the science of biology
TRANSCRIPT
Vocabulary
l Work in groups at your table to come up with basic scientific method vocabulary. Discuss and define these words in your groups.
Defining Key Terms
l Science- an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.
l Biology- the study of life. l Observation- the process of
gathering information
Defining Key Terms
l Data- the information gathered from observation. l Quantitative- expressed as numbers l Qualitative- descriptive, involves
characteristics (no numbers)
Defining Key Terms (continued)
l Inference- a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experiences.
l Hypothesis- a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations. l Hypotheses must be testable!!
Science As A Way Of Knowing
l Truths About Science l It is an ongoing process l Scientific understanding is always
changing. l The whole universe is a system,
or collection of parts and processes that interact.
l Qualities of a Good Scientist l Skeptical l Open-Minded l Come up with one on your own!
Exit Slip
l In KY, all individuals are required to wear seatbelts in moving vehicles. How could scientific research have had an impact on this decision?
Warm-Up Exercise
l Is a scientific hypothesis accepted if there is no way to demonstrate that the hypothesis is wrong? Explain.
Scientific Process
l Asking a Question l Forming a Hypothesis l Setting Up a Controlled Experiment l Collecting Data l Analyzing Results l Drawing Conclusions
Designing an Experiment
l Independent Variable (manipulated)- the variable that is changed. l When graphing, the independent
variable is placed on the X axis. l Dependent Variable (responding)-
the variable that is measured. l When graphing, the dependent variable
is placed on the Y axis. l Control Group- used to compare with
the experimental groups.
Theories and Laws
l Theory- a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.
l Law- a descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions.
Modeling
l Models-‐ a representa*on of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event.
l Types of Models l Drawings on paper l Real objects used to help us picture things we cannot see
l A mental picture l A set of rules that describe how something works
Where Do Living Things Come From?
l Spontaneous Generation- living things can arise from non-living things.
l Biogenesis- all living things come from other living things.
Repeating Investigations
l John Needham l Claimed that spontaneous generation
could occur under the right conditions. l Heated sealed flask of gravy and found
microorganisms (thought heat would kill any living things in gravy)
l Found gravy swarming with activity.
Repeating Investigations
l Lazzaro Spallanzani l Boiled 2 flasks of gravy, sealed 1
immediately and left the other open (thought boiling would definitely kill microorganisms).
l Open jar was full of life. Sealed jar was uncontaminated.
Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation
Pasteur showed that all living things come from other living things. (biogenesis)
Exit Slip
l What does the term “spontaneous generation” mean?
l How does a scientific theory compare with a scientific hypothesis?
Warm-Up
l There are several things that are similar between my frogs and the second hand of a clock. Name some of the similarities as well as some of the differences and think about what makes the frogs and living but the clock not.
Characteristics of Living Things
l Living things are made up of units called cells. l A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can be
considered alive.
l Living things reproduce. l Sexual Reproduction- 2 parents are united to form a
genetically unique offspring. l Asexual Reproduction- a single parent produces offspring
that are identical to itself.
l Living things are based on a universal genetic code. l This information is needed to live, grow, and reproduce.
l Living things grow and develop. l Cells undergo differentiation to perform different
functions.
Characteristics of Living Things l Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
l All organisms must take in materials and energy to grow, develop, and reproduce.
l Metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
l Living things respond to their environment. l Organisms detect and respond to stimuli from their
environment.
l Living things maintain a stable environment. l Although conditions outside an organism may change
dramatically, most organisms need to keep conditions inside their bodies constant. (Homeostasis)
l Taken as a group, living things change over time. l Individuals do not change, but groups of organisms tend
to evolve over time.
Branches of Biology l Biosphere- all living things l Biome- group of similar ecosystems l Ecosystem- living things and their nonliving
surroundings l Community- populations that live together in a
defined area l Population- group of organisms of one type that live
in the same area l Organism- individual living thing l Groups of cells- tissues, organs, and organ systems l Cells- smallest functional unit of life l Molecules- groups of atoms; smallest unit of most
compounds
Microscopes
l Microscopes- produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye.
Light Microscopes
l Produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays.
l Uses 2 lenses to form an image. l The only microscope that can be
used to study living things.
Electron Microscope
l Use beams of electrons to produce images. l Can produce images up to 1,000x more
detailed than light microscopes. l Cannot view living cells. l 2 Types:
l Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs)- Has the most magnification. Used to view the fine structures inside a cell. (organelles)
l Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs)- used to view the detailed surface of a specimen.
Early Microbiologists
l Anton Van Leeuwenhoek l Viewed “animalcules” or
microorganisms, in pond water, rain water, and dust.
l Credited for advances in the microscope.
l Robert Hooke l First to describe and coin the word
“cell.”
Exit Slip
l What is homeostasis? Give an example of how it is maintained.
l What biological processes includes chemical reactions that break down materials?
l List some observations that could be made to determine whether an object that is not moving is living or nonliving.
Warm Up
l List at least two differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.
l What does it mean/why is is necessary for cells to differentiate?
Making Measurements
l Length-‐ a measure of the straight-‐line distance between two points.
l Mass-‐ a measure of the amount of maBer in an object. l Weight-‐ a measure of the gravita*onal force exerted on an object. (weight = mass x gravity)
l Volume-‐ a measure of the size of the body or region in three-‐dimensional space.
Units of Measurement
Quantity Unit Abbreviation Length Meter m Mass Gram g Time Second s
Temperature Celsius C Volume Liter L
l SI System- the standard units of measurements used by scientists.
SI Prefixes l SI prefixes are used for very large and small measurements. l SI prefixes are all based in mul*ples of 10. l Ex: 5,000 kilometers = 500,000,000 cen*meters
Kentucky Has Dark base unit Deep Coal Mines K – kilo De – deci H – hecta C – cen* Da – deca M – milli
Class Practice
l Convert 486 milliliters to cen*liters. l Convert 312 kilometers to meters. l Convert 0.32 hectagrams to decigrams.
You Try It!
l Convert 1.85 meters to cen*meters. l Write 55 decimeters as meters. l Change 1.6 kilograms to grams.
Warm Up Exercise
l How many milliliters are on 0.45 liters? l How many grams are in 500,000
kilograms?
Scientific Notation
l Scien*fic Nota*on-‐ a method of expressing a quan*ty as a number mul*plied by 10 to the appropriate power. (10x) l When you mul*ply in scien*fic nota*on, you ADD the exponents.
l When you divide in scien*fic nota*on, you SUBTRACT the exponents.
Class Practice
ü Write the following measurements in scien*fic nota*on. • 800,000,000 meters • 0.0015 kg • 67,453 L
You Try It!
ü Write the following measurements in scien*fic nota*on. • 0.00046 mL • 42,000,000,000 km • 89,265 g
Class Practice
ü Write these measurements in long form. • 4.5 x 103 g • 1.99 x 10-‐8 cm • 0.422 x 104 m
You Try It!
ü Write these measurements in long form. • 9.53 x 105 dm • 0.1223 x 103 cg • 6.04 x 10-‐4 mL
Class Practice
ü Perform the following calcula*ons • (5.5 x 104 cm) x (1.4 x 104 cm)
ü Perform the following calcula*ons • 5.2 x 108 cm3
9.5 x 102 cm3