THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Toward the modern worldview Toward the modern worldview

ObjectivesObjectives

How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?

Compare the Ptolemaic Universe and Copernican Universe.

How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?

Compare the Ptolemaic Universe and Copernican Universe.

MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONMAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages

-broadening of the curriculum to include the study

of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress

-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages

-broadening of the curriculum to include the study

of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress

the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)

Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the

Medici family

the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)

Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the

Medici family

The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism

The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism

Ptolemy’s Universe Ptolemy’s Universe

NICOLAUS COPERNICUSNICOLAUS COPERNICUS(1473-1543)-Polish astronomerchallenged the astronomer, Ptolemy’s,

complicated explanation of planetary movements

proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spherespublished in 1543

(1473-1543)-Polish astronomerchallenged the astronomer, Ptolemy’s,

complicated explanation of planetary movements

proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spherespublished in 1543

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM

TYCHO BRAHE 1546-1601TYCHO BRAHE 1546-1601

DANISH ASTRONOMER

MADE DETAILED OBSERVATIONS OF THE STARS AND PLANETS

USED THE VIEWS OF ARISTOTLE AND COPERNICUS PLANETS REVOLVED

AROUND THE SUN SUN AND PLANETS

REVOLVED AROUND THE EARTH AND MOON

DANISH ASTRONOMER

MADE DETAILED OBSERVATIONS OF THE STARS AND PLANETS

USED THE VIEWS OF ARISTOTLE AND COPERNICUS PLANETS REVOLVED

AROUND THE SUN SUN AND PLANETS

REVOLVED AROUND THE EARTH AND MOON

JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)

JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)

-German astronomer- worked with Brahe-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical

not circular -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun

-Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

-German astronomer- worked with Brahe-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical

not circular -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun

-Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

JOHANNAS KEPLERJOHANNAS KEPLER

Separating _____ and ________ from reality.

Separating _____ and ________ from reality.

Renaissance values and ideas?

Renaissance values and ideas?

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron of his work

-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”

Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of

the planets and the surface of the sun and moon

-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron of his work

-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”

Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of

the planets and the surface of the sun and moon

Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and

its moons

Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church

Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and

its moons

Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church

-Galileo’s views were challenged by

the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism

would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy

-Galileo’s views were challenged by

the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism

would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were

condemnedplaced on the Index of Forbidden Books

-he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest

-Galileo recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642 (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)

Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were

condemnedplaced on the Index of Forbidden Books

-he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest

-Galileo recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642 (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)

GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)

GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)

GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

THE DIALOGUETHE DIALOGUE

Galileo before the Inquisition

Galileo before the Inquisition

The Newtonian Synthesis

The Newtonian Synthesis

SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON

Isaac Newton (1642-1723)Isaac Newton (1642-1723)-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe,

Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the

universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe

exerts a force on every other body)-provided evidence that the universe was governed

by precise mathematical relationships

-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe,

Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the

universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe

exerts a force on every other body)-provided evidence that the universe was governed

by precise mathematical relationships

-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking

the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”

-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world (Einstein’s theories would later challenge some of Newton’s notions of a mechanical universe)

-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking

the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”

-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world (Einstein’s theories would later challenge some of Newton’s notions of a mechanical universe)

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION

NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION

NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY

NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY

Newton also came to better understand the properties of light

Newton also came to better understand the properties of light

SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

-English politician and writer (not a trained scientist)

Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts

(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge

would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth

-English politician and writer (not a trained scientist)

Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts

(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge

would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth

EMPIRICAL MODELEMPIRICAL MODEL

ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”

TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION

ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”

TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION

INDUCTIVE MODELINDUCTIVE MODEL

RENE’ DESCARTES “I think, therefore, I am.”RENE’ DESCARTES

“I think, therefore, I am.”

Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650

Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650

French mathematician Invented analytical geometryDeveloped a scientific method based on

rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and reflection

Descartes believed that he could rationally prove the existence of God Begins by “doubting” everything Does not begin with faith

French mathematician Invented analytical geometryDeveloped a scientific method based on

rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and reflection

Descartes believed that he could rationally prove the existence of God Begins by “doubting” everything Does not begin with faith

DEDUCTIVE MODEL DEDUCTIVE MODEL

DESCARTES’ IDEAS IMPACTED THE WAY THE MODERN WORLD WOULD

COME TO LOOK AT KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH

(CREATED A KIND OF DUALISM)

DESCARTES’ IDEAS IMPACTED THE WAY THE MODERN WORLD WOULD

COME TO LOOK AT KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH

(CREATED A KIND OF DUALISM)

OBJECTIVE PHYSICAL (MATTER) SCIENTIFIC MATHEMATICAL RATIONAL EMPIRICAL

OBJECTIVE PHYSICAL (MATTER) SCIENTIFIC MATHEMATICAL RATIONAL EMPIRICAL

SUBJECTIVEMINDINTUITION NOT OPEN TO

EMPIRICAL OR MATHEMATICAL VERIFICATION

SUBJECTIVEMINDINTUITION NOT OPEN TO

EMPIRICAL OR MATHEMATICAL VERIFICATION

BLAISE PASCAL 1623-1662

BLAISE PASCAL 1623-1662 FRENCH

MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER

FIRST TO USE PROBABILITY THEORY

DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS

CHALLENGED WHETHER HUMAN REASON COULD REALLY ADDRESS LIFE’S GREATEST QUESTIONS.

DEEPLY CHRISTIAN THINKER

FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER

FIRST TO USE PROBABILITY THEORY

DEVELOPED THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CALCULUS

CHALLENGED WHETHER HUMAN REASON COULD REALLY ADDRESS LIFE’S GREATEST QUESTIONS.

DEEPLY CHRISTIAN THINKER

PENSEESPENSEES

COMPILATION OF PASCAL’S REFLECTIONS ON CHRISTIAN TRUTH

COMPILED AFTER HIS DEATH

MOST WELL KNOWN LITERARY WORK

COMPILATION OF PASCAL’S REFLECTIONS ON CHRISTIAN TRUTH

COMPILED AFTER HIS DEATH

MOST WELL KNOWN LITERARY WORK

PASCAL’S WAGERPASCAL’S WAGER

PASCAL USED A MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY TO EXPLAIN HIS FAITH IN GOD

BELIEVED THAT ONE HAD TO TAKE A “LEAP OF FAITH” TOWARD GOD

WE HAVE TO “WAGER” THAT GOD’S REVELATION IS TRUE AND REAL

IF ONE WINS THE WAGER –WE GAIN EVERYTHING

LOSE THE WAGER- WE LOSE NOTHING

PASCAL USED A MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY TO EXPLAIN HIS FAITH IN GOD

BELIEVED THAT ONE HAD TO TAKE A “LEAP OF FAITH” TOWARD GOD

WE HAVE TO “WAGER” THAT GOD’S REVELATION IS TRUE AND REAL

IF ONE WINS THE WAGER –WE GAIN EVERYTHING

LOSE THE WAGER- WE LOSE NOTHING

PASCALPASCAL

PASCAL BELIEVED THAT LOGIC AND REASON COULD NOT BRING ONE TO ULTIMATE CERTAINTY

CHALLENGED DESCARTES’ CONFIDENCE IN REASON AS THE PATH TO TRUTH (GOD)

STRESSED THE “REASON OF THE HEART” OVER PURE REASON AND LOGIC

PASCAL BELIEVED THAT LOGIC AND REASON COULD NOT BRING ONE TO ULTIMATE CERTAINTY

CHALLENGED DESCARTES’ CONFIDENCE IN REASON AS THE PATH TO TRUTH (GOD)

STRESSED THE “REASON OF THE HEART” OVER PURE REASON AND LOGIC

PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE

PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD

IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO

18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL

REVOLUTION

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD

IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO

18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL

REVOLUTION