the scientific method state/define issue. psychological research ztwo forms of psychological...
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The Scientific Method
State/define Issue
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Define the problem
Review the literature
Formulate the hypothesis
Select the research design then Collect and analyze data
Experiment Participant Observation
Survey Secondary data analysis
Scientific Research Method
Develop the conclusion and write the report
Ideas for further research
Scientifically, objectively and
logically to evaluate the facts
collected.
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Psychological Research
Two forms of psychological research: Basic research seeks answers for
purpose of increasing knowledge.e.g. What role do the frontal lobes play in
memory?
Applied research seeks answers for specific problems.e.g. What types of memory strategies and
rehabilitation strategies are most effective for people with frontal lobe injuries?
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The Scientific Method Operational Definition
statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables
ie: intelligence may be operationally defined as “what an intelligence test measures”
Conceptual DefinitionDictionary definition Something formed in the mind; a thought or notion
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The Scientific Method
Theory general explanation why behavior
occursHypothesis
testable prediction often derived from previous theory Example: I predict A will cause B I predict A will influence B
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The Variables
Dependent Variable>what is being studied ?
value of DV depends on value of IVIndependent Variable> causes change in
DVConfounding Variable> unforeseen cause
“Hawthorne Effect”
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Statistics in PsychologyPopulation –collection of all units or
elements of interest Sample – portion of population selected
to represent whole Replication
repeating procedures of research study with another sample of participants
can results be repeated?
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Comparing Research Methods
Research Method Basic Purpose How Conducted What is Manipulated
Descriptive To observe and Case studies, surveys, Nothing(Goal: Describe) record behavior and naturalistic
observations
Correlational To detect naturally Computing statistical Nothing(Goal: Predict) occurring relationships; association, sometimes
to assess how well among survey one variable predicts responses
Experimental To explore cause Manipulating one or Independent(Goal: Explain) and effect more IVs and using variable(s)
random assignmentto eliminate preexistingdifferences among subjects
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Scientific Data Collection1. Case Study indepth observation of
one person
2. Survey questionnaire about attitudes or behavior
3.Observation observing and recording behavior in situations
4. Experiment variables are manipulated to determine cause & effect
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ExperimentExperimental Group
participants are exposed to independent variable (treatment)
Control Group participants do not receive independent
variable comparison group to see effect of independent
variable (treatment)Note: the measure (DV) is taken for both groups
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Good Samples
Representative Sample a perfect reflection of population, only smaller in size
Random Sample fairly represents population because each member of sample had equal chance of being chosen
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Experiment
Random Assignment assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
minimizes preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups
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Experiment
Single-blind Procedure Research participants don’t know if they
are getting placebo or active agent.Double-blind Procedure
participants don’t know … research staff doesn’t know …(blind) Who is getting active agent vs. placebo?
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Experiment
Placebo inert substance (e.g., sugar pill) instead of
an active agent (e.g., drug)
placebo administered to trigger same reaction as active agent (IV)
Placebo Effect any effect on behavior caused by a
placebo
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VariabilityRange – distance between largest and
smallest score
Variance – index of average amount of dispersion using all scores in distribution
Standard Deviation – square root of variance; like variance, standard or typical distance of a score from mean
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ReliabilityReliability-consistency of scores obtained
by same person when examined with same test on different occasions, time, places
If your height remained the same at your house, then at school, & then at the doctor’s office, it would be reliable. You would not trust a measurement device that varied greatly.
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Analysis of Data
Types of statistics Descriptive – Arithmetic formulas for
summarizing and describing research data Inferential – Used for analyzing data to test
hypothesesIs the difference meaningful?Statistical significance
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Central Tendency
Mean – (average) computed by summing all scores in set, dividing by total number of scores
Median – midpoint of distribution; divides distribution into 2 equal halves
Mode – score with greatest frequency
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Correlation Coefficient (r) (Pearson r)
measure that shows extent to which two variables change together
permits investigators to see link or association between variables
good for prediction Note: correlation does not imply causation!
Correlations refer to looking at relationship between two variables without manipulating
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Is this causation or correlation?
The more soy sauce sold in Newnan the higher church attendance.
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A leads to B
1+1=2
You jump because I pinched you.
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Normal Curve
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-3SD -2SD -1 SD Mean +1 SD +2 SD +3 SD
68%
95%
99%
Mesokurtic
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r = -.09
4.50
6.50
8.50
10.50
12.50
14.50
2.40 2.90 3.40 3.90 4.40
GPA
Sh
oe
siz
e
No Correlation
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Positive Correlation
Commuting distance of
workers
Worker tardiness
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Strong Positive Correlation
(11 and 21)
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Negative Correlation
Amount of Work
Experience
Waste Produced
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Strong Negative Correlation
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Experimental Issues Controls important for determining causality
only difference between experimental & control groups is presence or absence of IV.
Placebo effects represent changes in behavior that are related to expectations of a treatment. placebo effects are controlled by a “blind”
control group Experimenter bias expectations influence
participant’s behavior. example: Clever Hans, the horse who could do
math can be controlled using double blind proceduresHindsight Biasbelief, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon
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Ethical Guidelines
APA Guidelines Truth in reporting Treatment of participants
Special guidelines for I/O psychologists Legal and profession obligations Management vs. employees
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Ethical Issues in ResearchRespecting the rights of human research
participants involves: Informed consent an explanation of study and
responsibilities of experimenter and participant.
Confidentiality study information must be maintained.
Debriefing explaining research process to participants at end of study.
Deception involving participants must be justified.
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APA Ethical Guidelines (animals)
“appropriate consideration of [the animal’s] comfort, health, and humane treatment.”
Animals may not be subjected to “pain or stress” when alternative procedure is available.