the “second” french revolution the national convention: girondin rule: 1792-1793 jacobin...
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The “Second” The “Second” French RevolutionFrench Revolution The National Convention:The National Convention:
Girondin Rule: 1792-1793Girondin Rule: 1792-1793
Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794[“Reign of Terror”][“Reign of Terror”]
Thermidorian Reaction: Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-17951794-1795
The Directory The Directory 1795-1799 1795-1799
Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions
of of monarchymonarchy& court& court
Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions
of of monarchymonarchy& court& court
Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti
onon
Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti
onon
ReligioReligiousus
divisiodivisionsns
ReligioReligiousus
divisiodivisionsns
PoliticPoliticalal
divisiodivisionsns
PoliticPoliticalal
divisiodivisionsns
WarWarWarWar
EconomiEconomicc
CrisesCrises
EconomiEconomicc
CrisesCrises
The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France
1792 - 17951792 - 1795
The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France
1792 - 17951792 - 1795
The JacobinsThe JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House
They held their meetings in the They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.monastery in Paris.
Started as a debating society.Started as a debating society.
Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class.class.
Created a vast network of clubs.Created a vast network of clubs.
The National The National ConventionConvention
(September, 1792)(September, 1792) Its first act was the formal Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792.September 22, 1792.
The The Year IYear I of the French Republic. of the French Republic.
The Decree of FraternityThe Decree of Fraternity
it offered French assistance to any it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments.overthrow their governments.
When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches
cold!cold!
When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches
cold!cold!
Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, (January 21, 1793)1793)
c The trial of the king The trial of the king was hastened by the was hastened by the discovery in a secret discovery in a secret cupboard in the cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache Tuilieres of a cache of documents.of documents.
c They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’ knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of foreign intervention.foreign intervention.
c The National The National Convention votedConvention voted387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.
The Death of “Citizen” Louis The Death of “Citizen” Louis CapetCapet
Matter for Matter for reflectionreflection
for the crowned for the crowned jugglers.jugglers.
So impure bloodSo impure blooddoesn’t soil our land!doesn’t soil our land!
Marie Antoinette as a Marie Antoinette as a SerpentSerpent
The “Widow Capet”The “Widow Capet”
Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the
GuillotineGuillotine
Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,
17931793
Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety
Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.
Programs of the Committee
• “Law of Suspects”– Even the suggestion of anti-revolutionary
impropriety can result in extra-judicial arrest and execution.
• “Law of Maximum”– Price controls, Planned economy- see “Law of
Suspects”
Maximillian Maximillian RobespierreRobespierre(1758 – 1794)(1758 – 1794)
Georges Jacques Georges Jacques DantonDanton
(1759 – 1794)(1759 – 1794)
Jean-Paul Jean-Paul MaratMarat
(1744 – 1793)(1744 – 1793)
““The Death of Marat”The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David,by Jacques Louis David,
17931793
The Assassination of MaratThe Assassination of Maratby Charlotte by Charlotte
CordayCorday
Paul JacquesPaul JacquesAimeeAimee
Baudry, 19Baudry, 19cc
[A Romantic[A RomanticView]View]
The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers
An army based on merit, not An army based on merit, not birth!birth!
The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror
Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre
Let terror be Let terror be the order of the order of
the day!the day!c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary
Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.victims in 15 months.
c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 20,000!was over 20,000!
Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed
28%
31%
25%
8%
7%
The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine
The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!
Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization (1793-(1793-
17941794)) The Catholic Church was linked The Catholic Church was linked
withwithreal or potential counter-revolution.real or potential counter-revolution.
Religion was associated with theReligion was associated with theAncien RégimeAncien Régime and superstitious and superstitiouspractices.practices.
Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..
Therefore, religion had no place in Therefore, religion had no place in aarational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!
The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram
1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican CalendarCalendar::
abolished Sundays & religious holidays.abolished Sundays & religious holidays. months named after seasonal features.months named after seasonal features. 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day
decades.decades. the yearly calendar was dated fromthe yearly calendar was dated from
the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792][Sept. 22, 1792]
The Convention symbolically divorced The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!the state from the Church!!
The New Republican CalendarThe New Republican Calendar
New Name Meaning Time Period
Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21
Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20
Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20
Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19
Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18
Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20
Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19
Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19
Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18
Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18
Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17
Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21
A New Republican A New Republican Calendar YearCalendar YearI 1792 – 1793
II 1793 – 1794
III 1794 – 1795
IV 1795 – 1796
V 1796 – 1797
VI 1797 – 1798
VII 1798 – 1799
VIII 1799 – 1800
IX 1800 – 1801
X 1801 – 1802
XI 1802 – 1803
XII 1803 – 1804
XIII 1804 – 1805
XIV 1805
The Gregorian System returned in 1806.
The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram
2.2. The public exercise of religion wasThe public exercise of religion wasbanned.banned.
3.3. The Paris Commune supported the:The Paris Commune supported the: destruction of religious & royal statues.destruction of religious & royal statues. ban on clerical dress.ban on clerical dress. encouragement of the clergy to give up encouragement of the clergy to give up
their vocations.their vocations.
4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”“Temple of Reason.”
5.5. The deportation of priests denounced byThe deportation of priests denounced bysix citizens.six citizens.
The “Temple of Reason”The “Temple of Reason”
Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, temple,
Become the goddess of the French Become the goddess of the French people.people.
The Festival of Supreme The Festival of Supreme BeingBeing
A new secular holidayA new secular holiday
Backlash to theBacklash to theDe-Christianization De-Christianization
ProgramProgram It alienated most of the populationIt alienated most of the population(especially in the rural areas).(especially in the rural areas).
Robespierre never supported it.Robespierre never supported it. he persuaded the Convention tohe persuaded the Convention to
reaffirm the principle of religiousreaffirm the principle of religioustoleration.toleration.
Decree on the Decree on the “Liberty of Cults”“Liberty of Cults”was passedwas passed December 6, 1793.December 6, 1793. BUT, it had little practical effect!BUT, it had little practical effect!
The “Thermidorean Reaction,” The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 17941794
P July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a speech illustrating speech illustrating newnew plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies.
he alienated members of the CPS he alienated members of the CPS & CGS. & CGS.
many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his implications.implications.
P July 27 July 27 the Convention arrests the Convention arrests Robespierre. Robespierre.
P July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!
The Arrest of Robespierre
The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes
Its Own Children!Its Own Children!
Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, 1793Execution, 1793
Robespierre Lies WoundedRobespierre Lies WoundedBefore the Revolutionary Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, him to be guillotined,
1794.1794.
The “Cultural The “Cultural Revolution”Brought About Revolution”Brought About
by the Conventionby the Convention It was premised upon Enlightenment It was premised upon Enlightenment
principles of rationality.principles of rationality. The metric system of weights and The metric system of weights and
measuresmeasures Was defined by the French Academy of Was defined by the French Academy of
Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793. It replaced weights and measures that had It replaced weights and measures that had
their origins in the Middle Ages.their origins in the Middle Ages. The abolition of slavery within France in The abolition of slavery within France in
1791 and throughout the French colonies 1791 and throughout the French colonies in 1794.in 1794.
The Convention legalized divorce and The Convention legalized divorce and enacted shared inheritance laws [even for enacted shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to eradicate inequalities.eradicate inequalities.