy the material green from the sawmills.



Competition has become so keen that buyers payigh prices. They must have the material to keep

heir plants running and to supply their trade.

The veneer industry provides furniture

manufacturers, musical instrument factories, boxmakers and the automobile industry with high-gradematerial. The industry uses annually 780,000,000oard feet of first quality hardwood cut from virgintands of timber. Red gum and white oak are theardwoods most in demand. In the Lake States, a

ranch of the veneer industry which uses maple,irch and basswood is located. Oak formerly was

he most important wood used. Now red gum haseplaced the oak, as the supplies of the latter timber ave dwindled. At present there is less than one-

ourth of a normal supply of veneer timber in sight.

ven the supplies in the farmers' woodlands areeing depleted. The industry is now largelyependent on the timber of the southern Mississippi

Valley. The veneer industry requires best-gradematerial. Clear logs are demanded that are at least6 inches in diameter at the small end. It is gettingarder every year to secure such logs. Like the

urniture industry, the veneer mills lack adequateupplies of good timber.

No satisfactor substitutes for the hickor and ash



sed in the handle industry have yet been found.About the only stocks of these timbers now left are inhe Southern States. Even in those parts theupplies are getting short and it is necessary to cutmber in the more remote sections distant from the

ailroad. The ash shortage is even more serious thanhat of hickory timber. The supplies of ash in theMiddle West States north of the Ohio River areractically exhausted. The demand for ash andickory handles is larger even than before the World

War. The entire world depends on the United States

or handles made from these woods. Handle dealersre now willing to pay high prices for ash and hickorymber. Some of them prepared for the shortage byuying tracts of hardwood timber. When theseeserves are cut over, these dealers will be in theame position as the rest of the trade.

Ash and hickory are in demand also by the vehiclend agricultural implement industries. They also useonsiderable oak and compete with the furniture

ndustry to secure what they need of this timber.Most of these plants are located in the Middle Westut they draw their timber chiefly from the South.ickory is a necessary wood to the vehicle industry

or use in spokes and wheels. The factories exertvery effort to secure adequate supplies of timber om the farm woodlands, sawmills and logging



amps. The automobile industry now usesonsiderable hickory in the wheels and spokes of

motor cars.

Most of the stock used by the vehicle industry is

urchased green. Neither the lumber nor vehiclendustry is equipped with enough kilns for curing thisreen material. The losses in working and

manufacturing are heavy, running as high as 40 per ent. Many substitutes for ash, oak and hickory haveeen tried but they have failed to prove satisfactory.

On account of the shortage and the high prices of ickory, vehicle factories are using steel in place of ickory wherever possible. Steel is more expensiveut it can always be secured in quantity wheneeded. Furthermore, it is durable and very strong.

Thus we see that our resources of useful softwoods and hard woods have both been soiminished that prompt reforestation of thesepecies is an urgent necessity.



CHAPTER VI

THE GREATEST ENEMY OF THE FOREST—FIRE

Our forests are exposed to destruction by manynemies, the worst of which is fire. From 8,000,000

o 12,000,000 acres of forest lands annually are

urned over by destructive fires. These fires aretarted in many different ways. They may be causedy sparks or hot ashes from a locomotive. Lightningtrikes in many forests every summer, particularlyhose of the Western States, and ignites many trees.n the South people sometimes set fires in order to

mprove the grazing. Settlers and farmers who areearing land often start big brush fires that get out of

heir control. Campers, tourists, hunters, andshermen are responsible for many forest fires byeglecting to extinguish their campfires. Sparks from

ogging engines also cause fires. Cigar and

garette stubs and burning matches carelesslyhrown aside start many forest fires. Occasionallyres are also maliciously set by evil-minded people.

The officers of the National Forests in the West



ave become very expert in running down the peoplewho set incendiary fires. They collect evidence at thecene of the fire, such as pieces of letters andnvelopes, matches, lost handkerchiefs and similar rticles. They hunt for foot tracks and hoof marks.

hey study automobile tire tracks. They make plaster f Paris impressions of these tracks. They follow theacks—sometimes Indian fashion. Often there areeculiarities about the tracks which lead to theetection and punishment of the culprits. A horse

may be shod in an unusual manner; a man may have

eculiar hob nails or rubber heels on his boots or lse his footprints may show some deformity. Theorest rangers play the parts of detectives very well.his novel police work has greatly reduced theumber of incendiary fires.



FOREST FIRES DESTROY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS WORTH OF

TIMBER EVERY YEAR

A forest fire may destroy in a few hours trees thatequired hundreds of years to grow. A heavy stand of mber may be reduced to a desolate wasteecause some one forgot to put out a campfire.

Occasionally large forest fires burn farm buildingsnd homes and kill hundreds of people. During thery summer season when a strong wind is blowing,

he fire will run for many miles. It always leaves woend desolation in its wake. A mammoth forest fire in

Wisconsin many years ago burned over an area of



wo thousand square miles. It killed about fourteenundred people and destroyed many millions of ollars worth of timber and other property. A bigorest fire in Michigan laid waste a tract forty mileswide and one hundred and eighty miles long. More

han four billion feet of lumber, worth $10,000,000,was destroyed and several hundred people lost their ves. In recent years, a destructive forest fire in

Minnesota caused a loss of $25,000,000 worth of mber and property.

There are several different kinds of forest fires.ome burn unseen two to four feet beneath theurface of the ground. Where the soil contains mucheat, these fires may persist for weeks or even

months. Sometimes, they do not give off anyoticeable smoke. Their fuel is the decaying wood,

ee roots and similar material in the soil. Thesenderground fires can be stopped only by floodinghe area or by digging trenches down to the mineraloil. The most effectual way to fight light surface fires

s to throw sand or earth on the flames. Where there has not made much headway, the flames canometimes be beaten out with green branches, wetunny sacks or blankets. The leaves and debris maye raked away in a path so as to impede their dvance.



Usually in the hardwood forests, there is not muchover, such as dry leaves, on the ground. Fires inhese forests destroy the seedlings and saplings, buto not usually kill the mature trees. However, theyamage the base of the trees and make it easy for

ungi and insects to enter. They also burn the top soilnd reduce the water-absorbing powers of the forestoor. In thick, dense evergreen forests where thearpet is heavy, fires are much more serious. Theyequently kill the standing trees, burning trunks andranches and even following the roots deep into the

round. Dead standing trees and logs aid fires of his kind. The wind sweeps pieces of burning bark or otten wood great distances to kindle new fires.

When they fall, dead trees scatter sparks andmbers over a wide belt. Fires also run along theops of the coniferous trees high above the ground.

hese are called "crown-fires" and are very difficulto control.

The wind plays a big part in the intensity of a forestre. If the fire can be turned so that it will run into the

wind, it can be put out more easily. Fires that havehe wind back of them and plenty of dry fuel ahead,peed on their way of destruction at a velocity of 5 to0 miles an hour, or more. They usually destroyverything in their course that will burn, and wastereat amounts of valuable timber. Wild animals, in



anic, run together before the flames. Settlers andarmers with their families flee. Many are overtakenn the mad flight and perish. The fierce fires of thisype can be stopped only by heavy rain, a change of wind, or by barriers which provide no fuel and thus

hoke out the flames.

Large fires are sometimes controlled by back-ring. A back-fire is a second fire built and soirected as to run against the wind and toward the

main fire. When the two fires meet, both will go out

n account of lack of fuel. When properly used byxperienced persons, back-fires are very effectual.

n inexperienced hands they are dangerous, as thewind may change suddenly or they may be lightedoo soon. In such cases they often become as great

menace as the main fire. Another practical system

f fighting fires is to make fire lines around theurning area. These fire lines or lanes as they areometimes called, are stretches of land from whichll trees and shrubs have been removed. In theentre of the lines a narrow trench is dug to mineraloil or the lines are plowed or burned over so thathey are bare of fuel. Such lines also are of valueround woods and grain fields to keep the fire out.hey are commonly used along railroad tracks

where locomotive sparks are a constant source of re dangers.



Our forests, on account of their great size and theelatively small man force which guards them, are

more exposed to fire dangers than any other woodlands in the world. The scant rainfall of many of

he western states where great unbroken areas of orest are located increases the fire damages. Theact that the western country in many sections isparsely settled favors destruction by forest fires.he prevalence of lightning in the mountains during

he summer adds farther to the danger. One of the

most important tasks of the rangers in the Federalorests is to prevent forest fires.

During the fire season, extra forest guards areept busy hunting for signs of smoke throughout the

orests. The lookouts in their high towers, whichverlook large areas of forest, watch constantly for moke, and as soon as they locate signs of fire theyotify the supervisor of the forest. Lookouts usepecial scientific instruments which enable them toocate the position of the fires from the smoke. At the

upervisor's headquarters and the ranger stationscattered through the forests, equipment, horses andutomobiles are kept ready for instant use when are is reported. Telephone lines and radio sets aresed to spread the news about fires that haveroken out.



From five thousand to six thousand forest firesccur each year in the National Forests of our ountry. To show how efficient the forest rangers aren fighting fires, it is worthy of note that by their rompt actions, 80 per cent. of these fires areonfined to areas of less than ten acres each, whilenly 20 per cent. spread over areas larger than tencres. Lightning causes from 25 to 30 per cent. of

he fires. The remaining 70 or 75 per cent. areassed as "man-caused fires," which are set byampers, smokers, railroads, brush burners,awmills and incendiaries. The total annual loss fromorest fires in the Federal forests varies from a fewundred thousands of dollars in favorable years toeveral million in particularly bad fire seasons.

During the last few years, due to efficient fire-fightingmethods, the annual losses have been steadilyeduced.

The best way of fighting forest fires is to preventhem. The forest officers do their best to reduce the

hances for fire outbreak in the Governmentwoodlands. They give away much dead timber thatither has fallen or still is standing. Lumbermen whoold contracts to cut timber in the National Forestre required to pile and burn all the slashings. Dry



rass is a serious fire menace. That is why grazings encouraged in the forests. Rangers patrol therincipal automobile roads to see that carelessampers and tourists have not left burningampfires. Railroads are required to equip their

ocomotives with spark-arresters. They also arebliged to keep their rights of way free of materialwhich burns readily. Spark-arresters are requiredlso on logging engines.

The National and State Forests are posted with

gns and notices asking the campers and tourists toe careful with campfires, tobacco and matches.Advertisements are run in newspapers, warningeople to be careful so as not to set fire to theorests. Exhibits are made at fairs, shows,ommunity meetings and similar gatherings,

howing the dangers from forest fires and how theseestructive conflagrations may be controlled. Everyossible means is used to teach the public toespect and protect the forests.



BLACKENED RUINS OF A FIRE-SWEPT FOREST

For many years, the United States Forest Servicend State Forestry Departments have been keepingrecord of forest fires and their causes. Studies

ave been made of the length and character of eachre season. Information has been gathered

oncerning the parts of the forest where lightning ismost likely to strike or where campfires are likely toe left by tourists. The spots or zones of greatest fireanger are located in this way and more forestuards are placed in these areas during theangerous fire season. Careful surveys of this kind



re aiding greatly in reducing the number of forestres.

In trying to get all possible information about futureweather conditions, the Forestry Departments

oöperate with the United States Weather Bureau.When the experts predict that long periods of dryweather or dangerous storms are approaching, theorest rangers are especially watchful, as duringuch times, the menace to the woods is greatest.he rangers also have big fire maps which they hang

n their cabins. These maps show the location of angerous fire areas, roads, trails, lookout-posts,ties, towns and ranches, sawmills, logging camps,

elephone lines, fire tool boxes and other data of alue to fire fighters. All this information is sorranged as to be readily available in time of need. Ithows where emergency fire fighters, tools and foodupplies can be secured, and how best to attack are in any certain district. A detailed plan for fightingorest fires is also prepared and kept on file at everyanger station.

The following are six rules which, if put in practice,will help prevent outbreaks of fires:

1. Matches.—Be sure your match is out. Break it



n two before you throw it away.

2. Tobacco.—Throw pipe ashes and cigar or garette stubs in the dust of the road and stamp or inch out the fire before leaving them. Don't throw

hem into the brush, leaves or needles.

3. Making camp.—Build a small campfire. Build itn the open, not against a tree or log, or near brush.crape away the trash from all around it.

4. Leaving camp.—Never leave a campfire, evenor a short time, without quenching it with water or arth. Be sure it is OUT.

5. Bonfires.—Never build bonfires in windyweather or where there is the slightest danger of heir escaping from control. Don't make them larger han you need.

6. Fighting fires.—If you find a fire, try to put it out.you can't, get word of it to the nearest United

tates forest ranger or State fire warden at once.

Remember "minutes count" in reporting forest



res.



CHAPTER VII

INSECTS AND DISEASES THATDESTROY FORESTS

Forest insects and tree diseases occasion heavyosses each year among the standing marketableees. Insects cause a total loss of more than

100,000,000 annually to the forest products of thenited States. A great number of destructive insectsre constantly at work in the forests injuring or killingve trees or else attacking dead timber. Forest

weevils kill tree seeds and destroy the young shootsn trees. Bark and timber beetles bore into and

irdle trees and destroy the wood. Many borers andmber worms infest logs and lumber after they areut and before they are removed from the forest.his scattered work of the insects here, there, andverywhere throughout the forests causes greatamage.

Different kinds of flies and moths deposit their ggs on the leaves of the trees. After the eggs hatch,he baby caterpillars feed on the tender, juicy leaves.ome of the bugs destroy all the leaves and thus



emove an important means which the tree has of etting food and drink. Wire worms attack the rootsf the tree. Leaf hoppers suck on the sap supply of he leaves. Leaf rollers cause the leaves to curl upnd die. Trees injured by fire fall easy prey before

he attacks of forest insects. It takes a healthy, sturdyee to escape injury by these pirates of the forests.here are more than five hundred insects that attackak trees and at least two hundred and fifty differentpecies that carry on destruction among the pines.

Insect pests have worked so actively that manyorests have lost practically all their best trees of ertain species. Quantities of the largest spruceees in the Adirondacks have been killed off by barkeetles. The saw-fly worm has killed off most of the

mature larches in these eastern forests. As they

avel over the National and State Forests, theangers are always on the watch for signs of treenfection. Whenever they notice red-brown massesf pitch and sawdust on the bark of the trees, theynow that insects are busy there. Where the needlesf a pine or spruce turn yellow or red, the presencef bark beetles is shown. Signs of pitch on the barkf coniferous trees are the first symptoms of

nfection. These beetles bore through the bark andnto the wood. There they lay eggs. The parenteetles soon die but their children continue the work



f burrowing in the wood. Finally, they kill the tree bymaking a complete cut around the trunk through theayers of wood that act as waiters to carry the foodom the roots to the trunk, branches and leaves. Theext spring these young develop into full-grown

eetles, and come out from the diseased tree. Theyhen attack new trees.

When the forest rangers find evidences of seriousnfection, they cut down the diseased trees. Theytrip the bark from the trunk and branches and burn it

n the fall or winter when the beetles are working inhe bark and can be destroyed most easily. If thenfection of trees extends over a large tract, andhere is a nearby market for the lumber the timber isold as soon as possible. Trap trees are also usedn controlling certain species of injurious forest

nsects. Certain trees are girdled with an ax so thathey will become weakened or die, and thus provideasy means of entrance for the insects. The beetleswarm to such trees in great numbers. When the trees full of insects, it is cut down and burned. In thisway, infections which are not too severe can often beemedied.

The bark-boring beetles are the most destructivensects that attack our forests. They have wastednormous tracts of ine timber throu hout the



outhern states. The eastern spruce beetle hasestroyed countless feet of spruce. The Engelmannpruce beetle has devastated many forests of the

Rocky Mountains. The Black Hills beetle has killedillions of feet of marketable timber in the Black Hills

f South Dakota. The hickory bark beetle, theDouglas fir beetle and the larch worm have beenery destructive.

Forest fungi cause most of the forest treeiseases. A tree disease is any condition thatrevents the tree from growing and developing in aormal, healthy manner. Acid fumes from smelters,ost, sunscald, dry or extremely wet weather, all limit

he growth of trees. Leaf diseases lessen the foodupplies of the trees. Bark diseases prevent the

movement of the food supplies. Sapwood ailmentsut off the water supply that rises from the roots.eed and flower diseases prevent the trees fromroducing more of their kind.

Most of the tree parasites can gain entrance to the

ees only through knots and wounds. Infectionsually occurs through wounds in the tree trunk or ranches caused by lightning, fire, or by men or nimals. The cone-bearing trees give off pitch toover such wounds. In this way they protect the



njuries against disease infection. The hardwoodees are unable to protect their wounds asffectively as the evergreens. Where the wound is

arge, the exposed sapwood dies, dries out, andracks. The fungi enter these cracks and work their

way to the heartwood. Many of the fungi cannot livenless they reach the heartwood of the tree. Fireswound the base and trunks of forest trees severelyo that they are exposed to serious destruction byeartrot.

Foresters try to locate and dispose of all theiseased trees in the State and Government forests.hey strive to remove all the sources of tree diseaseom the woods. They can grow healthy trees if allisease germs are kept away from the timberlands.ome tree diseases have become established so

trongly in forest regions that it is almost impossibleo drive them out. For example, chestnut blight is aungous disease that is killing many of our mostaluable chestnut trees. The fungi of this disease

worm their way through the holes in the bark of theees, and spread around the trunk. Diseasedatches or cankers form on the limbs or trunk of theee. After the canker forms on the trunk, the treeoon dies. Chestnut blight has killed most of thehestnut trees in New York and Pennsylvania. It isow active in Virginia and West Virginia and is



working its way down into North and South Carolina.

Diseased trees are a menace to the forest. Theyob the healthy trees of space, light and food. That is

why it is necessary to remove them as soon as they

re discovered. In the smaller and older forests of urope, tree surgery and doctoring are practised

widely. Wounds are treated and cured and the treesre pruned and sprayed at regular intervals. In our xtensive woods such practices are too expensive.

All the foresters can do is to cut down the sick trees

n order to save the ones that are sound.

There is a big difference between tree damagesaused by forest insects and those caused by forestungi and mistletoe. The insects are always present

n the forest. However, it is only occasionally that theyoncentrate and work great injury and damage inny one section. At rare intervals, some veryestructive insects may centre their work in oneistrict. They will kill a large number of trees in ahort time. They continue their destruction until some

atural agency puts them to flight. The fungi, on thether hand, develop slowly and work over longeriods. Sudden outbreaks of fungous diseases arenusual.



Heavy snows, lightning and wind storms also layow many of the tree giants of the forest. Heavy fallsf snow may weigh down the young, tall trees to suchn extent that they break. Lightning—it is worst in theills and mountains of the western states—may

trike and damage a number of trees in the samecinity. If these trees are not killed outright, they aresually damaged so badly that forest insects andungi complete their destruction.

Big trees are sometimes uprooted during forest

torms so that they fall on younger trees and cripplend deform them. Winds benefit the forests in that

hey blow down old trees that are no longer of muchse and provide space for younger and healthier ees to grow. Usually the trees that are blown downave shallow roots or else are situated in marshy,

wet spots so that their root-hold in the soil is notecure. Trees that have been exposed to fire areften weakened and blown down easily.

Where excessive livestock grazing is permitted in

oung forests considerable damage may result.Goats, cattle and sheep injure young seedlings byrowsing. They eat the tender shoots of the trees.he trampling of sheep, especially on steep hills,amages the very young trees. On mountain sides

he tram lin of shee fre uentl breaks u the



orest floor of sponge-like grass and debris and thusids freshets and floods. In the Alps of France sheeprazing destroyed the mountain forests and, later on,he grass which replaced the woods. Destructiveoods resulted. It has cost the French people many

millions of dollars to repair the damage done by theheep.

The Federal Government does its best to keeporeign tree diseases out of the United States. Asoon as any serious disease is discovered inoreign countries the Secretary of Agriculture puts inorce a quarantine against that country. No seed or ee stock can be imported. Furthermore, all the newpecies of trees, cuttings or plants introduced to thisountry are given thorough examination andnspection by government experts at the ports wherehe products are received from abroad. All diseasedees are fumigated, or if found diseased, destroyed.

n this manner the Government protects our countrygainst new diseases which might come to our hores on foreign plants and tree stock.



CHAPTER VIII

THE GROWTH OF THE FORESTRY IDEA

Our forests of the New World were so abundantwhen the early settlers landed on the Atlantic Coasthat it was almost impossible to find enough clearedand in one tract to make a 40-acre farm. These

hick, dense timberlands extended westward to therairie country. It was but natural, therefore, that theorest should be considered by these pioneers as anbstacle and viewed as an enemy. Farms andettlements had to be hewed out of the timberlands,nd the forests seemed inexhaustible.

Experts say that the original, virgin forests of thenited States covered approximately 822,000,000cres. They are now shrunk to one-sixth of that area.t one time they were the richest forests in the world.oday there are millions of acres which containeither timber nor young growth. Considerable cane restored if the essential measures are started onnational scale. Such measures would insure an

dequate lumber supply for all time to come.



SECTION OF A VIRGIN FOREST

Rules and regulations concerning the cutting of umber and the misuse of forests were suggested asarly as the seventeenth century. Plymouth Colony in626 passed an ordinance prohibiting the cutting of

mber from the Colony lands without official consent.his is said to be the first conservation law passedn America. William Penn was one of the earlyhampions of the "Woodman, spare that tree"ogan. He ordered his colonists to leave one acre of

orest for every five acres of land that were cleared.



In 1799 Congress set aside $200,000 for theurchase of a small forest reserve to be used as aupply source of ship timbers for the Navy. Aboutwenty-five years later, it gave the President the

ower to call upon the Army and Navy whenever ecessary to protect the live oak and red cedar mber so selected in Florida. In 1827, the

Government started its first work in forestry. It was anttempt to raise live oak in the Southern States torovide ship timbers for the Navy. Forty years later,

he Wisconsin State Legislature began tonvestigate the destruction of the forests of that staten order to protect them and prolong their life.Michigan and Maine, in turn, followed suit. Thesewere some of the first steps taken to study our orests and protect them against possible extinction.

The purpose of the Timber Culture Act passed byCongress in 1873 was to increase national interestn reforestation. It provided that every settler whowould plant and maintain 40 acres of timber in the

eeless sections should be entitled to secure patentor 160 acres of the public domain—that vasterritory consisting of all the states and territorieswest of the Mississippi, except Texas, as well asOhio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Florida,Alabama and Mississi i. This act as well as



everal State laws, failed because the settlers didot know enough about tree planting. The laws also

were not effective because they did not preventishonest practices.

In 1876, the first special agent in forestry wasppointed by the Commissioner of Agriculture totudy the annual consumption, exportation andmportation of timber and other forest products, therobable supply for future wants, and the means bestdapted for forest preservation. Five years later, the

Division of Forestry was organized as a branch of he Department of Agriculture. It was established inrder to carry on investigations about forestry andow to preserve our trees.



CUTTING MATURE TREES AND LEAVING SEED TREES TO

INSURE A SECOND CROP

For some nine years the Division of Forestry wasothing more than a department of information. Itistributed technical facts and figures about the

management of private woodlands and collected

ata concerning our forest resources. It did notmanage any of the Government timberlandsecause there were no forest reserves at that time. It

was not until 1891 that the first forest reserve, theYellowstone Park Timberland Reserve, was createdy special proclamation of President Harrison. Later



became part of the National Park reserves.Although the Division of Forestry had no specialowers to oversee and direct the management of

he forest reserves, during the next six years a totalf 40,000,000 acres of valuable timberland were so

esignated and set aside. At the request of theecretary of the Interior, the National Academy of ciences therefore worked out a basis for lawsoverning national forests. Congress enacted this

aw in 1897. Thereafter the Department of the Interior ad active charge of the timberlands. At that time

ttle was known scientifically about the Americanorests. There were no schools of forestry in thisountry. During the period 1898-1903, several suchchools were established.

President McKinley, during his term of office,

ncreased the number of forest reserves from 28 tover 40, covering a total area of 30,000,000 acres.resident Roosevelt added many millions of acres

o the forest reserves, bringing the net total to morehan 150,000,000 acres, including 159 differentorests. In 1905, the administration of the foresteserves was transferred from the Department of thenterior to the Department of Agriculture, and their ame changed to National Forests. No greatdditions to the government timberlands have been

made since that time. Small, valuable areas have



een added. Other undesirable tracts have been cutff from the original reserves.

The growth of the Division of Forestry, now thenited States Forest Service, has been very

emarkable since 1898, when it consisted of only aew scientific workers and clerks. At present itmploys more than 2,600 workers, which number is

ncreased during the dangerous fire season to from,000 to 5,000 employees. The annualppropriations have been increased from $28,500

o approximately $6,500,000. The annual incomeom Uncle Sam's woodlands is also on the gain andow amounts to about $5,000,000 yearly. This

ncome results largely from the sale of timber and therazing of livestock on the National Forests.



CHAPTER IX

OUR NATIONAL FORESTS

Our National Forests include 147 distinct andeparate bodies of timber in twenty-seven differenttates and in Alaska and Porto Rico. They cover

more than 156,000,000 acres. If they could be

massed together in one huge area like the state of exas, it would make easier the task of handling theorests and fighting fires. The United States Forestervice, which has charge of their management androtection, is one of the largest and most efficientrganizations of its kind in the world. It employs

xpert foresters, scientists, rangers and clerks.

The business of running the forest is centred inight district offices located in different parts of theountry with a general headquarters at Washington,

D.C. These districts are in charge of districtoresters and their assistants.

The district headquarters and the States that theyook after are:



o. 1. Northern District, Missoula, Montana.

Montana, northeastern Washington,

orthern Idaho, and northwestern South

akota.)

o. 2. Rocky Mountain District, Denver,olorado.

Colorado, Wyoming, the remainder

f South Dakota, Nebraska, northern

ichigan, and northern Minnesota.)

o. 3. Southwestern District, Albuquerque,

ew Mexico.

Most of Arizona and New Mexico.)

o. 4. Intermountain District, Ogden, Utah.

Utah, southern Idaho, western Wyoming,

astern and central Nevada, and

orthwestern Arizona.)

o. 5. California District, San Francisco,alifornia.

California and southwestern Nevada.)

o. 6. North Pacific District, Portland,

regon.

Washington and Oregon.)

o. 7. Eastern District, Washington, D.C.

Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Oklahoma,

orth Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,

ennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, New

ampshire, Maine, and Porto Rico.)

o. 8. Alaska District, Juneau, Alaska.



Alaska.)

Each of the National Forests is under the directupervision of a forest supervisor and is split up intoom 5 to 10 or more ranger districts. Each ranger istrict is in charge of a forest ranger who has an

rea of from 100,000 to 200,000 acres in hisharge.

The National Forests are, for the most part,ocated in the mountainous region of the West, with

mall scattered areas in the Lake States, and theWhite Mountains, Southern Appalachians andOzarks of the Eastern and Southern States. Many of hem are a wilderness of dense timber. It is a hugeask to protect these forests against the ravages of re. Fire fighting takes precedence over all other

work in the National Forests. Lookout stations arestablished on high points to watch for signs of fire.

Airplanes are used on fire patrol over great areas of orest. Where railroads pass through the Nationalorests, rangers operate motor cars and hand-carsver the tracks in their patrol work. Launches are

sed in Alaska and on some of the forests wherehere are large lakes, to enable the fire fighters andorest guardians to cover their beats quickly. Everyear the National Forests are being improved and

made more accessible by the building of permanentoads trails and tele hone lines. S ecial trails are



uilt to and in the fire protection areas of remoteections. A network of good roads is constructed invery forest to improve fire fighting activities as wells to afford better means of communication betweenowns, settlements and farms. The road and trail plan

ollowed in the National Forests is mapped out yearsn advance. In the more remote sections, trails arerst constructed. Later, these trails may beeveloped into wagon or motor roads. Congressnnually appropriates large sums of money for theuilding of roads in the National Forests. Over

5,000 miles of roads and 35,000 miles of trailsave already been constructed in these forests.

Communication throughout the National Forests isad by the use of the telephone and the radio or

wireless telephone. Signalling by means of theeliograph is practiced on bright days in regions thatave no telephones. Arrangements made withrivate telephone companies permit the forestfficers to use their lines. The efficientommunication systems aid in the administration of he forests and speeds the work of gathering fireghters quickly at the points where smoke isetected.

Agricultural and forestry experts have surveyed the



ands in the National Forests. Thus they haverevented the use of lands for forestry purposes

which are better adapted for farming. Since 1910,more than 26,500,000 acres of lands have beenxcluded from the forests. These lands were more

seful for farming or grazing than for forestry.ractically all lands within the National Forests haveow been examined and classified. At intervals

Congress has combined several areas of forestands into single tracts. Government lands outsidehe National Forests have also been traded for state

r private lands within their boundaries. Thus theorests have been lined-up in more compact bodies.Careful surveys are made before such trades are

osed to make sure that the land given to Uncleam is valuable for timber production and therotection of stream flow, and that the Government

eceives full value for the land that is exchanged.

The National Forests contain nearly five hundredillion board feet of merchantable timber. This is 23er cent. of the remaining timber in the country.

Whenever the trees in the forest reach maturity theyre sold and put to use. All green trees to be cut areelected by qualified forest officers and blazed and

marked with a "U.S." This marking is done carefullyo as to protect the forest and insure a future crop of ees on the area. Timber is furnished at low rates to



ocal farmers, settlers, and stockmen for use inmaking improvements. Much fire wood and deadnd down timber also is given away. The removal of uch material lessens the fire danger in the forest.

Over a billion feet of timber, valued at more than3,000,000, is sold annually from the Nationalorests.

One generally does not think of meat, leather and

wool as forest crops. Nevertheless, the Nationalorests play an important part in the westernvestock industry. Experts report that over one-fifth of he cattle and one-half of the sheep of the westerntates are grazed in the National Forests. Thesevestock are estimated to be worth nearly one-

uarter billion dollars. More than 9,500,000 head of vestock are pastured annually under permit in theederal forests. In addition, some 4,000,000 to,000,000 calves and lambs are grazed free of harge.



SEED BEDS IN A FOREST NURSERY

The ranges suitable for stock grazing are used toasture sheep, cattle, horses, hogs and goats. Theecretary of Agriculture decides what number and

what kind of animals shall graze on each forest. Heegulates the grazing and prevents injury to the

anges from being overstocked with too many cattlend sheep. The forest ranges are divided intorazing units. Generally, the cattle and horses arerazed in the valleys and on the lower slopes of the

mountain. The sheep and goats are pastured on theigh mountain sides and in the grassy meadows at



r above timberline.

Preferences to graze live stock on the forestanges are for the most part granted to stockmen

who own improved ranch property and live in or near

ne of the National Forests. The fee for grazing onorest ranges is based on a yearlong rate of $1.20 aead of cattle, $1.50 for horses, $.90 for hogs and.30 a head for sheep.

At times it is necessary, for short periods, torohibit grazing on the Government forest ranges.or example, when mature timber has been cut fromertain areas, it is essential that sheep be kept off uch tracts until the young growth has made a goodtart in natural reforestation. Camping grounds

eeded for recreation purposes by the public arexcluded from the grazing range. If a shortage of the

water supply of a neighboring town or city threatens,r if floods or erosion become serious due to fire or vergrazing of the land, the range is closed to live-tock and allowed to recuperate. Where artificial

lanting is practiced, grazing is often forbidden untilhe young trees get a good start.

The total receipts which Uncle Sam collects fromhe 30,000 or more stockmen who graze their cattle



nd sheep on the National Forests amount to nearly2,500,000 annually. As a result of the teachings of he Forest Service, the stockmen are now raisingetter livestock. Improved breeding animals are kept

n the herds and flocks. Many of the fat stock now go

irectly from the range to the market. Formerly, mostf the animals had to be fed on corn and grain inome of the Middle Western States to flesh them for

market. Experiments have been carried on whichave shown the advantages of new feeding anderding methods. The ranchers have banded

ogether in livestock associations, which coöperatewith the Forest Service in managing the forestanges.

It costs about $5 to sow one acre of ground to treeeed, and approximately $10 an acre to set out

eedling trees. The seed is obtained from the sameocality where it is to be planted. In many instances,ones are purchased from settlers who make ausiness of gathering them. The Federal forestersry these cones in the sun and thresh out the seed,

which they then fan and clean. If it is desired to storeupplies of tree seed from year to year it is kept inacks or jars, in a cool, dry place, protected fromats and mice. Where seed is sown directly on theround, poison bait must be scattered over the area

n order to destroy the gophers, mice and chipmunks



which otherwise would eat the seed. Sowing seedroadcast on unprepared land has usually failednless the soil and weather conditions were justght. For the most part, setting out nursery seedlingsas given better results than direct seeding. Two

men can set out between five hundred and onehousand trees a day.

The National Forests contain about one millioncres of denuded forest lands. Much of this was cut-ver and so severely burned before the creation of

he forests that it bears no tree growth. Some of hese lands will reseed themselves naturally whilether areas have to be seeded or planted by hand. Inhis way the lands that will produce profitable treesre fitted to support forest cover. Because the soilsnd climate of our National Forests are different,

pecial experiments have been carried on inifferent places to decide the best practices to

ollow. Two method of reforestation are commonlyracticed. In some places, the tree seed is sownirectly upon the ground and, thereafter, may or mayot be cultivated. This method is limited to the

ocalities where the soil and moisture conditions areavorable for rapid growth. Under the other plan, theeedlings are grown in nurseries for several yearsnder favorable conditions. They are then moved tohe field and set out in permanent plantations.



CHAPTER X

THE NATIONAL FORESTS OF ALASKA

There are two great National Forests in Alaska.hey cover 20,579,740 acres or about 5-1/2 per ent. of the total area of Alaska. The larger of these

woodlands, the Tongass National Forest, is

stimated to contain 70,000,000,000 board feet of mber ripe for marketing. Stands of 100,000 boardeet per acre are not infrequent. This is the Alaskanorest that will some day be shipping large amountsf timber to the States. It has over 12,000 miles of hore line and ninety per cent. of the usable timber is

within two miles of tidewater. This makes it easy toog the timber and load the lumber directly from theorests to the steamers. This forest is 1500 milesoser to the mainland markets than is the other laskan National Forest.

In most of the National Forests the rangers rideround their beats on horseback. The foresters in

he Tongass use motor boats. They travel in couples;wo men to a 35-foot boat, which is provided withomfortable eating and sleeping quarters. The



angers live on the boat all the time. During theummer they work sixteen to twenty hours daily. Theays are long and the nights short, and they mustavel long distances between points of work. Onuch runs one man steers the boat and watches the

orested shoreline for three or four hours at a time,while his mate reads or sleeps; then they change off.n this way, they are able to make the most efficientse of the long periods of daylight.

The other big timberland in Alaska is the Chugach

ational Forest. It is a smaller edition of the Tongassorest. Its trees are not so large and the stand of mber only about one-half as heavy as in theongass. Experts estimate that it contains,000,000,000 board feet of lumber. Westernemlock predominates. There is also much spruce,

oplar and birch. Stands of 40,000 to 50,000 feet of umber an acre are not unusual. In the future, theumber of the Chugach National Forest will play anmportant part in the industrial life of Alaska. Evenow, it is used by the fishing, mining, railroad andgricultural interests. On account of its greatistance from the markets of the Pacific Northwest it

will be a long time before lumber from this forest wille exported.

The timber in the Ton ass National Forest runs 60



er cent. western hemlock and 20 per cent. Sitkapruce. The other 20 per cent. consists of westerned cedar, yellow cypress, lodge-pole pine,ottonwood and white fir. The yellow cypress is veryaluable for cabinet making. All these species

xcept the cedar are suitable for pulp manufacture.eculiarly enough, considerable of the lumber usedn Alaska for box shooks in the canneries and inuilding work is imported from the United States.he local residents do not think their native timber iss good as that which they import.

Alaska will probably develop into one of therincipal paper sources of the United States. Our ational Forests in Alaska contain approximately00,000,000 cords of timber suitable for paper

manufacture. Experts report that these forests couldroduce 2,000,000 cords of pulpwood annually for enturies without depletion. About 6,000,000 tons of ulpwood annually are now required to keep usupplied with enough paper. The Tongass Nationalorest could easily supply one-third of this amount

ndefinitely. This forest is also rich in water power. Itwould take more than 250,000 horses to produce asmuch power as that which the streams and rivers of outhern Alaska supply.



The western hemlock and Sitka spruce are theest for paper making. The spruce trees areenerally sound and of good quality. The hemlockees are not so good, being subject to decay at theutts. This often causes fluted trunks. The butt logs

om such trees usually are inferior. This defect in theemlock reduces its market value to about one-half hat of the spruce for paper making. Some of theaper mills in British Columbia are now using thesepecies of pulpwood and report that they make high-rade paper.

The pulp logs are floated down to the paper mill. Inhe mill the bark is removed from the logs. Specialnives remove all the knots and cut the logs intoieces twelve inches long and six inches thick.hese sticks then pass into a powerful grinding

machine which tears them into small chips. Thehips are cooked in special steamers until they areoft. The softened chips are beaten to pieces in

arge vats until they form a pasty pulp. The pulp ispread over an endless belt of woven wire cloth of mall mesh. The water runs off and leaves a sheet of

wet pulp which then is run between a large number of eated and polished steel cylinders which press andry the pulp into sheets of paper. Finally, it is wound

nto large rolls ready for commercial use.



If a pulp and paper industry is built up in Alaska, itwill be of great benefit to that northern country. It willncrease the population by creating a demand for more labor. It will aid the farming operations bymaking a home market for their products. It will

mprove transportation and develop all kinds of usiness.

Altogether 420,000,000 feet of lumber have beenut and sold from the national forests of Alaska in theast ten years. This material has been made intouch products as piling, saw logs and shingle bolts.

All this lumber has been used in Alaska and none of has been exported. Much of the timber was cut so

hat it would fall almost into tide-water. Then the logswere fastened together in rafts and towed to theawmills. One typical raft of logs contained morehan 1,500,000 feet of lumber. It is not unusual for pruce trees in Alaska to attain a diameter of fromx to nine feet and to contain 10,000 or 15,000 feetf lumber.

Southeastern Alaska has many deep-water arbors which are open the year round. Practically allhe timber in that section is controlled by theGovernment and is within the Tongass National

orest. This means that this important crop will be



andled properly. No waste of material will occur.Cutting will be permitted only where the good of theorest justifies such work.



CHAPTER XI

PROGRESS IN STATE FORESTRY

The rapid depletion and threatened exhaustion of he timber supply in the more thickly populatedections of the East has prompted several of thetates to initiate action looking toward the

onservation of their timber resources. As far backs 1880, a forestry commission was appointed inew Hampshire to formulate a forest policy for thetate. Vermont took similar action two years later,

ollowed within the next few years by many of theortheastern and lake states.

These commissions were mainly boards of nquiry, for the purpose of gathering reliablenformation upon which to report, withecommendations, for the adoption of a state forestolicy. As a result of the inquiries, forestryepartments were established in a number of states.he report of the New York Commission of 1884esulted in forest legislation, in 1885, creating aorestry department and providing for the acquisitionf state forests. Liberal appropriations were made



om time to time for this purpose, until now the stateorests embrace nearly 2,000,000 acres, the largestf any single state.

New York state forests were created, especially,

or the protection of the Adirondack and Catskillegions as great camping and hunting grounds, andot for timber production. The people of the state

were so fearful that through political manipulation thisast forest resource might fall into the hands of thember exploiters, that a constitutional amendment

was proposed and adopted, absolutely prohibitinghe cutting of green timber from the state lands.hus, while New York owns large areas of state

orest land, it is unproductive so far as furnishingmber supplies to the state is concerned. It is heldistinctly for the recreation it affords to campers and

unters, and contains many famous summer resorts.

State forestry in Pennsylvania began in 1887,when a commission was appointed to studyonditions, resulting in the establishment of a

Commission of Forestry in 1895. Two years later, anct was passed providing for the purchase of state

orests. At the present time, Pennsylvania has,250,000 acres of state forest land. Unlike those of ew York, Pennsylvania forests were acquired andre mana ed rimaril for timber roduction



lthough the recreational uses are not overlooked.

The large areas of state-owned lands in the Laketates suitable, mainly, for timber growing, enabled

his section to create extensive state forests withouthe necessity of purchase as was the case in NewYork and Pennsylvania. As a result, Wisconsin hasearly 400,000 acres of state forest land, Minnesota,bout 330,000, and Michigan, about 200,000 acres.outh Dakota, with a relatively small area of forest

and, has set aside 80,000 acres for state forest. Aumber of other states have initiated a policy of cquiring state forest lands, notably, Newampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,ew Jersey, Maryland, and Indiana, each with smallreas, but likely to be greatly increased within theext few years under the development of presentolicies. Other states are falling in line with thisorward movement. There are but 4,237,587 acres intate forests in the United States. This is only 1-1/2er cent. of the cut-over and denuded land in theountry which is useful only for tree production. Theack of funds prevents many states from embarkingmore extensively in this work. Many states set asidenly a few thousand a year; others, that are morerogressive and realize the need of forestryxtension, spend annually from one hundredhousand to five hundred thousand dollars. Foresters



re, generally, agreed that as much as 25 per cent.f the forest land of every state should be publiclywned for producing large sized timber, requiringeventy-five to one hundred years to grow, and whichhe private owner would not be interested in

roducing. National, state, or communal forests mustupply it. All of these combined comprise a verymall part of the forests of most of the states, so that

much larger areas must be acquired by the statesnd the national government to safeguard our futurember supplies.

Not less than thirty-two states are actuallyngaged in state forestry work. Many of them have

well-organized forestry departments, which, in stateske New York and Pennsylvania, having large areasf state forests, are devoted largely to the care and

rotection of these lands. In other states having notate forests, the work is largely educational inharacter.

The most notable progress in forestry has been

made in fire protection. All states having forestryepartments lay especial emphasis upon forestrotection, since it is recognized that only byrotecting the forests from fire is it possible toucceed in growing timber crops. In fact, in mostases the revention of fire in itself is sufficient to



nsure re-growth and productive forests.ennsylvania is spending $500,000 annually inrotecting her forests from fire. The coöperation of

he Federal Government, under a provision of theWeeks Law which appropriates small sums of

money for forest protection, provided the state willppropriate an equal or greater amount, has donemuch to encourage the establishment of systems of orest protection in many of the states.

SOWING FOREST SEED IN AN EFFORT TO GROW A NEW



FOREST

The enormous areas of denuded, or waste land inhe various states, comprising more than0,000,000 acres, which can be made againroductive only by forest planting, present another

ig problem in state forestry. Many of the states havestablished state forestry nurseries for the growingf tree seedlings to plant up these lands. The treesre either given away, or sold at cost, millions beingistributed each year, indicating a live interest androwing sentiment in re-foresting waste lands.

The appalling waste of timber resources throughxcessive and reckless cutting, amounting to forestevastation, is deplorable, but we are helpless torevent it. Since the bulk of woodlands are privately

wned, and there are no effective laws limiting theutting of timber with a view to conserving the supply,he only means of bringing about regulated cutting onrivate lands is through coöperation with the owners.his is being done in some of the states in a limited

way, through educational methods, involving

nvestigations, reports, demonstrations, and other means of bringing improved forestry practices to thettention of existing owners and enlisting their oöperation and support in forest conservation.



Forestry in the state, or in the nation, seems torogress no more rapidly than the timber isappears; in fact, the individual states do not takerecaution to conserve their timber supplies untilxhaustion is threatened. The damage has been

argely done before the remedy is considered. Were today paying a tremendous toll for our lack of oresight in these matters. As a timber producingtate becomes a timber importing state, (a conditionxisting in most of the eastern and middle states) weegin to pay a heavy toll in the loss of home

ndustries dependent upon wood, and also in heavyeight charges on lumber that we must import fromistant points to supply our needs. In many states,he expenditure of an amount for reforestation andre protection equal to this freight bill on importedumber would make the state self-supporting in a

ecade, instead of becoming worse off each year.

Marked progress has been made along the linesndicated, but few of the states have begun tomeasure up to their full responsibility in protectingheir future timber supply.



CHAPTER XII

THE PLAYGROUNDS OF THE NATION

The public forests are steadily increasing inopularity as the playgrounds of the Nation. The

woodlands offer splendid opportunities for camping,unting, fishing and outdoor life. Millions of motorists

ow spend their vacations in the government andtate forests. Railroads and automobiles make theorests accessible to all. Thousands of miles of mproved motor highways lead into the very heart of he hills. More than 5,500,000 people annually visithe National Forests. Of this number, some

,500,000 are campers, fishermen and hunters.



A CAMPING GROUND IN A NATIONAL FOREST

The forests provide cheap health insurance to allwho will enjoy what they offer in sport and recreation.

or example, over 1,000,000 vacationists visitColorado's forests each year. If each person spentut five days in the forests, this would mean a total of

,000,000 days or 50,000,000 hours of rest andnjoyment. Recreation at the beaches andmusement parks costs at least fifty cents an hour.

Applying that rate to the free fun which the peopleet out of the forests, in Colorado in one year theourists, campers and fishermen gained



25,000,000 worth of pleasure from the forests.

The National and State Forests furnish summer omes for thousands of people who live in theeighboring cities and towns. Regular summer home

tes are laid off in many of the forests. Usually thesendividual sites cover about one-quarter acre or less.hey rent for $5 to $25 a year, depending on the

ocation. A man can rent one of these camp groundsor a term of years. He can build a summer cottager bungalow on it. There are no special rules about

he size or cost of the houses. Uncle Sam requiresnly that the cottages be sightly and the surroundingse kept clean and sanitary. Many of the cabins areuilt for $150 to $300. Some of them are moreermanent and cost from $3,000 to $5,000 or 10,000. In the Angeles National Forest in southern

California, over sixteen hundred of these cottagesre now in use and many more are being built.

Where there are dead or mature trees in theorest, near summer home sites, timber can be

urchased at low prices for use in building cottages.ven the people of small means can build cabins in

he forests and enjoy living in the mountains duringhe heat of the summer. These camps provide fineurroundings for the rompings and summer games



f the children and young people.

In California a number of cities have set upmunicipal camps in the National Forests. At very lowosts, the city residents can spend their vacations at

hese camps. Tents and cottages are provided.acilities for all kinds of games and sports furnish

ecreation. Each family may stay at the camp for twoweeks. The expenses are so low for meals and tentshat the municipal camps furnish the best andheapest vacation which the family of limited means

an enjoy. These camps are very popular. Wherever hey have been tried, they have been successful.here are twelve municipal camps in California.hey cost $150,000.

Fine automobile camps are maintained alongmany of the important National and State Forestighways for the use of tourists. Concrete fireplaces,ables, benches and running water are provided athese wayside camping places. The tourists whoarry their camp kits like to stop at these automobile

amps. They meet many other tourists and exchangenformation about the best trails to follow and theondition of the roads. Sometimes, permanentabins and shelters are provided for the use of theross-country travelers. The only rules are that caree exercised in the use of fire and the cam in sites



e kept in clean and sanitary condition.

All the forest roads are posted with many signssking the tourists to be careful in the use of

matches, tobacco and camp fires, so as not to startestructive forest fires. In the Federal and State

orests hundreds of man-caused fires occur annually,ue to the neglect and carelessness of campers andourists to put out their camp fires. A single match or

cigarette stub tossed from a passing automobilemay start a costly fire. During the season from Mayo October, the western forests usually are as dry asnder. Rains are rare during that period. A fire oncetarted runs riot unless efficient control measuresre used at once.

Those interested in fishing and hunting usually cannd plenty of chance to pursue their favorite sports inhe National and State Forests. There is goodshing in the forest streams and lakes, as theangers, working in coöperation with Federal andtate hatcheries yearly restock important waters.

ishing and hunting in the National Forests areegulated by the fish and game laws of that state in

which the forests are located. The killing of wildame is permitted during certain open seasons in

most of the forest regions.



GOOD FORESTS MEAN GOOD HUNTING AND FISHING

The eastern forests in the White Mountains, theAdirondacks, and the Appalachians, are not, for the

most part, as well developed as recreation groundss are the western vacation lands. However, morenterest is being taken each year in the outdoor lifeeatures of the eastern forests, and ultimately theywill be used on a large scale as summer camprounds. Many hikers and campers now spend their



nnual vacations in these forests. Throughout theWhite Mountain forest of New Hampshire, regular

ails for walking parties have been made. Atequent intervals simple camps for the use of avelers have been built by mountaineering clubs.

his forest, located as it is near centres of largeopulation is visited by a half-million tourists eacheason. The Pisgah National Forest of North

Carolina is becoming a centre for automobile travels it contains a fine macadam road. The Superior ational Forest of Minnesota, which covers

,250,000 acres and contains 150,000 acres of akes, is becoming very popular. It is called "the landf ten thousand lakes." One can travel in a canoe

hrough this forest for a month at a time withoutassing over the same lake twice. Other popular ational forests are the Angeles in southern

California, the Pike and Colorado in Colorado, andhe Oregon and Wenatchee—the Pacific Northwest.Visitors to these forests total more than 1,750,000 aear.

The western forests are also being used for winter ports. They furnish excellent conditions for snow-hoe trips, skiing and sledding. The people whoave camps on government land use their places for

week-end excursions during the snow season whenhe roads are passable. The White Mountain



ational Forest is used more for winter sports thanny other government woodland. At many of theowns of New Hampshire and Maine, huge carnivalsre held each winter. Championship contests inkiing, snowshoeing, skating, ski jumping,

obogganing and ski-joring are held. Snow sportames are also annual events in the Routt, Leadvillend Pike National Forests of Colorado. Crossountry ski races and ski-joring contests are alsoeld. In the Truckee National Forest of California,og-team races over courses of 25 to 50 miles are

eld each winter.

About eighty per cent. of the 5,500,000 peoplewho visit the National Forests are automobileourists. The other twenty per cent. consists of portsmen interested in hunting, fishing, canoeing,

oating, mountain climbing, bathing, riding andiking. In the Pacific Coast States there are aumber of mountain climbing clubs whose membersompete with each other in making difficult ascents.he mountaineering clubs of Portland, Oregon, for xample, stage an interesting contest each summer

n climbing Mount Hood, one of the highest peaks inhe country.



CHAPTER XIII

SOLVING OUR FORESTRY PROBLEMS

A system of forestry which will provide sufficientumber for the needs of our country and keep our orest land productive must be built on the extensionf our public forests. Our National Forests are, at

resent, the one bright feature of future lumbering.heir tree crops will never be cut faster than they cane grown. A balance between production andonsumption will always be maintained. Our needsor more timber, the necessity for protecting theeadwaters of streams, the demands for saving wild

fe, and the playground possibilities of our forestsustify their extension. Approximately eighty per centf the American forests are now privately owned.he chances are that most of these wooded tracts

will always remain in the hands of private owners. Its important that the production of these forests be

ept up without injuring their future value. We mustrepare for the lumber demands of many years fromow.

Some method must be worked out of harnessing



ur idle forest lands and putting them to workrowing timber. Any regulations that are imposed onhe private owners of woodlands must beeasonable. Changes in our present methods of axing timberlands must be made to encourage

eforestation. The public must aid the privatendividuals in fighting forest fires, the greatestmenace that modern forestry has to face. A nationalolicy is needed which will permit the private owner o grow trees which will give him fair and reasonablerofit when sold.

The farmers of this country use about one-half of ll the lumber consumed annually. They ownpproximately 191,000,000 acres of timber in their

arm woodlots. If farmers would devote a little timend labor to the permanent upkeep and

mprovement of their timber, they would aid inecreasing the danger of a future lumber famine. If hey would but keep track of the acreage productionf their woodlands as closely as they do of their cornnd wheat crops, American forestry would benefitreatly.

Between 1908 and 1913, the U.S. Forest Servicestablished two forest experiment stations in

California and one each in Washington, Idaho,Colorado and Arizona. The devote the same



egree of science and skill to the solution of treerowing and lumbering problems as the agriculturalxperiment stations give to questions of farm androp management. Despite the fact that theseorestry stations did fine work for the sections that

hey served, recently a number of them had to close,ue to lack of funds. Congress does not yet realizehe importance of this work.

More forest experiment stations are neededhroughout the country. Such problems as what kindsf trees are best to grow, must be solved. Of the 495pecies of trees in this country, 125 are importantommercially. They all differ in their histories,haracteristics and requirements. Research andtudy should be made of these trees in the sections

where they grow best. Our knowledge regarding treelanting and the peculiarities of the different species

s, as yet, very meagre. We must discover the bestmethods of cutting trees and of disposing of the

ash. We must investigate rates of growth, yieldsnd other problems of forest management. We musttudy the effect of climate on forest fires. We mustontinue experiments in order to develop better ystems of fire protection.

We need more forest experiment stations to



romote the production of more timber. Twenty of ur leading industries utilize lumber as their most

mportant raw material. Fifty-five different industriesse specialized grades and quality of lumber in the

manufacture of many products. This use of lumber

ncludes general mill work and planing mill products,uch as building crates and boxes, vehicles, railroadars, furniture, agricultural implements and wooden

ware.

Our manufacturers make and use more than two

undred and seventy-five different kinds of paper,ncluding newsprint, boxboard, building papers,ook papers and many kinds of specialty papers.he forest experiment stations would help solve theractical problems of these many industries. Theyould work out methods by which to maintain our

orests and still turn out the thirty-five to forty billionoard feet of lumber used each year. They areeeded to determine methods of increasing our nnual cut for pulp and paper. They are necessaryo that we can increase our annual output of poles,ilings, cooperage and veneer.

A forest experiment station is needed in theouthern pine belt. The large pine forests of

Dixieland have been shaved down from30 000 000 acres to 23 500 000 acres. In that



egion there are more than 30,000,000 acres of waste forest lands which should be reclaimed andevoted to the growing of trees. Eastern and middle

western manufacturing and lumbering centres arenterested in the restoring of the southern pine

orests. During the last score of years, they havesed two-thirds of the annual output of those forests.n another ten to fifteen years home demand will usemost of the pine cut in the South. The East andMiddle West will then have to rely mostly on the

acific Coast forests for their pine lumber.

The Lake States need a forest experiment stationo work out methods by which the white pine,emlock, spruce, beech, birch and maple forests of hat section can be renewed. The Lake States areow producing only one-ninth as much white pine ashey were thirty years ago. These states now cut only,500,000,000 feet of all kinds of lumber annually.heir output is growing smaller each year. Wisconsin

ed the United States in lumber production in 1900.ow she cuts less than the second-growth yield of

Maine. Michigan, which led in lumber productionefore Wisconsin, now harvests a crop of white pinehat is 50 per cent. smaller than that of Massachusetts. Experts believe that a forestxperiment station in the Lake States wouldtimulate production so that enough lumber could be



roduced to satisfy the local demands.

Not least in importance among the forest regionsequiring an experiment station are the New Englandtates and northern and eastern New York. In that

ection there are approximately 25,000,000 acres of orest lands. Five and one-half million acres consistf waste and idle land. Eight million acres growothing but fuel-wood. The rest of the timber tractsre not producing anywhere near their capacity. Newngland produces 30 per cent. and New York 50 per

ent. of our newsprint. Maine is the leading state inulp production. New England imports 50 per cent.f her lumber, while New York cuts less than one-half he timber she annually consumes.

Another experiment station should be provided totudy the forestry problems of Pennsylvania,outhern and western New York, Ohio, Maryland,ew Jersey and Delaware. At one time this region

was the most important lumber centre of the Unitedtates. Pennsylvania spends $100,000,000 a year

n importing lumber which should be grown at home.he denuded and waste lands at the headwaters of

he Allegheny River now extend over one-half millioncres. New Jersey is using more than twenty timess much lumber as is produced in the state. Ohio iscentre for wood manufacturin industries et her



mber-producing possibilities are neglected, as arehose of other states needing wood for similar urposes.

European nations have spent large sums of money in investigating forestry problems to makember producing economically feasible, and haveound that it paid. In this country, our forestxperiment stations will have to deal with a timberedrea twice that of all Europe, exclusive of Russia.hat is why we shall need many of these stations toelp solve the many questions of national welfare

which are so dependent upon our forests.



CHAPTER XIV

WHY THE UNITED STATES SHOULDPRACTICE FORESTRY

Of late years the demand for lumber by the worldade has been very great. Most of the countries

which have extensive forests are taking steps to

rotect their supplies. They limit cutting and restrictxports of timber. Both New Zealand andwitzerland have passed laws of this kind. Swedenxports much lumber, but by law forbids the cutting of mber in excess of the annual growth. Norwayegulates private cutting. England is planning to plant

,770,000 acres of new forest reserve. This body of mber when ready for cutting, would be sufficient toupply her home needs in time of emergency for ateast three years. France is enlarging her foresturseries and protecting her timber in every possible

way. Even Russia, a country with huge forest tracts,

s beginning to practice conservation. Russia nowequires that all timber cut under concession shall beeplaced by plantings of trees.

For many years, the United States and China



were the greatest wasters of forest resources under he sun. Now this country has begun to practicecientific forestry on a large scale so that China nowas the worst-managed forests in the world. Japan,n the other hand, handles her forests efficiently and

as established a national forestry school. Austria,orway, Sweden and Italy have devoted much time,abor and money to the development of practicalystems of forestry. Turkey, Greece, Spain andortugal, all follow sane and sensible forestryractices. Even Russia takes care of her national

mberlands and annually draws enormous incomesom their maintenance. France and Germany bothave highly successful forestry systems. Switzerland,

Australia, and New Zealand are using their forests inpractical manner and saving sufficient supplies of

wood for posterity.

History tells us that the forests first were protecteds the homes of wild game. Little attention was paid

o the trees in those days. The forests were places tount and abodes devoted to wild animals. Scientific

orestry was first studied and practised widely in theineteenth century. Its development and expansionave been rapid. Germany still leads as one of the

most prominent countries that practices efficientorestry. German forests are now said to be worthmore than $5,000,000,000. France has over



,750,000 acres of fine publicly owned forests, inddition to private forests, which yield a net incomef more than $2 an acre a year to the government.he French have led in extending reforestation onenuded mountain sides. British India has well-

managed forests which cover over 200,000 squaremiles of area. These timberlands return a net incomef from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 a year. India nowrotects more than 35,000 square miles of forestgainst fire at an annual cost of less than half a centn acre.

Forest experts say that the United States, whichroduces more than one-half of all the sawed timber

n the world, should pay more attention to the exportumber business. Such trade must be built up on theasis of a permanent supply of timber. This means

he practice of careful conservation and theeplacement of forests that have been destroyed.

We can not export timber from such meagreeserves as the pine forests of the South, which willot supply even the domestic needs of the region for

much more than ten or fifteen years longer. Many of ur timber men desire to develop extensive exportade. Our sawmills are large enough and numerousnough to cut much more timber annually than weeed in this country. However, the danger is that wehall only abuse our forests the more and further



eplete the timber reserves of future generations asresult of extensive export trade. If such trade is

eveloped on a large scale, a conservative, practicalational forestry policy must be worked out,ndorsed and lived up to by every producing

xporter.

The U.S. Forest Service reports that before theworld war, we were exporting annually,000,000,000 board feet of lumber and sawlogs,ot including ties, staves and similar material. This

material consisted of Southern yellow pine, Douglasr, white oak, redwood, white pine, yellow poplar,ypress, walnut, hickory, ash, basswood and similar nds of wood. The exports were made up of 79 per ent. softwoods and 21 per cent. hardwoods. Thexport trade consumed about 8-1/2 per cent. of our

nnual lumber cut. Southern yellow pine was themost popular timber shipped abroad. One-half of theotal export was of this material.

During the four years before the war our imports of

umber from foreign countries amounted to about,200,000,000 board feet of lumber and logs. In918, imports exceeded exports by 100,000,000oard feet. In addition to this lumber, we alsohipped in, largely from Canada, 1,370,000 cords of ul wood 596 000 tons of wood ul 516 000 tons



f paper, and close to a billion shingles. Some of thematerial, such as wood pulp and paper, also came

om Sweden, Norway, Germany, Spain, theetherlands and the United Kingdom.

As a result of the war, European countries for everal years can use 7,000,000,000 feet of lumber year above their normal requirements. For housing

onstruction, England needs 2,000,000,000 feet aear more than normally; France, 1,500,000,000eet; Italy, 1,750,000,000 feet; Belgium and Spain50,000,000 feet apiece. Even before the war, there

was a great deficiency of timber in parts of Europe. Itmounted to 16,000,000,000 board feet a year and

was supplied by Russia, the United States, Canada,weden, Austria-Hungary and a few other countriesf western Europe. If we can regulate cutting andeplenish our forests as they deserve, there is aemarkable opportunity for us to build up a large andermanent export trade.



YOUNG WHITE PINE SEEDED FROM ADJOINING PINE TREES

The Central and South American countries nowave to depend on Canada, the United States andweden for most of their softwoods. Unless theyevelop home forests by the practice of modern

orestry, they will always be dependent on imported

mber of this type. South Africa and Egypt are botheavy importers of lumber. Africa has large tropicalorests but the timber is hard to get at and move.China produces but little lumber and needs much.

he is developing into a heavy importing country.apan grows only about enough timber to supply her



ome needs. Australia imports softwoods from thenited States and Canada. New Zealand is in the

market for Douglas fir and hardwoods.

In the past, our export lumber business has been

econd only to that of Russia in total amount. Thealue of the timber that we exported was larger thanhat of Russia because much of our timber that wasent abroad consisted of the best grades of materialrown in this country. In the future, we shall have toompete in the softwood export business with

Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway and the varioustates of southeastern Europe which sell lumber. Inhe hardwood business, we have only a limitedumber of rivals. With the exception of a smallection of eastern Europe, our hardwood forests arehe finest in the Temperate Zone. We export hickory,lack walnut, yellow poplar, white and red oak eveno Russia and Sweden, countries that are our eenest rivals in the softwood export business.

Europe wants export lumber from our eastern

tates because the transportation costs on suchmaterial are low. She does not like to pay heavyosts of hauling timber from the Pacific Coast to theAtlantic seaboard and then have it reshipped bywater.



Our eastern forests are practically exhausted. Our upplies of export lumber except Douglas fir areeclining. Most of the kinds of export timber thaturope wants we need right at home. We have only

bout 258,000,000,000 feet of southern yellow pineeft, yet this material composes one-half of our nnual shipments abroad. We are cutting this

material at the rate of 16,000,000,000 board feet aear. Some authorities believe that our reserves willast only sixteen years unless measures to protect

hem are put into effect at once. At the present ratef cutting long-leaf pine trees, our outputs of navaltores including turpentine and rosin are dwindling.

We cannot afford to increase our export of southernellow pine unless reforestation is started on all landuitable for that purpose. Our pine lands of the

outhern states must be restocked and madeermanently productive. Then they could maintainhe turpentine industry, provide all the lumber of thisnd we need for home use, and supply a larger urplus for export.

Although our supplies of Douglas fir, western whiteine, sugar pine and western yellow pine are still

arge, they will have to bear an extra burden when allhe southern pine is gone. This indicates that thear e su lies of these woods will not last as lon as



we would wish. To prevent overtaxing their roduction, it is essential that part of the load beassed to the southern pine cut-over lands. Byroper protection and renewal of our forests, we can

ncrease our production of lumber and still have a

ermanent supply. The Forest Service estimateshat by protecting our cut-over and waste lands fromre and practicing care to secure reproduction after ogging on our remaining virgin forest land, we canroduce annually at least 27,750,000,000 cubic feetf wood, including 70,000,000,000 board feet of

awtimber. Such a production would meetndefinitely the needs of our growing population, andtill leave an amount of timber available for export.

Our hardwoods need protection as well as our oftwoods. Ten per cent of our yearly cut of valuable

white oak is shipped overseas. In addition wennually waste much of our best oak in thereparation of split staves for export. At the presentate of cutting, the supply, it is said, will not last morehan twenty-five years. We ship abroad about sevener cent. of our poplar lumber. Our supplies of this

material will be exhausted in about twenty years if he present rate of cutting continues. We sell tooreign countries at least one-half of our cut of blackwalnut which will be exhausted in ten to twelve yearsnless present methods are reformed. Our supplies



f hickory, ash and basswood will be used up inwenty to thirty years. We need all this hardwoodumber for future domestic purposes. However, theurniture factories of France, Spain and Italy areehind on orders. They need hardwood and much of

ur valuable hardwood timber is being shipped tourope.

Experience has proved that correct systems of andling the private forests can not be secured by

mere suggestions or education. No ordinary method

f public coöperation has been worked out whichroduces the desired results. It is necessary thatuitable measures be adopted to induce privatewners to preserve and protect their woodlands. Themberlands must be protected against forest fires.imber must be cut so as to aid natural reproduction

f forest. Cut-over lands must be reforested. If suchmethods were practiced, and national, state andmunicipal forests were established and extended,ur lumber problem would largely solve itself. We notnly should produce a large permanent supply of mber for domestic use, but also should have greateserves available for export. Under such conditions,he United States would become the greatest supplyource in the world for lumber.



CHAPTER XV

WHY THE LUMBERMAN SHOULDPRACTICE FORESTRY

The lumber industry of this country can aideforestation by practicing better methods. It canarvest its annual crop of timber without injuring the

uture production of the forests. It can limit forest firesy leaving the woods in a safe condition after it hasemoved the timber. Some private timber owners

who make a living out of cutting lumber, have eveneached the stage where they are planting trees.hey are coming to appreciate the need for

eplacing trees that they cut down, in order that newrowth may develop to furnish future timber crops.

The trouble in this country has been that theumbermen have harvested the crop of the forests in

he shortest possible time instead of spreading outhe work over a long period. Most of our privatelywned forests have been temporarily ruined byractices of this sort. The aim of the ordinary

umberman is to fell the trees and reduce them toumber with the least labor possible. He does not



xercise special care as to how the tree is cut down.e pays little attention to the protection of youngees and new growth. He cuts the tree to fall in theirection that best serves his purpose, no matter

whether this means that the forest giant will crush

nd seriously cripple many young trees. He wastesarge parts of the trunk in cutting. He leaves the topsnd chips and branches scattered over the ground tory out. They develop into a fire trap.

As generally followed, the ordinary method of

umbering is destructive of the forests. It ravages theuture production of the timberlands. It pays no heedo the young growth of the forest. It does not provideor the proper growth and development of the futureorest. Our vast stretches of desolate and desertedut-over lands are silent witnesses to the ruin which

as been worked by the practice of destructiveumbering. Fortunately, a change for the better isow developing. With the last of our timberlandches in sight on the Pacific Coast, the lumbering

ndustry is coming to see that it must prepare for theuture. Consequently, operators are handling thewoods better than ever before. They now are tryingo increase both the production and permanent valuef the remaining forests. They aim to harvest the treeeld more thoroughly and to extend their cuttingsver many years. They appreciate that it is



WHAT SOME KINDS OF TIMBER CUTTING DO TO A FOREST

It will never be possible to stop timber cuttingntirely in this country, nor would it be desirable to doo. The demands for building material, fuel, woodulp and the like are too great to permit of such a

ondition. The Nation would suffer if all forest cuttingwas suspended. There is a vital need, however, of erpetuating our remaining forests. Wasteful

umbering practices should be stopped. Only treeshat are ready for harvest should be felled. Theyhould be cut under conditions which will protect the

est interests and production of the timberlands. Asclass, our lumbermen are no more selfish or

reedy than men in many other branches of usiness. They have worked under peculiar onditions in the United States. Our population wasmall as compared with our vast forest resources.

Conditions imposed in France and Germany, wherehe population is so dense that more conservativeystems of lumbering are generally practiced, wereot always applicable in this country. Furthermore,ur lumbermen have known little about scientificorestry. This science is comparatively new in

America. All our forestry schools are still in the earlytages of their development. As lumbermen learn

more about the value of modern forestry theyradually are coming to practice its principles.



The early lumbermen often made mistakes instimating the timber yields of the forests. They alsoeglected to provide for the future production of the

woodlands after the virgin timber was removed.hose who followed in their steps have learned by

hese errors what mistakes to avoid. Our lumbermenead the world in skill and ingenuity. They haveworked out most efficient methods of felling andogging the trees. Many foreign countries have longracticed forestry and lumbering, yet their

umbermen cannot compete with the Americans

when it comes to a matter of ingenuity in the woods.American woods and methods of logging areeculiar. They would no more fit under Europeanorest conditions than would foreign systems beuitable in this country. American lumbermen areowly coming to devise and follow a combination

method which includes all the good points of foreignorestry revised to apply to our conditions.

We can keep our remaining forests alive andiece out their production over a long period if weractice conservation methods generally throughout

he country. Our remaining forests can be lumberedccording to the rules of practical forestry withoutreat expense to the owners. In the long run, they willealize much larger returns from handling the woodsn this way. This work of saving the forests should



egin at once. It should be practiced in every state.Our cut-over and idle lands should be put to work.Our forest lands should be handled just like fertilearming lands that produce big crops. The farmer oes not attempt to take all the fertility out of the land

n the harvest of one bumper crop. He handles theeld so that it will produce profitable crops everyeason. He fertilizes the soil and tills it so as to addo its productive power. Similarly, our forests shoulde worked so that they will yield successive crops of

umber year after year.

Lumbermen who own forests from which theyesire to harvest a timber crop should first of allurvey the woods, or have some experiencedorester do this work, to decide on what trees shoulde cut and the best methods of logging to follow. The

ees to be cut should be selected carefully andmarked. The owner should determine how best torotect the young and standing timber during

umbering. He should decide on what plantings hewill make to replace the trees that are cut. He shouldurvey and estimate the future yield of the forest. Hehould study the young trees and decide about whenhey will be ripe to cut and what they will yield. Fromhis information, he can determine his future incomeom the forest and the best ways of handling the

woodlands.



Under present conditions in this country, onlyhose trees should be cut from our forests which aremature and ready for the ax. This means that thearvest must be made under conditions where there

re enough young trees to take the place of the full-rown trees that are removed. Cutting is best doneuring the winter when the trees are dormant. If theutting is performed during the spring or summer,he bark, twigs and leaves of the surrounding youngrowth may be seriously damaged by the falling

ees. The trees should be cut as low to the grounds is practicable, as high stumps waste valuablember. Care should be taken so that they will notreak or split in falling. Trees should be dropped so

hat they will not crush young seedlings and saplingrowth as they fall. It is no more difficult or costly to

hrow a tree so that it will not injure young trees thanis to drop it anywhere without regard for the futuref the forest.

Directly after cutting, the fallen timber should be

immed so as to remove branches that are crushingown any young growth or seedling. In some forestshe young growth is so thick that it is impossible tohrow trees without falling them on some of theseaby trees which will spring back into place again if

he heav branches are removed at once. The to of



he tree should be trimmed so that it will lie close tohe ground. Under such conditions it will rot rapidlynd be less of a fire menace. The dry tops of trees

which lodge above the ground are most dangerousources of fire as they burn easily and rapidly.

The lumbermen can also aid the futureevelopment of the forests by using care in skiddingnd hauling the logs to the yard or mill. Care shoulde exercised in the logging operations not to tear or amage the bark of trunks of standing timber. If ossible, only the trees of unimportant timber pecies should be cut for making corduroy roads inhe forests. This will be a saving of valuable material.

In lumbering operations as practiced in this

ountry, the logs are usually moved to the sawmillsn sleds or by means of logging railroads. If streamsre near by, the logs are run into the water andoated to the mill. If the current is not swift enough,pecial dams are built. Then when enough logs areathered for the drive, the dam is opened and the

aptive waters flood away rapidly and carry the logso the mill. On larger streams and rivers, the logs areften fastened together in rafts. Expert log drivers

who ride on the tipping, rolling logs in the ragingver, guide the logs on these drives.



On arrival at the sawmill, the logs are reduced toumber. Many different kinds of saws are used in thiswork. One of the most efficient is the circular sawwhich performs rapid work. It is so wide in bite,

owever, that it wastes much wood in sawdust. For xample, in cutting four boards of one-inch lumber,n ordinary circular saw wastes enough material to

make a fifth board, because it cuts an opening thats one-quarter of an inch in width. Band saws,lthough they do not work at such high speed, are

eplacing circular saws in many mills because theyre less wasteful of lumber. Although sawmills try torevent waste of wood by converting slabs and shortieces into laths and shingles, large amounts of efuse, such as sawdust, slabs and edgings, areurned each season. As a rule, only about one-third

f the tree is finally used for construction purposes,he balance being wasted in one way or another.



CHAPTER XVI

WHY THE FARMER SHOULD PRACTICEFORESTRY

The tree crop is a profitable crop for the averagearmer to grow. Notwithstanding the comparativelyure and easy incomes which result from the farm

woodlands that are well managed, farmers as aass neglect their timber. Not infrequently they sellheir timber on the stump at low rates throughgnorance of the real market value of the wood. Inther cases, they do not care for their woodlandsroperly. They cut without regard to future growth.

hey do not pile the slashings and hence expose thember tracts to fire dangers. They convert youngees into hewed crossties which would yield twices great a return if allowed to grow for four or fiveears longer and then be cut as lumber.

Just to show how a small tract of trees will grownto money if allowed to mature, the case of a three-cre side-hill pasture in New England is interesting.orty-four years ago the farmer who owned this

waste land dug up fourteen hundred seedling pines



which were growing in a clump and set them out onhe sidehill. Twenty years later the farmer died. Hiswidow sold the three acres of young pine for $300.

ifteen years later the woodlot again changed handsor a consideration of $1,000, a lumber company

uying it. Today, this small body of pine woodsontains 90,000 board feet of lumber worth at least1,500 on the stump. The farmer who set out theees devoted about $35 worth of land and labor to

he miniature forest. Within a generation thisxpenditure has grown into a valuable asset which

elded a return of $34.09 a year on the investment.



ON POOR SOIL TREES SUCH AS THESE ARE MOREPROFITABLE THAN FARM CROPS

A New York farmer who plays square with hiswoodland realizes a continuous profit of $1 a day

om a 115-acre timber tract. The annual growth of his well-managed farm forest is .65 cords of wooder acre, equivalent to 75 cords of wood—mostly

ulip poplar—a year. The farmer's profit amounts to4.68 a cord, or a total of $364.50 from the entirember tract. Over in New Hampshire, an associateold a two-acre stand of white pine—this was beforehe inflated war prices were in force—for $2,000 on



he stump. The total cut of this farm forest amountedo 254 cords equivalent to 170,000 board feet of umber. This was an average of about 85,000 feet ancre. The trees were between eighty and eighty-fiveears old when felled. This indicates an annual

rowth on each acre of about 1,000 feet of lumber.he gross returns from the sale of the woodlandrops amounted to $12.20 an acre a year. These, of ourse, are not average instances.

Farmers should prize their woodlands because

hey provide building material for fences and farmutbuildings as well as for general repairs. The farm

woodland also supplies fuel for the farm house. Anyurplus materials can be sold in the form of standingmber, sawlogs, posts, poles, crossties, pulpwood,locks or bolts. The farm forest also serves as a

ood windbreak for the farm buildings. It supplieshelter for the livestock during stormy weather androtects the soil against erosion. During slack times,provides profitable work for the farm hands.

There are approximately one-fifth of a billion acresf farm woodlands in the United States. In theastern United States there are about 169,000,000cres of farmland forests. If these woodlands coulde joined together in a solid strip one hundred miles

wide the would reach from New York to San



rancisco. They would amount to an area almostight times as large as the combined forests of rance which furnished the bulk of the timber usedy the Allies during the World War.

In the North, the farm woodlands compose two-fths of all the forests. Altogether there arepproximately 53,000,000 acres of farm woodlots

which yield a gross income of about $162,000,000nnually to their owners. Surveys show that in theew England States more than 65 per cent. of the

orested land is on farms, while in Ohio, Indiana,inois and Iowa from 80 to 100 per cent. of thember tracts are on corn belt farms. Conditions inhe South also emphasize the importance of farmwoods, as in this region there are more than25,000,000 acres which yield an income of about150,000,000 a year. In fact the woodlands on thearms compose about 50 per cent. of all the forestands south of the Mason-Dixon line. In Maryland,Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky and Oklahoma,ver 60 per cent. of all the forest land is on farms.

The Government says timber raising is veryrofitable in the Eastern States because there islenty of cheap land which is not suitable for farming,

while the rainfall is abundant and favors rapid tree



rowth. Furthermore, there are many large citieswhich use enormous supplies of lumber. The

ansportation facilities, both rail and water, arexcellent. This section is a long distance from the

ast of the virgin forests of the Pacific Coast country.

The farms that reported at the last census sold anverage of about $82 worth of tree crop products aear. New York, North Carolina, Virginia, Georgia,ennessee, Alabama, Kentucky, Wisconsin andennsylvania each sold over $15,000,000 worth of

umber and other forest products from their farmwoodlots during a single season. In 1918 the reporthowed that the farms of the country burn up about8,000,000 cords of firewood annually, equal topproximately 11.5 cords of fuel a farm. Theouthern States burn more wood than the colder

orthern States. In North Carolina each farmonsumes eighteen cords of fuel annually, while thearms of South Carolina and Arkansas usedeventeen cords apiece, and those of Mississippi,

Georgia, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Kentucky fromfteen to sixteen cords. Even under these conditionsf extensive cordwood use, our farm woodlots areroducing only about one-third to one-half of the

wood supplies which they could grow if they wereroperly managed.



tump should be cut slanting so that it will readilyhed water. The trees that reproduce by sprouts

nclude the oak, hickory, basswood, chestnut, gum,ottonwood, willows and young short-leaf and pitchines.

In order that the farm woodland may be kept in theest of productive condition, the farmer shouldemove for firewood the trees adapted only for thaturpose. Usually, removing these trees improves therowth of the remaining trees by giving them better

hances to develop. Trees should be cut whoserowth has been stunted because trees of moreapid growth crowded them out. Diseased trees or hose that have been seriously injured by insectshould be felled. In sections exposed to chestnutlight or gypsy moth infection, it is advisable to

emove the chestnut and birch trees before they areamaged seriously. It is wise management to cut there-scarred trees as well as those that are crooked,arge-crowned and short-boled, as they will not makeood lumber. The removal of these undesirableees improves the forest by providing more growingpace for the sturdy, healthy trees. Sound dead treess well as the slow-growing trees that crowd the fastrowing varieties should be cut. In addition, whereuch less valuable trees as the beech, birch, blackak, jack oak or black gum are crowding valuable



ees like the sugar maples, white or short-leaf pines,ellow poplar or white oak, the former specieshould be chopped down. These cutting operationshould be done with the least possible damage tohe living and young trees. The "weed trees" should

e cut down, just as the weeds are hoed out of aeld of corn, in order that the surviving trees maymake better growth.

Often the farmer errs in marketing his tree crops.here have been numerous instances where farmers

ave been deluded by timber cruisers and otherswho purchased their valuable forest tracts for a mere

action of what the woodlands were really worth. Thenited States Forest Service and State Forestry

Departments have investigated many of these casesnd its experts advise farmers who are planning to

ell tree crops to get prices for the various woodroducts from as many sawmills and wood-usinglants as possible. The foresters recommend that

he farmers consult with their neighbors who haveold timber. Sometimes it may pay to sell the timber ocally if the prices are right, as then the heavyansportation costs are eliminated. Most statesave state foresters who examine woodlands anddvise the owner just what to do. It pays to advertise

n the newspapers and secure as many competitiveids as possible for the timber on the stump.



Generally, unless the prices offered for such timber re unusually high, the farmer will get greater returnsy logging and sawing the timber and selling it in theorm of lumber and other wood products. The farmer who owns a large forest tract should have some

eliable and experienced timberman carefullynspect his timber and estimate the amount andalue. The owner should deal with only responsibleuyers. He should use a written agreement in sellingmber, particularly where the purchaser is to do theutting. The farm woodland owner must always bear

n mind that standing timber can always be held over period of low prices without rapid deterioration. Inelling lumber, the best plan is to use the inferior mber at home for building and repair work and to

market the best of the material.



CHAPTER XVII

PUTTING WOOD WASTE TO WORK

For many years technical studies of wood wereeglected. Detailed investigations of steel, concrete,il, rubber and other materials were made but woodpparently was forgotten. It has been only during the

ast decade since the establishment of the Forestroducts Laboratory of the United States Forestervice, at Madison, Wisconsin, that tests andxperiments to determine the real value of different

woods have been begun. One of the big problems of he government scientists at that station, which is

onducted in coöperation with the University of Wisconsin, is to check the needless waste of wood.y actual test they find out all about the wastefulractices of lumbering in the woods and mills. Then

hey try to educate and convert the lumbermen andmanufacturers away from such practices.

The laboratory experts have already performedmore than 500,000 tests with 149 different kinds of ative woods. As a result of these experiments,hese woods are now being used to better



dvantage with less waste in the building andmanufacturing industries. A potential saving of ateast 20 per cent. of the timbers used for buildingurposes is promised, which means a salvage of bout $40,000,000 annually as a result of strength

ests of southern yellow pine and Douglas fir.Additional tests have shown that the red heartwoodf hickory is just as strong and serviceable as the

white sap wood. Formerly, the custom has been tohrow away the heartwood as useless. Thisiscovery greatly extends the use of our hickory

upply.

Heretofore, the custom has been to seasonwoods by drying them in the sun. This method of uring not only took a long time but also was wastefulnd expensive. The forestry scientists and

umbermen have now improved the use of dry kilnsnd artificial systems of curing green lumber. Now

more than thirty-five of the leading woods such asDouglas fir, southern yellow pine, spruce, gum andak can be seasoned in the kilns in short time. Itsed to take about two years of air drying to seasonr and spruce. At present the artificial kiln performshis job in from twenty to forty days. The kiln-driedumber is just as strong and useful for construction ashe air-cured stock. Tests have proved that kilnrying of walnut for use in gun stocks or airplane



ropellers, in some cases reduced the waste of material from 60 to 2 per cent. The kiln-driedmaterial was ready for use in one-third the time itwould have taken to season the material in the air.

eavy green oak timbers for wagons and wheels

were dried in the kiln in ninety to one hundred days. Itwould have taken two years to cure this materialutdoors.

By their valuable test work, scientists are devisingfficient means of protecting wood against decay.

hey treat the woods with such chemicals asreosote, zinc chloride and other preservatives. Thefe of the average railroad tie is at least doubled byuch treatment. We could save about one and one-alf billion board feet of valuable hardwood lumber nnually if all the 85,000,000 untreated railroad ties

ow in use could be protected in this manner. If allwood exposed to decay were similarly treated, weould save about six billion board feet of timber eachear.

About one-sixth of all the lumber that is cut in thenited States is used in making crates and packingoxes. The majority of these boxes are notatisfactory. Either they are not strong enough or lse they are not the right size or shape. During aecent ear the railroads aid out more than



100,000,000 to shippers who lost goods in transitue to boxes and crates that were damaged inhipment.

In order to find out what woods are best to use inrates and boxes and what sizes and shapes will

withstand rough handling, the Laboratory expertseveloped a novel drum that tosses the boxes to ando and gives them the same kind of rough handling

hey get on the railroad. This testing machine hasemonstrated that the proper method of nailing theox is of great importance. Tests have shown thathe weakest wood properly nailed into a container ismore serviceable than the strongest wood poorlyailed. Better designs of boxes have been workedut which save lumber and space and producetronger containers.

Educating the lumbering industry away fromxtravagant practices is one of the importantctivities of the modern forestry experts. Operators

who manufacture handles, spokes, chairs, furniture,

oys and agricultural implements could, by scientificmethods of wood using, produce just as goodroducts by using 10 to 50 per cent. of the tree as

hey do by using all of it. The furniture industry notnfrequently wastes from 40 to 60 per cent. of the raw



umber which it buys. Much of this waste could beaved by cutting the small sizes of material directlyom the log instead of from lumber. It is alsossential that sizes of material used in these

ndustries be standardized.

The Forest Products Laboratory has perfectedractical methods of building up material from smallieces which otherwise would be thrown away. For xample, shoe lasts, hat blocks, bowling pins, base-all bats, wagon bolsters and wheel hubs are now

made of short pieces of material which are fastenedogether with waterproof glue. If this method of built-p construction can be made popular in all sectionsf the country, very great savings in our annualonsumption of wood can be brought about. As

matters now stand, approximately 25 per cent. of the

ee in the forest is lost or wasted in the woods, 40er cent. at the mills, 5 per cent. in seasoning the

umber and from 5 to 10 per cent. in working theumber over into the manufactured articles. This newmethod of construction which makes full use of oddsnd ends and slabs and edgings offers a profitable

way to make use of the 75 per cent. of materialwhich now is wasted.

The vast importance of preserving our forests ism hasized when one sto s to consider the reat



umber of uses to which wood is put. In addition toeing used as a building material, wood is also

manufactured into newspaper and writing paper.urthermore, it is a most important product in the

making of linoleum, artificial silk, gunpowder, paints,

oaps, inks, celluloid, varnishes, sausage casings,hloroform and iodoform. Wood alcohol, which ismade by the destructive distillation of wood, isnother important by-product. Acetate of lime, which

s used extensively in chemical plants, and charcoal,re other products which result from wood

istillation. The charcoal makes a good fuel and isaluable for smelting iron, tin and copper, in themanufacture of gunpowder, as an insulating material,nd as a clarifier in sugar refineries.

It is predicted that the future fuel for use inutomobile engines will be obtained from wood

waste. Ethyl or "grain" alcohol can now be madeom sawdust and other mill refuse. One ton of dry

Douglas fir or southern yellow pine will yield fromwenty to twenty-five gallons of 95 per cent. alcohol. Its estimated that more than 300,000,000 gallons of lcohol could be made annually from wood now

wasted at the mills. This supply could be increasedy the use of second-growth, inferior trees and other

ow-grade material.



CHAPTER XVIII

WOOD FOR THE NATION

Westward the course of forest discovery andepletion has taken its way in the United States. Theine and hardwood forests of the Atlantic and Newngland States first fell before the bite of the

woodman's ax and the sweep of his saw. Wastefulumbering finally sapped the resources of theseroductive timberlands. Shift was then made farther

westward to the Lake States. Their vast stretches of white pine and native hardwoods were cut to akeleton of their original size. The lumbering

perations then spread to the southern pine belt. In aew years the supplies of marketable lumber in thategion were considerably reduced. Then the

westward trail was resumed. The strip of countryetween the Mississippi River and the Cascade,ierra Nevada and Coast Ranges was combed and

ut. Today, the last big drive against our timber ssets is being waged in the forests of the PacificCoast.

Our virgin forests originally covered 822,000,000



cres. Today, only one-sixth of them are left. All theorest land now in the United States including culled,urned and cut-over tracts, totals 463,000,000cres. We now have more waste and cut-over lands

n this country than the combined forest area of

Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Holland, France,witzerland, Spain and Portugal. The merchantablember left in the United States is estimated at,215,000,000,000 board feet. The rest is second-rowth trees of poor quality. One-half of this timber is

n California, Washington and Oregon. It is a long

nd costly haul from these Pacific Coast forests tohe eastern markets. Less than one-fifth of our emaining timber is hardwood. 56,000,000,000oard feet of material of saw timber size are used or estroyed in the United States each year.

Altogether, we use more than 26,000,000,000 cubic

eet of timber of all classes annually. Our forests aremaking annual growth at the rate of less than one-ourth of this total consumption. We are rapidlyutting away the last of our virgin forests. We alsore cutting small-sized and thrifty trees much moreapidly than we can replace them.



A FOREST CROP ON ITS WAY TO THE MARKET

The United States is short on timber todayecause our fathers and forefathers abused our

orests. If they had planted trees on the lands after he virgin timber was removed, we should now bene of the richest countries in the world in forest

esources. Instead, they left barren stretches andesolate wastes where dense woods once stood. Its time that the present owners of the land begin theeclamation of our 326,000,000 acres of cut-over mberlands. Some of these lands still are yieldingair crops of timber due to natural restocking and



roper care. Most of them are indifferent producers.One-quarter of all this land is bare of forest growth. Its our duty as citizens of the United States to aid aswe may in the reforestation of this area.

Fires are cutting down the size of our forests eachear. During a recent five-year period, 160,000orest fires burned over 56,488,000 acres, an areas large as the state of Utah, and destroyed or amaged timber and property valued at85,715,000. Year by year, fires and bad timber

ractices have been increasing our total areas of waste and cut-over land. We are facing a futureumber famine, not alone because we have used upur timber, but also because we have failed to makese of our vast acreage of idle land adapted for rowing forests. We must call a halt and begin all

ver again. Our new start must be along the lines of mber planting and tree increase. The landowners,he States and the Federal Government must all getogether in this big drive for reforestation.

It is impossible to make National Forests out of allhe idle forest land. On the other hand, the matter of eforestation cannot be left to private owners. Somef them would set out trees and restore the forestss desired. Others would not. The public has large

nterests at stake. It must bear art of the burden.



roper protection of the forests against fire canome only through united public action. Everyone

must do his part to reduce the fire danger. The publicmust also bring about needed changes in many of ur tax methods so that private owners will be

ncouraged to go into the business of raising timber.he Government must do its share, the privateandowner must help to the utmost and the publicmust aid in every possible way, including payment of igher prices for lumber as the cost of growingmber increases.

France and Scandinavia have solved their forestroblems along about the same lines the Unitedtates will have to follow. These countries keep up

well-protected public forests. All the landowners areaught how to set out and raise trees. Everyone hasearned to respect the timberlands. The woods arehought of as treasures which must be carefullyandled. The average man would no more think of busing the trees in the forest than he would of etting fire to his home. The foreign countries areow busy working out their forestry problems of theears to come. We in America are letting the futureake care of itself.

Our States should aid generally in the work of



reventing forest fires. They should pass laws whichwill require more careful handling of private forestands. They should pass more favorable timber taxaws so that tree growing will be encouraged. Uncleam should be the director in charge of all this work.

e should instruct the states how to protect their orests against fire. He should teach them how toenew their depleted woodlands. He should work for

gradual and regular expansion of the Nationalorests. The United States Forest Service shouldave the power to help the various states in matters

f fire protection, ways of cutting forests, methods of enewing forests and of deciding whether idle landswere better adapted for farming or forestryurposes.

Experts believe that the Government should spend

t least $2,000,000 a year in the purchase of newational Forests. About one-fifth of all our forests areow publicly owned. One of the best ways of reventing the concentration of timber in privatewnership is to increase the area of publicly ownedorests. Such actions would prevent the waste of aluable timber and would aid planting work. For est results, it is thought that the Federal

Government should own about one-half of all theorests in the country. To protect the watersheds of avigable streams the Government should buy



,000,000 acres of woodlands in New England and,000,000 acres in the southern Appalachian

Mountains. The National Forests should also bextended and consolidated.

Federal funds should be increased so that theorest Service can undertake on a large scale the

eplanting of burned-over lands in the Nationalorests. As soon as this work is well under way,

Congress should supply about $1,000,000 annuallyor such work. Many watersheds in the National

orests are bare of cover due to forest fires. As aesult, the water of these streams is not sufficient for he needs of irrigation, water power and city water upply of the surrounding regions.

Right now, even our leading foresters do not knowxactly what the forest resources of the countrymount to. It will take several years to make such aurvey even after the necessary funds are provided.

We need to know just how much wood of each classnd type is available. We want to know, in each

ase, the present and possible output. We want tond out the timber requirements of each state and of very important wood-using industry. Exact figuresre needed on the timber stands and their growth.he experimental work of the Forest Service shoulde extended. Practicall ever forest is different from



very other forest. It is necessary to work out locallyhe problems of each timber reservation. Mostrgent of all is the demand for a law to allow Federalfficers to render greater assistance to the state

orestry departments in fighting forest fires.

Many state laws designed to perpetuate our orests must be passed if our remaining timber esources are to be saved. During times when fireshreaten, all the forest lands in each state should beuarded by organized agencies. This protectionhould include cut-over and unimproved land as wells timber tracts. Such a plan would require that thetate and Federal governments bear about one-half

he expenses while the private forest owners shouldtand the balance. There would be special rulesegulating the disposal of slashings, methods of utting timber, and of extracting forest products suchs pulpwood or naval stores.

If our forests are to be saved for the future we mustegin conservation at once. To a small degree, luck

lays a part in maintaining the size of the forest.ome woodlands in the South Atlantic States areow producing their third cut of saw logs. Despiteorest fires and other destructive agencies, theseorests have continued to produce. Some of the



orthern timberlands have grown crops of sawmber and wood pulp for from one hundred fifty towo hundred fifty years. Expert foresters report thatrivate owners are each year increasing their lantings on denuded woodlands. New England

andowners are planting between 12,000,000 and5,000,000 young forest trees a year. The MiddleAtlantic and Central States are doing about as well.

o save our forests, planting of this sort must beniversal. It takes from fifty to one hundred years torow a crop of merchantable timber. What the

nited States needs is a national forestry policywhich will induce every landowner to plant and growmore trees on land that is not useful for farm crops.Our forestry problem is to put to work millions of cres of idle land. As one eminent forester recentlyemarked, "If we are to remain a nation of timber

sers, we must become a nation of wood growers."

***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERGBOOK THE SCHOOL BOOK OF FORESTRY***



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