The Adventure of The Adventure of SleepSleep

Presented by: Erica JohnsonPresented by: Erica Johnson

ericajohnson@berkeley.eduericajohnson@berkeley.edu

February 20th, 2009February 20th, 2009

The whirlwind tour…The whirlwind tour…

1.1. What, When, and How?What, When, and How?

2.2. Functions of SleepFunctions of Sleep

3.3. Sleep & DiseaseSleep & Disease

4.4. Sleep DeprivationSleep Deprivation

1. What, When, and 1. What, When, and How?How?

Stages of SleepStages of Sleep

1) NREM Sleep1) NREM SleepStage 1 NREMStage 1 NREM

Stage 2 NREMStage 2 NREM

Stage 3 NREMStage 3 NREM

Stage 4 NREMStage 4 NREM

2) REM Sleep2) REM SleepPhasicPhasic

TonicTonic

Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)

Sleep Architecture: Sleep Architecture: HypnogramHypnogram

Sleep Cycle ~90 minutesMore deep NREM (SWS) early in night, more REM later in night

Physiology: Brain & BodyPhysiology: Brain & Body

Polysomnography Polysomnography (PSG):(PSG): The Gold The Gold StandardStandard

1) Electroencephalogram 1) Electroencephalogram (EEG)(EEG)

2) Electrooculogram 2) Electrooculogram (EOG)(EOG)

3) Electromyogram (EMG)3) Electromyogram (EMG)

AwakeAwake

EOG-LEOG-L

EOG-REOG-R

EEG-1EEG-1

EEG-2EEG-2

EEG-3EEG-3

EEG-4EEG-4

EMGEMG

EYES:EYES:

Open with blinksOpen with blinks

BRAIN WAVES:BRAIN WAVES:

High frequency (fast)High frequency (fast)

Low amplitude (small)Low amplitude (small)

DesynchronizedDesynchronized

MUSCLE: MUSCLE:

Strong muscle toneStrong muscle tone

Stage 2 NREMStage 2 NREM

EOG-LEOG-L

EOG-REOG-R

EEG-1EEG-1

EEG-2EEG-2

EEG-3EEG-3

EEG-4EEG-4

EMGEMG

EYES:EYES:

Eye movements stop Eye movements stop

(slowly roll in Stage-1 (slowly roll in Stage-1

NREM)NREM)

BRAIN WAVES: BRAIN WAVES:

Lower frequency (slower)Lower frequency (slower)

Higher amplitude (larger)Higher amplitude (larger)

More synchronousMore synchronous

Special events: K-complex Special events: K-complex

and Sleep Spindlesand Sleep Spindles

MUSCLEMUSCLE

Lowered muscle toneLowered muscle tone

Stage 4 NREM (SWS)Stage 4 NREM (SWS)

EOG-LEOG-L

EOG-REOG-R

EEG-1EEG-1

EEG-2EEG-2

EEG-3EEG-3

EEG-4EEG-4

EMGEMG

EYES:EYES:

No eye movements No eye movements

(contamination from EEG)(contamination from EEG)

BRAIN WAVES:BRAIN WAVES:

V. low frequency (SLOW)V. low frequency (SLOW)

V. high amplitude (LARGE)V. high amplitude (LARGE)

Synchronous brain wavesSynchronous brain waves

MUSCLE:MUSCLE:

Lowered muscle toneLowered muscle tone

REMREM

EOG-LEOG-L

EOG-REOG-R

EEG-1EEG-1

EEG-2EEG-2

EEG-3EEG-3

EEG-4EEG-4

EMGEMG

EYES:EYES:

Eyes closed…BUTEyes closed…BUT

HorizontalHorizontal movements - movements -

back and forthback and forth

BRAIN WAVES:BRAIN WAVES:

High frequency (fast)High frequency (fast)

Low amplitude (small)Low amplitude (small)

Desynchronized Desynchronized

(like awake)(like awake)

Absent muscle toneAbsent muscle tone

REM Sleep ParalysisREM Sleep Paralysis

All nerve connections to your skeletal body muscles are inhibited, causing paralysis

REM Behavior DisorderREM Behavior Disorder

REM Behavior Disorder.mp4

Functional AnatomyFunctional Anatomy

2. Functions of Sleep2. Functions of Sleep

BrainBrain Learning & MemoryLearning & Memory Emotional RegulationEmotional Regulation Creativity & InsightCreativity & Insight

BodyBody Immune FunctionImmune Function Metabolic RegulationMetabolic Regulation Restorative?Restorative?

Learning & Memory Learning & Memory ConsolidationConsolidation

Declarative FactsDeclarative Facts Episodic: SWSEpisodic: SWS11 consolidation consolidation

Non-declarative MemoryNon-declarative Memory Procedural skills (MOTOR): Stage Procedural skills (MOTOR): Stage

2 NREM2 NREM44

3. Sleep Disturbances & 3. Sleep Disturbances & DiseaseDisease

Circadian Rhythm & Circadian Rhythm & DiseaseDisease

Cognitive Deficits & Cortical AtrophyCognitive Deficits & Cortical Atrophy Type II DiabetesType II Diabetes ObesityObesity UlcersUlcers Higher incidence of cancerHigher incidence of cancer Hypertension & cardiovascular diseaseHypertension & cardiovascular disease Exacerbation of Psychological PathologiesExacerbation of Psychological Pathologies Reduced Sleep EfficiencyReduced Sleep Efficiency DeathDeath

Female Shift WorkersFemale Shift Workers

Irregular menstrual cyclesIrregular menstrual cycles Reduced fertilityReduced fertility Increased spontaneous abortion rateIncreased spontaneous abortion rate Increased incidence of estrogen-Increased incidence of estrogen-

receptor positive breast cancerreceptor positive breast cancer

4. Sleep Deprivation4. Sleep Deprivation

Then & NowThen & Now

Sleep Deprivation & Sleep Deprivation & Immune SystemImmune System

Poorer antibody Poorer antibody response to flu response to flu vaccinevaccine

Declines in Natural Declines in Natural Killer Cell (NKC) Killer Cell (NKC) activityactivity

Implications that Implications that sleep deprivation sleep deprivation makes one makes one susceptible to susceptible to infectioninfection

Sleep Deprivation & Sleep Deprivation & Metabolic FunctionMetabolic Function

Impairments in Impairments in glucose metabolism glucose metabolism (beginning signs of (beginning signs of insulin resistance, insulin resistance, pre-diabetic)pre-diabetic)

Alterations in Alterations in circulating levels of circulating levels of hormones hormones leptinleptin & & ghrelinghrelin

Higher rates of Higher rates of diabetes & obesitydiabetes & obesity

Everson (1989)Everson (1989) Flower Pot ModelFlower Pot Model Rats deprived of sleep 11-Rats deprived of sleep 11-

32 days32 days

Severe pathology, debilitated appearance, disheveled fur, severe lesions on tails and plantar surfaces of their paws

“While the paper does not ultimate say what they think caused death, it appears to have been catastrophic immune system failure leading to septicemia.”

“Thus, rats die as quickly of sleep deprivation as they do food deprivation.”

The Hippocampus - The Hippocampus - MemoriesMemories

New Experiences are New Experiences are Replayed at Sleep OnsetReplayed at Sleep Onset““Hypnagogic dreams”Hypnagogic dreams”

New Experiences are New Experiences are Replayed at Sleep OnsetReplayed at Sleep Onset““Hypnagogic dreams”Hypnagogic dreams”

Sleep Onset – Dream ManipulationSleep Onset – Dream Manipulation

The Amygdala - EmotionsThe Amygdala - Emotions

Questions & DiscussionQuestions & Discussion