The Shadows of WarThe Shadows of War

Chapter 24Chapter 24

AP NotesAP Notes

London Economic ConferenceLondon Economic Conference

66 nations66 nationsGoal: stabilize currencies by Goal: stabilize currencies by

organizing a global attack on the organizing a global attack on the depressiondepression

U.S. refused to participate ….U.S. refused to participate ….Effect ….Effect ….

PhilippinesPhilippines

Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934Independence for Philippines in Independence for Philippines in

12 years12 yearsU.S. gave up army basesU.S. gave up army basesRetain naval basesRetain naval basesEconomic limitationsEconomic limitations

Rationale Rationale Maintaining empire was expensiveMaintaining empire was expensiveLabor resented competition of low Labor resented competition of low

wageswagesAm sugar resented competitionAm sugar resented competition

EffectEffectJapan believed they had nothing to Japan believed they had nothing to

fear from U.S.fear from U.S.

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Recognized Soviet Union in 1933Recognized Soviet Union in 1933TradeTradeBolster the S.U. to offset fascism in Bolster the S.U. to offset fascism in

EuropeEurope

Latin AmericaLatin America

Good Neighbor PolicyGood Neighbor PolicyFDR renounced armed interventionFDR renounced armed intervention

FDR wanted to form friendships and FDR wanted to form friendships and support to help protect W. support to help protect W. HemisphereHemisphere

Marines pulled out of HaitiMarines pulled out of HaitiCuba released from Platt AmendmentCuba released from Platt AmendmentRelaxed grip on PanamaRelaxed grip on Panama

Reciprocal Trade Agreement - Reciprocal Trade Agreement - 19341934

Sec. of State Cordell HullSec. of State Cordell Hull Low tariffs – amended Hawley Smoot rates – Low tariffs – amended Hawley Smoot rates –

could lower as much as 50% as long as could lower as much as 50% as long as corresponding country did samecorresponding country did same

21 pacts by 193921 pacts by 1939 Designed to lift Am. exports – relief and Designed to lift Am. exports – relief and

recoveryrecovery Reversed high protective tariff policyReversed high protective tariff policy Led way for free-trade international economic Led way for free-trade international economic

systemsystem

Rise of DictatorsRise of Dictators

Rise of dictatorships during 1920s Rise of dictatorships during 1920s in Germany, Italy, and Japanin Germany, Italy, and Japan

• Fascism:Fascism:-totalitarian organization of -totalitarian organization of

government and society by a government and society by a single-party dictatorship, intensely single-party dictatorship, intensely nationalist, racist, militarist, and nationalist, racist, militarist, and imperialistimperialist

Communism v. FascismCommunism v. Fascism

Poor and Poor and underdeveloped underdeveloped countries – Russia countries – Russia and Chinaand China

Pre-democraticPre-democratic Coercive way of Coercive way of

industrializing an industrializing an underdeveloped underdeveloped societysociety

Wealthier and advanced Wealthier and advanced technology – German, technology – German, Italy, and JapanItaly, and Japan

Post-democraticPost-democratic Based on brutality and Based on brutality and

mass support – the more mass support – the more brutal, the more popularbrutal, the more popular

PropagandaPropaganda Appealed to: Appealed to:

industrialists and land industrialists and land owners and lower middle owners and lower middle classclass

Opposed communismOpposed communism

Italy – Benito MussoliniItaly – Benito Mussolini

Short changed in Short changed in Treaty of Treaty of Versailles Versailles

1919 formed 1919 formed Fascist party with Fascist party with other veteransother veterans

Wanted to restore Wanted to restore the former glory the former glory that was Rome’sthat was Rome’s

Mussolini – Il DuceMussolini – Il Duce

1922 threatened to march on Rome unless 1922 threatened to march on Rome unless his authority was recognized his authority was recognized

King Victor Emmanuel III asked him to King Victor Emmanuel III asked him to become prime ministerbecome prime minister

1925- declared dictatorship1925- declared dictatorship Efficiency and order would make Italy greatEfficiency and order would make Italy great Suspended electionsSuspended elections Centralized the economyCentralized the economy Modernized the militaryModernized the military Make the Mediterranean an Italian Sea – Attacked Make the Mediterranean an Italian Sea – Attacked

Ethiopia in 1935Ethiopia in 1935

Italo – Ethiopian War 1935-36Italo – Ethiopian War 1935-36

Italy attacked primitive Ethiopia with a Italy attacked primitive Ethiopia with a modern air forcemodern air force

Emperor Haille Salasi appealed to the L of Emperor Haille Salasi appealed to the L of NN

League branded Italy the aggressor nation League branded Italy the aggressor nation Minor economic sanctionsMinor economic sanctionsFailed to embargo oil Failed to embargo oil Italy conquered an annexed EthiopiaItaly conquered an annexed Ethiopia

HitlerHitler

Corporal in WWICorporal in WWI Enraged at Enraged at

Germany’s defeat Germany’s defeat and terms of and terms of Versailles TreatyVersailles Treaty

National Socialist National Socialist German Workers German Workers Party - NaziParty - Nazi

Munich PutscheMunich Putsche

November 1923November 1923 Attempted to seize Attempted to seize

MunichMunich Hitler was guilty of Hitler was guilty of

high treasonhigh treason Jailed for 9 monthsJailed for 9 months Wrote Mein KampfWrote Mein Kampf

Mein KampfMein Kampf

Book written while Hitler was jailedBook written while Hitler was jailedDiagnosed Germany’s problems and how Diagnosed Germany’s problems and how

to cure themto cure themExpressed hatred for the Jews and Expressed hatred for the Jews and

RussiansRussiansHatred for communismHatred for communismSaid Germany needed LebensraumSaid Germany needed Lebensraum

Conditions in GermanyConditions in Germany

People had little faith in the weak existing People had little faith in the weak existing democratic governmentdemocratic government

A multi-party system hindered the growth A multi-party system hindered the growth of a strong “center” partyof a strong “center” party

Fear of communismFear of communismAvenge defeat of WWIAvenge defeat of WWIUnemployment severe, inflation, Unemployment severe, inflation,

depressiondepression

Conditions in GermanyConditions in Germany

German middle class hungered for stability German middle class hungered for stability – even at the cost of liberty– even at the cost of liberty

Police and military high command offered Police and military high command offered no serious opposition when Nazis used no serious opposition when Nazis used strong-arm methods to gain controlstrong-arm methods to gain control

Rise to PowerRise to Power

1920 – National Socialist Workers Party1920 – National Socialist Workers Party1923 – Tried to seize Munich1923 – Tried to seize Munichjailed for 9 jailed for 9

monthsmonthsPromised to stabilize country and rebuild Promised to stabilize country and rebuild

economyeconomyPromised to revive German EmpirePromised to revive German Empire1933 – Nazis largest party in Reichstag1933 – Nazis largest party in ReichstagHitler named chancellorHitler named chancellor

Hitler Seizes PowerHitler Seizes Power

Reichstag burns Reichstag burns downdown

Hitler suspended Hitler suspended civil libertiescivil liberties

Received dictatorial Received dictatorial powerspowers

New government – New government – Third ReichThird Reich

Der FuhrerDer Fuhrer

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

Hatred of the JewsHatred of the JewsBlamed Jews for Germany’s problems Blamed Jews for Germany’s problems Germans were the Master RaceGermans were the Master RaceOrdered boycott of Jewish shops, burned Ordered boycott of Jewish shops, burned

books, imprisoned Jews in concentration books, imprisoned Jews in concentration campscamps

Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts

Designed to avoid the same issues that Designed to avoid the same issues that caused U.S. to enter WWIcaused U.S. to enter WWI

11stst Neutrality Act Neutrality ActProhibited sale of war implements to Prohibited sale of war implements to

belligerentsbelligerentsProhibited loans to belligerentsProhibited loans to belligerentsProhibited Am. From sailing on ships of Prohibited Am. From sailing on ships of

belligerentsbelligerentsRestricted entry of U.S. merchant ships into Restricted entry of U.S. merchant ships into

war zoneswar zones

JapanJapan

Wanted to be a world powerWanted to be a world powerChain of islands in PacificChain of islands in PacificLimited resourcesLimited resourcesJapan needed raw materials for industrial Japan needed raw materials for industrial

economyeconomyDepended upon the U.S. for iron, coal, Depended upon the U.S. for iron, coal,

and petroleum and petroleum

Two factions in JapanTwo factions in Japan

Moderates – wanted Moderates – wanted strict observance of strict observance of treaties and treaties and conciliations to U.S.conciliations to U.S.

Militarists – wanted Militarists – wanted an end to the power an end to the power of the West in the W. of the West in the W. PacificPacific

Roots of American IsolationismRoots of American Isolationism

Disillusioned by WWI…..Disillusioned by WWI…..Nye Committee …..Nye Committee …..America First Committee – Henry America First Committee – Henry

Ford – Charles Lindbergh – Ford – Charles Lindbergh – denounced any move by the gov’t denounced any move by the gov’t toward involvementtoward involvement

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

1936-371936-37Rebels – army, Churchmen, fascists – Rebels – army, Churchmen, fascists –

FrancoFrancoGov’t of Spain – anticlericals, industrial Gov’t of Spain – anticlericals, industrial

workers, socialists, and communistsworkers, socialists, and communists Italy and Germany sent “volunteers” to Italy and Germany sent “volunteers” to

help the Rebelshelp the RebelsS.U. sent volunteers and arms to gov”tS.U. sent volunteers and arms to gov”t

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

27 nations involved27 nations involvedEngland and France embargoed arms to England and France embargoed arms to

both sides because of danger of world warboth sides because of danger of world warMajority of Am. Refused to take sidesMajority of Am. Refused to take sidesMinority of Am. Supported loyalists – Minority of Am. Supported loyalists –

Abraham Lincoln BrigadeAbraham Lincoln BrigadeU.S. invoked neutrality laws and refused to U.S. invoked neutrality laws and refused to

sell arms sell arms Dress rehearsal for WWIIDress rehearsal for WWII

Sp. Civil WarSp. Civil War

Franco won Franco won Loyalists fell from Loyalists fell from

powerpower

1931 – Moderates in Japan weaken1931 – Moderates in Japan weaken

Naval limitations placed upon Japan were Naval limitations placed upon Japan were degradingdegrading

Great depressionGreat depressionAmerican racial discrimination not American racial discrimination not

forgottenforgottenNorthern advance of the Chinese Northern advance of the Chinese

Nationalists made future of Manchuria Nationalists made future of Manchuria uncertainuncertain

Military responsible to the EmperorMilitary responsible to the Emperor

Japanese resentmentJapanese resentment

Resented dependencyResented dependencyHigh U.S. tariffs prohibited High U.S. tariffs prohibited

Japanese imports to U.S.Japanese imports to U.S.Japan couldn’t sell in the U.S.Japan couldn’t sell in the U.S.Led to prolonged depression in Led to prolonged depression in

JapanJapan

Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Greater Asian Co-Prosperity SphereSphere

Japanese Monroe DoctrineJapanese Monroe Doctrine Japan announces interest in maintenance of Japan announces interest in maintenance of

order in the W. Pacificorder in the W. Pacific 1931 Japan attacked Manchuria1931 Japan attacked Manchuria 1932 Japan controlled Manchuria 1932 Japan controlled Manchuria

Set up a puppet governmentSet up a puppet government ManchukuoManchukuo League of Nations condemned Japanese League of Nations condemned Japanese

aggressionaggression Japan continuedJapan continued

Japanese aggressionJapanese aggression

1937 – Shanghai – 1937 – Shanghai – Nanjing – BeijingNanjing – Beijing

Belief in American Belief in American weaknessweakness Neutral position on Neutral position on

Manchurian CrisisManchurian Crisis Steps toward Steps toward

Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

Efforts toward Efforts toward American Naval American Naval disarmamentdisarmament

Undeclared WarUndeclared War

July, 1937 – an “undeclared” war on ChinaJuly, 1937 – an “undeclared” war on ChinaAmericans are sympathetic and do not Americans are sympathetic and do not

invoke neutrality lawsinvoke neutrality lawsOct. – L of N condemned JapanOct. – L of N condemned JapanFDR – Quarantine Speech – denounced FDR – Quarantine Speech – denounced

aggressor nations and asked peace-loving aggressor nations and asked peace-loving nations to preserve order, as “a nations to preserve order, as “a community approves and joins in community approves and joins in quarantine” against diseasequarantine” against disease

Panay IncidentPanay Incident

U.S. gunboat on the Yangtze RiverU.S. gunboat on the Yangtze RiverJapanese attacked in broad daylightJapanese attacked in broad daylight2 Americans killed and other wounded2 Americans killed and other wounded

Engaged in legitimate businessEngaged in legitimate businessFlying the American flag in broad Flying the American flag in broad

daylightdaylightWe protested and they apologizedWe protested and they apologized

Hitler Repudiates the Treaty of Hitler Repudiates the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

1.1. Insisted on equality of armsInsisted on equality of arms2.2. Announced withdrawal from League of Announced withdrawal from League of

NationsNations3.3. 1935 – announced rearmament of 1935 – announced rearmament of

GermanyGermany4.4. Remilitarized the Rhineland – 1936 – a Remilitarized the Rhineland – 1936 – a

section of W. Germany from which section of W. Germany from which Treaty of Versailles excluded German Treaty of Versailles excluded German forces after WWIforces after WWI

Treaty of Versailles Con’tTreaty of Versailles Con’t

5.5. Formed the Axis with Mussolini – 1936 – Formed the Axis with Mussolini – 1936 – pledged to protect Europe from pledged to protect Europe from communismcommunism

6.6. Annexed Austria – 1938 – AnschlussAnnexed Austria – 1938 – Anschluss

7.7. Demanded Sudetenland – 1938 – part of Demanded Sudetenland – 1938 – part of Czechoslovakia inhabited by ethnic Czechoslovakia inhabited by ethnic Germans – Czech began to mobilize and Germans – Czech began to mobilize and had treaties with France and S.U.had treaties with France and S.U.

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference

19381938 Great Britain and Great Britain and

France met with France met with HitlerHitler

Hitler said “last Hitler said “last territorial claim”territorial claim”

Chamberlain of G.B. Chamberlain of G.B. said: “We have won said: “We have won peace in our time.”peace in our time.”

AppeasementAppeasement

Policy of G.B. and France toward Policy of G.B. and France toward HitlerHitler

Keep peace by giving in to Hitler’s Keep peace by giving in to Hitler’s demands –demands –

Gave Sudetenland to HitlerGave Sudetenland to Hitler

Repudiation of Treaty Con’tRepudiation of Treaty Con’t

8.8. Germany overran all of Czech by Germany overran all of Czech by 19391939

9.9. 1939 Germany and S.U. announced 1939 Germany and S.U. announced a non-aggression pacta non-aggression pact

10.10. Germay attacked Poland – Sept. 1, Germay attacked Poland – Sept. 1, 19391939

11.11. England and France declared war England and France declared war against Germany – Sept. 3, 1939.against Germany – Sept. 3, 1939.

Challenges to NeutralityChallenges to Neutrality

Sept. 1939 to April 1940 – “Phony Sept. 1939 to April 1940 – “Phony War”War”

Neutrality laws amended to “cash and Neutrality laws amended to “cash and carry” carry”

April, 1940 attacks began – Blitzkrieg April, 1940 attacks began – Blitzkrieg – Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, – Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and LuxembourgBelgium, and Luxembourg

Fall of FranceFall of France

Maginot Line

Maginot Line

Fall of FranceFall of France

11 days11 daysMaginot LineMaginot LineGermans invade through the Ardennes Germans invade through the Ardennes

ForestForestEvacuation at Dunkirk – “Miracle at Evacuation at Dunkirk – “Miracle at

Dunkirk” – 338,000 British soldiers Dunkirk” – 338,000 British soldiers evacuatedevacuated

Italy declared war against FranceItaly declared war against France

Paris Falls – June, 1940

Fall of FranceFall of France

Italy declared war - attacked from the Italy declared war - attacked from the south – “knife in the back”south – “knife in the back”

Occupied France – German occupied Occupied France – German occupied north and west – disarmednorth and west – disarmed

Vichy France – Marshall Petain – Vichy France – Marshall Petain – collaborationist regimecollaborationist regime

Free French – Charles DeGaulleFree French – Charles DeGaulle

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Round the clock bombingRound the clock bombing Ultra and the development of radarUltra and the development of radar Role of RAF Role of RAF Operation “Sea Lion” - PostponedOperation “Sea Lion” - Postponed

We shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields, and in the streets, we shall fight on the hills; we shall never surrender …W. Churchill

Election of 1940Election of 1940

Democrats “drafted” FDR – Henry Wallace Democrats “drafted” FDR – Henry Wallace was his running matewas his running mate

Wendell Wilkie nominated by the Wendell Wilkie nominated by the RepublicansRepublicans

Issues:Issues:Third termThird term InterventionIntervention

FDR won an unprecedented third termFDR won an unprecedented third term

Arsenal of DemocracyArsenal of Democracy

Roosevelt moved to help Great Britain – Roosevelt moved to help Great Britain – PM Winston Churchill asked for destroyers PM Winston Churchill asked for destroyers to convoy supplies across the Atlanticto convoy supplies across the Atlantic

FDR gave 50 old American ships in return FDR gave 50 old American ships in return for sites on which to build 8 naval and air for sites on which to build 8 naval and air basesbases

Lend – lease: The U.S. will lend-lease Lend – lease: The U.S. will lend-lease goods to any country whose defense is goods to any country whose defense is necessary for the defense of U.S.necessary for the defense of U.S.

War in the AtlanticWar in the Atlantic

UndeclaredUndeclared ““wolf – packs” hunted Am. Supply shipswolf – packs” hunted Am. Supply shipsGermans cut off England Germans cut off England Summer 1941Summer 194110,000 tons sank daily10,000 tons sank dailyU.S. began to convoy shipsU.S. began to convoy ships

War in the AtlanticWar in the Atlantic

September, 1941 – US destroyer September, 1941 – US destroyer GreerGreer attackedattacked

FDR ordered our ships to shoot German subs FDR ordered our ships to shoot German subs on sight on sight

Ordered our merchant ships to be armedOrdered our merchant ships to be armed Oct. 31 – destroyer Oct. 31 – destroyer Reuben James Reuben James sunk with sunk with

115 crew members115 crew members Congress permitted the transporting of Congress permitted the transporting of

material to Europe – repealed cash and carrymaterial to Europe – repealed cash and carry Bill to extend draft for one more year passed Bill to extend draft for one more year passed

the House by only one votethe House by only one vote

Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter

Roosevelt and Roosevelt and ChurchillChurchill

Condemned Condemned aggressionaggression

Affirmed national Affirmed national self-determinationself-determination

DisarmamentDisarmament Collective securityCollective security

Japan sought control of SE AsiaJapan sought control of SE Asia

1940 –began to attack European 1940 –began to attack European possessions in SE Asiapossessions in SE Asia

1940 – signed an alliance with 1940 – signed an alliance with Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy

1941 – invaded southern Indo-1941 – invaded southern Indo-China – a colony of FranceChina – a colony of France

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Tension between U.S. and Japan: 1940 – Tension between U.S. and Japan: 1940 – the U.S. stopped selling airplanes to the U.S. stopped selling airplanes to Japan – terminated trade agreements- Japan – terminated trade agreements- embargoed scrap metal and oil to Japanembargoed scrap metal and oil to Japan

Japan attacked French Indo-China – U.S. Japan attacked French Indo-China – U.S. froze Japanese assets in U.S. froze Japanese assets in U.S.

U.S. naval fleet in Pearl Harbor stood in U.S. naval fleet in Pearl Harbor stood in the way of Japanese dominance in Asia the way of Japanese dominance in Asia and Pacific and Pacific

The AttackThe Attack

Knock out the Pacific fleet before and all-Knock out the Pacific fleet before and all-out military conflict out military conflict

Dec. 7, 1941Dec. 7, 1941 Lost: 5 battleships, 3 cruisers, several Lost: 5 battleships, 3 cruisers, several

smaller vessels, 200 airplanes, 2,400 peoplesmaller vessels, 200 airplanes, 2,400 people Missed: Aircraft carriersMissed: Aircraft carriers Dec. 8 – U.S. declared war on JapanDec. 8 – U.S. declared war on Japan Germany and Italy declared war on the U.SGermany and Italy declared war on the U.S..