the share multidisciplinary project and the atmospheric climate observations at the
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An integrated scientific and technological research project devoted to environmental monitoring and climatic studies in mountain regions. The SHARE multidisciplinary project and the atmospheric climate observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory - Pyramid - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The SHARESHARE multidisciplinary project and the atmospheric climate observations at the
Nepal Climate Observatory - PyramidNepal Climate Observatory - PyramidGAW Global Station (5079m asl, Nepal Himalayas)
Promoted and managed by Ev-K2-CNR Committee in collaboration with Italian National Research Council
Angela MarinoniP. Bonasoni, E.Vuillermoz,
G.Lentini, R. Toffolon, P.Laj, SHARE and NCO-P teams
An integrated scientific and technological research project devoted to environmental monitoring and
climatic studies in mountain regions
2° Third Pole Environment Workshop KATHMANDU October 26-28, 2010 ICIMOD
Mountains are barometers of climate change. As the world heats up, mountain glaciers — the source of water for many of the world’s river systems and people — are melting at unprecedented rates, while rare plants and animals struggle to survive over ever diminishing areas. Mountain people, already among the world’s most disadvantaged, face greater hardships.
Understanding how climate change affects mountains,
and learning how to manage and mitigate any negative
effects, is vital for all of us, wherever we live.
FAO focus on mountains by J
Ross and T Hofer
The The Third PoleThird Pole regionregion has gained growing attention due to its has gained growing attention due to its significant role in global atmospheric circulation and its sensitivity significant role in global atmospheric circulation and its sensitivity for providing a first indication of climate changes, and thus is vital for providing a first indication of climate changes, and thus is vital for a better understanding of global climate and environmental for a better understanding of global climate and environmental changes and their impacts and interactions to human activities.changes and their impacts and interactions to human activities.
✔ Responds to the needs and priorities identified by international research institutions for understanding climate change and its impacts.
✔ Aims to provide scientific contribution ensuring long term high quality data by implementing mountain observations.
✔ Provides scientific analyses on climate, atmospheric composition, hydrology and water resources, glaciology, biodiversity, human health and anthropogenic impacts.
✔ Promoting and implementing a climate environment information system on mountains.
✔ Provides a feasible framework of adaptation and mitigation strategies to improve understanding of the effects of climate change on agriculture, biodiversity, health and water resources, and support environmental management policies and decision-making processes in developing countries (UNEP – Bali Strategic Plan).
Starting from the role of mountains as primary indicators of climate change, as stated by the UN General Assembly (Sec. Gen. Report – SMD 62/292, 2007), and international programs of FAO (focus on mountains) and IGBP (Report 49, 2001):
What are the central research objectives?
WP1 – Scientific Research and ClimateAtmosphereGlaciologyEnergy and hydrological cyclesLimnologyBiodiversity and natural resourcesMedicine
WP2 – Technological research and ClimateDevelopment and improvement of systems for the monitoring of atmosphere
composition and environment at high altitudes
WP3 – Information SystemDevelopment of an integrated Information System to collect information on
ongoing monitoring activities in mountain environments (under UNEP/ Mountain Partnership)
WP4 – Capacity buildingTechnology and know-how transfer. Providing of correct policy advises on
environmental field. Increasing of scientific capacity of local technicians and researchers by direct participation in research activities and training courses.
SHARE promotes the multidisciplinary study of phenomena SHARE promotes the multidisciplinary study of phenomena linked to global change, developing research activities in 6 linked to global change, developing research activities in 6
thematic areas: thematic areas:
The SHARE network:
WP1 - Scientific research and climate
Mt. Cimone Mt. Cimone (2165m, Italy)(2165m, Italy)
NCO-P (5079m, NCO-P (5079m, Nepal)Nepal)
Mt. RwenzoriMt. Rwenzori(4700 m, Uganda)(4700 m, Uganda)
Urdukas Pakistan Urdukas Pakistan 3.926 m3.926 m
With its stations in Europe, Asia and
Africa, today SHARESHARE represents Italy’s
expert contribution to international
integrated scientific projects on the
climate and environment, such
as: UNEP-ABC,
WMO-GAW, GEO, WCRP-
GEWEX-CEOP, NASA-AERONET, ILTER, EUSAAR.
SHARE includes a component of technological innovation for the development of climate and atmospheric observations at high altitude and remote mountain areas.
In spring 2009 the first prototype of Nano-SHARE was tested in a field campaign along the Himalayan Khumbu Valley and at the NCO-P by EvK2CNR in collaboration with CNR and CNRS.
WP - 2 Technological research
e.g. extreme conditions, transport, technical issues, such as power
supply, data transmission....
Nano-SHARE: a sophisticated
technological system has been developed to
overcome the difficulties often experienced in
installing high altitude atmospheric
monitoring stations:
Data acquisition and Data acquisition and communication systemscommunication systems
HOW the NCO-P works?
96 96 photovoltaicphotovoltaic panels and panels and 120 120 electric storage cells.electric storage cells.
Two principal and integrated actions are planned:
1. a shared database for the collection, management and access to spatial and non spatial data;
2. a dedicated thematic portal for the access to distributed databases and directly to remote high altitude stations.
To : RESEARCHERS (optimize their investments, harmonize their databases and improve
collaboration)
STAKEHOLDERS (access to a simple information system)
An integrated GIS database for environmental data management in the high mountains regions
WP - 3 SHARE Information System
Collaboration with local partners is mandatory within SHARE project, with the aim of a common knowledge growth. Training of local technical staff (Ev-K2-CNR, UNEP).
UNEP close collaboration with SHARE will strengthen partnership with developing countries, providing scientific knowledge and technological expertise for the climate related studies. The know-how will be available locally and to inter-governmental agencies, providing a technology transfer mechanism and supporting decision-making on the environment.
WP - 4 Capacity building
Mechanisms for transferring know-how and technology in the fields of environmental and geophysical sciences have already been activated.On-the-job training is provided to local technicians and researchers so as to create “scientific capacity”, as indicated in Agenda 21.
SHARE Pilot Projects
1. ABC NCO-P 2. Paprika3. Stelvio4. CEOP-HE5. CCQQB 6. Biodiversity7. Seed Bank8. GARD Khumbu
(Global Alliance Respiratory Disease)
9. Nano SHARE10. Information system
Indoor air pollution is recognized as a major
global public health threat. Approximately
half the world’s population and up to 90% of
rural household in developing countries use
biomass fuels in the form of wood, dung and
crop residues often associated with a bad
ventilation in the houses, especially in cold
mountain areas and in winter.
Khumbu Valley population is a particular sample
of population
= no traffic and industry pollution
= very high indoor pollutionThe population uses biomass fuels for home heating and cooking and many houses have not a chimney.
GARD KHUMBU (Global Alliance Respiratory Disease)
GARD SURYA
Epidemiologic study
3 villages located at different altitudes (2600m, 3600m, 4200m)
Total estimated population: 350
MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS
Questionnaire
Spirometry
Exhaled Nitric Oxide
Exhaled air condensate (biomarkers)
Electrocardiogram
Echocardiography
Urine samples (inflammation biomarkers)
Eyes examination
Indoor and outdoor pollution were measured Indoor and outdoor pollution were measured in cooperation with the Kathmandu University.in cooperation with the Kathmandu University.
Preliminary results show a Preliminary results show a high incidence high incidence of bronchial obstructionof bronchial obstruction, a low incidence of , a low incidence of outdoor pollution, the presence of outdoor pollution, the presence of indoor indoor pollutionpollution..
India
Bangladesh
Nepal
Indian Ocean
Tibet
N 27°57' E 86°48'
NCO-PNCO-P
The INDOEX and ABC project results inspired Ev-K2-CNR to fund the monitoring of atmospheric composition in Himalaya - Karakorum with the aim of contributing to the ABC-Asia Project, in collaboration with CNR-ISAC, CNRS-LGGE and NAST.
5079 m asl
ABC monitoring in the Himalayas:The Nepal Climate Observatory – Pyramid
To characterize the physical, optical and chemical properties of aerosol particles at a aerosol particles at a high altitude site in the Himalayas and their high altitude site in the Himalayas and their variability,variability,
To investigate the origin of particulate To investigate the origin of particulate mattermatter (anthropogenic/biogenic/dust) and their radiative impact (in particular related to their glacier melting potential),
To contribute to a better understanding of To contribute to a better understanding of the O3 budget in the areathe O3 budget in the area (characterizing the contributions of regional - long range - stratospheric air masses to the O3 variability),
To monitor greenhouse active and ozone-To monitor greenhouse active and ozone-destroying Halocarbon gasesdestroying Halocarbon gases.
NCO-P Scientific goals:
Measurement Instrument
Aerosol number concentration and size distribution (10nm to 32µm)
DMPS/SMPS, OPC-GRIMM 190
Absorption coefficient (Black carbon concentration)
MAAP
Total and back scattering coefficient
INTEGRATING NEPHELOMETER-TSI 3563
Aerosol optical depth CIMEL
Surface ozone concentrations TEI 49C
Greenhouses gas concentration (CFC, HFC, HCFC,...)
flask sampling
Chemical Characterization (organic and inorganic) of Aerosol Particles
high volume sampling on quartz filters
Solar irradiance (200 - 3600 nm) Pyranometer CMP21 Kipp&Zonen
Meteorological parameters (air temperature, Atmospheric pressure, Relative humidity, Wind speed and direction, Precipitation)
VAISALA WXT510
The NCO-Pyramid in-situ continuous measurements
Dust55%
WSOM20%
WINSCM10%
K1%
Mg0.3%
Ca2%
NH43%
Na0.6%
SO47%Cl
0.3%
NO32%
Cl
NO3
SO4
Na
NH4
K
Mg
Ca
WSOM
WINSCM
Dust
Averaged PM10 composition at NCO-P
5.4 g m-3
OM+BC65%
Na1%
NH46%
K1%
Mg1%
Ca4%
Cl1%
NO35%
SO414%
Oxalate2%
OM+BC
Na
NH4
K
Mg
Ca
Cl
NO3
SO4
Oxalate
Carrico et al 2003
4 years of black carbon concentration
[Marinoni et al., ACP, 2010]
black carbon diurnal variations
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00
UTC + 4:45
ng
m-3
PRE-MONSOONMONSOONPOST-MONSOONDRY
[Marinoni et al., ACP, 2010]
[Bonasoni et al., ACP, 2010]
Atmospheric Brown Clouds hot spots in the Himalayas
BC deposition on snow/ice surfaces
Deposition of black carbon is a major driver of glacial retreat in the Hindu-Kush-Himalaya-Tibetan region (ABC Regional assessment, 2008).Ramanathan and Carmichael report that the impact of BC on melting snow and glaciers may equal the impact of increased atmospheric CO2.
Starting from BC concentrations at NCO-P in pre-monsoon season we estimate:
26-68 µg Kg-1 BC snow concentration
2 – 5.2 % snow albedo reduction
70 – 204 mm (we) runoff increase from a typical Tibetan glacier equal to 24 % of the seasonal runoff
[Yasunari et al., ACP, 2010]
Large dust storm blew through the Indus Valley, along the border between Pakistan and India, on June 12, 2006 (NASA - MODIS).
The severe heat waves that affected these areas in May 2006, could favor the development of dust storms and increase of pollution levels.
Dust storm in the Indus ValleyJune 12, 2006
In this MODIS picture, the dust heads toward the Himalaya Mountains.
12-18 June 2006 @ NCO Pyramid
… blowing along the Himalayas edge, dust air mass mixed with pollution, is pumped into the mountain valleys reaching the NCO-P
Long-range transport of dust and pollution : 12–18 June 2006
Jun Jul Aug Sep
Rai
n c
um
ula
tive
(m
m)
0
2
4
6
8
12 – 22 June 2006: Long-range transport of pollution and dust during Monsoon
Break in the monsoon precipitation
ACUTE POLLUTION EPISODE OF APRIL
2010
L evog luc os an
0
400
800
1200
22/03/10 23/03/10 24/03/10 25/03/10 26/03/10 27/03/10 28/03/10 29/03/10 30/03/10 31/03/10 01/04/10 02/04/10 03/04/10 04/04/10 05/04/10 06/04/10 07/04/10 08/04/10 09/04/10 10/04/10
ng m
-3n
g m
-3
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 2000 4000 6000
BC [ng/m3]
EC [n
g/m
3 ]
10:46 NST
16:46 NST
A thick haze is clearly discernible by NCO-P images taken on April 7 during morning and after-noon conditions, testifying the afternoon extension of the ABCs up to the high Himalayass.
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/special_issue103.html
Special Issue Atmospheric Brown Cloud in the Himalayas9 papers on ACP/ACPD relative to NCO-P data
Scientific results:
NCO-P
World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch
NCO-P (PYR) is the 33° GAW WMO Global Station
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION