the scientific revolution 1650s to 1750s “the most important event in european history since the...
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The Scientific Revolution
1650s to 1750s
“The most important event in European History
since the rise of Christianity”
“Real origin both of the modern world and the modern
mentality”
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Why a revolution?
Changed mankind’s view of human nature and the human predicament
Christian / Jewish teachings lay at core of spiritual & philosophical beliefs for centuries! Permeated all human thought and activity – even politics
But scientific growth – starting in 16th century – introduces a new critical, scientific, “modern” view of man and world – by the late18th century science is beginning to push religion aside
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Physics: Medieval ideas
Scientific thought in early 1500sBased on Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
• Numerous crystal spheres moved around the earth • most desired natural set = at rest • “mover” must set everything in motion• Earth made of 4 elements: fire, air, earth, water
Ptolemy (85-165 A.D.): • geocentric conception • “perfect” circular motion of the heavenly bodies
Why did this idea appeal to Christians?• Common sense for what is seen• Man at center as critical link with God
Planets in Motion
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What would rock your worldview?
On your slip of paper, explain in 2-3 sentences what type of astronomical or scientific discovery could be made today that might completely alter your understanding of the functioning of the universe or humans place within it.
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Transition: The Copernican Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543)Polish; University of Cracow, studied medicine
Formulates the heliocentric conception of universe• On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres (De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium)
• Earth rotates on axis once every day
• Earth rotates around the sun every 365 days
• Universe is finite
Creates doubts about traditional Christian views• Criticized by Luther / Calvin
• Leo X intrigued – but can only be presented as theory
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Transition (continued)Tycho Brahe 1546 – 1601
Rejects Copernicus’s idea of heliocentrism
Built observatory (new star 1572)
Collected data on the stars
Mixed theory: All planets, stars rotate around sun and all these rotate around earth
Johannes Kepler, 1571 – 1630 Laws of planetary motion – elliptical orbits – prediction of their movements
Interest in magnetic force (where’s the “mover”?)
Sig: mathematically proved Copernicus’s theory
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Does the earth move???Galileo, 1564 – 1642
Professor at University of Padua Studied the heavens with the use of a telescope
• Moon not smooth, perfect circle• Defended heliocentrism of Copernicus in The Starry
messenger, 1610• Church sees Galileo as a threat to the Scriptures• Heavens become a thing of matter (not merely spiritual place)• Corrected – but teaches heliocentrism anyway (as fact)
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic & Copernican, 1632
• 1633 - tried for heresy once, recants support of heliocentrism BUT, “And yet, it does move.”
• Remains under house arrest until his death
Acceleration & theory of inertia
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And then there was Newton…
1642 – 1727
English Mathematician and physicist
Developed calculus (Leibniz, as well)
?? Why do stars move in orderly fashion?
Discovers that the physical universe is guided by natural laws (inertia, F=ma, action=reaction)
unchangeable and predictable
KEY: Universal Law of Gravitation
Principia • Mathematical proof that the secrets of the universe can be
made known to man: World = machine that operates in accordance to natural law in absolute time, space and motion
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“If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.” (Sir Isaac Newton)
“Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night;
God said, Let Newton be! And all was light.” (Alexander Pope)
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Scientific Methodology
Francis Bacon, 1561-1626English, attorney/writer
Father of Scientific Method
Promoted inductive method/ empiricism (experimentalism)
One must experiment & collect data in order to draw conclusions
Science is practical / usefulThe Great Instauration
Novum Organum• Science compliments Bible!
Rene Descartes 1596-1650French philosopher & mathematician
Promoted deductive method = rationalism (systematic doubt)--doubt all – then rebuild
Reason out a general law from specific casesCartesian dualism: matter vs. mind (everything is spiritual or material – no mix)Coordinate geometry“Cogito, ergo sum”Discourse on Method
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Advances in Medical Sciences…
Galen, 2nd century A.D.2 circulatory systems4 bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm
Vesalius, 1514-1564On Fabric of the Human Body, 1543 – practical research = understandingFather of modern biological science
William Harvey, 1578-1657English physician On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, 1628 – heart = mechanical pump