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THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
THE FUTURE OF
HEAVY CRUDE AND
TAR SANDS
THE FUTURE OF HEAVY CRUDE
AND TAR SANDS
Second International Conference
Sponsored by
THE UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH
and
PETROLEOS DE VENEZUELA S.A.
in cooperation with
THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
and
ALBERTA OIL SANDS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH AUTHORITY
7-17 February 1982 Caracas, Venezuela
Joseph Barnea Scientific Secretary
R.F. MEYER, J.C. WYNN, and J.C. OLSON Editors
THE FUTURE OF HEAVY CRUDE A N D TAR SANDS
THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Copyright© 1984 by Unitar. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN 07-606875-7
m COAL AGE MINING INFORMATION SERVICES McGraw-Hill, Inc.
1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020
CONFERENCE OFFICERS
President
General Rafael Alfonzo-Ravard President, Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A.
Directors
Philippe de Seynes Director, Project on the Future United Nations Institute for Training and Research
James B. Edwards, Jr. Secretary United States Department of Energy
Julian Koziak Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs Province of Alberta, Canada
Joseph Barnea Special Fellow United Nations Institute for Training and Research
Jose Rafael Dom/nguez President, Organizing Committee Petroleos de Venezuela. S.A.
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE CONFERENCE
Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A.
Jose Rafael Dominguez—PDVSA Samuel Messulam—PDVSA Mariela Carbonell-PDVSA Gustavo Sorondo-MEM Francisco Simonpietri—MEM Z.A. Sancevic-CORPOVEN SA Ely Schwartz-INTEVEP SA Juan Roger-LAGOVEN SA Pedro Saa-LAGOVEN SA Simon Antunez-MARAVEN SA Simon Dfaz-MARAVEN SA Benito Luongo-MENEVEN SA
United Nations Institute for Training and Research
Joseph Barnea Michael Bloome Claudia Machaver Man'a-Luisa Chavez
Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority
C.W. Bowman
United States Department of Energy
J.J. George Stosur
CONTENTS CONFERENCE OFFICERS AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEE v
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS xv
LIST OF OBSERVERS xlv
CONVERSION FACTORS li INTRODUCTION: Richard F. Meyer and Jeffrey C. Wynn liii
OVERVIEW: Joseph Barnea Ixiii REPORT OF WORKING GROUP ON DEFINITIONS: A.R. Martinez, Chairman Ixvii
SECTION I. CLASSIFICATION OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL A N D BITUMEN 1
Chapter 1. Toward Definitions for Heavy Crude Oil and Tar Sands
M.D. Danyluk, B.E. Galbraith, and R.A. Omana 3
Chapter 2. Proposed Classification and Definitions of Heavy Crude Oils and Tar Sands
M. Khayan 7
Chapter 3. Heavy Crude Oils and Their Classification
M. Bestougeff, P.F. Burollet, and R.J. Byramjee 12
Chapter 4. Methods of Classifying Heavy Crude Oils Using the UNITAR Viscosity-Based Definition
B.J. Gibson 17
SECTION I I . GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITIES 23
Chapter 5. UNITAR/UNDP Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands
B.E. Galbraith and R. Omana 25
Chapter 6. General Aspects of International Cooperation
C.J. Borregales and R. Holighaus 29
Chapter 7. International Cooperation in Heavy Crude Oil Development
M. Bloome 31
Chapter 8. European Economic Community Support for Heavy Oil Enhanced Recovery Projects
D. Fee 35
Chapter 9. AOSTRA and Its International Programs J.H, Nicholls and J. Starr 41
Chapter 10. Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Research and Development at the U.S. Department of Energy J.J. G. Stosur and E.J. Lievens 47
Chapter 11. Projections of Alberta Bitumen and Synthetic and Extra-Heavy Oil Developments N. Strom 53
Chapter 12. Resource Management in the Public Sector R.G. Evans, E.R. Brushett, F.J. Mink and K.R. Smith 69
VI I
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
SECTION I I I . MARKETING AND TRADE 79
Chapter 13. Venezuelan Heavy Crude Oils: A Source of Special Products
T. Perdomo 81
Chapter 14. Heavy Crudes and the European Market A.S. Lundberg 88
Chapter 15. Prospects for Petrochemical Production from Heavy Oil and Bitumen
P.E. Clements 91
SECTION IV. RESOURCES AND GEOLOGY 95
Chapter 16. A Preliminary Estimate of World Heavy Crude Oil and Bitumen Resources R.F. Meyer, P.A. Fulton, and W.D. Dietzman 97
Chapter 17. Occurrence of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oil Deposits in Venezuela, other than the Orinoco Oil Belt
L. Zamora and G. Zambrano 1 59
Chapter 18. Petrophysical Studies in Heavy Oil Sands with Early Water Production—Hamaca Area, Orinoco Oil Belt
H.A. Salisch 169
Chapter 19. Description of Heavy Crude Reserves in Ecuador and Prospects for Exploitation
F. Donoso Jaramillo 182
Chapter 20. Some Considerations on Heavy Crudes in Ecuador
V. H. Paredes M 185
Chapter 21. Llancanelo Oil Field, Argentina J. Perez 187
Chapter 22. TRINTOC's Heavy Oil Reserves
W.G. Bertrand, G.E. Elliot, andJ.C. Chambers 195
Chapter 23. Geology and Production History of the Grosmont Carbonate Pilot Project, Alberta, Canada
R.S. Harrison 199
Chapter 24. Heavy Oil Development in Saskatchewan
K.N. Jha and A. Verma ' 205
Chapter 25. Economic Considerations and Potential of Heavy Oil Supply from Lloydminster-Alberta, Canada M. Raicar and R.M. Procter 212
Chapter 26. Characteristics of the P.R. Spring Tar Sand Deposit, Uinta Basin, Utah, USA
G.F. Dana and D.J. Sinks 220
Chapter 27. Heavy Oil Occurrences in Western Europe
W. Ruhl 237
Chapter 28. Status of Heavy Crude Oil Thermal Recovery in China
Wen-zhang Liu 257
Chapter 29. The Problem of Evaluating Resources of Bitumen and Viscous
Oils, and the State of Its Study in the U.S.S.R.
LP. Lavrushko 259
Chapter 30. Practical Aspects of Recovering Heavy Crude, Bitumen and Oil Shale
N.L. Dvorets, V.A. Sorokin, and M.L. Surguchev 265
Chapter 3 1 . Review of Heavy Crude Oil and Tar Sands Occurrences in the ESCAP Region and Their Prospects Natural Resources Division, ESCAP 270
Chapter 32. The Tar Sand and Heavy Crude Resources of Nigeria O.S. Adegoke and E.C. Ibe 280
VIM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 33. Oil and Asphaltic-Sand Occurrences in Zaire
N. Rushoboza 286
Chapter 34. Tar Sands and Their Future Potential in the Republic of the Congo
Ministry of Mines and Energy 294
SECTION V. EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT METHODS 297
Chapter 35. Evaluation Methods for In-Situ Recovery of Bitumen from an Oil Sands Deposit
J. K. Peggs 299
Chapter 36. Exploration of the Orinoco Oil Belt: Review and General Strategy
G. Fiorillo 304
Chapter 37. Recent Advances in the Evaluation of Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Based on Geophysical Well-Logging Concepts
W.H. Fertl 313
Chapter 38. Geochemical Aspects of Heavy Oil/Bitumen Exploration
CD. Cornelius 318
Chapter 39. Unconsolidated Sand Sampling in Canadian and Venezuelan Oil Sands
M.B. Dusseault and H.R. Van Domselaar 336
Chapter 40. Electrical Geophysical Methods in the Exploration and Mapping
of Tar Sands and Heavy-Oil Deposits
J.C. Wynn 349
Chapter 4 1 . Petroleum Exploration in Bolivia
J. Quevedo V. 358
SECTION V I . CHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY 379
Chapter 42. Characterization of Cerro Negro Crude: Physical and Chemical Separations
P.L. Grizzle, J.B. Green, V. Sanchez, E. Murgia, and J. Lubkowitz 381
Chapter 43. Characterization of Cerro Negro Crude: Chemical Analysis
G.P. Sturm, Jr., S.E. Scheppele, R.D. Grigsby, andM. Hazos 389
Chapter 44. Surface Energy Study of Utah Tar Sand and Spreading Tension—A New Technique
J. Zajic, W. Seffens, and N. Rogen 397
Chapter 45. Aquathermolysis of Heavy Oils
J.B. Hyne 404
Chapter 46. Characterization of Heavy Oil
T.F. Yen 412
Chapter 47. Microbial Processes and the Recovery of Heavy Petroleum
W.R. Finnerty, M.E. Singer, and A.D. King 424
Chapter 48. Role of Microorganisms in Formation of Heavy Crude Oils
R.E. Kallio 430
Chapter 49. A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Characterization of Heavy Oil Deposits from the Tri-State Area (U.S.A.)
R. Blanc, H. Coustau, J. Connan, W.J. Ebanks, and C. Roux 433
SECTION V I I . ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 459
Chapter 50. Environmental Considerations for Integrated Orinoco Heavy Oil Upgrading and Energy Supply F. Wenzel and A. Herrera 461
IX
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
Chapter 5 1 . Orinoco Oil Belt: Environmental Protection, Mitigation,
and Monitoring in the Lagoven-DSMA Project
H. Trujillo 478
Chapter 52. Environmental Aspects of Heavy Crude Oil in Japan
T. Yamaguchi 486
Chapter 53. Environmental and Social Issues of the Syncrude Project D.C Thompson and C.N. Lund 490
Chapter 54. The Environmental Impact Assessment and Public Participation Processes
Associated with Commercial Oil Sands Development in Alberta
E.M. Wright 501
Chapter 55. Tailings Water Reclamation
R.A. Ritter 507
Chapter 56. Separation of Clay and Mineral from Heavy Oil Production
H. L. Erskine 519
SECTION V I I I . PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY: IN-SITU 527
Chapter 57. State of the Art of Artificial Lift Methods (Excluding Gas Lift) in Venezuela
A. Vadasz F 529
Chapter 58. The Design and Operation of a Physical Simulation System for the Purpose of
Testing Artificial Lift Methods
T.B. Kimmel and G.J. Hogervorst 543
Chapter 59. Venezuelan Experience and Recent Developments in Heavy Oil Exploitation
C.J. Borregales 546
Chapter 60. Development of Melones Field
E.A. Lanfranchi 567
Chapter 6 1 . Enhancement of Thermal Processes for Heavy Oil Recovery—Prospects and Potential
H. Murtada, W. Littmann, and Y. Ghoniem 579
Chapter 62. Boscan Field Exploitation
R. Gullon 591
Chapter 63. Schoonebeek Oil Field: The RW-2E Steam Injection Project
P.J.P.M. Troost 599
Chapter 64. Combustion and Steam Generation Systems and Power Plant Concepts for
Combined Steam and Power Generation Focused on Integrated Orinoco Heavy Oil Production and Upgrading Plants
S. Michelfelder, K. Reiter, E. Schwartz, and J. Waldmann 607
Chapter 65. Problems of Low-Grade Oil-Fired Boilers and Their Solutions
Y. Harada, T. Matsuo, and S. Naito 620
Chapter 66. Combustion of Heavy Oil and Upgrading Residues in the Circulating Fluid Bed for Steam Production L. Plass and G. Daradimos 638
Chapter 67. Applications Summary on the Use of General Electric Co. Thermocase
Insulated Steam Tubulars for Thermal Recovery of Low API Gravity Crude J. R. Wroble and J. Raydan 653
Chapter 68. Distribution of Steam Liquid and Vapor in an Injection Wellbore T.D. Elson and K.C Hong 660
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 69. Higher-Level Treatment of Produced Water and Its Recycling Use as Feedwater
T. Kawamura, S. Sugimori, and K. Nakatsuka 666
Chapter 70. The Application and Economics of the Use of
Insulated Injection Tubing with Oil Field Steam Generators
J.S. Davis and J.P. Fanaritis 675
Chapter 71. Advances in Oil Field Steam Generation
K.W. Warren 685
Chapter 72. Poso Creek Field: Steam-Drive Project M. Blonz and B. Corre 694
Chapter 73. Analysis of the Early Performance of the M-6 Steam Drive Project, Venezuela
L Schenk 712
Chapter 74. A Steamflood in a Utah Tar Sand, U.S.A. L.A. Johnson, Jr., L.J. Fahy, L.J. Romanowski, Jr., and H.L. Hutchinson 727
Chapter 75. Direct-Fired Downhole Steam Generator—Field Tests
R.L. Eson 737
Chapter 76. Downhole Steam Generator—A Potential Breakthrough in Heavy Oil Recovery
J.J. G. Stosur 744
Chapter 77. Plans for Testing Hot Water, Steam, and Polymer Floods in Oman
M.S. Kharusi 749
Chapter 78. Combined Steam and Solvent Injection J. L. Ziritt and J. Burger 760
Chapter 79. Pilot Test of Steam with Additives at Midway-Sunset Field, California V.A. Kuuskraa, E.C. Hammershaimb, H. Lechtenberg, and T.M. Doscher 773
Chapter 80. Data Management in In-Situ Pilot Projects
M.S. Carleton 784
Chapter 81 . The Design and Installation of an Oxygen-Supported In-Situ Combustion Project
R.M. Scarborough and G. V. Cady 793
Chapter 82. Reservoir Performance and Thermal Well Completions of the Peace River In-Situ Project
J.E. Fraser, I.G. Henderson, P. Kitzan, R. V. Schmitz, and N.A. My hill 798
Chapter 83. The Role of Distillation and Low Temperature Oxidation in the In-Situ Combustion Tube Process G.W. Bart/ett and P.N. Bruce 815
Chapter 84. In-Situ Pilot Well Testing Facilities Design
R.S. Phillips 823
Chapter 85. Casing Damage at the Amoco-AOSTRA Athabasca In-Situ Combustion Pilot P.D. Anderson and F.H. Hollingsworth 828
Chapter 86. Chemical Evaluation of Product Oils from Two In-Situ Tar Sand Oil Recovery Projects
K.P. Thomas and S. M. Dorrence 836
Chapter 87. Engineering and Economics of the Bellevue In-Situ Combustion Project C. Joseph and W. Pusch 844
SECTION IX. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY: OTHER 851
Chapter 88. Laboratory Studies for C 0 2 Injection as an Immiscible Application in a Heavy Oil Reservoir in Turkey
Ch. Bardon, E. Behar, and I. Topkaya 853
XI
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
Chapter 89. The Electric Preheat Recovery Process
D. Towson 869
Chapter 90. The I ITRI RF Process to Recover Bitumen from Tar Sand Deposits—A Progress Report
G.C. Sresty, R.H. Snow, and J.E. Bridges 871
Chapter 9 1 . Possibility of Sand Consolidation by Resins in a Heavy Oil Field
L.S. Bhatnagar and V. Jain 880
Chapter 92. Cluster Drilling—Applications for Development of Heavy Oil Fields N. Ch. Naderi 883
Chapter 93. A Three Horizontal-Hole Drilling Pattern
G.E. Pugh 894
Chapter 94. Evaluation of Bitumen Resource Development Utilizing Horizontal Wells Drilled from the Surface or from Underground Tunnels
C. T. Horkoff 903
SECTION X. RESERVOIR SIMULATION A N D MODELING 907
Chapter 95. Mathematical Simulation of the Effect of Selective Water Encroachment in Heavy Oil Reservoirs
F. Castaneda 909
Chapter 96. Simulation of High Pressure and High Temperature Steam Distillation of Crude Oils
L. Hsueh, K.C. Hong, and J.H. Duerksen 924
Chapter 97. The Development of Thermal Recovery Methods Within Shell —
A Synergetic Approach of Research and Field Operations
Ft. Barthel, J. Offeringa, and J. Weijdema 936
Chapter 98. Trends and Some Results of Pilot Operations for the Recovery and
Utilization of Bitumen in Tataria, U.S.S.R.
G.M. Akchmadiev, R.N. Diyeshev, and R.H. Muslimov 943
Chapter 99. Numerical Modeling of Thermal Oil Recovery Processes from Artificially Fractured Reservoirs
B.M. Geshelin, J.W. Grabowski, and E.C. Pease 954
Chapter 100. The Role of Kinetics in the Numerical Simulation of In-Situ Combustion
D. W. Bennion, R. G. Moore, J. K. Donnelly, and A. Brian 969
Chapter 101. The Impact of Geology on the Design and Performance of In-Situ Projects T.R. Lennox 979
SECTION X I . INTEGRATED PRODUCTION PROJECTS 985
Chapter 102. CONOCO's South Texas Tar Sands Project
W.L. Martin, M.W. Britton, and R.A. Harmon 987
Chapter 103. The Syncrude Plant—The First Years of Operation J.R. Lynn 998
Chapter 104. Plans and Strategies for Meneven's Guanipa 100+ Project
B. Luongo and K. Dettmers 1008
Chapter 105. Basic Production Plan for the Lagoven DSMA Project in the Orinoco Oil Belt
M.E. Vasquez and J. Pacheco 1018
Chapter 106. Simplifying the Production, Transportation, and Refining of Heavy Venezuelan Crudes—A Proposal J. McDonald 1026
XI I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 107. U.S. Tar Sand Oil Recovery Projects L.C. Merchant and C.A. Koch 1029
Chapter 108. Summary of Enhanced Oil Recovery Pilots for Oil Sands and Heavy Oil in Canada
G.S. Reddy, D.M. Adams, and R.F. Meldau 1041
SECTION XI I . OIL MINING AND BITUMEN SEPARATION 1063
Chapter 109. A Hydraulic Mining Process for Extra Heavy Crudes
Z.A. Sancevic and N. Jurisic K 1065
Chapter 110. Evaluation of the Kern River Oil Field as a Potential Candidate for the Mining of Oil
L.A. Readdy and P. Skyllingstad 1069
Chapter 111. An Overview of Oil Sands Extraction—Commercial Technology and New Techniques
R. Houlihan 1076
Chapter 112. Oleophilic Separation of Tar Sands, Oil-Water Mixtures, and Minerals
J. Kruyer 1087
Chapter 113. Development Status of the Taciuk Direct Thermal Processor for Oil Sands and Heavy Oils
W. Taciuk 1096
Chapter 114. Pilot Plant Recovery of Bitumen from Oil-Wet Tar Sands K.E. Hatfield, A. Oblad, and J. Miller 1104
SECTION X I I I . UPGRADING AND REFINING 1109
Chapter 115. Cost Considerations in Heavy Crude Processing
I.H. Lutz 1111
Chapter 116. Integrated Model of Venezuelan Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading
P. Kappe, A. Herrera, and C. de Pacheco 11 20
Chapter 117. State of the Art and Expected Developments in Tar Sand Derived Oil Processing A. B. H. Vervoorn 1130
Chapter 118. Refining Flexibility in Upgrading Heavy Oil
A. El-Mangosh 1140
Chapter 119. The Potential for Refining at the Alberta Upgrader
J. Chrones, I.H. Lutz, and E.S. Davis 1145
Chapter 120. Application of Kombi Hydrogenation and Donor-Solvent
Hydrovisbreaking for the Upgrading of Orinoco Heavy Crudes
U. Graeser, H. Herbertz, R. Galiasso, and J. Marin 11 55
Chapter 121. Recent Technical Advances in H-Oi l™ Upgrading of Heavy Crudes R.M. Eccles 1166
Chapter 122. Effect of Calcium Hydroxide upon Athabasca Oil Sands Bitumen Upgrading
Z.M. George, L. G. Schneider, and M.A. Kessick 1171
Chapter 123. Pilot Plant Program for Upgrading Heavy Oils by Hydropyrolysis
K.E. Hatfield and A. Oblad 11 75
Chapter 124. Lurgi Ruhrgas Process: New Application of Tar Sands and Heavy Oil R. W. Rammler 11 80
Chapter 125. The UOP Aurabon Process: An Update R.F. Anderson, R.K. Olson, L.E. Hutchings, and R. T. Penning 1189
Chapter 126. Heavy Oil Upgrading Via Hydrocracking Economics
R.P. Van Driesen and L. L. Fornoff 1195
XI I I
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
Chapter 127. The CAIMMET Residuum Hydrocracking Process: An Update
L.W. Chambers, R.J. Waugh, A.E. Silva, and JM. Denis 1206
Chapter 128. Upgrading by Hydrocracking: Selected Areas of R&D Interest at CAIMMET
J.F. Kriz, M. Ternan, and J.M. Denis 1211
Chapter 1 29. Comparison of Coking and Hydrocracking for Upgrading Athabasca Bitumen
T.A. Ring, A.D. Benz,andJ.J. Starr 1218
Chapter 130. Upgrading of Heavy Crudes by Asphaltenic Bottom Cracking Process
C. Takeuchi, S. Komatsu, and H. Kashiwara 1227
Chapter 131. Efficient Coke Utilization
A.R. Johnson, E.J. Bassler, and H.F. Uhlig 1238
Chapter 132. Maximizing Distillate from Tia Juana Pesado Reduced Crude
R.K. Olson, V.A. Gembicki, A. Banerji, and R. Giusti 1243
Chapter 133. Commercialization of the Asphalt Residual Treating (ART) Process
P.M. Geren 1250
Chapter 134. Visbreaking as Related to the Blending Technology of Its Products
L. Gadda 1258
Chapter 135. Review of Studies on the Properties and Reaction Kinetics of Heavy Oil
Thermal Cracking Residue
K. Washimi 1262
Chapter 136. Hydrogen Donor Solvent Cracking of Athabasca Bitumen
K. Belinko, L. Y. Cheung, T.E. Hogan, and B.B. Pruden . 1268
SECTION XIV. METALS RECOVERY 1275
Chapter 137. The Presence of Vanadium and Nickel in Heavy Crude and Its Implications
D.H. Thornhill 1277
Chapter 138. The Sotex Process for Recovery of Vanadium from Heavy Crude Oil Upgrading Residues
U. Kuylenstierna, B. Alfredsson, and S. Svensson 1280
Chapter 139. Extraction of Vanadium and Nickel from Athabasca Oil Sands Fly Ash P.J. Griffin and T.H. Etseii 1286
SECTION XV. TRANSPORTATION 1295
Chapter 140. Production and Transport of Heavy Oils by Blending with Lighter Crudes
H. Cabrera 1 297
Chapter 141 . Techniques for Predicting Flow of Viscous Oils in Pipelines V.R. Withers and R. T.L. Mowll 1306
Chapter 142. Transportation of Venezuelan Heavy-Crudes—An Alternative
L. Montiel Ortega 1312
INDEX 1317
XIV
V * s s ^ A « v
™i imm mwmmmm mimM/MmMM,
THE THIRD UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
Sponsored by
UNITAR/UNDP INFORMATION CENTRE FOR HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
in cooperation with
PETROLEOS DE VENEZUELA S.A.
THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
and
ALBERTA OIL SANDS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH AUTHORITY
July 22-31,1985 Long Beach, California, USA
Joseph Barnea Scientific Secretary
R.F. Meyer Editor
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE CONFERENCE
Enpex Corporation Richard Hertzberg Fereidun Hojabri
UNITAR/UNDP Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands Joseph Barnea Albert Khazoom Ramon Omana Elisabeth Barsk-Rundquist
PUBLISHER'S NOTE
THIRD UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR
SANDS
The Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority (AOSTRA) is pleased to publish this book, which will make publicly available useful technical data. However, the Authority makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this publication, or represents that its use would not infringe on privately-owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by AOSTRA. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of AOSTRA.
William J. Yurko Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Alberta Oil Sands Technology And Research Authority
Edmonton, Alberta
July 1988
THE THIRD UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
ISBN 0-7732-0188-2
PUBLISHED BY
ALBERTA OIL SANDS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH AUTHORITY 500 HIGHFIELD PLACE 10010-106 STREET EDMONTON, ALBERTA, CANADA T5J 3L8
CONTENTS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE CONFERENCE iv PUBLISHER'S NOTE v CONTENTS vii LIST OF PARTICIPANTS xix CONVERSION FACTORS xli INTRODUCTION, Richard F. Meyer xliii OVERVIEW, Joseph Barnea xlvii
SECTION I — INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INFORMATION EXCHANGE, AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 1
CHAPTER 1. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION CONCERNING HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS UNITARIUNDP, Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, New York, NY, USA 3
CHAPTER 2. SEVEN YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL VENEZUELAN-GERMAN PROJECTS IN HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION AND UPGRADING A. Herrera, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela and H.J. Neef, Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Federal Republic of Germany 9
CHAPTER 3. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS RESOURCES V. Pechota, Parker School of Foreign and Comparative Law Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 13
SECTION II — ECONOMICS, MARKETING, AND TRADE 19
CHAPTER 4. HEAVY CRUDE OIL MARKETS RA. Hermes and T.J. Manning, Purvin & Gertz, Inc., Texas, USA 21
CHAPTER 5. ECONOMICS OF HEAVY CRUDE PRODUCTION BY ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY IN EUROPE AND AFRICA 7?. Cottin and B. Sahuquet, ElfAquitaine, France 25
CHAPTER 6. THE ROLE OF OIL SANDS IN MEETING CANADA'S FUTURE ENERGY NEEDS B. Shaw, S. Ma, and MA. Menzies Petro-Canada Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 33
CHAPTER 7. HEAVY OIL AND THE POTENTIAL OF THERMAL RECOVERY IN THE UNITED STATES George Stosur, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., USA 49
CHAPTER 8. HEAVY VERSUS LIGHT OIL: RECENT CHANGES IN REFINERS' PERSPECTIVES Trilby Lundberg, Energy Detente, North Hollywood, California, USA 55
CHAPTER 9. SITE SELECTION FOR A HEAVY OIL UPGRADER F. Wenzel, G. Krauss, and J. Kamkoff, VEBA OEL AG, Federal Republic of Germany; D. Garcia and C. Martinez, Petroleos de Venezuela, SA., Venezuela 63
SECTION HI — RESOURCES AND GEOLOGY 71
CHAPTER 10. AN ESTIMATE OF WORLD RESOURCES OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL BITUMEN Richard F. Meyer and Christopher J. Schenk U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USA 73
THIRD UNITAR CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
CHAPTER 11. USE OF SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES IN OIL SANDS EXPLORATION G. Rozenberg, J. Henderson, A.N. Sartorelli, and J. Palfreyman, Geo-Physi-Con Company Limited, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 85
CHAPTER 12. NEW ANALYTICAL RESULTS ON OIL SANDS FROM DEPOSITS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD D. Wallace, Alberta Research Council, and MA. Carrigy, Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 95
CHAPTER 13. OIL SANDS OF SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL AND LA BREA DE CHUMPI, PERU; A GEOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE J.W. Kramers, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Paulo Roberto Dos Santos, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas, Sao Paulo, S.P. Brazil; and Pedro Touzett Gianello, Petroleos del Peru, Lima, Peru 107
CHAPTER 14. MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY OF THE CLEARWATER RESERVOIR SANDS IN THE WOLF LAKE AREA, COLD LAKE, ALBERTA Kees Visser, Peter H.M. Dankers, and Dale Leckie, Petro-Canada Inc., and Antonie G.P. Van Der Marel, BP Canada Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 119
CHAPTER 15. DISTRIBUTION AND GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY OIL IN CHINA Gu Xinzhang and Zhang Yirong, Scientific Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing, People's Republic of China 135
CHAPTER 16. EXPLORATION FOR HEAVY CRUDES IN GUATEMALA D.Rosales, H.N.Diaz, CParedes, and J Rodriguez, Guatemala 143
CHAPTER 17. OCCURRENCE OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL IN CAMBAY BASIN, INDIA K.L.N. Rao, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, India 149
CHAPTER 18. HEAVY OILS OF INDIA AND THE PROBLEMS IN THEIR PRODUCTION K.L. Goyal, A.K. Pathak, and H.C. Datta, KDM Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Dehra Dun, India 161
CHAPTER 19. THE OCCURRENCES OF HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS IN INDONESIA M.A. Warga Dalem and Soegianto Padmosubroto, Pertamina, Indonesia 171
CHAPTER 20. GEOLOGY AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TSIMIRORO HEAVY OIL DEPOSIT HM. Andrianasolo, E. Raveloson, E. Razafimbelo, and J.V Lalaharisaina Office Militaire National pour les Industries Strategiques, Madagascar 18.'
CHAPTER 21. MAJOR TAR SAND AND HEAVY OIL DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES V.A. Kuuskraa, Lewin, ICF, Inc., Washington, D.C., USA 19
CHAPTER 22. HEAVY OIL RESERVES IN THE MONTEREY FORMATION OFFSHORE CALIFORNIA — GEOLOGICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS R.G. Heck, Ogle Petroleum Inc. and R.W. Mannon, Mannon Associates, Inc., USA 20
CHAPTER 23. EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION OF THE ORINOCO OIL BELT FINAL RESULTS, Giovanni J. Fiorillo, Petroleos de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela 22
CHAPTER 24. GEOLOGY OF A SINGLE WELL (MARAVEN SDZ-86X) FROM CORES AND LOGS, FAJA PETROLIFERA DEL ORINOCO, EASTERN VENEZUELA R.G. Pirie, Schlumberger-Doll Research, Houston, Texas, USA 2:
CHAPTER 25. TYPES OF OIL ACCUMULATIONS IN THE HAMACA AREA, ORINOCO HEAVY OIL BELT Diego Funes, MENEVEN, Venezuela 2'
CHAPTER 26. PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF THE ORINOCO HEAVY OIL BELT AREA HAMACA-PAO Dany Pilman, MENEVEN, Venezuela 2
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CHAPTER 27.
CHAPTER 28.
SECTION IV —
CHAPTER 29.
CHAPTER 30.
CHAPTER 31.
CHAPTER 32.
CHAPTER 33.
CHAPTER 34.
LAGOVEN'S HEAVY OIL FIELDS OF SOUTHERN MONAGAS, EASTERN VENEZUELA BASIN Pedro JamL., LAGOVEN, SA., Venezuela 305
AN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE ZUATA AREA OF THE ORINOCO HEAVY OIL BELT Guy C.C. Burkill and A. Riascos J., Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 317
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MICROBIOLOGY 335
APPLICATION OF BACTERIA TO THE IN SITU RECOVERY OF HEAVY OIL Thomas R. Jack, NOVA/Husky Research Corporation Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 337
A BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVE FOR RECOVERING HEAVY OIL Long-Kuan Jang, Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach; and Teh Fu Yen, School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 343
POTENTIAL USES OF MICROBES FOR CONTINUOUS NEAR-WELLBORE TREATMENT DURING HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION W.T Savery, II. Janshekar, and MA. de Four, Petrotec Systems, Inc., Denver, Colorado, USA 351
BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCTION AND LABORATORY APPLICATION TESTS FOR HEAVY CRUDE OIL D.K. Olsen, National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Researc h, andH. Janshekar, Petrotec System A.G., Zurich, Switzerland 359
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BITUMEN EXTRACTS FROM NIGERIAN TAR SANDS F.F. Oluwole, O.S. Adegoke, L.O. Kehinde, A3. Borisade, B.D. Ako, T.R. Ajayi, E.I. Enu, J J. Nwachukwu, and S.JL. Coker, University oflfe, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; D. Wallace, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and OJ. Asubiojo and 0. Ogunsola, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria 373
PROBLEMS IN THE ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BITUMEN AND HEAVY OILS C. Reichert, B.J. Fuhr, J A. Roots, and D. Wallace, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 381
CHAPTER 35.
CHAPTER 36.
SECTION V —
CHAPTER 37.
CHAPTER 38.
THE INTERACTION OF HOT GEOTHERMAL BRINES AND CRUDE PETROLEUM J. Barnea and R. Omaha, UNITARIUNDP Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, New York, New York; R. McDavid and T.F. Yen,University of Southern California, California, USA 393
THE ROLE OF LITHOLOGY IN THE GENERATION OF HEAVY OILS: A LABORATORY SIMULATION STUDY B.J. Huizinga, E. Tannenbaum, and I.R. Kaplan, Department of Earth and Space Sciences and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 403
DRILLING AND PRODUCTION OF HEAVY OIL 411
EFFECT OF CORE PREPARATION ON LABORATORY STEAMFLOOD RESULTS D.J. Wendel, G.S. Swanson, and LA. Kunkel, Petroleum Testing Service, Inc., Santa Fe Springs, California, USA 413
ADVANCE IN CASED HOLE LOGGING — THE MULTIPARAMETER SPECTROSCOPY INSTRUMENT CONTINUOUS CARBON/OXYGEN LOG (MSI C/O) DM. Chace, M.G. Schmidt, E. Frost, and W.H. Fertl, Dresser Atlas, Division of Dresser Industries, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA 421
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THIRD UNITAR CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
CHAPTER 39. INFLUENCE OF CLAYS IN STEAM INJECTION PROJECTS J. Abud, G. Dalence, and W. Kubacki, Petrdleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 433
CHAPTER 40. MUD SYSTEMS AND SOLIDS CONTROL AT WOLF LAKE I A. Markiw and J.T. Tarlton, BP Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 441
CHAPTER 41. PRODUCTION OF HEAVY CRUDES IN PRESENCE OF WATER G.A. Dalence, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 453
CHAPTER 42. HEAVY OIL RECOVERY IMPROVEMENT N.B. (Brad) Dismukes, Petroleum Consultant, Carrollton, Texas, USA 465
CHAPTER 43. STEAM QUALITY MEASUREMENTS BY NEUTRON TRANSMISSION G. Woiceshyn, W. Martin, and J. Mohtin, Petro-Canada Research, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; P. Yuen, Atomic Energy Canada, Whiteshell, Ontario, Canada; and J. Manzano, INTEVEP, Los Teques, Venezuela 475
CHAPTER 44. FIELD RESULTS OF STEAM DIVERSION AGENTS IN CYCLIC STEAM APPLICATIONS RL. Eson and R.W. Cooke, Petrotec Corco, Bakersfield, California, USA 483
CHAPTER 45. THE PRODUCTION OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL REDUCES FUEL OIL IMPORTS IN SURINAME S.E. Jharap, Staatsolie, Suriname 48S
CHAPTER 46. OPTIMIZED CLUSTER DRILLING IN THE ORINOCO HEAVY OIL BELT L.R. Gil, S.A. MENEVEN, Venezuela 49?
CHAPTER 47. THE JOBO STEAMFLOOD PROJECT CASE HISTORY T.F. Camacho and J.H. McGee, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 5(X
CHAPTER 48. EVALUATION OF THE P2-3 SAND IN SITU COMBUSTION PROJECT IN THE MIGA FIELD OF EASTERN VENEZUELA FJ. Cordero, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 51
CHAPTER 49 ORINOCO OIL BELT EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION BLOCKS C. Machado, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 52
CHAPTER 50 TECHNIQUES FOR TREATING AND DEHYDRATING EASTERN VENEZUELAN HEAVY OIL R.C. Munoz, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 5;
CHAPTER 51 FEASIBILITY OF A STEAMFLOOD IN A LAKE MARACAIBO RESERVOIR A. Carrasquel and O. Romero, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 5.
CHAPTER 52 LAGOVEN'S SLUG FLOW GAS LIFT OF HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION R. Jaimes, Petrdleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 5
CHAPTER 53 M-6 STEAM DRIVE PROJECT STEAM/HOT WATER PRODUCTION CONTROL R. Cerrada and J. Avila, Petrdleos de Venezuela, Venezuela «
CHAPTER 54 WATER TREATMENT AND STEAM GENERATION SYSTEM FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY USING PRODUCTION WATER J.C. Sanchez, Petrdleos de Venezuela; W. Thielen, and M. Moricet, VEBA OEL, Federal Republic of Germany .'
CHAPTER 55 WET OXIDATION DOWNHOLE STEAM GENERATOR FOR RECOVERY OF DEEP HEAVY OIL Silas W. Clark, Petrotec Systems, Inc., Denver, Colorado, USA
CHAPTER 56 PRODUCTION OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL USING DOWNHOLE STEAM GENERATORS, Rl,. Fox andA.B. Donaldson, Enhanced Energy Systems, Inc., New Mexico, USA
CHAPTER 57 THERMAL EOR — A REVIEW OF INSULATED TUBING AND DOWNHOLE STEAM GENERATOR MATERIALS EVALUATIONS DJ>. Aeschliman, J£. Moreno, and B.W. Marshall, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, USA
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CHAPTER 58
CHAPTER 59
CHAPTER 60
CHAPTER 61
CHAPTER 62
CHAPTER 63
ELECTROMAGNETIC STIMULATION OF HEAVY-OIL WELLS J.E. Bridges and G.C. SrestyJIT Research Institute, Illinois; H.L. Spencer, Uentech Corp.; andRA. Wattenbarger, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA 615
LAMBDA TECHNOLOGY — A NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVED HEAVY OIL RECOVERY, MA. de Four, J.S. Broz, and W.T Savery, Petrotec Systems, Inc., Denver, Colorado; The Woodlands, Texas; Zurich, Switzerland 623
CABLE LIFT TECHNOLOGY FOR THE RECOVERY OF HEAVY OIL V. Lee, Jeff Nunnally, Richard Irwin, and Michael R. Ennis, Cable Lift 1,1 Corp., San Jose, California, USA 637
THE VR-S SUBSURFACE PUMP Amnon Vadasz F., INTEVEP, S.A. Filial de Petroleos de Venezuela 643
OFFSHORE CALIFORNIA HEAVY CRUDE: POTENTIAL AND PRODUCTION E.E. Jennings, CJ. Alonzo, and M.E. Mitchell, Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Pacific OCS Region, Los Angeles, California, USA 649
OFFSHORE PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF HEAVY OIL R.C. Visser, Belmar Engineering and Management Services Company, Redondo Beach, California, USA.. 661
SECTION VI —
CHAPTER 64
CHAPTER 65
CHAPTER 66
CHAPTER 67
CHAPTER 68
CHAPTER 69
CHAPTER 70
CHAPTER 71
MINING AND EXTRACTION OF NATURAL BITUMEN 669
OIL SANDS MINING & EXTRACTION SIMULATION Lloyd Hamel and Robert Blake, Petro-Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 671
PREDICTION OF VISCOSITY OF BITUMEN/GAS SYSTEMS BY THE EXTENDED PRINCIPLE OF CORRESPONDING STATES S.E. Johnson, W.Y. Svrcek, and A.K. Mehrotra, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 683
THE ENPEX PROJECT: SYSTEM DESIGN AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AN INTEGRATED TAR SANDS PRODUCTION AND UPGRADING PROJECT Richard H. Hertzberg and Fereidun Hojabri, The ENPEX Corporation, San Diego, California, USA 697
PILOT PLANT TEST OF THE TACIUK PROCESS ON OIL SANDS FROM MADAGASCAR F.J. Werth, Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority, Edmonton, andN.R.B. Caple, UMATAC, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 715
RECOVERY OF BITUMEN FROM TAR SANDS BY A THERMALLY COUPLED FLUIDIZED-BED PROCESS JJD. Seader and Larry M. Smart, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 721
THE HERTER SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY OF HEAVY OILS AND TARS R.E. Babcock, RD. Daniel, and GL. Herter, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA 731
A NEW EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY FOR TAR SAND PRODUCTION M.-A. Sadeghi, J.-F. Kuo, and T.F. Yen, Consultants, Environmental and Civil Engineering Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; L.-K. Jang, Consultant, Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, California; K. Sadeghi and R.B. Palmer, Western Extraction Technology, Inc., Santa Barbara, California, USA 739
PROCESSING OF ATHABASCA OIL SANDS BY AGGLOMERATION AND SOLVENT EXTRACTION, E.O. Hoefele, J.F. Hamilton, and J.E. Filby, Petro-Canada Incorporated, Process Research Department, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 749
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THIRD UNITAR CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
CHAPTER 72 TAILINGS POND BITUMEN EXTRACTION AND SLUDGE SOLIDIFICATION, B.D. Prasad, Energy Resources Conservation Board and R.C. Joshi, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada 761
CHAPTER 73 POTENTIAL USE OF FRACTURE TECHNOLOGY FOR RECOVERY OF BITUMEN FROM OIL SANDS H.S. Chhina, Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority, and J.G. Agar, M.J. O'Connor & Associates Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 771
CHAPTER 74 DOWNHOLE HYDRAULIC MINING SYSTEM C.G. Wagner and EL. "Red" Hodges, California Tar Sands Development Corp., Orange, California, USA 791
CHAPTER 75 IN SITU RF HEATING FOR OIL SAND AND HEAVY OIL DEPOSITS J.E. Briggs, G.C. Sresty, andH. Dev, IITResearch Institute, Illinois, USA 797
CHAPTER 76 COMPARISON OF LABORATORY AND FIELD STEAMFLOODS IN TAR SAND L .A. Johnson, Jr. and K.P. Thomas, Western Research Institute, University of Wyoming Research Corporation, Laramie, Wyoming, USA 805
CHAPTER 77 LABORATORY COMPARISON OF STEAM RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS USING PRESERVED OIL SAND CORES B J. Gibson, Petro-Canada Production Research and Development, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 813
CHAPTER 78 FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCIBILITY OF OIL SANDS BY STEAM STIMULATION A. Khosla andF. Qureshi, Petro-Canada, Canada 829
CHAPTER 79 RESULTS FROM A PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC HOT WATER FLOODING FOR TAR SANDS AND HEAVY OIL J.S. Broz, W.T Savery, J.E. Bridges, and G.C. Sresty, Petrotec Systems Inc., Denver, Colorado 837
CHAPTER 80 AN OIL SANDS OXYGEN IN SITU COMBUSTION PROJECT J.K. Donnelly, R.J. Hallam, and J A. Duckett, BP Resources Canada Limited, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 847
CHAPTER 81 INVESTIGATION OF WET OXIDATION FOR BITUMEN AND HEAVY OIL RECOVERY OPERATIONS HL. Robey, Ontario Research Foundation, Mississauga, Ontario andDK. Faurschou, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada 863
CHAPTER 82 A METHOD FOR TREATING RECALCITRANT OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FROM STEAM-STIMULATED BITUMINOUS DEPOSITS T. Chakrabarty andR. Thomas, Esso Resources Canada Limited, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 875
CHAPTER 83 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN OIL SAND DEVELOPMENT IN SYNCRUDE D.G. Adam, A.W. Hyndman and G.L. Lesko, Syncrude Canada Limited, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 891
CHAPTER 84 PROGRESS REPORT ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN UNDERGROUND TEST FACILITY IN THE ATHABASCA DEPOSIT, ALBERTA, CANADA M.A. Carrigy, Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority, and H.G. Stephenson, Norwest Resources Consultants Limited, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 901
CHAPTER 85 GEOLOGY AND MINING OF BEMOLANGA TAR SANDS: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES HJi. Andrianasolo, E. Raveloson, S. Rakotoarison, and J.V. Lalaharisaina, Office Militaire National pour les Industries Strategiques, Madagascar 909
CHAPTER 86 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THERMAL PILOTS FOR RECOVERY OF HEAVY OIL FROM THE TAR SANDS OF THE RAS GHARIB FIELD, GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT II. El Dewake, M. Mansour, General Petroleum Company, Egypt; and M.K. Dabbous and J. Kirkpatrick, Improved Petroleum Recovery Int. Ltd., Texas, USA 917
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CHAPTER 87
SECTION VII —
CHAPTER 88
CHAPTER 89
CHAPTER 90
CHAPTER 91
CHAPTER 92
U.S. TAR SAND OIL RECOVERY PROJECTS — 1985 L.C. Marchant, Western Researc h Institute, Laramie, Wyoming, USA 933
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND HEAVY OIL RECOVERY 941
HEAVY OIL RECOVERY METHODS — A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM C.-D. Cornelius, VEBA OEL Entwicklungs-GmbH, Gelsenkirchen, West Germany 943
GEOTOMOGRAPHY FOR EXPLORATION OF HEAVY OIL DEPOSITS R.P. Singh Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kampur-208016, India; and E. Nyland, Institute of Earth and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 953
THE HEAVY OIL/TAR MAT IN THE PRUDHOE BAY FIELD, ALASKA — CHARACTERIZATION AND IMPACTS ON RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE H.H. Haldorsen, H.J. Mayson, and SM. Howarth, Sohio Petroleum Company, California, USA 963
RELATIONSHIP OF WETTABILITY TO THE ARCHIE SATURATION EXPONENT E.C. Donaldson and M.J. Bizerra, School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, USA 979
A DISCUSSION ON THE MECHANISM OF FOAM FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA DA. Best and E.S. Tarn, Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority; and EJsaacs, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 989
CHAPTER 93 SIMULATION OF STEAM INJECTION THROUGH HORIZONTAL WELLBORES FOR VISCOUS OIL RECOVERY GL. Gussis, Arco Resources Technology, Piano, Texas, USA. 997
CHAPTER 94 THE EQUIVALENCE OF A HIGH VELOCITY GAS DRIVE PRECEDED BY RESERVOIR HEATING TO A STEAM DRIVE T.S. Doscher, K. Hosseinmardi, and S. Baghdikian, The Doschers Group, Inc., Ventura, California, USA 1009
CHAPTER 95 OILFIELD STEAM DISTRIBUTION, INVESTIGATION OF STEAM/WATER TWO-PHASE FLOW PROBLEMS J J. Manzano-Ruiz and P. Groses, INTEVEP, SA., Filial de Petroleos de Venezuela, SA.; W. Kastner, V Kefer, and W. Koehler, Kraftwerk Union AG, West Germany. 1017
CHAPTER 96 EVALUATION OF ADDITIVES TO ENHANCE THE IN SITU STEAM PROCESSES APPLIED TO U.S. AND CANADIAN TAR SAND AND HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS B. Raplee, F. Cottrell, J. Raab, and J. Bohn, TRW, Manufacturing Division, California, USA 1023
CHAPTER 97 BLOCKING OF HIGH PERMEABILITY ZONES IN STEAMFLOODING BY EMULSIONS 7.5. Broz, Petrotec Systems, Denver, Colorado and TJi. French and H.B. Caroll, National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville ,Oklahoma 1033
CHAPTER 98 LABORATORY RESPONSE OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY CRUDES TO THERMAL OIL RECOVERY WJ>. Welch and Dr. P£. Crawford, Texas Petroleum Research Committee, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA 1043
CHAPTER 99 A THERMAL CLASSBFICATION MODEL FOR TRINIDAD CRUDE OILS: A THERMAL ANALYSIS APPROACH G.W. Bartlett, Lecturer, and PM. Bruce, Professor, Petroleum Engineering, UWI, Trinidad. 1051
CHAPTER 100 LABORATORY SIMULATION OF THERMAL CHANGES IN HEAVY CRUDES DURING THERMAL RECOVERY J.C. Monin and A. Audibert, Institut Francois du Petrole, Rueil-Malmaison, France 1057
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THIRD UNITAR CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
CHAPTER 101 HYDROTHERMAL MINERAL REACTIVITY STUDIES FOR AN IN SITU COMBUSTION PROCESS C.K. Vlahos, Petro-Canada Resources, Production Research and Development, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 1073
CHAPTER 102 CURRENT TECHNOLOGY OF HEAVY OIL RECOVERY BY IMMISCIBLE CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER FLOODING G. Rojas, Universidad de Oriente, Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela, and S.M. Farouq Ali, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 1083
CHAPTER 103 EVALUATION OF C0 2 INJECTION FOR HEAVY OIL RECOVERY H. Murtada, VEBA OELAG, Federal Republic of Germany 1093
SECTION VIII — UPGRADING 1 1 0 3
CHAPTER 104 GRASSROOT UPGRADING COMPLEX FOR PROCESSING ORINOCO HEAVY CRUDE F. Wenzel, J. Hallensleben, J. Kamkoff, Veba Oel, Gelsenkirchen, FRG, and D. Garcia, C. Martinez, and A. Souto, Petroleos de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela 1105
CHAPTER 105 THE BI-PROVINCIAL PROJECT PRIMARY UPGRADING TECHNOLOGY: WHY EBULLATED BED HYDROCRACKTNG (H-OIL®) WAS CHOSEN P.C. Quinn and R.B. Jeffries, Husky Oil Operations Limited, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 1123
CHAPTER 106 STAGED HEAVY CRUDE UPGRADING TJ. McCann, RTM Engineering Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 1131
CHAPTER 107 SMALL SCALE UPGRADERS INTEGRATED WITH FIELD PRODUCTION FACILITIES R.H. Shannon and Associates, Ltd., Canada 1141
CHAPTER 108 NONCATALYTIC HEAVY CRUDE UPGRADING J.D. Elliot, R.L. Godino, M.J. McGrath, Foster Wheeler USA Corporation, Livingston, New Jersey, USA H47
CHAPTER 109 TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE FOR RESIDUE UPGRADING F.E. Biasca, B.L. Schulman, and RL. Dickenson, SFA Pacific, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA 1159
CHAPTER 110 POTENTIAL FOR ASPHALTENIC BOTTOM CRACKING TECHNOLOGY IN UPGRADING ULTRA-HEAVY OIL S. Komatsu, H. Kashiwara, S.-I. Shimizu, and H. Suzuki, Chiyoda Chemical Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd., Tsururni-ku, Yokohama 230, Japan ^ 7
CHAPTER 111 ADVANCES IN HEAVY OIL PROCESSING CM. Viens, LL. Fornoff, J.F.S. Frith, Lummus Crest Inc., New Jersey, USA H77
CHAPTER 112 LR-COKING OF ASPHALTENES HA. Herbertz and R.B. Solari, Petroleos de Venezuela, SA 1187
CHAPTER 113 COMBUSTION IN THE CIRCULATING FLUID BED AND GASIFICATION AS A MEANS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE ENERGY GENERATION FROM UPGRADING RESIDUES G.Schaub, R. Reimert, K. Janssen, and DJt. Polanco, Lurgi GmBH-Federal Republic of Germany andlNTEVEP SA., Venezuela 1199
CHAPTER 114 THE GULF CANADA DONOR REFINED BITUMEN (DRB) PROCESS A. Logan, PL. Simpson, F. Souhrada, H.J. Woods, Gulf Canada Limited, Research and Development Department, Sheridan Park, Ontario, Canada 1213
CHAPTER 115 UPGRADING AND ENHANCED RECOVERY OF TAR SAND BITUMEN AND HEAVY CRUDE USING THE ART PROCESS P.M. Green and A.M. Center, Engelhard Corporation, Edison, New Jersey, USA 1219
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CHAPTER 116
CHAPTER 117
CHAPTER 118
HIGH CONVERSION UPGRADING OF EXTRA-HEAVY OILS BY A NEW PROCESS COMBINATION K. Washimi, Toyo Engineering Corporation, and T.Wada, Mitsui Coke Co., Japan; S. Nelson, Kerr-McGee Corp., U.SA.; and H. Limmer and H. Schutter, VEB Petrolchemisches Kombinat (PCK) Schwedt, German Democratic Republic 1231
HDH PROCESS FOR HEAVY CRUDE UPGRADING /. Cavicchioli, G. de Drago, G. Gonzalez, J. Krasuk, J. Larrauri, andR. Martin, INTEVEP, SA., Caracas, Venezuela 1239
UPGRADING OF BITUMEN BY HYDROPYROLYSIS — A PROCESS FOR LOW COKE AND HIGH SYNCRUDE YIELDS James W. Bunger and Alex G. Oblad, Department of Fuels Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 1257
CHAPTER 119 DEEP CONVERSION OF HEAVY OIL AND BITUMEN VIA VEB A-COMBI-CRACKING — AN UPDATE H. Lischer, K. Kretschmar, K. Niemann, E. Cotte, J. Guitian, and F. Marruffo, VEBA OEL AG, Federal Republic of Germany and Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 1263
CHAPTER 120 MILD RESID HYDROCRACKING FOR MIDDLE DISTILLATES: A NEW HEAVY OIL UPGRADING ALTERNATIVE RB. Armstrong and P. Sadhukhan, The M.W. Kellogg Company, Houston, Texas, USA and H. Sue, Idemitsu Kosan Company, Limited, Chiba, Japan 1273
CHAPTER 121 CANMET HYDROCRACKING — A CANADIAN STORY G. Lunin, Petro-Canada, and J. Lamarre, Partec Lavalin Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and K. Witham, Asst. Deputy Minister, Research & Technology Sector, Energy Mines and Resources, Canada 128I
CHAPTER 122 THE ALLIED PROCESS FOR UPGRADING HEAVY CRUDES A.K.S. Murthy, K.M. Patel, and AY. Bekker, Allied Corporation, Morristown, New Jersey, USA 1291
CHAPTER 123 ASVAHL HYDROCATALYTIC PROCESS FOR HEAVY OIL UPGRADING J. Bousquet, Elf-France Solaize Research Center; J. Devanneaux, Total-France Gonfreville Research Center; and J.P. Peries, Institut Franqais du Petrole Rueil, France 1297
CHAPTER 124 THE MSR PROCESS FOR UPGRADING BITUMENS AND HEAVY OILS William A. Samuel, Laguna Hills, California, andRollan C. Swanson, Port Washington, New York, USA 1307
CHAPTER 125 HIGH CONVERSION H-OIL® PROCESSING OF COLD LAKE AND LLOYDMINSTER RESIDUES IN SUPPORT OF HUSKY'S BI-PROVINCIAL PROJECT LJ. Wisdom and J.J. Colyar, HRI.Inc, Gibbsboro, New Jersey, USA; andR.B. Jeffries, Husky Oil Operations Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 1317
SECTIONIX— REFINING 1325
CHAPTER 126 NEW TOOLS FOR ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF HEAVY CRUDE OILS AND FRACTIONS P. Vercier, M. Mouton, and J.M. Orgebin, TOTAL France, Research Center, Harfleur, France 1327
CHAPTER 127 HYDROTREATMENT OF HEAVY CRUDES AND RESIDUALS H. Kum, R. Galiasso, A. Morales, J. Garcia, A. de Salazar, andL. Caprioli, INTEVEP SA., Process Development Department, Venezuela 1335
CHAPTER 128 ADVANCES IN THE CATALYTIC HYDROPROCESSING OF RESIDUES AND HEAVY OILS S.E. George and C.K. Yeung, Shell Canada Limited, Oakville Research Center, Oakville, Ontario; D. Simpson, Shell Canada Limited, Calgary; W.C. Van Zijll Langhout, Shell International Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., The Hague; R. van Dongen, KoninklijkelShell Laboratorium, Amssterdam 1349
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THIRD UNITAR CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
CHAPTER 129 CATALYTIC HYDROPROCESSING OF SYNCRUDES: R & D INTERESTS AT CANMET J.F. Kriz, C. F'airbridge, andM.F. Wilson, Energy Research Laboratories, CANMET, Ottawa, Canada 1359
CHAPTER 130 IDEMITSU HYDROCRACKING PROCESS PRODUCES DISTILLATE FROM RESIDUAL OIL H. Sue, Idemitsu Kosan Company, Limited, Japan 1363
CHAPTER 131 A NEW IMPROVED HDM CATALYST FOR HEAVY CRUDE OILS L. Aktius, Eka AB, Surte, Sweden 1369
CHAPTER 132 CRACKING ACTIVITY OF DEALUMINATED Y-ZEOLITES Shawky M. Hassan, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt and 0. BaBaghlaf, S.A. Marie, and FJ3. Baamer, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 1379
CHAPTER 133 KERR-McGEE'S ROSE® PROCESS EXPANDS ON PROVEN EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY S.R. Nelson and R.W. Corbett, Kerr-McGee Refining Corporation, Oklahoma, USA 1387
CHAPTER 134 FIRST YEAR OPERATING EXPERIENCE OF THE LAGOVEN AMU AY REFINERY FLEXICOKER E.J. Guedez, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 1395
SECTION X — METALS RECOVERY 1401
CHAPTER 135 CONCEPTS FOR HEAVY METAL HANDLING IN HEAVY OIL UPGRADING PROCESSES R. Lehmann and R. Brockl, Lurgi GmbH, D-6000 Frankfurt/Main, W-Germany; D. Rodriguez-Polanco andR. Schemel, INTEVEP, SA., Los Teques, Venezuela 1403
CHAPTER 136 ORGANIC MATTER-MINERAL INTERACTION IN OIL SANDS SOLIDS L.S. Kotlyar, B.D. Sparks, and H.Kodama 1415
CHAPTER 137 BENEFICIATION OF HEAVY METAL MINERALS FROM OIL SANDS AND OIL SAND TAILINGS BY OIL PHASE AGGLOMERATION A. Majid and J.A. Ripmeester, Division of Chemistry, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1425
SECTION X I — TRANSPORTATION I43S
CHAPTER 138 HEAVY CRUDE TRANSPORTATION Trilok Chand, P.J. Singh, and K.L. Goyal, KDM Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Dehra Dun, India 144:
CHAPTER 139 HEAVY OIL TRANSPORTATION: A CHALLENGE A. Guilarte, W. Rodriguez, and C. Velarde, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 144'
CHAPTER 140 HEAVY OIL EMULSION TREATING IN CANADA Terry B. Kimmel, Pengalta Research & Development Limited, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 145
CHAPTER 141 TRANSPORTATION OF VISCOUS CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS THROUGH PIPES /. Layrisse, M. Rivero, J. Paterno, E. Guevara, S. Marin, and J. Gonzalez, INTEVEP, SA., Filial de Petroleos de Venezuela, SA., Venezuela 145
CHAPTER 142 THE PREPARATION OF HEAVY OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION PURPOSES A.S. Taylor, S.E. Taylor, E.J. Murray, ML., Chirinos, and A. Stockwell, BP Research Center, Sunbury-on-Thomes, United Kingdom 147
CHAPTER 143 HEAVY AND EXTRA-HEAVY CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION: THEIR FORMULATION, FORMATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION H. Rivas, M.L. Chirinos, L. Paz, and I. Layrisse, INTEVEP, S.A., Filial de
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Petroleos de Venezuela, SA.; EJ. Murray, A. Stockwell, S£. Taylor, and AS. Taylor, British Petroleum P.L.C 1483
CHAPTER 144 SIZING HOT PIPELINES FOR THE TRANSPORT OF HOT EMULSIFIED HEAVY CRUDE OIL Errol Wirasinghe and Honorio Torres, Petroles de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela 1497
CHAPTER 145 TRANSPORTATION OF EXTRA HEAVY CRUDE OILS BY HEATING OR DILUTION /. Gonzalez, ML. Chirinos, M. Gonzalez, and I. Layrisse, INTEVEP, S.A., Filial de Petroleos de Venezuela, SA 1505
CHAPTER 146 THE USE OF DILUENTS IN S.A. MENEVEN'S EXTRA HEAVY CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS RA. Gonzalez, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 1517
CHAPTER 147 PIPELINING OF HEAVY CRUDE OILS USING CORE ANNULAR FLOW V. Zubillaga, J. Paterno, E. Guevara, and T. Romero, Petroleos de Venezuela, Venezuela 1527
CHAPTER 148 TRANSPORTATION OF BOMBAY HIGH CRUDE THROUGH SALAYA-MATHURA PIPELINE SYSTEM R.A. Shanbhag, Indian Oil Corp., India and H. Nicolai, Snamprogetti, Italy 1537
SECTION Xn — ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 1551
CHAPTER 149 SUSPENSION BURNING OF HEAVY RESIDUES AND PETROLEUM COKE IN THE LIMITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS D. Rodriguez Polanco and E. Jimenez, INTEVEP, S.A., Apdo. Caracas, Venezuela; and K. Grethe, L&C Steinmuller GmbH, Gummersbach, West Germany 1553
CHAPTER 150 SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF AN ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODEL FOR TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS K.H. Octavio, INTEVEP, SA., Caracas, Venezuela and F. Wenzel andB. Eitschberger, VEBA OEL, Gelsenkirchen-Buer, W. Germany 1569
CHAPTER 151 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS EXPLORATION, PRODUCTION, AND TRANSPORTATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NIGERIA Dr. /JV. Nwankwo, Chief Environmental and Safety Officer, The Petroleum Inspectorate, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Lagos, Nigeria 1575
CHAPTER 152 SASKATCHEWAN HEAVY OIL DEPOSIT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS STUDY L. Lewis and MJi. Roberston, Petro-Canada Environmental and Social Affairs, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 1585
AUTHOR INDEX 1591
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PREPRINTS VOLUME S
Monday, August 8, 1988
SHAFT & TUNNEL - SESSION 1
Paper 126 AOSTRA Underground Test Facility: Mining Access for Research and Production
Paper 112 Geotechnical Instrumentation of the AOSTRA Mine-Assisted Underground Steaming Trial
GEOTECHNICAL - SESSION 1
Paper 43 Modelling of Fracture and Deformation Processes in Oil Sands
Paper 32 Shear Dilatency and Permeability Changes in Oil Sands EOR
Paper 167 Regional Characteriztion of Geomechanical Properties of Oil Sands of Heavy Oil Belt, Venezuela
FIELD PEOJECTS - SESSION 1
Paper 192 Alternate Steam Injection at Depth of 8200 Feet, Boscan Field
Paper 190 Steam Stimulation Experience in Lake Maracaibo
Paper 184 The Jobo Steamflood Project: A Preliminary Evaluation of Results
Paper 128 Steam Injection Project in Estreito Field, Brazil
Paper 4 The Effects of Well Completion, Steam Injection and Production Practices on heavy Oil Production Performance
Paper 2 Performance of First and Second Pilot Cyclic Steam Stimulation Projects in Kuwait
GOVERNMENT - SESSION 1
Paper 230 The Legal Framework for Operation of Government R & D Agencies
Paper 78 New Oil Conservation Regulations for Alberta
Paper 77 Oil Sands Project Application Review Process - Mediation, Not Confrontation
Paper 7 Environmental Mediation in Major Oil Sands Developments Between Native Indian Bands and Government
Paper 82 Perspective for Bemolanga Tar Sands Exploitation
Paper 124 Onshore Federal Leasing Program - and the Relationship to Heavy Crude and Tar Sands in California
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EXTRACTION - SESSION 1
59 In Defense of the Clark Hot Water Process
157 Selection of Diluent in the Modified Hot Water Separation of Bitumen from U.S. Tar Sands
14 Reducing the Sludge Problem by Coprocessing Sludge with Oil Sand Ore
81 Athabasca Mineable Oil Sands - The RTR/Gulf Extraction Process - Theoretical Model of Bitumen Detachment
103 Isolation and Characterization of Non-Bituminous Organic Material Thought to Interfere with Recovery of Bitumen from Oil Sands
16 Comparative Study of Organic Rich Solids Present in Utah and Athabasca Oil Sands
POSTER SESSION GEOLOGY - SESSION 1
Paper 25 The McMurray Formation in the Subsurface of Syncrude Oil Sands Lease 17, Athabasca Oil Sands: A Physical Sedimentological Study in an Area of Exceptional Drill Core Control
Paper 238 The Prospects of Tar Sands in the Middle East
Paper 129 Resource Characterization of the Central Region of the Lower Cretaceous McMurrayAVabiskaw Deposit, Athabasca Oil Sands Area, Northeastern Alberta
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Tuesday, August 9, 1988
DRILLING - SESSION 1
Paper 228 Rospo Mare Off-Shore Italy - An Industrial Development Based on Horizontal Wells
Paper 23 A New Drilling and Well Completion Method for Rapid Development of Oil Sands Reservoirs
Paper 207 Calculating the Maximum Horizontal Wellbore Length
Paper 239 An Innovative System for Gravity Independent Drilling
Paper 195 Use of Slant Drilling Techniques for the Study and Exploration on some Venezuela Shallow Reservoirs
RECOVERY PROCESSES - SESSION 1
Paper 120 Oil Sands Formation Preheating Study
Paper 178 Design and Evaluation of Pilot Test of Steam Soak with Additives in Venezuelan Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Paper 26 Steam CO2 Injection to Recover Heavy Oil in Limestone
Paper 104 The Heated Annulus Steam Drive Process for Immobile Tar Sands
Paper 24 Optimization of Heavy Oil Thermorecovery Made Possible with a Novel In-Situ Process
Paper 117 New Technologies in Thermal Oil Recovery Contribution of Horizontal Wells
GOVERNMENT / ENVIRONMENTAL - SESSION 1
Paper 209 Comparative Economic Analysis of Heavy Oil Recovery Projects in China and Canada
Paper 221 Update on Refiners'and Marketers' Perspectives - What the Crash of 1986 Did to Heavy Crude Economics and Marketing
Paper 33 New Approach to Waste Management in Oil Sands Surface Mines
Paper 62 Hydrological and Geochemical Criteria for Assessing Sites of Subsurface Injection of EOR Waste Water in the Cold Lake Area, Alberta
Paper 31 Improved Techniques for Measuring Heavy Crude Oil Vapor Pressures for Monitoring Tank Emissions
Paper 108 Electrocoagulation of Tailings Pond Wastewaters
UPGRADING - SESSION 1
Paper 91 Mild Thermal Conversion of Cold Lake Bitumen
Paper 40 Angelov/Shibley Process Improves Economics of Processing Heavy Oil
Paper 13 Use of Small Scale ART* Processing for Wellhead Viscosity Reduction and Upgrading of Heavy Oils
Paper 135 Upgrading of Heavy Crude at Low-Temperature and Ambient-Atmosphere
Paper 86 Mild Resid Hydrocracking for Heavy Oil Upgrading
Paper 95 AS VAHL New Routes for Processing Heavy-Oils
POSTER SESSION GEOLOGY - SESSION 2
Paper 115 Geology of the AOSTRA Underground Test Facility Site
Paper 143 Petrography and Diagenesis of the Bitumen and Heavy Oil Bearing White Rim Sandstone (Permian), Tar Sand Triangle area, Southeastern Utah
Paper 220 A Quantitative approach to the Geological Evaluation of the Tar Sands of South Athabasca, Alberta
WELL COMPLETIONS - SESSION I RECOVERY PROCESSES - SESSION 2
Paper 224 Laboratory Experiments of the New Downhole Steam Generator
Paper 63 Corrosion Problems and Experience at AOSTRA In Situ Thermal Recovery Pilots
Paper 6 Aspects of Alloy Selection in Thermal Recovery of Heavy Crudes arid Tar Sands
Paper 234 A Pressure Observation Well for Monitoring and Optimizing the Pressure-Up Slowdown Combustion Process
Paper 175 Optimum Cementing and Gravel Packing Methods for Unconsolidated Heavy Oil Sands
Paper 206 Unique Completion Practices in a Horizontal Well
Paper 89 A Theoretical and Experimental Study of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Process
Paper 105 Simulation of HAS Drive UTF Pilot
Paper 125 Analysis and Implementation of the Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Process at the AOSTRA UTF
Paper 218 Reservoir Plugging/Blocking Using Ultramicrobacteria: Three-dimensional Physical Simulator Results
Paper 111 Heavy Oil Recovery Through Immiscible Displacement by Carbon Dioxide
Paper 159 Experimental Design for Non-Equilibrium Immiscible Carbon Dioxide Flood
GEOLOGY - SESSION 1
Paper 210 The Thick-Getting Mechanism Characteristics of Terrestrial Heavy Oils of China
Paper 162 Oil Bituminous Rocks of the West Kazakhstan
Paper 161 Complex Development of Natural Bitumen and Heavy Oil in the U.S.S.R.
Paper 71 Geology and Resources of the Primrose Heavy Oil Deposits, North Eastern Alberta, Canada
Paper 87 The McMurray Formation in the Athabasca Oil Sands Area: An Ichnologicai and Paleontological Perspective
Paper 130 Sedimentology of the McMurray/Wabiskaw (Lower Cretaceous) in the Central Region of the Athabasca Oil Sands Area, Northeastern Alberta
UPGRADING - SESSION 2
Paper 123 Reaction Mechanism in VisABC Process
Paper 131 Solid Catalyzed Thermal Hydrogenolysis of Residual Oils
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Paper 211 A Regional Upgrader for Alberta Bitume
156 Developments in Upgrading of Bitumen by Pyrolysis
144 Coking of Oil Sands, Asphaltenes and Residual Oils in the LR-Process
200 Syncrude Processing in Conventional Refineries
POSTER SESSION ANALYTICAL - SESSION
Paper 70 Practical Application of X-Radiography Techniques in Tar Sands
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PREPRINTS VOLUME
Wednesday, August 10, 1988
ARTIFICIAL LIFT - SESSION 1
Paper 241 Full Scale Pump Simulation
Paper 176 Artificial Lifting and Automation Methods for Producing Heavy Crudes
Paper 193 Application of Pump-Off Controllers in MARAVEN'S Heavy Oil Fields
Paper 185 Substantial Rig Time Reductions by Combined Utilization of Cyclic Steam Injection and Gaslift in Extra Heavy Oil Production
Paper 191 West Urdaneta Heavy Oil Field Experiencers in Gas Lift Troubleshooting
RECOVERY PROCESSES - SESSION 3
Paper 133 An Experimental and Numerical Study of Blockage of a Mobile Water Zone by Emulsion
Paper 100 Chemical Emulsion Viscosity Reduction to Improve Steam Stimulation Performance
Paper 10 Hot Water and Caustic or Carbon Dioxide for the Recovery of Bitumen from Athabasca Oil Sands
Paper 42 Application of the IITRI/Uentech Electromagnetic Stimulation Process to Canadian Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Paper 54 The Behavior of Various Oil Sands Towards High Temperature Steams
Paper 55 The Use Of Chemical Additives During Steam Stimulated Recovery to Improve Reservoir and Surface Transportation of Heavy Oils
RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS - SESSION 1
Paper 168 Exploratory Prospects and Prospective Areas for Heavy and Extra Heavy Crudes in the Eastern Venezuela Basin, Venezuela (Exclude Orinoco Oil Belt)
Paper 169 The Orinoco Delta, a Future Exploratory Province for Heavy and Extra Heavy Oils
Paper 171 Natural Asphalt in Venezuela
Paper 44 Occurrence of Heavy Crude Oil in the Persian Gulf
Paper 146 Screening Study for Heavy Oil Recovery by Steam Injection Technology
Paper 99 Heavy Oil Discovery in the Islamic Republic of Iran
ALBERTA CHAMBER OF RESOURCES: REGIONAL UPGRADER FOR ALBERTA BITUMEN
The Regional Upgrader Concept
Mining and Extraction
In Situ Production
Transportation Aspects
Upgrader Options
Assessment and Conclusions
(not included herein)
POSTER SESSION PROPERTIES - SESSION 1
Paper 45 Method for Calculation Viscosity of Complex Pure Compounds or Mixtures for Both Gas and Liquid Phases
Paper 19 Viscosity Dependence of the Diffusion Coefficient of Carbon Dioxide in Athabasca Bitumen
Paper 9 X-ray CT Applied to Heavy Oil Corefloods
FORMATION DAMAGE - SESSION 1
Paper 107 Porosity Modification Related to the Tar Sand Process Waters
Paper 132 Laboratory Study of Formation Damage During Steam Injection
Paper 153 Influence of Alkaline Steam Injection on the Physical Properties of Formation Rock and Proppants
Paper 119 Fines Migration in Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Paper 29 Modeling of Smectite Synthesis in Reservoir Sands: Comparison of PATH'S Predictions to Autoclave Experiments
Paper 20 Laboratory Study of Permeability Reduction Due to the Flow of Kaolinite Fines
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING - SESSION 1
Paper 49 Foam Transport Modelling
Paper 196 Venezuelan Experience in Simulation of Compaction and Subsidence Associated to Oil Production
Paper 163 Numerical Simulation of Alkaline/Co-surfactant/Polymer Flooding
Paper 101 A Cyclic Stimulation Model for Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Paper 51 A Simple Method for Predicting Production of a Single Well Test in Oil Sands and Its Implications for Optimization of Thermal Recovery
Paper 145 Development of the Practical Steam Injection Simulator
RESOURCE ESTIMATES - SESSION 1
Paper 148 Chemistry and Resources in Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen Deposits
Paper 47 Characteristics and Potential of U.S. Heavy Oil Resources
Paper 147 Analysis of Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen
Paper 166 Orinoco Oil Belt Reservoir Quality and Potential: a Geostatistical Appraisal
Paper 60 The Provost Upper Manville B Pool: An Intergrated Reservoir Analysis
Paper 67 Charaterization of Pore Images in a Heavy Oil Reservoir and Its Application
RECOVERY PROCESSSES - SESSION 4
Paper 214 Application of Heat Carriers Upon Development of High-Viscous Heavy Oil Field in the U.S.S.R.
Paper 213 Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery by Steam and Gas Stimulation: Technical Means and Technology
Paper 223 High-Viscosity Oil Recovery from Carbonate Reservoir by Thermal Methods
GOVERNMENT SESSION 2
Paper 76 Development of Alberta's Oil Sands
Paper 232 Fiscal Treatment of Oil Sands Development in Alberta
Paper 233 Economics of Alberta's Oil Sands Development
POSTER SESSION PROPERTIES - SESSION 2
Paper 235 A Comparison of Formation Reactivity in Quart-rich and Quartz-poor Reservoirs During Steam-Assisted Recovery
Paper 127 Effect of Temperature and Flow Rate in Viscous Oil-Water Relative Permeability of Sand
Paper 236 Interwell Communication in Cyclic Steam Projects
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PREPRINTS VOLUME V
Friday, August 12, 1988
FACILITIES - SESSION 1
Paper 183 Steam Generation Using High TDS Water and Heavy Fuels
Paper 53 Process Options for Recycle of High TDS Water Produced During In-Situ Recovery of Heavy Oil
Paper 152 Combining Steam Drive Technology and Small Nuclear Steam Plants with Reference to the Shengli Oilfield
Paper 138 Overall Site Optimization for Tar Sands Facility
Paper 39 Steam Distribution, Control and Metering Systems
Paper 174 Improved Dehydration Techniques for Heavy and Extra Heavy Crudes
COMBUSTION PROPERTIES • SESSION 1
Paper 74 Compositional and Viscosity Variations in Fluids Produced from the Husky Tangleflags Fireflood Project
Paper 46 Behavior of Heavy Oil Core Materials Under Fireflood Conditions
Paper 41 The Effect of Recovery Processes on the Characteristics of the Produced Heavy Oil
Paper 97 Experimental Study and Kinetic Modelling of Crude Oil Pyrolysis in Relation to Thermal Recovery Processes
Paper 150 Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry Studies of Heavy Oils and Their Relevance to In Situ Combustion
Paper 50 A Review of In-Situ Combustion Mechanisms
GEOCHEMISTRY - SESSION 1
Paper 164 Geochemistry of Heavy Crudes of the Hamaca Area of the Orinoco Oil Belt, Eastern Venezuela
Paper 165 Organic Geochemistry of Venezuelan Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils
Paper 84 Contribution of Geochemical Studies Performed on Bemolanga Tar Sands and Tsirruroro Heavy Oils for Petroleum Exploration in Madagascar
BIOMARKERS - SESSION 1
Paper 122 Use of Biological Markers in Determining Thermal Maturity of Biodegraded Heavy Oils ar.d Solid Bitumens
Paper 134 Biomarker Geochemistry of Cretaceous Oil Sands/Heavy Oils and Paleozoic Carbonate Trend Bitumens, Western Canada Basin
Paper 96 Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Alberta Bitumen and Heavy Oils
COKE UTILIZATION - SESSION 1
Paper 30 Utilization of HSC-ROSE Residue as Coking Aid for Production of High Quality Coke from Lignite
Paper 22 Co-agglomeration of Petroleum Cokes with Lime/Limestone Followed by Combustion in a Fluidized-bed Reactor
Paper 199 Heavy Oil Coke Utilization in the Aluminum Industry
Paper 208 The Use of Cuban Crude Oils as Industrial Fuel Oil
POSTER SESSION
ENVIRONMENT - SESSION 1
Paper 114 Fractal Geometry and the Settling of Oil Sand Tailings Sludge
Paper 11 Applications of SOLMIN/86, A Geochemical Computer Model, to Thermally Enhanced Oil Recovery
Paper 27 A Nomographic Technique to Predict the Scaling Tendency of Anhydrite and Gypsum
TRANSPORTATION - SESSION 1
Paper 197 Heavy Crude Transportation
Paper 179 Emulsion Technology, the Answer for the Production, Handling and Commercialization of Extra Heavy Crudes and Bitumens
Paper 222 Field Trials of TR ANSOIL Technology for Emulsion Pipelining of Bitumen Done at BP Canada Inc.
Paper 182 Water Treatment in Heavy Oil Production and Transportation
Paper 140 Rheological Measurement of Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Paper 194 Core Annular Flow - A Solution for Heavy Oil Transportation
COMBUSTION - SESSION 1
Paper 160 Use of Oxygen Enriched Air to Produce the Heavy Oils and Tar Sands of Texas
Paper 73 Analytical Analysis of Air/Oxygen Wet Combustion by Energy Balance
Paper 1 Design Features of a High Pressure Compressor for In-Situ Combustion Plant for Extraction of High Viscosity Crude in India
Paper 240 In Situ Combustion in the Pannonian Oil Field of Suplacu de Barcau, Romania
Paper 215 Technology of Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery: Cyclic Stimulation by the Energy of Electromagnetic Field and Oxidizing Agent Injection
Paper 219 Dialects of the Methods Based on In-Situ Oxidizing Processes
PROPERTIES - SESSION 1
Paper 75 Effects of Diluents and Carbon Dioxide on Asphaltene Flocculation in Heavy Oil Solutions
Paper 92 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Interfacial Tension of Fireflood and Steamflood BitumenAVater Systems
Paper 158 A Generalized Viscosity-Temperature Correlation for Bitumens and Heavy Oils
Paper 137 Techniques and Applications of PVT Analysis of Heavy Crude Oils
Paper 8 Vapour-Liquid and Liquid-Equilibria in the C02-Bitumen-Brine System
Paper 18 Characteristic Parameters for Alberta Crudes and Bitumens
RETORTING - SESSION 1
Paper 155 The Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis of Bitumen-Impregnated Sandstone from the Tar Sand Deposits of Utah
Paper 237 Oil Shale Processing With the AOSTRA Taciuk Processor
Paper 106 Recycle Oil Pyrolysis and Extraction of Tar Sand
MINING - SESSION 1
Paper 149 Evaluation of the Operating Characteristics of a Shovel and Truck Fleet on the Clearwater Formation
Paper 34 Geotechnical Consideration in Hydraulic Borehole Mining of Oil Sands
Paper 3 Compaction Characteristics of Athabasca Oil Sand and Its Suitability as a Backfill Material
POSTER SESSION UPGRADING - SESSION 1
Paper 64 Microbial Desulfurization of Oil
Paper 212 Fouling in the Coker Gas Oil Hydrotreater Guard Reactor
THE FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP
INT e NATIONAL FEIR
HEAVY G^UD AND
TA AND PROCEEDINGS
VOLUME 1
GOVERNMENT, ENVIRONMENT
VOLUME 1 GOVERNMENT, ENVIRONMENT
VOLUME 2 GEOLOGY, CHEMISTRY
VOLUME 3 MINING, DRILLING
VOLUME 4 IN SITU RECOVERY
VOLUME 5 EXTRACTION, UPGRADING, TRANSPORTATION
THE FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
PROCEEDINGS
VOLUME 1 GOVERNMENT, ENVIRONMENT
Sponsored by
UNrTAR/UNDP INFORMATION CENTRE FOR HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
and
ALBERTA OIL SANDS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH AUTHORITY
in cooperation with
PETROLEOS DE VENEZUELA S.A.
THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
and
PETRO-CANADA INC.
August 7-12,1988 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Richard F. Meyer Ernest J. Wiggins
Editors
THE FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS Copyright 1989 by UNITAR. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
ISBN 0-7732-0302-8
PUBLISHED BY
ALBERTA OIL SANDS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH AUTHORITY 500 HIGHFIELD PLACE 10010—106 STREET EDMONTON, ALBERTA, CANADA T5J 3L8
PUBLISHER'S NOTE
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR
SANDS
The Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority (AOSTRA) is pleased to publish this book, which will make useful technical data publicly available. However, the Authority makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this publication, or represents that its use would not infringe on privately-owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by AOSTRA. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of AOSTRA.
William J. Yurko Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Alberta Oil Sands Technology And Research Authority
Edmonton, Alberta
July 1989
To the late "Dr. Joseph "Barnea, Senior Special Jellozu of the United Orations Institute for Training and 1(esearch and the first "Director of the Z&lITAfR/UO^DT Information Centre for Meavy Crude and Tar Sands, for his unswerving belief in the future of heavy crude and tar sands.
CONTENTS
VOLUME 1: GOVERNMENT, ENVIRONMENT
PUBLISHER'S NOTE vii CONTENTS « PREFACE xxix ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE CONFERENCE xxxi LIST OF PARTICIPANTS xxxiii CONVERSION FACTORS Ixvii FOREWORD Ixix INTRODUCTION Ixxi
PLENARY SESSION
Larry Shaben 3 Michel Doo Kingue 5 Rustum Lalkaka 7 Juan Chacin 9 Li Tian Xiang 13 G.G. Vakhitov 15 Marvin I. Singer 17 Neil Webber 21
SPECIAL ADDRESSES
Marcel Masse 29
Neil Webber 33
CLOSING REMARKS
A. Bruce Harland 37 GOVERNMENT
PANEL 1
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR OPERATION OF GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENGIES LD. Hyndman,andE.K. Spady 44
NEW OIL SANDS CONSERVATION REGULATIONS FOR ALBERTA Ralph G. Evans andW. Allan Mayer 51
OIL SANDS PROJECT APPLICATION REVIEW PROCESS — MEDIATION, NOT CONFRONTATION R.G.Evans 59
IX
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
DISCUSSION PERIOD 65
PANEL 2
ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIATION IN MAJOR OIL SANDS DEVELOPMENTS: AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL FOR RESOLUTION OF NATIVE, CORPORATE, AND GOVERNMENT INTERESTS IN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT APPROVAL PROCESSES Jerome N. Slavik.Ron Wallace and Jim Boucher 71
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE BEMOLANGA TAR SANDS EXPLOITATION R. Ratsimandresy, MD. Rakoto-Andriantsilavo and E. Raveloson 77
ONSHORE FEDERAL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT PROGRAM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS IN CALIFORNIA Tim Moore and Gregg Wilkerson 83
DISCUSSION PERIOD 91
PANEL 3
DEVELOPMENT OF ALBERTA'S OIL SANDS Richard N. Houlihan and Ralph G. Evans 95
FISCAL TREATMENT OF OIL SANDS DEVELOPMENT IN ALBERTA Paul Precht and Greg Stringham I l l
ECONOMICS OF ALBERTA'S OIL SANDS DEVELOPMENT Paul Precht, Kathleen
Sullivan and Paul Kahler 121
DISCUSSION PERIOD 135
PANEL 4 COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A HEAVY OIL RECOVERY PROJECT IN CHINA AND CANADA Jiang Qi and Frank J. Werth 141
UPDATE: REFINERS' AND MARKETERS' PERSPECTIVES OF WHAT THE CRASH OF 1986 DID TO HEAVY CRUDE ECONOMICS AND MARKETING Trilby Lundberg 151
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHEAR STRENGTH IN SLUDGE/CLAY SHALE MIXES FOR OIL SANDS TAILINGS DISPOSAL Maurice B. Dusseault, J. Don Scott and P. Owen Ash 161
DISCUSSION PERIOD 175
ENVIRONMENTAL
PANEL 1
HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING SITES OF SUBSURFACE INJECTION OF EOR WASTE WATER IN THE COLD LAKE AREA, ALBERTA, CANADA Ernie Perkins, Stefan Bachu and Brian Hitchon 181
IMPROVED TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING HEAVY CRUDE OIL VAPOR PRESSURES FOR MONITORING TANK EMISSIONS N.E.Burke and C.K.Chea 191
ELECTROCOAGULATION OF TAR SAND TAILINGS POND WATERS Russell R. Renk 207
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISCUSSION PERIOD 211
POSTER SESSION
FRACTAL GEOMETRY AND THE SETTLING OF OIL SAND TAILINGS SLUDGE P.J. Crickmore.R. Schutte and J'. Causgrove 217
AUTHOR INDEX 223
VOLUME 2: GEOLOGY, CHEMISTRY
PUBLISHER'S NOTE vii CONTENTS a CONVERSION FACTORS xv FOREWORD xvii INTRODUCTION xix
GEOLOGY
PANEL 1
THE PETROLEUM-THICKENING MECHANISM AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRESTRIAL HEAVY OIL POOLS IN CHINA XuShubao andNiuJiayu 3
STATUS OF NATURAL BITUMENS AND HEAVY OIL DEVELOPMENT P.T. Savinkin 11
PROBLEMS OF COMPLEX USE OF NATURAL BITUMENS V.V. Gribkov 13
DISCUSSION PERIOD 15
PANEL 2
GEOLOGY AND RESOURCES OF THE PRIMROSE CRUDE BITUMEN DEPOSITS NORTHEASTERN ALBERTA K. N. Beckie andR. A. Mcintosh 19
THE MCMURRAY FORMATION IN THE ATHABASCA OIL SANDS AREA: AN ICHNOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Blair W. Mattison and S. George Pemberton 37
FLUVIAL, ESTUARINE AND SHALLOW MARINE SEDIMENTATION IN THE LOWER CRETACEOUS MCMURRAY FORMATION AND WABISKAW MEMBER (CLEARWATER FORMATION), ATHABASCA OIL SANDS AREA, ALBERTA DA.W. Keith, DM. Wightman, S.G. Pemberton, JJi. MacGillivray, T. Berezniuk, andli. Berhane 53
DISCUSSION PERIOD 79
POSTER SESSION
THE MCMURRAY FORMATION IN THE SUBSURFACE OF SYNCRUDE OIL SANDS LEASE 17, ATHABASCA OIL SANDS: A PHYSICAL SEDIMENTOLOGICAL STUDY IN AN AREA OF EXCEPTIONAL DRILL CORE CONTROL Andrew J. Fox and S. George Pemberton 83
RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CENTRAL REGION OF THE LOWER CRETACEOUS MCMURRAY/WABISKAW DEPOSIT, ATHABASCA OIL SANDS AREA, NORTHEASTERN ALBERTA J A. MacGillivray, D.M. Wightman, D.A.W. Keith, D.D. Bell, H. Berhane and T. Berezniuk 109
XI
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
GEOLOGY OF THE AOSTRA UNDERGROUND TEST FACILITY SITE BA. Rottenfusser, J.E. Palfreyman andN.K. Alwast 133
PETROGRAPHY AND DIAGENESIS OF THE BITUMEN- AND HEAVY-OIL-BEARING WHITE RIM SANDSTONE MEMBER OF THE CUTLER FORMATION (PERMIAN), TAR-SAND TRIANGLE AREA, SOUTHEASTERN UTAH, Christopher J. Schenk 155
RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
PANEL 1
EXPLORATORY PROSPECTS AND PROSPECTIVE AREAS FOR HEAVY AND EXTRA HEAVY CRUDES IN THE EASTERN VENEZUELAN BASIN, VENEZUELA (EXCLUDING ORINOCO OIL BELT) Zurilma Acosta de Moreno 177
THE ORINOCO DELTA, A FUTURE EXPLORATORY PROVINCE FOR HEAVY AND
EXTRA HEAVY OILS Lucas G. Zamora, Luis Gonzalez S. andLuz M. Linares 191
DISCUSSION PERIOD 199
PANEL 2
OCCURRENCE OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL IN THE PERSIAN GULF Alireza Bashari 203
CLASSIFICATION STANDARD OF HEAVY OIL, SCREENING CRITERION FOR STEAM THERMAL RECOVERY AND RESERVE CLASSIFICATION LiuWenzhang 215
HEAVY OIL DISCOVERY IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN A. Moshtaghian, R. Malekzadeh and A. Azarpanah 235
DISCUSSION PERIOD 245
RESOURCE ESTIMATES
PANEL 1
CHEMISTRY AND RESOURCES OF HEAVY OIL AND NATURAL BITUMEN DEPOSITS J.W. Hosterman andR.F. Meyer 251
CHARACTERISTICS AND POTENTIAL OF U.S. HEAVY OIL RESOURCES Velio A. Kuuskraa and Michael L. Godec 257
RESOURCES OF HEAVY OIL AND NATURAL BITUMEN WORLDWIDE Richard F.
Meyer and J. Matthew Duford 277
DISCUSSION PERIOD 309
PANEL 2
ORINOCO OIL BELT RESERVOIR QUALITY AND POTENTIAL: A GEOSTATISTICAL APPRAISAL M. Taheri, M. Chin-A-Lien, E.Rodriguez and G.Young 315
THE PROVOST UPPER MANNVILLE B POOL; AN INTEGRATED RESERVOIR ANALYSIS J.W. Kramers, S. Bachu, D. Cuthiell, A.T. Lytviak, J.E. Hasiuk, J.J. Olic, M.E. Prentice, and LP. Yuan 327
CHARACTERIZATION OF PORE IMAGES IN A HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR AND ITS APPLICATIONS L.P. Yuan and J.W. Kramers 349
XII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISCUSSION PERIOD 361
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
PANEL 1
HEAVY OIL AND TAR SANDS RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY IN THE YEAR 2000 AND
BEYOND George J. Stosur 367
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING OF VENEZUELA'S ORINOCO BELT HELD CH.Achong 375
AOSTRA TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR ALBERTA OIL SANDS AND HEAVY
OIL W.J. Yurko andR.W. Luhning 385
DISCUSSION PERIOD 391
PANEL 2
UTILIZATION OF BUTON ISLAND ROCK ASPHALT IN ROAD PAVEMENTS Colin P. Come and Ir Soehartono 397 THE PRESENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR THERMAL MINING OF HEAVY OIL V.P.Tabakov.EJ.Gurov,andBA.Tiunkin 413
DISCUSSION PERIOD 425
ANALYTICAL
PANEL 1
IMPROVED CORE TESTING TO AID HEAVY OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT CJJ. Black, P.J. Henning andKJ. Sincock 431 IR ANALYZER FOR STABILITY MEASUREMENTS OF RESIDUAL OILS D.C. Lambert and KA. Holder 449
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF HEAVY PETROLEUM FRACTIONS BY NMR AND RELATED TECHNIQUES Colin E. Snape 457
DISCUSSION PERIOD 467
PANEL 2
ORGANIC DEPOSITION FROM HEAVY PETROLEUM CRUDES — A FRACTAL AGGREGATION THEORY APPROACH Sang J. Park and G. Ali Mansoori 471
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES OF WORKING GROUP ON LABORATORY STANDARDS FOR CHARACTERIZING HEAVY CRUDES AND TAR SANDS Elizabeth Barsk-Rundquisl, Hector D. Buenafama and Jose Betancourt 485
BEMOLANGA BITUMEN AND TSIMIRORO HEAVY OIL STUDY EA. Raveloson, F. Rouviere, J.M. Ruiz andL. Lena 489
DISCUSSION PERIOD 503
POSTER SESSION
A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO THE GEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE TAR SANDS OF SOUTH ATHABASCA, ALBERTA M. J. Ranger and S. G. Pemberton 507
XIII
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF X-RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES IN TAR SANDS Charles L. Savoie 523
GEOCHEMISTRY
PANEL 1
GEOCHEMISTRY OF HEAVY CRUDES OF THE HAMACA AREA OF THE ORINOCO OIL BELT, EASTERN VENEZUELA DM. Flores 535
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF VENEZUELAN HEAVY AND EXTRA HEAVY CRUDE OILS Fernando Cassani and Oswaldo Gallango 543
CONTRIBUTION OF GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES UNDERTAKEN ON BEMOLANGA TAR SAND DEPOSIT AND TSIMIRORO HEAVY OIL HELD FOR HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION IN MADAGASCAR E. Raveloson, S. Rakoloarison, J. Ramarofidy, R. Raharijaona, J. Andriamanantena, and L. Ramanampisoa 555
DISCUSSION PERIOD 569
BIOMARKERS
PANEL 1
USE OF BIOLOGICAL MARKERS IN DETERMINING THERMAL MATURITY OF BIODEGRADED HEAVY OILS AND SOLID BITUMENS J.G. Palacas, D.E. Anders, J.D. King and CM. Lubeck 575
BIOMARKER GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRETACEOUS OIL SANDS, HEAVY OILS AND PALEOZOIC CARBONATE TREND BITUMENS, WESTERN CANADA BASIN P.W. Brooks, M.G. Fowler andR.W. MacQueen 593
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ALBERTA BITUMENS AND HEAVY OILS O.P.Slrausz •- 607
DISCUSSION PERIOD 629
PROPERTIES
PANEL 1
EFFECTS OF DILUENTS AND CARBON DIOXIDE ON ASPHALTENE FLOCCULATION IN HEAVY OIL SOLUTIONS B J. Fuhr, L.L. Klein, B.D. Komishke, C.Reichert and R.K.Ridley 637
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE INTERFACIAL TENSION OF FIREFLOOD AND STEAMFLOOD BITUMEN/WATER SYSTEMS F. DeFilippis, Z.M. Potoczny, C. Budziak, P. Cheng andA.W. Neumann 647
A GENERALIZED VISCOSITY CORRELATION FOR ALBERTA HEAVY OILS AND BITUMENS V.R.Puttagunta, B.Singh and E.Cooper 657
DISCUSSION PERIOD 671
PANEL 2
TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS OF PVT ANALYSIS OF HEAVY CRUDE OILS Pratap C. Nair and Douglas J. Wendel 677
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VAPOR-LIQUID AND LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA IN THE C02-BITUMEN-BRINE SYSTEM John A.Nighswander, Nicolas Kalogerakis and Anil K. Mehwtra 687
CHARACTERIZATION PARAMETERS FOR ALBERTA CRUDES AND BITUMENS
C.-T. Fu, G. Bird and C. Hsi 699
DISCUSSION PERIOD 707
POSTER SESSION MODIFIED SHAPE FACTORS FOR IMPROVED VISCOSITY PREDICTIONS USING CORRESPONDING STATES Wayne D. Monnery, Anil K.Mehrotra and William Y. Svrcek 711
VISCOSITY DEPENDENCE OF THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN BITUMEN Teddy Schmidt 721
X-RAY CT APPLIED TO HEAVY OIL COREFLOODS D.Cuthiell and G.Sedgwick 111
A COMPARISON OF FORMATION REACTIVITY IN QUARTZ-RICH AND QUARTZ-POOR RESERVOIRS DURING STEAM ASSISTED RECOVERY Ian Hutcheon, Hugh Abercrombie, Maurice Shevalier and Cynthia Nahnybida 747
MEASUREMENTS OF VISCOUS OIL-WATER RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF SAND:
EFFECTS OF FLOW RATE AND TEMPERATURE B. B. Maini and G. Coskuner 759
INTERWELL COMMUNICATION IN CYCLIC STEAM PROJECTS B.S. Bitter 775
AUTHOR INDEX 787
VOLUME 3: MINING, DRILLING
PUBLISHER'S NOTE vii CONTENTS ix CONVERSION FACTORS xiii FOREWORD xv INTRODUCTION xvii
SHAFT AND TUNNEL
PANEL 1
AOSTRA UNDERGROUND TEST FACILITY: MINING ACCESS FOR RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION J.A. Haston, J.C. O'Rourke, J.A. Kovalsky, R.W. Luhning, J. Greenwell and C.G. Bohme 5
GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION OF THE AOSTRA MINE-ASSISTED UNDERGROUND STEAMING TRIAL J.M. Laing, J.D. Scott, A.W. Stokes, J.C. Suggett and D.F.Wood 17
DISCUSSION PERIOD 33
GEOTECHNICAL
PANEL 1
MODELLING OF FRACTURE AND DEFORMATION PROCESSES IN OIL SANDS A.Settari 41
xv
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
SHEAR DILATANCY AND PERMEABILITY ENHANCEMENT IN OIL SANDS Maurice B. Dusseault and Leo Rothenburg 55
REGIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF UNCONSOLIDATED SANDS OF THE HEAVY OIL BELT, VENEZUELA Balvantrai Rajani and Marisela Sanchez 67
DISCUSSION PERIOD 77
MINING
PANEL 1
EVALUATION OF THE OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF A SHOVEL AND TRUCK FLEET ON THE CLEARWATER FORMATION OVER-BURDEN RA. Isaac andERF. Lord 85
GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN BOREHOLE HYDRAULIC MINING OF OIL SANDS: OSLO NEW TECHNOLOGY E.C. McRoberts, D.S. Cavers and R. Paul 93
COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF ATHABASCA OIL SAND AND ITS SUITABILITY AS A BACKFILL MATERIAL R. Cameron and ERF. Lord 107
DRILLING
PANEL 1
ROSPO MARE, OFFSHORE ITALY: AN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BASED ON HORIZONTAL WELLS. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS Jacques C.Bosio 121
ULTRASHORT RADIUS RADIAL SYSTEM — A NEW DRILLING AND COMPLETION METHOD FOR RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF OIL SANDS RESERVOIRS Wade Dickinson, Wayne Dickinson, Robert Wilkes and Paul Turin 129
CALCULATING THE MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL WELLBORE LENGTH Richard S.
Carden 147
DISCUSSION PERIOD 157
PANEL 2
AN INNOVATIVE SYSTEM FOR GRAVITY INDEPENDENT DRILLING A. Rpdland, E. Dahl-J0rgensen, E. Worth, and G. Tandberg 163 USE OF SLANT DRILLING TECHNIQUES FOR EXPLOITATION OF VENEZUELA'S SHALLOW RESERVOIR A. MarottandR. Piha 171
DISCUSSION PERIOD 179
WELL COMPLETIONS
PANEL 1
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS OF A NEW DOWNHOLE STEAM GENERATOR E.E. Spilrain, D.S. Pinhasik, V.V. Kachalov, J.A. Granovsky, M. Toth, M. Magyar, R. Ldszlo, andG.Rdkdr 183
CORROSION PROBLEMS AND EXPERIENCE AT AOSTRA IN SITU THERMAL RECOVERY PILOTS L.G.S. Gray andME.McCormack 191
XVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ASPECTS OF ALLOY SELECTION IN THERMAL RECOVERY OF HEAVY CRUDES
AND TAR SANDS CM. Schillmoller 205
DISCUSSION PERIOD 217
PANEL 2 A PRESSURE OBSERVATION WELL FOR MONITORING AND OPTIMIZING THE PRESSURE-UP BLOWDOWN COMBUSTION PROCESS B.C.W. McGee, R.J. Hallam, BJ. Nzekwu and C.M.F. Galas 221
OPTIMUM CEMENTING AND GRAVEL PACKING METHODS FOR UNCONSOLIDATED HEAVY OIL SANDS P. Machado, J. Moya and C. Figueredo 237
UNIQUE COMPLETION PRACTICES IN A HORIZONTAL WELL David A. Wilkins,
Albert B.Yost and William K.Overbey 247
DISCUSSION PERIOD 255
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
PANEL 1
FULL SCALE PUMP SIMULATION T. Sudol, D.Nguyen and T.Heidrick 261 ARTIFICIAL LIFTING AND AUTOMATION METHODS FOR PRODUCING HEAVY CRUDES Carlos Brunings, Jose Moya and Johnny Morales 275
APPLICATION OF PUMP-OFF CONTROLLERS IN MARAVEN'S HEAVY OIL FIELDS
G. Urribarri, O. Urribarri and I. Torres 283
DISCUSSION PERIOD 293
PANEL 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEACOCK HYDRAULIC PUMP JACK FOR CANADIAN HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION B.P. Emo, G. Erismann and P. Hruschak 297
SUBSTANTIAL RIG TIME REDUCTIONS BY COMBINED UTILIZATION OF CYCLIC STEAM INJECTION AND GAS LIFT IN EXTRA HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION J. Yibirin, J.H. McGee andB. Gallardo 305
WEST URDANETA HEAVY OIL FIELD: EXPERIENCES IN GAS LIFT TROUBLESHOOTING Octavio CorderoandW. Zimmerman 311
DISCUSSION PERIOD 317
FORMATION DAMAGE
PANEL 1
POROSITY MODIFICATION RELATED TO TAR SAND PROCESS WATER G.M. Mason, P. Yin andRL. Daley 323
LABORATORY STUDY OF FORMATION DAMAGE DURING STEAM INJECTION Wang Jianshe, Li Yueqiu andXiaodong Zhang 337
XVII
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
THE INFLUENCES OF ALKALINE STEAM INJECTION ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMATION ROCK AND PROPPANTS Sam Whitney and Djebbar Tiab 349
DISCUSSION PERIOD 365
PANEL 2
FINES MIGRATION IN HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Gokhan Coskuner andBrij Maini 371
MODELING OF SMECTITE SYNTHESIS IN RESERVOIR SANDS: COMPARISON OF PATH PREDICTIONS TO AUTOCLAVE EXPERIMENTS W.D. Gunter, G.W. Bird , P.K. Aggarwal and J.A. Leone 383
LABORATORY STUDY OF PERMEABILITY REDUCTION DUE TO THE FLOW OF KAOLINITE FINES Cesar M. Cerda and Kiry Non-Chhom 399
DISCUSSION PERIOD 409
POSTER SESSION
APPLICATIONS OF SOLMINEQ.88 AND SOLMINEQ.88 PC/SHELL TO THERMALLY ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY E.H.Perkins and W.D. Gunter 413
A NOMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE TO PREDICT THE SCALING TENDENCY OF ANHYDRITE AND GYPSUM B. Wiwchar and W. D. Gunter 423
FACILITIES
PANEL 1
STEAM GENERATION USING HIGH TDS WATER AND HEAVY FUELS W. Thielen, H. Waldmann, M. Moricet, A. Padron andF. Camacho 441
PROCESS OPTIONS FOR RECYCLE OF HIGH TDS PRODUCED WATER DURING IN SITU RECOVERY OF HEAVY OIL A. Zaidi, S. Kok andJ.W. Schmidt 449
COMBINING STEAM DRIVE TECHNOLOGY AND SMALL NUCLEAR STEAM PLANTS WITH REFERENCE TO SHENGLI OILFIELD/CHINA W. Frohling, K.F.A. Julich, K. Kugeler,R.D. Stol, F. Schwarzkopp and Zhong Daxin 467
DISCUSSION PERIOD 477
PANEL 2
OVERALL SITE OPTIMIZATION FOR TAR SANDS FACILITY Michael A. Rutkowski
and Alan R. Eastwood 481
STEAM DISTRIBUTION, CONTROL, AND METERING SYSTEMS R.G.Holcek 495
IMPROVED DEHYDRATION TECHNIQUES FOR HEAVY AND EXTRA HEAVY
CRUDES H. Paz, A. Loreto and C. Figueredo 501
DISCUSSION PERIOD 511
POSTER SESSION MECHANISMS OF SAND RETAINMENT BY WIRE-WRAPPED SCREENS M.E. McCormack 515
XVIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR INDEX 541
VOLUME 4: IN SITU RECOVERY
PUBLISHER'S NOTE vii CONTENTS ix CONVERSION FACTORS xv FOREWORD xvii INTRODUCTION xix
FIELD PROJECTS
PANEL 1
FEASIBILITY OF STEAM INJECTION AT 8200 FEET Elio Chacin, Ivan Gomez,
Octavio Urdaneta andPeter Colonomos 5
STEAM STIMULATION EXPERIENCE IN LAKE MARACAIBO 0. Romero and J. Arias 13
THE JOBO STEAMFLOOD PROJECT: A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF RESULTS
J.McGee and J. Yibirin 25
DISCUSSION PERIOD 33
PANEL 2 ESTREITO FIELD STUDY OF RESERVOIR FOR THE EXTENSION OF STEAM CYCLIC INJECTION PILOT PROJECTS Alberto Ribelo de Azambuja and Magda Maria A.deB.Regina 39 THE EFFECTS OF WELL COMPLETION, STEAM INJECTION, AND PRODUCTION PRACTICES ON HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE Anthony Ramsaran 49
PERFORMANCE OF FIRST AND SECOND PILOT CYCLIC STEAM STIMULATION PROJECTS IN KUWAIT A. K. AlRabah, MM. Milhem andM. Nimatallab 65
DISCUSSION PERIOD 77
RECOVERY PROCESS
PANEL I
OIL SANDS FORMATION PREHEATING STUDY S.M. Farouq Ali and Arun Verma 85
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF PILOT TESTS OF STEAM SOAK WITH ADDITIVES IN VENEZUELAN HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS J.L. Ziritt, 0. Rivas and G. Bresolin 95
STEAM-C02 INJECTION TO RECOVER HEAVY OIL IN LIMESTONES Fevzi Gurnrah
and Ender Okandan 105
DISCUSSION PERIOD 121
PANEL 2
THE HEATED ANNULUS STEAM DRIVE PROCESS FOR IMMOBILE TAR SANDS D. J. Anderson 127
xix
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
OPTIMIZATION OF HEAVY OIL THERMORECOVERY MADE POSSIBLE WITH A NOVEL IN SITU PROCESS P. Toma, V. Reitman andD. Redford 147
NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THERMAL RECOVERY: CONTRIBUTION OF HORIZONTAL WELLS Jean Combe, Jacques Burger, Gerard Renard and Emmanuel Valentin 171
DISCUSSION PERIOD 185
PANEL 3
A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STEAM-ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE PROCESS K.H.Chung and R.M.Butler 191
SIMULATION OF HASDRIVE UTF PILOT J.H. Duerksen 211
ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STEAM ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE PROCESS AT THE AOSTRA UTF N.R. Edmunds, J .A. Haslon and DA. Best 223
DISCUSSION PERIOD 239
PANEL 4
RESERVOIR PLUGGING/BLOCKING USING ULTRAMICROBACTERIA: THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHYSICAL SIMULATOR RESULTS Surindar Singh. Dzung Nguyen. John Grieco, Mario de Rocco, Bill Costerton, Francene Cusack and Hilary Lappin-Scott 245
HEAVY OIL RECOVERY THROUGH IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT BY CARBON DIOXIDE H. Murtada, V. Meyn, A. Hollerbach and I. Swaid 261
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR NON-EQUILIBRIUM IMMISCIBLE CARBON
DIOXIDE FLOOD Damarys Lozada and S.M. Farouq Ali 275
DISCUSSION PERIOD 297
PANEL 5
AN EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF BLOCKING OF A MOBILE WATER ZONE BY AN EMULSION MJR. Islam and S.M. Farouq Ali 303
CHEMICAL VISCOSITY REDUCTION TO IMPROVE STEAM STIMULATION PERFORMANCE Steven Current 323
HOT WATER AND CAUSTIC OR CARBON DIOXIDE FOR THE RECOVERY OF BITUMEN FROM ATHABASCA OIL SANDS W. Nasr, D.M. Nguyen and A.S. McKay 333
DISCUSSION PERIOD 341
PANEL 6
APPLICATION OF THE IITRI/UENTECH ELECTROMAGNETIC STIMULATION PROCESS TO CANADIAN HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS Homer L. Spencer, Kevin A. Bennett and Jack E. Bridges 347
THE BEHAVIOR OF VARIOUS OIL SANDS TOWARDS HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAMS PD. Clark, R.A. Clarke, KL. Lesage and J.B. Hyne 355
xx
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE USE OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES DURING STEAM STIMULATED RECOVERY TO IMPROVE RESERVOIR AND SURFACE TRANSPORTATION OF HEAVY OILS P.D. Clark, RA. Clarice, K.L. Lesage andJB. Hyne 369
DISCUSSION PERIOD 379
PANEL 7
APPLICATION OF HEAT CARRIERS TO DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-VISCOUS HEAVY OIL FIELDS IN THE U.S.S.R. A.A. Bokserman, A.G. Tarasov, D.G. Antoniadi, K.E. Dzhalolov and V.A. Lavrennikov 385
HIGH VISCOSITY OIL RECOVERY FROM CARBONATE RESERVOIRS BY THERMAL METHODS D.G. Antoniadi, V.F. Budnikov and AX. Garushev 397
DISCUSSION PERIOD 409
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
PANEL 1
FOAM TRANSPORT MODELLING David H.-S. Law, Zheng-Ming Yang and Terry Stone 415
VENEZUELAN EXPERIENCE IN SIMULATION OF COMPACTION AND SUBSIDENCE ASSOCIATED WITH OIL PRODUCTION C. Espinoza and M. Mirabal 431
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ALKALINE/COSURFACTANT/POLYMER FLOODING
MM. Islam and S.M. FarouqAli 445
DISCUSSION PERIOD 455
PANEL 2
A CYCLIC STEAM STIMULATION MODEL FOR HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS S. Gozde, H.S. Chhina andD.A. Best 459 A SIMPLE METHOD FOR PREDICTPNG PRODUCTION OF A SINGLE WELL TEST IN OIL SANDS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF THERMAL RECOVERY Mehmet Saltuklaroglu 411
DEVELOPMENT OF A PRACTICAL STEAM INJECTION SIMULATOR Zhai Jianhua,
Shang Huanmin and Cheng Yan 491
DISCUSSION PERIOD 495
PANEL 3
THE APPLICATION OF THERMAL WELL TESTING TO RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION David Poon, Bruce McGee, Sedat Gozde and Don Best 501 INJECTED FLUID FRONT DETERMINATION USING PRESSURE DATA IN THERMAL OIL RECOVERY PROJECTS M. Ramones and E. Negron 511
OPTIMIZATION OF PRIMARY EXPLOITATION STRATEGIES FOR HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS J. Miranda and F.E. Ashford 523
DISCUSSION PERIOD 541
XXI
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
PANEL 4
INTERPRETATION OF HELD TESTS OF CYCLIC STEAM/GAS INJECTION IN THE TIA JUANA FIELD, BOLIVAR COAST, WESTERN VENEZUELA A. Salazar, N. Sanchez, C. Martinez and P. Colonomos 545
APPLICATION OF BASAL WATER SANDS TO ENHANCE THERMAL RECOVERY Kenneth E. Kisman and William H. Acteson 563
EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY FOR COMMERCIAL BITUMEN RECOVERY AT COLD LAKE R J. Gallant and A.G. Dawson 577
DISCUSSION PERIOD 591
MONITORING
PANEL 1
SEISMIC VELOCITIES IN HEAVY OIL AND TAR SANDS: THE BASIS FOR IN SITU RECOVERY MONITORING Zhijing Wang and Amos M. NUT 601
SEISMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMAL FLOOD BEHAVIOR Lennert D. den Boer and Larry W. Matthews 613
GROUND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS, DAPHNE LEASES, ATHABASCA, ALBERTA
Andrew E. Isherwood and James D. Henderson 629
DISCUSSION PERIOD 641
PANEL 2
FRONT SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL IN A STEAMFLOOD PROJECT J. McGee, J. Yibirin and E. Solano 647 GEOCHEMICAL MONITORING OF OIL FIELD FLUIDS W.D. Gunter, E.H. Perkins, B. Young and G.W. Bird 655
INTERPRETING RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE USING PRODUCED WATER CHEMISTRY B. Russell and G. W. Bird 673
DISCUSSION PERIOD 685
COMBUSTION PROPERTIES
PANEL 1
COMPOSITIONAL AND VISCOSITY VARIATIONS IN FLUIDS PRODUCED FROM THE HUSKY TANGLEFLAGS FIREFLOOD PROJECT Brian Erno, Charles Tsang, Rolf Saetre and Peter Tsang 695
BEHAVIOR OF HEAVY OIL CORE MATERIAL UNDER SIMULATED FIREFLOOD CONDITIONS Bela Verkoczy and KM. Jha 713
THE EFFECT OF RECOVERY PROCESSES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRODUCED HEAVY OIL K.N. Jha, R. Lafleur, H. Sawatzky, B. Verkoczy, D. Soveran, C.ReichertandB.Fuhr 727
DISCUSSION PERIOD 741
XXII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PANEL 2
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND KINETIC MODELLING OF CRUDE OIL PYROLYSIS IN RELATION TO THERMAL RECOVERY PROCESSES F. Behar, P. Ungerer, A.Audibert andM. Villalbae 747
PRESSURIZED DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY STUDIES OF HEAVY OILS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO IN SITU COMBUSTION M. Belkharchouche, D. Price andR. Hughes 761
A REVIEW OF IN SITU COMBUSTION MECHANISMS R.G. Moore, D.W. Bennion,
andM.G. Ursenbach 775
DISCUSSION PERIOD 785
COMBUSTION
PANEL 1
USE OF OXYGEN-ENRICHED AIR TO PRODUCE THE HEAVY OIL AND TAR SANDS OF TEXAS Bradley Pate, Greg Edmonds and Paul B. Crawford 793 ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF AIR/OXYGEN WET COMBUSTION BY ENERGY BALANCE K.W.Chiu 807
DESIGN FEATURES OF A HIGH-PRESSURE COMPRESSOR FOR IN SITU COMBUSTION PLANT FOR EXTRACTION OF HIGH VISCOSITY CRUDE IN INDIA
SM.Dwivedi 827
DISCUSSION 837
PANEL 2
THE IN SITU COMBUSTION AND INDUSTRIAL EXPLOITATION OF SUPLACU DE BARCAU PANONIAN FIELD IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF ROMANIA Gh. Aldea, At. Turta andM. Zamfir 841
TECHNOLOGY OF HEAVY OIL AND BITUMEN RECOVERY: CYCLIC STIMULATION BY THE ENERGY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND OXIDIZING AGENT INJECTION R.N. Diashev, AA. Chamzin and V.P Diblenko 849
DIALECTICS OF THE METHODS BASED ON IN SITU OXIDIZING PROCESSES
A.M. Bernshtain, V.V. Polkovnikov and IJ. Bogdanov 867
DISCUSSION PERIOD 875
AUTHOR INDEX 877
VOLUME 5: EXTRACTION, UPGRADING, TRANSPORTATON
PUBLISHER'S NOTE vii CONTENTS ix CONVERSION FACTORS xiii FOREWORD xv INTRODUCTION xvii
XXIII
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
EXTRACTION
PANEL 1
IN DEFENSE OF THE CLARK HOT WATER PROCESS David E.Rose 5
SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF DILUENTS IN THE MODIFIED HOT WATER PROCESS YJ. Yang, K. Bukka andJ.D. Miller 11
REDUCING THE SLUDGE PROBLEM BY CO-PROCESSING SLUDGE WITH OIL SANDS ORE J.Kruyer 19
DISCUSSION PERIOD 37
PANEL 2
ATHABASCA MINEABLE OIL SANDS: THE RTR/GULF EXTRACTION PROCESS THEORETICAL MODEL OF BITUMEN DETACHMENT Aldo Corti and Mario Dente 41
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NONBITUMINOUS ORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH MAY INTERFERE WITH RECOVERY OF BITUMEN FROM OIL SANDS S.Sengupta.E.S. Hall and E.L. Tollefson 45
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ORGANIC RICH SOLIDS PRESENT IN UTAH AND ATHABASCA OIL SANDS L.S. Kotlyar, J A. Ripmeester, B.D. Sparks, and H. Kodama 59
DISCUSSION PERIOD 71
UPGRADING
PANEL 1
MILD THERMAL CONVERSION OF COLD LAKE BriUMEN B.M.Sankey andF.S.Wu 11
ANGELOV/SHIBLEY PROCESS IMPROVES ECONOMICS OF PROCESSING HEAVY OIL G.AngelovandP.W.M.Shibley 83
USE OF SMALL SCALE ART PROCESSING FOR WELLHEAD VISCOSITY REDUCTION AND UPGRADING OF HEAVY OILS G. E. Dennis 89
DISCUSSION PERIOD 103
PANEL 2
UPGRADING OF HEAVY CRUDE AT LOW-TEMPERATURE AND AMBIENT-ATMOSPHERE A.S. Lee, X.W. Xu and T.F. Yen 109
MILD RESID HYDROCRACKING FOR HEAVY OIL UPGRADING H. Sue, M. Sekino, M. Yoshimoto, R.B. Armstrong and B. Klein 117
ASVAHL: NEW ROUTES FOR PROCESSING HEAVY OILS J.P. Peries, P. Renard , T. Des Courieres and J. Rossarie 127
DISCUSSION PERIOD 145
PANEL 3
REACTION MECHANISM IN VisABC PROCESS Toru Takatsuka, Yukitaka Wada, Shin-ichi Nakata and Sho-ei Komatsu 151
xxiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SOLID CATALYZED THERMAL HYDROGENOLYSIS OF RESIDUAL OILS lkusei Nakamura, Hiro-o Tominaga and Kaoru Fujimoto 159
DEVELOPMENTS IN UPGRADING OF BITUMEN BY HYDROPYROLYSIS
James W. Bunger, C.H. Tsai, H. Ryu and P. Devineni 169
DISCUSSION PERIOD 177
PANEL 4
COKING OF OIL SAND, ASPHALTENES AND RESIDUAL OILS IN THE LR-PROCESS H.J. Weiss, J. Schmalfeld andR.B. Solari 181 SYNCRUDE PROCESSING IN CONVENTIONAL REFINERIES R. Galiasso, Y. Hallensleben, P. Perez, K. Boltz, C. Badra and Y. Serpemen 191
THE REGIONAL UPGRADER CONCEPT FOR OIL SANDS DEVELOPMENT BRIEF OVERVIEW ErdalYildirim 205
DISCUSSION PERIOD 211
PANEL 5
DEMONSTRATION OF THE HIGH CONVERSION H-OIL® PROCESS ON COLD LAKE VACUUM RESIDUUM J. Colyar, E. Harris and G. Popper 215
UPGRADING OF ALBERTA DERIVED BITUMEN APPLYING THE VCC-TECHNOLOGY Klaus Niemann, Klaus Kretschmar, Martin Rupp and LudwigMerz 225
DISCUSSION PERIOD 243
PANEL 6
UPGRADING OF COLD LAKE HEAVY OIL IN THE CANMET HYDROCRACKING 249 DEMONSTRATION PLANT B£. Pruden, J.M. Denis and G. Muir
HDH, A PROCESS FOR RESIDUE CONVERSION R. Martin, J. Guitian, J. Krasuk, 255 F. Silva, A. Souto and B. Solari
HYDROCRACKING OF VACUUM RESIDUA OF BITUMEN: RADIOACTIVE TRACER AND REACTION KINETIC STUDIES USING A HIGH TEMPERATURE-HIGH 271 PRESSURE TUBULAR REACTOR B. Ozum, L. Lewkowicz, T. Cyr, and M. Oguztoreli
283 DISCUSSION PERIOD
PANEL 7
THERMAL HYDROPROCESSING OF SYNCRUDE COKER GAS OIL: INTERPRETATION VIA STRUCTURAL GROUP ANALYSIS B. Nizinska-Bazaniak, 289 M.R. Gray, F. Khorasheh, H. Rangwala, S, E. Wankeandl. G.DallaLana
DIESEL AND JET FUEL PRODUCTION FROM ATHABASCA BITUMEN, AND 299 CETANE NUMBER CORRELATION S.M. Yui and E.C. Sanford
CONVERSION OF TAR SAND BITUMEN AND HEAVY CRUDE TO HIGH YIELDS OF 309 AVIATION TURBINE FUEL A.F Talbot and W.E. Harrison, III
321 DISCUSSION PERIOD
XXV
FOURTH UNITAR/UNDP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS
PANEL 8
THE OHIO ONTARIO CLEAN FUELS, INC. COAL-OIL CO-PROCESSING PROJECT IN
OHIO Robert H.Shannon 325
THE CANADIAN ENERGY UPGRADER F.G. Boehm, RD. Caron andNE. Anderson 335
COAL/OIL COPROCESSING USING EBULLATED BED TECHNOLOGY — AN
UPDATE Richard J. Parker, Conrad J. Kulik and John E. Duddy 345
DISCUSSION PERIOD 359
POSTER SESSION
MICROBIAL DESULFURIZATION OF CRUDE OIL Julia M. Foght, Phillip M. Fedorak and Donald W.S.Westlake 365 FOULING IN THE COKER GAS OIL HYDROTREATER GUARD REACTOR
E.C. Sanford and R. Kirchen 375
COKE UTILIZATION
PANEL 1 UTILIZATION OF HSC-ROSE RESIDUE AS COKING AID FOR PRODUCTION OF HIGH QUALITY COKE FROM LIGNITE Dieter Bohlman, Heinz Limmer, Wolfgang Naundorf, Richard L. Hood and Koichi Washimi 385 FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION OF PETROLEUM COKE COAGGLOMERATED
WITH LIME OR LIMESTONE Abdul Majid, Bryan D. Sparks and CA. Hamer 397
DISCUSSION PERIOD 403
PANEL 2
HEAVY OIL COKE UTILIZATION IN THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY JJL. Calderon, D.
Rodriguez P., C. Gomez B.,J. Rodriguez A.,U. Mannweiler, W. Schmidt-Hatting and A. Maitland 407
DISCUSSION PERIOD 415
RETORTING
PANEL 1
THE FLUIDIZED BED PYROLYSIS OF BITUMEN-IMPREGNATED SANDSTONE FROM THE TAR SAND DEPOSITS OF UTAH Francis V. Hanson and Alex G. Oblad All OIL SHALE PROCESSING WITH THE AOSTRA TACIUK PROCESSOR LJt. Turner,
B.C. Wright and W. Taciuk 439
RECYCLE OIL PYROLYSIS AND EXTRACTION OFTAR SAND C.Y. Cha andF. D. Guffey 449
DISCUSSION PERIOD 457
TRANSPORTATION
PANEL 1
HEAVY CRUDE TRANSPORTATION H.-J. Thelen andG.Briceno 463 XXVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IMULSION TECHNOLOGY, THE ANSWER FOR THE PRODUCTION, HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION OF EXTRA HEAVY CRUDES AND BITUMENS /. Layrisse, H.Rivas.L. Quintero, M. Rivero and A. Martinez 475
FIELD TRIALS OF TRANSOIL TECHNOLOGY FOR EMULSION PIPELINING OF
BITUMEN WA. Hardy, S.P. Sit and A. Stockwell 491
DISCUSSION PERIOD 501
PANEL 2 WATER TREATMENT IN HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION Aldo Anselmi, Sonia Cosme, Francisco Lopez, Mirna de Ojeda, Guillermo Morales, Fernando Liendo and Ignacio Layrisse 507
RHEOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS: WALL SLIP AND ITS CORRECTION FOR CONCENTRIC CYLINDER VISCOMETER Zhang Jingjun and YanDafan 521
CORE-ANNULAR FLOW: THE MOST ECONOMICAL METHOD FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF VISCOUS HYDROCARBONS Emilio Guevara, Konstantin Zagustin, Vicente Zubillaga and Jose L. Trallero 531
DISCUSSION PERIOD 545
AUTHOR INDEX 547
XXVII