THE SECOND AGETHE SECOND AGE

The Farmer, The Smith, The Farmer, The Smith,

The WheelThe Wheel

Farmer, Smith, WheelFarmer, Smith, Wheel

Social influences of copper and ironSocial influences of copper and iron The Common groundThe Common ground The wheelThe wheel GlassGlass GearingGearing Early machines in EgyptEarly machines in Egypt Greece & RomeGreece & Rome The Dark agesThe Dark ages

IntroductionIntroduction

Nomadic hunter to agricultural villagerNomadic hunter to agricultural villagerEnd of last ice age brought life (10,000 BC)End of last ice age brought life (10,000 BC)Wild wheat and goat grass Wild wheat and goat grass Wheat, barley, & millet was harvestedWheat, barley, & millet was harvested

Villages grew to citiesVillages grew to citiesreed & mud, unbaked clay, baked brickreed & mud, unbaked clay, baked brick

Animals were domesticatedAnimals were domesticated Copper, tin, & bronze (Mesopotamia)Copper, tin, & bronze (Mesopotamia)

Social Influences of Social Influences of Copper & IronCopper & Iron

CauseCause Copper and Bronze were Copper and Bronze were

expensiveexpensive Skill CraftsmanSkill Craftsman Metals were used for Metals were used for

ornamentsornaments Society was a hierarchySociety was a hierarchy Ironmaking & forging Ironmaking & forging

was complexwas complex Iron was inexpensiveIron was inexpensive

EffectEffect Metal tools expensiveMetal tools expensive Farmers used wood, Farmers used wood,

stone, & bone toolsstone, & bone tools Elitist SocietyElitist Society Small agricultural Small agricultural

surplusessurpluses Democratic metalDemocratic metal IRON AGEIRON AGE

The Common GroundThe Common Ground

Metallurgy became the common groundMetallurgy became the common groundSociety needed foodSociety needed foodFarming community needed toolsFarming community needed toolsMetal workers became skilled craftsmenMetal workers became skilled craftsmenMining of Ores (Copper, Tin, Iron)Mining of Ores (Copper, Tin, Iron)Construction of Furnaces & CruciblesConstruction of Furnaces & CruciblesBellows (3,000 BC) from skins/hidesBellows (3,000 BC) from skins/hidesTransportation (wheel !) industry grewTransportation (wheel !) industry grew

PloughPlough

Not possible in Copper ageNot possible in Copper age Improvement of hoe for tillingImprovement of hoe for tillingCaschrom - lightweight man-ploughCaschrom - lightweight man-ploughAnimal-drawn plough (3,000 BC)Animal-drawn plough (3,000 BC)

Egyptian Hand Digging Egyptian Hand Digging Instrument (1500 BC)Instrument (1500 BC)

Tools From Early MetallurgyTools From Early Metallurgy

PloughPloughCopper Nails & Rivets (Egypt, 2500 BC)Copper Nails & Rivets (Egypt, 2500 BC) Iron nails used in shipsIron nails used in shipsWoodscrews (Roman, 400 AD)Woodscrews (Roman, 400 AD)Shears (Egypt, 4500 BC)Shears (Egypt, 4500 BC)

The WheelThe Wheel

Used for transporting heavy loadsUsed for transporting heavy loadsEvolved from potters wheelEvolved from potters wheelFirst was stone ?First was stone ?Solid wood Solid wood SpokedSpokedAxle - Egyptian war chariotAxle - Egyptian war chariot

Transporting Heavy LoadsTransporting Heavy Loads

StretcherStretcher

SledgeSledge

Ur (3,500 BC)Ur (3,500 BC)

MercuragoMercurago

MercuragoMercurago

Egyptian (1500 BC)Egyptian (1500 BC)

Assyrian (700 BC)Assyrian (700 BC)

Greek (400 BC)Greek (400 BC)

Etruscan (400 BC)Etruscan (400 BC)

Roman (300 BC)Roman (300 BC)

Etruscan (300 BC)Etruscan (300 BC)

Plaustrum (200 BC)Plaustrum (200 BC)

Roman (100 AD)Roman (100 AD)

LeonardoLeonardo

Pneumatic Studded (1907)Pneumatic Studded (1907)

GearingGearing

PurposesPurposesFriction - no teeth (Aristotle, 384 BC)Friction - no teeth (Aristotle, 384 BC)MaterialsMaterials

Wood - large units transmitting powerWood - large units transmitting powerbronze or brass - timekeeping, astronomybronze or brass - timekeeping, astronomy

Lanthorne & trundleLanthorne & trundleHelical gears (Robert Hooke, 1666 AD)Helical gears (Robert Hooke, 1666 AD)

Early Machines in EgyptEarly Machines in Egypt

Hero of Alexandria (BC/AD)Hero of Alexandria (BC/AD)Lever (3000 BC)Lever (3000 BC)Wheel & Axle (3000 BC)Wheel & Axle (3000 BC)Wedge (3000 BC)Wedge (3000 BC)Pulley (700 BC) - Not used in pyramidsPulley (700 BC) - Not used in pyramidsScrewScrew

ChineseChinese

Cast iron (350 BC)Cast iron (350 BC)13 centuries before the west13 centuries before the west

Double-acting box bellowsDouble-acting box bellows Steel (100 BC)Steel (100 BC) Papermaking (100 AD)Papermaking (100 AD) GunpowderGunpowder Little technology transfer to west despite Little technology transfer to west despite

“Silk Road”“Silk Road”

GreeceGreece

Heavily dependent on slaves Heavily dependent on slaves Great buildersGreat buildersArchitectureArchitectureScientists instead of technologistsScientists instead of technologists

Mathematics, Astronomy, PhilosophyMathematics, Astronomy, PhilosophyNot great inventorsNot great inventorsArchimedesArchimedes

Horizontal waterwheel (Norse mill)Horizontal waterwheel (Norse mill)0.5 horsepower0.5 horsepower

Architecture - ParthenonArchitecture - Parthenon

Horizontal WaterwheelHorizontal Waterwheel

RomanRomanHeavily dependent on slavesHeavily dependent on slavesVertical waterwheel (Vitruvius, 180 AD)Vertical waterwheel (Vitruvius, 180 AD)

3.0 horsepower3.0 horsepowerBridges & roadsBridges & roadsAqueducts Aqueducts Water usageWater usage

270 liters per person per day270 liters per person per dayLead pipesLead pipesFall of Roman empireFall of Roman empire

Vertical WaterwheelVertical Waterwheel