the significance of stamps used on bank notes

7/23/2019 The Significance of Stamps Used on Bank Notes

1/27

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STAMPS USED ON BANK NOTES

Arnold Keller and John Sandrock

Note:

Th! artcle "a! "rtten #$ Dr% Arnold Keller o& Berln' Ger(an$% Fro( the

earle!t da$! o& )a)er (one$ collectn* Dr% Keller ha! #een re+ered a! the ,Dean o&

Pa)er Mone$ Collector!-% O+er the $ear! he had "rtten (an$ artcle! on the !.#/ect &or

Ger(an )erodcal!' and ndeed' "a! the &r!t to ).#l!h #ook! &or collector! on the

!.#/ect% In the 0123! and 0143!' I had &re5.ent occa!on to corre!)ond "th Dr% Keller

n ($ ca)act$ a! edtor o& The Currency Collector' the /o.rnal o& the lon* de&.nct

6orld Pa)er Mone$ Collector! A!!ocaton% At that t(e I a!ked h( & he "o.ld "rte

an artcle &or .! and th! )ece "a! the re!.lt% A! $o. "ll !ee' he )o!!e!!ed an a(a7n*

n8de)th kno"led*e on the !.#/ect o& the +aro.! .!e! o& !ta()! "hen a))led to )a)er

(one$% Man$ $ear! later' I "a! enco.ra*ed to .)date Dr% Keller9! "ork to ncl.de thene" !!.e! "hch had a))eared n the nter(% Th! e&&ort "ll #e &o.nd n the

addend.( at the end o& the artcle%

8883888

A! $o.r collecton *ro"! n !7e t ! not lon* #e&ore $o. r.n acro!! a #ank note or

t"o "th an adhe!+e !ta() a&&ed to t! !.r&ace% Snce the!e note! are not too !carce 8

ndeed !o(e +arete! are relat+el$ co((on 8 e+er$ collector (a$ e)ect !ooner or later

to ac5.re ea()le! &or h! collecton% There&ore' t (a$ #e o& ntere!t to e)lore the!*n&cance o& the!e !ta()!%

I((edatel$ o.r attenton ! dra"n to the &act that !ta()8note! ca(e nto !!.e &or

a +aret$ o& ).r)o!e!% The (o!t n.(ero.! o& the!e note! are tho!e "hch #ear !ta()!

ndcatn* +al.e% Perha)! the !ta() #earn* note! (o!t "del$ kno"n and collected

toda$ are tho!e !!.ed #$ H.n*ar$ n 01;2% Three +arete! o& the!e note! e!t: the

0'333 )en*o "th red !ta() a&&ed' and 03'333 )en*o note! "th #ro"n or #l.e !ta()!

a&&ed to ther o#+er!e% The!e !ta()! "ere added to note! n crc.laton to ncrea!e

ther +al.e% Th! (o+e "a! (ade a! an ant8n&laton (ea!.re% The o"ner! o& the note!

"ere re5.red to )a$ < o& ther +al.e and n ret.rn rece+ed an a))ro)rate !ta() to!*n&$ th!% A! an econo(c (o+e th! (ea!.re "a! doo(ed to &al.re 8 the n&laton

r.nnn* on to the a!trono(cal rato o& one old )en*o to 0'333'333'333'333'333 ne"

one!= Th! co!tl$ e)er(ent ha! le&t to the &eld o& )a)er (one$ collector! !o(e o& o.r

(o!t ntere!tn* !)ec(en!%


2/27

The (o!t co((on ea()le! o& !ta()! a&&ed to #ank note! are tho!e )laced there to ncrea!e the

note! +al.e% A *ood ca!e8n8)ont ! H.n*ar$' "hch e)erenced ra)d n&laton n 01;2 nece!!tatn*the addton o& +al.e added !ta()! to kee) the c.rrenc$ n crc.laton% Sho"n here ! a 0333 )en*o

note "th the added !ta()% Th! !ta() co!t the o"ner o& the note >23 )en*o% All note! "tho.t !ta()!

then #eca(e "orthle!!%

Al(o!t e5.all$ "ell kno"n are the !ta()8note! .!ed n C7echo!lo+aka a&ter

6orld 6ar II% The!e note! are o& t"o )rnc)al +arete! and had ther !ta()! a&&ed

&or entrel$ d&&erent rea!on!% The &r!t o& the!e note! "ere )rnted n ?.!!a and "ere#ro.*ht nto the co.ntr$ &or the .!e o& the ?.!!an Ar($% ?ecord! a!certann* the

a(o.nt o& the!e note! !!.ed "ere ()ro)erl$ ke)t and t #eca(e nece!!ar$ to co.nt the

note! to deter(ne the 5.antt$ then crc.latn*% To acco()l!h th!' each note co.nted

rece+ed a !ta()% Tho!e crc.latn* "tho.t !ta()! contn.ed to #e co.nted "hle

!ta()8#earn* note! "ere not co.nted a*an% Onl$ note! n the deno(naton o& 033'

233 and 0333 kor.n "ere co.nted% 6e &nd on the 033 kor.n note a #l.e control !ta()

)ct.rn* the C7echo!lo+akan !tate!(an Ma!ar$k "th a #lock letter ,E- n t! lo"er

corner!% The !ta() t!el& ! o+er)rnted ,033- n #lack nk% On the 233 kor.n note "e

&nd the !a(e !ta() "th a red ,233- o+er)rnt' and on the 0333 kor.n deno(naton the

,0333- o+er)rnt ! al!o n red%

The other +aret$ o& !ta()8note! .!ed n C7echo!lo+aka "ere the &or(er !!.e!

o& Slo+aka' co.nted and !ta()ed &or the !a(e ).r)o!e% A&ter 6orld 6ar II'

C7echo!lo+aka' #en* recreated a! t "ere' had no #ank note !!.e! o& t! o"n% A! an

e(er*enc$ e)edent the ?.!!an occ.)aton note! (entoned a#o+e and the note! o& the

&or(er !tate o& Slo+aka "ere allo"ed to crc.late !de #$ !de .ntl the$ co.ld #e


3/27

T"o +arete! o& control !ta()! .!ed on C7echo!lo+akan nter( note! !!.ed at the clo!e o& 6orld

6ar II% The 233 kor.n note o& 01;; @a#o+e "a! an occ.)aton !!.e o& the ?ed Ar($' "hle theSlo+akan note @#elo" "a! an !!.e !tll crc.latn* at "ar! end% A&ter rece+n* control !ta()!' the!e

note! contn.ed n crc.laton .ntl the$ co.ld #e re)laced "th the )o!t8"ar !!.e%

re)laced "th a )o!t8"ar !!.e% 6hen #en* co.nted' the Slo+akan note! rece+ed ther

o"n !ta()!% The Slo+akan 033 kor.n note #ear! a $ello" Ma!ar$k !ta() "th ,K- n

the lo"er corner! and ! "tho.t o+er)rnted n.(#er% The 233 kor.n ha! an oran*e

!ta() a&&ed' #earn* the #lock letter ,B- n t! lo"er corner! and the 0333' a red


4/27

!ta() o& *reater !7e "th the letter ,-' !ho"n* Ma!ar$k n )ro&le "tho.t ca)%

The &or(er 233 kor.n note o& Slo+aka #ore an oran*e !ta() a&&ed #earn* a #lock letter ,B- n the

lo"er corner! and the 0333 kor.n a red !ta() o& *reater !7e "th the letter ,-' !ho"n* Ma!ar$k n

)ro&le "tho.t ca)%

T.rnn* the calendar n t(e to the $ear 010 "e &nd another .!e o& !ta()! on

(one$% At the end o& 010 the de&eated A.!tra8H.n*aran E()re d!nte*rated'

ree(er*n* a! !e+eral ne" )oltcal .nt!% A(on* the!e ne" co.ntre! "ere

C7echo!lo+aka and .*o!la+a% Each ne"l$ #orn !tate de+elo)ed t! o"n (onetar$!tandard% Snce #anknote! o& ther o"n dd not e!t' C7echo!lo+aka chan*ed the then

crc.latn* A.!tra8H.n*aran note! nto ther o"n (one$ #$ addn* a ta !ta() &or

"hch one )ercent o& the &ace +al.e "a! char*ed% 6e there&ore &nd #l.e !ta()! &or 03

haler. on the 03 kor.n note' red 3 haler. !ta()! on the 3 kronen deno(naton'

#ro"n 23 haler. on the 23 kronen' and an oran*e 0 kor.na !ta() on the 033 kronen

!!.e% For the lar*e 0333 kronen note no !ta() "a! act.all$ )a!ted on the note' #.t

rather a )rnted ()re!!on' a))earn* lke a !ta()' "a! )rnted on the o#+er!e% A lar*e

5.antt$ o& the!e !ta()! "ere co.nter&eted' e!)ecall$ n the ca!e o& the 3 and 23

haler. !ta()! and the )rnted !eal on the 0333 kronen !!.e%

In lke (anner' ta !ta()! "ere .!ed n .*o!la+a a $ear later to create ther

o"n (one$ &ro( the old A.!tra8H.n*aran note!% The!e ta !ta()! !ho"ed no +al.e

and onl$ d&&ered n the color .!ed &or the d&&erent deno(naton!% The$ e!t n three

d!tnct !!.e!' "th tet! n the Slo+enan' Croatan and Ser#an lan*.a*e!% The Ser#an

tet d&&er! &ro( the other! n that t ! "rtten n C$rllc rather than ?o(an letter!% The

!ta()! are &o.nd on the deno(naton! o& 03' 3' 23' 033 and 0333 kronen' the !(aller


5/27

The 0 kor.na !ta() "hen a&&ed' a&ter 6orld 6ar I' to th! &or(er A.!tra8H.n*ar$ 033 kronen

!!.e' tran!&or(ed t nto C7echo!lo+aka9! &r!t c.rrenc$% Th! "a! an e)edent .!ed .ntl #ank note!

&or the ne"l$ &or(ed ?e).#lc o& C7echo!lo+aka co.ld #e )rnted and d!tr#.ted%

The ne" C7echo!lo+akan 0333 korona #ank note rece+ed a (achne !ta() a.thor7n* t! crc.laton

n le. o& an adhe!+e !ta() .!ed &or all other deno(naton!%


6/27

In lke (anner the ne"l$ &or(ed !tate o& .*o!la+a created ther o"n (one$ &ro( e!tn* A.!tra8

H.n*aran note!% The ta !ta()! .!ed on th! 0333 kronen note "ere )rnted n three lan*.a*e!

Slo+enan' Croatan and Ser#an' th.! creatn* three d!tnct +arete! o& th! note%

deno(naton! ha+n* no !ta()!% Cancellaton "a! .!.all$ acco()l!hed #$ .!e o& a

r.##er #ank !eal or date !ta()%

Fort$ $ear! later' n 01;' the !a(e (ot+e 8 a need to chan*e the (onetar$

!tandard 8 )ro()ted the a.thorte! n the So+et occ.)ed 7one o& Ger(an$ to !!.e

!ta()! to #e )laced on the old !ere! o& Ger(an note!% The 6e!tern Po"er! had )rnted

ne" note! &or ther !ector! o& Ger(an$' #.t ?.!!a had &aled to do th!% The !!.e o&

!ta()! a&&ed the the old Ger(an note! "a! (eant a! a !to)8*a) (ea!.re% The !ta()!

"ere &or 0' ' 2' 03' 3' 23 and 033 (ark' each #earn* the !a(e +al.e a! the #ank noteto "hch t "a! attached% Fro( the +er$ &r!t da$ o& !!.e co.nter&et !ta()! a))eared

on the (arket% The la" )ro+ded that onl$ l(ted a(o.nt! o& the!e old note! #e

+aldated #$ the addton o& the !ta()!% Ina!(.ch a! onl$ l(ted 5.antte! o& the old

note! co.ld #e chan*ed #$ an$ one )er!on' a read$ (arket "a! &o.nd &or the co.nter&et

!ta()!% The !ta()! co.ld #e had &or a#o.t the +al.e o& the chan*ed note% Th! "a!

the )r(ar$ rea!on "h$ the (onetar$ !tandard o& the Ea!tern one #eca(e de)recated

&ro( the #e*nnn*%


7/27

One other ea()le o& the .!e o& !ta()! to a.thentcate old (one$ .ntl t co.ld #e

re)laced #$ a ne" !!.e ! kno"n% On > March' 01;4 the Ja)ane!e *o+ern(ent

a.thor7ed the .!e o& !ta()! on ther then crc.latn* note!% Sta()! "ere !!.ed &or 03'

033' 233 and 0333 $en% U) to the 233 $en deno(naton the note! "ere re+aldated on a

0:0 rato% H*her a(o.nt! "ere !.#/ect to a red.cton n +al.e% Sta()! &or other

deno(naton! (a$ e!t% The!e !ta()ed note! then #eca(e +ald and crc.lated .ntl

ne" note! "ere !!.ed to take ther )lace


8/27

In at lea!t one n!tance the a))lcaton o& !ta()! to #ank note! ca(e a#o.t a! a

re!.lt o& a &a!cnatn* and re+ol.tonar$ e)er(ent% I re&er to the knd o& note! "hch

n Ger(an are called ,Sch".nd*eld- or ,d"ndln* (one$-% It "a! the theor$ o& Sl+o

Ge!ell' that n the relaton o& (one$ and *ood!' the (one$ "a! the (ore cher!hed' and

con!e5.entl$ held a #etter )o!ton% He theor7ed that *ood! "ere !.#/ect to r.n

@con!.(er *ood! "ear o.t' clothe! *o o.t o& &a!hon' etc% #.t (one$ al"a$! kee)! t!&.ll +al.e @at lea!t n !ta#le t(e!% There&ore' (an$ )eo)le !a+e ther (one$ and #.$

/.!t onl$ "hat the$ need% All #.!ne!! "o.ld do #etter' theor7ed Ge!ell' & al!o (one$

"o.ld #e !.#/ect to de)recaton% He )ro)o!ed to ntrod.ce (one$ "hch lo!t at re*.lar

nter+al! a certan )ercenta*e o& t! +al.e% To acco()l!h th! the note! "o.ld rece+e

!.))le(ental !ta()! !t.ck on the note to ndcate the de)recaton de!red% Th.! the

&ace +al.e o& the!e note! "a! ntentonall$ red.ced #$ the addton o& a !ta()% In all

!tate! the trea!.re! and co()etent #ank! !tood a*an!t Ge!ell9! theor$% et Ge!ell9!

&ollo"er! real7ed h! theor$' &or n !e+eral ca!e! t (et "th !.cce!!% A#o.t the $ear

01' there "a! a (ne n the to"n o& Sch"anenkrchen "hch had *one #ankr.)t and

"a! no lon*er n o)eraton% Ge!ell9! &ollo"er! )er!.aded the (ner! and the (erchant!o& Sch"anenkrchen to acce)t note! o& the ,Sch".nd*eld- t$)e' and to th! the$ a*reed%

The (ne "a! act+ated and the (ner! )ad n ,6ara- note!% U)on #en* )ad ther

"a*e!' the$ *a+e the note! o.t 5.ckl$ !o a! not to lo!e a )ercenta*e to de)recaton%

Th! )ractce "a! al!o &ollo"ed #$ the (erchant!% E+er$ (an #o.*ht &or the "hole !.(

o& "hat he had n hand' and #$ th! (ean! #.!ne!! &lo.r!hed%

Ge!ell9! theor$ "a! a*an a))led a &e" $ear! later% In T$rol' the ct$ o& 6r*el

"a! near #ankr.)tc$% Note! o& the ne" t$)e "ere !!.ed and !oon #.!ne!! "a!

&lo.r!hn* a*an% There "a! no .ne()lo$(ent and the ct$ "a! once a*an a#le toeec.te "ork! lon* !nce ne*lected% Fro( (an$ co.ntre!' ncl.dn* the Unted State!'

ca(e co((!!on! to e)lore th! ,(racle-% A#o.t the !a(e t(e A(erca had t!

,Black Frda$- &ollo"ed #$ the !e+ere de)re!!on )erod% The dea! tred o.t at

Sc"anenkrchen and 6r*el "ere "ell rece+ed' a! the t(e "a! r*ht &or dra!tc

(ea!.re!% In A(erca the theor$ "a! chan*ed con!dera#l$ &ro( the or*nal dea% o.

"ll recall that Ge!ell9! theor$ called &or ((edate )a!!n* o& the note! !o that the

o"ner "o.ld not lo!e a )ercenta*e to de)recaton% Co()lete de)recaton .!.all$ took

)lace "thn thrt$ da$!% In A(erca' the theor$ "a! chan*ed n !.ch a (anner that the

note de)recated onl$ "hen t! o"ner!h) chan*ed hand!% E+er$ t(e !.ch a note "a!

*+en a! )a$(ent' a !.))le(entar$ !ta() "o.ld #e !t.ck on the note' .!.all$ &or t"o)ercent% 6hen &&t$8t"o !.ch !ta()! "ere on the note' t "a! (at.re and read$ &or

rede()ton%

The !!.er o& the!e note! en/o$ed a do.#le *an% Fr!t' .)on rede()ton' a! he "a!

the one "ho had !!.ed the note' he rece+ed t! &.ll &ace +al.e .)on t! ret.rn%

Secondl$' #$ !elln* the !.))le(entar$ !ta()!' he *aned a*an the note9! entre &ace


9/27

A(ercan ,De)re!!on Scr)- note &ro( Fo!tora' Oho "th three one cent ,#oo!ter- !ta()! attached%

+al.e )l.! e)en!e!% 6hen the #earer )re!ented the note &or )a$(ent' the !!.er had to

redee( t and )a$ o.t t! &ace +al.e' #.t he had re(ann* the ntere!t on the "hole &or

&&t$8t"o "eek!= ,D"ndln* (one$- "a! !!.ed n other co.ntre! a! "ell% There

e!ted' and !tll e!t' !!.e! n France' A.!tra' S"eden and Bra7l% Fro( 01 on

thro.*h the de)re!!on a *reat n.(#er o& !!.e! e!ted n the Unted State!% I a(a!ton!hed that the!e note! are not collected n the Unted State! toda$% D.rn* the

013! I rece+ed !o(e o& the!e note! &or ($ collecton' #.t no" !nce (an$ $ear!' no

(ore%

Fro( t(e to t(e )o!ta*e !ta()! ha+e &o.nd ther "a$ nto .!e a! #anknote!%

A&ter the Fr!t 6orld 6ar !o(e French colone! !!.ed )a)er (one$ "th )o!ta*e

!ta()! a&&ed% Th! "a! )re!.(a#l$ done to co(#at a !horta*e o& (etal con%

Mada*a!car .!ed !ta()! o& the ,Flan7ane- t$)e @0138010> and the ,e#. and )al(-

t$)e @01380131% The!e !ta()! "ere *l.ed onto thck card#oard and +arn!hed% Man$

+arete! e!ted' ho"e+er the )rnc)al +al.e! "ere con&ned to deno(naton! o& 2' 03'

2 and 23 cent(e! and 0 and &ranc!% The card#oard .!ed +ared &ro( *ra$ to #ro"nor $ello"% On the e#. @or do* !!.e "e &nd !o(e note! "th the tet onl$ n French

and !o(e "th the +al.e! added n the Ho+a lan*.a*e% Another !ta() !ere!'

,Co((erce and Na+*aton- ! kno"n' the 23 cent(e deno(naton #en* ntended &or

crc.laton onl$ on the !land o& Mohel% All the!e )ece! are +er$ rare and are no (ore

to #e &o.nd% The$ "ere retred on 2 A)rl' 01 a&ter &&teen (llon &ranc! had #een

!!.ed% The French colon$ o& Cote d9 I+ore @I+or$ Coa!t !!.ed a 013 !ere! o& !ta()8

note! .!n* !ta()! )rnted n 0100104% The!e !ta()! "ere !t.ck on thck $ello"!h


10/27

)a)er and "ere !!.ed n deno(naton! o& 2' 03 and 2 cent(e!% The$ "ere

o+er)rnted "th t"o lne! o& tet' the &r!t #en* the )hra!e ,Lale.r d9 echan*e- and the

!econd the +al.e% Ind+d.al !ta()! "ere !e)arated #$ a )er&oraton lne (ade "th the

.!e o& a !e"n* (achne% I!!.ed "ere 43'333 o& the 2 cent(e' 23'333 o& the 03 cent(e

and ;3'333 n 2 cent(e )ece!% S(lar !!.e! o& the !a(e deno(naton! "ere (ade

&or the colon$ o& G.nee% The o+er)rnted tet a))eared n t"o lne! a! ,Lale.rD9Echan*e-' and the thck )a)er .!ed +ared #et"een deno(naton!% Oran*e "a! .!ed &or

2 cent(e!' *reen &or 03 cent(e! and red8#rck &or the 2 cent(e +al.e% A &nal

ea()le o& the .!e o& )o!ta*e !ta()! &or (one$ (a$ #e &o.nd n the !!.e! o& Ne"

Caledona% Fo.r !e)arate !ere! "ere !!.ed #$ the Ban5.e de 9 Indo8Chne #et"een

010; and 01% The &r!t "ere not note! at all' #.t rather ro.nd al.(n.( ca)!.le! "th

enclo!ed !ta()! o& 2 and 23 cent(e! o& the t$)e ,!h)! #e&ore No.(ea-% The !econd

!!.e co()r!ed !ta()! o& the !a(e t$)e and +al.e' "hch "ere !t.ck to card#oard

contann* the o+er!ta()ed !eal! o& the Tre!orer Pa$e.r General and the

Ad(n!trate.r de No.+elle Caledone% Thrdl$' &ollo"ed a !(lar !!.e "th d&&erent

!ta()! &or 0 and &ranc! @!aln* !h) and a 23 cent(e )ece co()o!ed o& 2 and 02cent(e !ta()! de)ctn* the ca*o. #rd% The &nal !!.e "a! &or 0 and &ranc! onl$

and #ore #.t one !eal 8 that o& the Ad(n!trate.r%

The Mada*a!car !ta() (one$ )o!t 6orld 6ar I 03 cent(e !!.e o& the ,Flan7ane- t$)e% Th! !ta()(one$ !!.e "a! nece!!tated #$ a !e+ere !horta*e o& con%

T.rke$ al!o .!ed !ta()! !t.ck on )a)er a! a co()en!aton &or the lack o&

!.&&cent !(all con% The !!.e "a! a.thor7ed #$ the la" o& Fe#r.ar$' 010>% Th!

ea()le d&&ered &ro( tho!e o& the French colone! n that !ta()! "hch "ere no lon*erc.rrent "ere .!ed% I!!.ed "ere note! o& 2 and 03 )ara!% The 2 )ara note con!!ted o& a 2

)ara car(ne !ta() de)ctn* a T.rk!h and A.!tran o&&cer n an artller$ )o!ton

a&&ed to ro!e )a)er% Ten )ara !!.e! #ore ether a *reen Ha*a So&a !ta() on a )ale

#l.e or l*ht *reen )a)er' or a 03 )ara +aret$ o+er)rnted n #lack on the *reen8ro!e 0

)a!tre !ta() de)ctn* ,ca(el #e&ore ct$- on #l.e' ro!e or le(on colored )a)er% In all'

033'333 )o.nd! "orth o& the!e !ta()8note! "ere !!.ed% The la" re5.red that the!e

)ece! #e acce)ted n )a$(ent! .) to )a!tre!%


11/27

D.rn* the S)an!h C+l 6ar' the ?e).#lc al!o !!.ed )o!ta*e !ta()! a! (one$%

In th! ca!e' the !!.e "a! re*.lated n 5.te a d&&erent (anner% The *o+ern(ent )rnted

!(all #ro"n d!k! &ro( card#oard "th the S)an!h cro"ned ar(! ()re!!ed on one

!de% The!e d!k! "ere *+en #$ the #ank! to all )er!on! "ho "!hed to ha+e the(% In

th! (anner each nd+d.al co.ld attach a c.rrent !ta() to the re+er!e o& the d!kthere#$ creatn* the +al.e de!red% There&ore' (an$ !ta() +arete! and +al.e! (a$ #e

&o.nd on the!e d!k!% M$ collecton contan! the &ollo"n* ea()le!: 2' 03' 02' 2

cent(o! @N% Sal(eron 2' 3' 23 cent(o! @Conce)ton Arenal ;3' 23' 43 cent(o!

@Jo+ellano! "th ,?e).#lca E!)anola- 2 and 2 cent(o! @+al.e n o+al and 2' 03'

02' 23 cent(o! @coat o& ar(!%

S)an!h C+l 6ar Po!ta*e Sta() Mone$% Both )o!ta*e and ta !ta()! "ere a&&ed to the card#oard

d!k!% Th! )ractce !)read to S)an9! colone! n A&rca !.ch a! Tan*er' the S)an!h Sahara and

Morocco%

6here c.rrent )o!ta*e !ta()! "ere .!ed' t "a! al"a$! )o!!#le to detach the(

&ro( the note and .!e the( on letter!% There&ore' !o(e co.ntre! re!orted to the .!e o&

other t$)e !ta()!% On !o(e 6orld 6ar I note! o& Ger(an Ea!t A&rca "e &nd


12/27

Port.*.e!e ta !ta()! on the re+er!e% In the la!t $ear o& the "ar' the Ger(an colonal

ar($ "a! &orced to "thdra" &ro( the !o.thern )orton o& Ger(an Ea!t A&rca% The$

then cro!!ed the #order nto the ne*h#orn* Port.*.e!e colon$ o& Mo7a(#5.e% There

the$ held o.t .ntl the end o& the "ar% The troo)! )ad the local )o).laton &or ther

)ro+!on! n ther o"n Ea!t A&rcan r.)e note! and the Ne*roe!' alread$ acc.!to(ed to

colonal )a)er (one$' acce)ted the(% A&ter the "ar the Port.*.e!e a.thorte! collectedthe!e note! and )ad ther o"ner!' #.t n don* !o ded.cted a ta a(o.nt% For th!

).r)o!e a ta !ta() "a! a&&ed to the note% ater' Ger(an$ (ade *ood on the!e note!'

re&.ndn* ther &.ll +al.e to Port.*al%

Another A&rcan !ta()8note !!.e date! &ro( the t(e o& the Boer 6ar% Th! !!.e

"a! &ro( the #e!e*ed ct$ o& B.la"a$o n ?hode!a% I ha+e n ($ collecton the 0

!hlln* note% It ! )rnted on card#oard and ha! the &ollo"n* tet:

The C+l Co((!!oner' B.la"a$o

Plea!e )a$ n ca!h to the )er!on )rod.cn* th! card the &ace +al.e o&

the !ta()! a&&ed thereto & )re!ented on or a&ter the 0!tA.*.!t' 0133%

Th! card (.!t #e )rod.ced &or rede()ton not later than 0!tOcto#er'

0133%

@!*nat.re Secretar$ @)rnter! na(e @!eal

On the #ack !de ! )a!ted a 0 !hlln* !ta() @#l.e and *reen o& the Brt!h So.th A&rca

Co()an$% Addtonal n&or(aton a+ala#le n the catalo* ,So.th A&rcan Pa)er

Mone$- &ro( the 012 eh#ton n Johanne!#.r* !tate! that deno(naton! o& and 4

)ence 0' ' 4 and 03 !hlln*! e!ted' the 0 !hlln* +al.e al!o a))earn* "th a #ro"n

!ta() attached%

An ea()le o& t"o !!.e! o& the Banco Naconal de Meco .!n* a !ta() on the

re+er!e o& the note are kno"n% The!e note! "ere !!.ed n deno(naton! o& 23 and >2

centa+o! at the #ranch n S.c.real en Or!a#a and "ere dated J.l$' 0102% Act.all$'

the note! "ere !!.ed #$ the Natonal Cha(#er o& Co((erce and "ere (ade )a$a#le atthe #ank% Both note! #ear on ther re+er!e the !a(e l*ht *reen centa+o! !ta()% M$

!)ec(en! ha+e #een r.##ed #$ lon* crc.laton and are al!o o+er8!ta()ed "th the !eal

o& the Cha(#er o& Co((erce' !o that t ! ()o!!#le to a!certan "hether )o!ta*e or ta

!ta()! "ere .!ed%

Bank note! de)ctn* a re)rod.cton o& a !ta() "ere *enerall$ (ade &or t"o

rea!on!% Fr!tl$' !ta()! ha+e #een re)rod.ced on #ank note! to de)ct the +al.e o& the


13/27

note (ore clearl$% In the #e*nnn*' &or th! ).r)o!e' a con "a! re)rod.ced on the note%

More recentl$ !o(e !tate! ha+e cho!en the )o!ta*e !ta()% There e!t! a 2 cent note o&

Sho"n here are t"o ea()le! o& ta !ta()! .!ed on Mecan note! &ro( the !tate! o& P.e#la and

Ta(a.l)a! crca the earl$ 0133!% The .!e o& ta !ta()! on the!e note! !*n&e! that the ,#ank note-

ta had #een )an on the(% Ta !ta()! on Mecan note! are co((onl$ !een' "herea! the .!e o&)o!ta*e !ta()! ! rarel$ enco.ntered%


14/27

E(er*enc$ !!.e o& Ce$lon to rele+e a !horta*e o& con!%

the Go+ern(ent o& Ce$lon dated 0 J.ne' 01; "hch de)ct! !de #$ !de a and a

cent !ta()% In ca!e o& nece!!t$ t "a! )er(tted to c.t the note nto t"o )ece! +al.edat t"o and three cent! re!)ect+el$% Secondl$' ta !ta()! ha+e #een re)rod.ced on

note! to !*n&$ that the #ank note ta had #een )ad on the(% Th! t$)e o& re)rod.cton

! co((onl$ &o.nd on the older !!.e! o& Meco% Another ea()le o& the .!e o& ta

!ta()! 8 a !tor$ "th an ntere!tn* t"!t 8 can #e &o.nd on the Pol!h n&laton note! o&

the 013!% In the Pol!h ct$ o& $"ec @Sa#.!ch "a! a )a)er (an.&act.rn* )lant%

The Pol!h *o+ern(ent co((!!oned the(' a(on* other!' to )rod.ce a !ere! o& #ank

note!' na(el$ the 03'333 3'333 @23'333 033'333 and 233'333 Pol!h (arek note!

dated 02 Se)te(#er' 01% The *o+ern(ent )re!cr#ed that all note! #ear ta !ta()! on

ther re+er!e% All &+e note! &ro( the $"ec )lant ha+e a 033 (arek ta !ta() on the

re+er!e' "hle note! o& all other (an.&act.re do not% The !ta()! !ho" the Pol!h ea*le"th the tet ,OPATA STEMPO6A- and the +al.e ,033-% The !ta()! are cancelled

#$ a r.##er !eal o& the !!.n* )a)er (an.&act.rer% B.t "h$ !ho.ld the!e !ta()!

a))ear on !o(e note! and not on other! Co.ld t #e that the drector o& the $"ec

)lant' n h! de!re to carr$ o.t the letter8o&8the8la"' "a! the onl$ one to co()l$ "th the

*o+ern(ent drect+e' "hle all other (an.&act.rer! *nored t The la!t ea()le o& the

.!e o& ta !ta()! on #ank note! kno"n to (e ! a !ere! o& check ta8!ta()! on the *old

&ranc note! o& the An*lo8Pale!tne Bank n 010; "hle .nder T.rk!h r.le%

No" "e (.!t (enton the Unted State! )o!ta*e note! o& 04% D.e to the c+l"ar' con! ra)dl$ d!a))eared nto hdn* )lace! a! ! .!.all$ the ca!e at the #e*nnn*

o& each "ar% Th! hoardn* ca.!ed *reat d&&c.lt$ n (eetn* the de(and &or !(all

chan*e re5.red &or tradn*% In one n!tance' t "a! re)orted' a ho.!e n Ne" ork

contaned !.ch a "e*ht o& co))er cent! "hch had #een !tored there that the &loor

colla)!ed= Soon cte! and )r+ate (erchant! !!.ed ther o"n !(all note! to (eet th!

de(and% Be&ore lon* the Trea!.r$ &elt the !carct$ o& !(all (one$ and (o+ed to (eet

the cr!!% The Trea!.rer o& the Unted State!' General S)nner' !tr.ck .)on the dea o&


15/27

Unted State! )o!ta*e !ta() re)rod.cton! "ere .!ed d.rn* the C+l 6ar to alle+ate a !horta*e o&

!(all chan*e n the North% The !!.e o& 040 "a! the onl$ one to .!e the !ta() re)rod.cton!%S.#!e5.ent !!.e! contan )ortrat! o& &a(o.! A(ercan! !.ch a 6a!hn*ton and Je&&er!on%

!tckn* !ta()! to !tr)! o& )a)er% An ea()le o& the!e note!' #earn* al!o h!hand"rtten !*nat.re' a))ear! n Dr% F% ()ert9! catalo* United States Postage

Currency, @01;4' Plate % Nat.rall$' t "a!n9t )o!!#le to (eet the !carct$ o& !(all

chan*e #$ th! (ethod' there&ore Con*re!! a.thor7ed the !!.e o& )rnted )o!ta*e note!

co((encn* 0 A.*.!t' 04% The!e note! !ho" re)rod.cton! o& U%S% Po!ta*e !ta()!'

!!.e o& 040% The 2 cent note con!!ted o& a 2 cent !ta() re)rod.cton o& Je&&er!on n

#ro"n% The 03 cent !!.e de)cted a 03 cent 6a!hn*ton !ta() n *reen% The 2 cent

note !ho"ed &+e 2 cent Je&&er!on !ta()! and the 23 cent note "a! (ade .) o& &+e 03

cent 6a!hn*ton!% All note! #ore General S)nner! &ac!(le !*nat.re% ater !!.e! o&

the!e note! dd not #ear lkene!!e! o& )o!ta*e !ta()! and there&ore #eca(e kno"n a!&ractonal c.rrenc$% All !!.e! crc.lated .ntl the 013! and ne+er lo!t ther +aldt$%

The!e earl$ !!.e! co.ld !tll #e ca!hed at an$ )o!t o&&ce toda$ &or ther &ace +al.e 8

ho"e+er' ther real collector +al.e ! (.ch h*her%

Other co.ntre! 5.ckl$ &ollo"ed the ea()le o& the Unted State!% In 041 the

?e).#lc o& Ur.*.a$ !!.ed 0 and 2 cente!(o note!% For #oth )ece! a +*nette "a!

)rnted onto "hch the !ta()! @!!.e o& 044 "ere )a!ted% Bra7l' d.rn* the !a(e

)erod' .!ed a 33 re! tele*ra)h !ta() )a!ted on card#oard% In 010 Ar*entna

&ollo"ed !.t !!.n* a centa+o! note to co+er the !carct$ o& th! co))er con%

H!torcall$' the +er$ &r!t n!tance o& !ta()! #en* )laced nto crc.laton a!

(one$ "ere the enca!ed )o!ta*e !ta()! o& the Unted State! !!.ed n 04% The!e

!!.e! took the &or( o& ro.nd (etal ca)!.le! contann* a U%S% Po!ta*e !ta() )rotected

#$ a tran!)arent (ca d!k% The!e old enca!ed !ta()! are +er$ rare and co!tl$ no"% The

dea l+ed on ho"e+er and (an$ co.ntre! !!.ed !.ch enca!ed !ta()! a! (one$ d.rn*

6orld 6ar I and later% Th! "a! e!)ecall$ tr.e n Ger(an$' #.t al!o n France' Ital$'

Den(ark and other!% The ca)!.le! "ere (ade o& al.(n.( "th the ad+ert!er!9


16/27

tet e(#o!!ed on the re+er!e and the !ta() enca!ed #eneath a clear (ca or !n*la!!

d!k% Other !!.e! "ere (ade &ro( cell.lod n (an$ color! and +arete!% H.ndred! o&

tho!e e!ted% So(e !!.e! took the &or( o& !(all )a)er or card#oard en+elo)e!' the

!ta() contaned on the n!de !ho"n* thro.*h a ro.nd hole' and #earn* on the #ack

!de the tet o& the !!.n* ho.!e% Note! o& th! t$)e "ere !!.ed n 010> #$ the ele+ated

ral"a$! and !.#"a$! o& Berln% Stll other )ece! "ere (ade n the !7e o& !(all note!"th the !ta() a))earn* on the le&t or r*ht !de and )rotected #$ a !(all &la) o& the

!a(e )a)er% The ad+ert!n* tet o& the !!.n* ho.!e "a! )rnted on the note% So(e

ad+ert!er! e+en !!.ed the!e note! and !old the ad+ert!n* !)ace on the( to d&&erent

(erchant!% The !.#/ect o& enca!ed !ta()! ha! #een thro.*hl$ treated n a #ooklet

enttled Les Timbres-Monnaie des Origines a Nos Jours#$ Ga!ton To.rner ).#l!hed

#$ +ert Ce' A(en!' n 013% Al!o' one (.!t not o+erlook the &act that )lan non8

enca!ed !ta()! ha+e occa!onall$ crc.lated a! (one$ n (an$ co.ntre! a! a (atter o&

te()orar$ nece!!t$ or con+enence to (eet a !horta*e o& !(all chan*e%

Fro( t(e to t(e )r+ate !!.er! o& e(er*enc$ (one$ ha+e #een kno"n to ha+e

a&&ed !ta()! to ther note!% The lar*e!t relea!e o& e(er*enc$ !!.e! occ.rred n

Ger(an$ and A.!tra at the clo!e o& 6orld 6ar I% A! the!e e(er*enc$ !!.e! e(er*ed

ther collectn* #eca(e +er$ )o).lar% Man$Q collector! "o.ld "rte to the !!.n*

a.thort$ 8 n "hate+er ct$ or to"n t (a$ ha+e #een 8 and re5.e!t note! &or ther

collecton!% Order! &ro( collector! "ere &lled "tho.t &r!t a))l$n* the !ta()! to the

note!' and a! the !ta()! "ere not (entoned n the tet' (o!t o"ner! o& !.ch note! donot kno"' that to #e co()lete' the )ece! !ho.ld #ear a&&ed )o!ta*e !ta()!% Ea()le!

o& th! are the 3 and 23 )&enn* !!.e! o& M.ller n Be!*he( and the 23' >2 )&enn*'

and 0 (ark note! o& o& the (ller Schre#er n Ser!le#en% Stll other! )laced the !ta()!

on )arch(ent co+er! "hch had the tet )rnted on the co+er% The !!.e o& e(er*enc$

note! "a! act.all$ not )er(tted #$ la"' #.t (o!t !!.er!' &orced #$ the nece!!t$' cared

not &or the la" and )rod.ced ther o"n note! an$"a$% A! t "a!' the o&&cal! dd not

nter+ene 8 a! t "a! ()o!!#le to en&orce the la" an$"a$% There&ore' (an$ (erchant!


17/27

cho!e th! "a$ to !!.e !(all chan*e% Cte! kno"n to ha+e .!ed )o!ta*e or !a+n*!

!ta()! on e(er*enc$ note! ncl.de Al&red' Me.!el"t7' Go!!nt7 and B.r*el @)o!ta*e

!ta()! and Kre&eld' Grona. and 6tten#er* @!a+n*! !ta()!%

An ea()le o& an A.!tran ad+ert!n* !ta() note% Th! 03 heller note crc.lated a! !(all chan*e d.e

to a !horta*e o& con% The )re)rnted card#oard carre! an ad+ert!e(ent &or T.rk!h to#acco and "a!

*+en o.t #$ !(all (erchant! a&ter attachn* the !ta() to the note%

Another t$)e o& !ta()8note "a! na.*.rated n 0102 #$ I()eral!t ?.!!a% The!e

note! "ere ntentonall$ )rnted to re!e(#le the !ta()! o& the !a(e +al.e then n

crc.laton% The note! "ere not to #e .!ed a! !ta()! #.t "ere de!*ned to take ad+anta*e

o& the "ell kno"n )o!ta*e !ta()! then n crc.laton' !o a! to *an acce)tance a(on*

the *eneral ).#lc' and a+od the lle*al !!.ance o& local (one$% The!e !!.e! &or !(all

+al.e! *aned ((edate acce)tance and )o).lart$% Sta()8note! n deno(naton! o&


18/27

0' ' ' 03' 02 and 3 ko)ek! "ere !!.ed re!e(#ln* the ?o(ano+ /.#lee !!.e o&

!ta()!% The o#+er!e! "ere )rnted n the !a(e color! a! the e!tn* !ta()!% The

re+er!e contaned the ?.!!an ea*le and &+e lne! o& tet n #lack% The tet )onted o.t

that the )ece !ho.ld #e acce)ted n the !a(e (anner a! !l+er or co))er con!% 6hen

the So+et! *aned control o& ?.!!a' the ea*le "a! re)laced #$ n.(eral! ndcatn* the

+al.e o& the !!.e% The &r!t ()eral !!.e contan! t"o +arete! o& the 0 and ko)eknote! the &r!t "tho.t' and the !econd "th the o+er)rnted n.(eral! 0 and on the

o#+er!e% Altho.*h t "a! &or#dden to .!e the!e !ta()8note! on letter!' th! "a! act.all$

done n !o(e n!tance!% The!e (one$ !ta()! !)read o.t o+er the "hole o& ?.!!a

ca.!n* !o(e local o&&ce! to !!.e !ta()! n a !(lar (anner% The *o+ern(ent o& the

Ukrane' a&ter *ann* t! nde)endence' crc.lated an !!.e o& 2' 03' 3' 3' ;3 and 23

!hah+ 8 the o#+er!e !de colored to re!e(#le e!tn* !ta()! and the re+er!e "th tet%

The!e note! "ere not controlled a! care&.ll$ a! the ?.!!an !!.e! and a! a re!.lt "ere

"del$ co.nter&eted%

The ?o(ano+ !!.e o& /.#lee )o!ta*e !ta()! "a! re)lcated n !ta()8note &or(at &or .!e a! !(allchan*e% All deno(naton! ha+e t"o re+er!e! the I()eral ?.!!an ar(! and the So+et ?.!!an

+aret$%

Other )lace! !hortl$ a&ter &ollo"ed !.t% The ct$ o& Ode!!a' n 010>' !!.ed the

deno(naton! o& 02 and 3 ko)ek &eat.rn* the ct$ ar(! on the o#+er!e% Pat*or and

K!lo+od!k .nted &or the !!.e o& 03' 02' and 3 ko)ek note! .nder the na(e o&

Mneralo$/e 6od$ @Mneral 6ater!% The !tate #ank o& ?o!to+8on8Don !!.ed a 3

ko)ek !ta() &eat.rn* a )ortrat o& Jer(ak' the con5.eror o& S#era% Mone$ !ta()!

"th deno(naton! o& 03' 02 and 3 ko)ek "th do.#le8headed ea*le on the o#+er!eand tet on the re+er!e "ere !!.ed #$ the Terek ?e).#lc% D.rn* the re+ol.ton the

6hte Ar($' led #$ General ?od7anko' ntended to .!e a !(all 23 ko)ek !ta() note

)rnted on card#oard% I !a$ ,ntended to .!e-' a! onl$ )roo& )ece! are kno"n%


19/27

The *o+ern(ent o& the Ukrane' a&ter *ann* nde)endence' crc.lated t! o"n !ta()8note! @le&t"hle the ct$ o& Ode!!a !!.ed ther o"n @r*ht%

The 6hte ?.!!an !tron*hold o& Chta n Ea!tern S#era .!ed ta !ta()! a&&ed to )re8)rnted &or(!to create ther o"n !ta()8(one$%

Terek ?e).#lc !ta()8(one$ n the a(o.nt o& 02 ko)ek!%

The .!e o& ta !ta()! and control !ta()! on #ank note! #eca(e )re+alent n the

ea!tern )ro+nce! o& ?.!!a d.rn* the re+ol.ton% 6ell kno" ea()le! are the !!.e! o&

the !.#!dar$ #ank! o& the !tate #ank o& Chta% Chta "a! &or !o(e $ear! the ca)tal o& a


20/27

non8Bol!he+k !tate n ea!tern S#era% The note! con!!t o& "hte )a)er "th )rnted

#lack tet and a )lace &or the !ta() to #e a&&ed and then canceled "th a r.##er !eal%

Th! !!.e "a! relea!ed n deno(naton! o& 0' ' and 2 ro.#le! .!n* control !ta()!%

A +aret$ o& &ra(e! "ere .!ed on the o#+er!e o& the note!% Addtonall$' ta !ta()!

"ere .!ed #$ the to"n o& Cha#aro+!k on the A(.r ?+er% Here the !ta()! "ere

attached to !(all )ece! o& )a)er o& the !a(e !7e a! the !ta()% The re+er!e &eat.red the#ank !eal% Lal.e! o& 23' >2 ko)ek and 0 and ro.#le! are kno"n% Ea()le! o& the .!e

o& control !ta()! #$ the Terek ?e).#lc dated 2 Jan.ar$' 010 are kno"n% The

deno(naton! o& 23 ko)ek' 2' 03' 2 and 033 ro.#le! "ere (ade #$ )lacn* the !ta()

on !(all )ece! o& colored )a)er "th a &e" lne! o& )rnted tet on the #ack%

The State Bank o& ?o!to+8on8Don !!.ed th! 3 ko)ek note "th a )ortrat o& Jer(ak' the con5.eror o&

S#era%

Another ntere!tn* ea()le ! that o& e)!n!k n the Alta (o.ntan!% There the

!ta()! "ere !t.ck on "hte )a)er !o(e"hat lar*er than the !ta() t!el&% On three !de!

the )a)er "a! )er&orated "th the +al.e n an a(o.nt e5.al to one h.ndred t(e! the

&ace +al.e o& the !ta()% The "ord ,e)n!ko/e- "a! )rnted acro!! the #otto( o& the&o.rth !de% Lal.e! o& 0' ' 2 and 03 ro.#le! are kno"n to e!t% a!tl$' an !!.e o& 0' 2'

and 03 ro.#le note! .!n* )o!ta*e !ta()! #earn* the ?.!!an do.#le8headed ea*le on

the o#+er!e "ere )rnted on the re+er!e "th the na(e o& the !!.n* #ank #$ .!e o& an

o+er)rnt% Th! #ank' the Ural!ko/e Otd/elen/e Go!.dar!t"enna*e Bank!' "a! a

!.#!dar$ o& the Ural!k State Bank%

A 2 ro.#le !ta()8note o& the Ural!k State Bank%


21/27

Fnall$' "e !hall end o.r artcle #$ (entonn* the (o!t recent ea()le o& the .!e

o& !ta()! on #ank note!% The!e !ta()! are &o.nd on note! o& the ?ed Ar($ n

Manch.ra and Korea% The !ta()! are n Chne!e character! and atte!t to the &act that

the note! to "hch the$ are a&&ed (a$ #e crc.lated n Daren onl$% 6h$ the!e note!

!ho.ld ha+e #een e!)ecall$ ear(arked &or crc.laton n that Chne!e har#or ct$

re(an! a ($!ter$%

6hen the ?.!!an! entered the "ar a*an!t Ja)an ! da$! #e&ore ho!tlte! cea!ed n 01;2' the$#ro.*ht "th the( ther o"n Manch.ran occ.)aton (one$ @a#o+e% ater !ta()! "ere added to !o(e

note! l(tn* ther crc.laton to the )ort ct$ o& Daren onl$% The!e !ta()! (a$ al!o #e &o.nd on

Manch.k.o note! then !tll n crc.laton%

Addendum

The )ractce o& a&&n* !ta()! to c.rrenc$ contn.e!% Snce Dr% Keller "rote th!

artcle' !e+eral ea()le! co(e to (nd%

A&ter d+dn* C7echo!lo+aka .) d.rn* 6orld 6ar II and !.#!e5.entl$re.ntn* t' the co.ntr$ ha! #een )ettoned $et a*an @th! t(e )eace&.ll$=% To create

n!tant c.rrenc$ &or the ne" C7ech ?e).#lc and &or Slo+aka' re+aldaton !ta()! "ere

a*an e()lo$ed% The!e "ere adhe!+e !ta()! )laced on &or(er C7echo!lo+akan 033'

233 and 0333 kor.n note! dated 0140' 01> and 012 re!)ect+el$% The!e note! "ere

relea!ed on A.*.!t' 011% ater on' note! "th (achne )rnted 0333 kor.n +aldaton

!ta()! "ere crc.lated n lke (anner to the old 010 0333 kor.n !!.e o& A.!tra8

H.n*aran note! .!ed &or H.n*ar$ at the end o& 6orld 6ar I%


22/27

Slo+aka9! ne" adhe!+e re+aldaton !ta()! "ere a&&ed n lke (anner to

&or(er C7echo!lo+akan note! o& 3' 23' 033' 233 and 0333 deno(naton! .ntl ne"

natonal c.rrenc$ co.ld #e )rnted and crc.lated%

In 011 C7echo!lo+aka "a! $et a*an )arttoned nto t"o !e)arate !tate!% Sho"n here ! the nter(

C7ech ?e).#lc !!.e o& 0333 kor.n "th control !ta()' "hch crc.lated onl$ .ntl ne" note! co.ld #e

)rnted%

Slo+aka lke"!e .!ed old C7echo!lo+akan note!' )lacn* the( nto crc.laton a&ter an a.thentcatn*

!ta() had #een a&&ed%


23/27

Tran!ne!tra' a ?.!!an encla+e "thn Moldo+a' !h.n! Molda+an note!' )re&errn* to .!e old USS?

#ank note! a! ther o"n c.rrenc$' a&ter attachn* control !ta()! to the(%

The (o!t recent ea()le o& !ta()8note! kno"n to (e are tho!e o& !o called

Tran!n!tra @or Tra!)ol' & $o. )re&er% Tran!n!tra ! an area l$n* ad/acent to the

For(er USS? re).#lc o& Molda+a% The area ha! had a t.r#.lent h!tor$' &re5.entl$

!h&tn* #et"een ?.!!an and ?o(anan control% 6hen the USS? d!nte*rated n 0110'

Molda+a declared t! nde)endence% The ?.!!an )eo)le o& Tran!n!tra' located

#et"een Molda+a and the Ukrane' dd not "ant to #eco(e a )art o& Molda+a% Faln*

to !ol+e the !!.e (ltarl$ n 011' Tran!n!tra declared t! o"n !o+ere*nt$' ho"e+er'

to date ha! &aled to *an nternatonal reco*nton a! an a.tono(o.! naton%

Ne+erthele!!' the )eo)le 8 "ho #oa!t a )re!dent' )arla(ent' an ar($ and )olce &orce! 8

!h.nned Molda+an #ank note!' )re&errn* to create ther o"n #$ a&&n* !ta()! to

o#!olete So+et c.rrenc$% The !ta()! #ear the e&&*$ o& A%L% S.+oro+ to*ether "th a

+al.e e5.al to that o& the note to "hch t ! a&&ed% Laro.! !!.e USS? note! "ere

e()lo$ed n deno(naton! o& 03' 2' 23' 033' 33'' 233' 0333' and 233 ro.#le!% In

011; the!e te()orar$ note! "ere re)laced #$ the &r!t !ere! o& Tran!n!tra )a)er

(one$%

In clo!n*' I "o.ld lke to (enton !e+eral !!.e! o& !ta()8(one$ "hch (a$

ha+e #een o+erlooked #$ Dr% Keller or' )erha)!' "ere .nkno"n to h(% The &r!t o&the!e ! the Korean )o!tal !ta() !!.e o& 010>% The !!.e con!!t! o& a !n*le 2 !en note

created #$ a&&n* a Ja)ane!e 2 !en )o!tal adhe!+e !ta() onto a !)ecal &or( created

&or the ).r)o!e% The &or( ! )rnted on #oth !de! "th +ertcal lne! o& tet and ha! a

)lace &or a cancellaton (ark% I )er!onall$ kno" nothn* a#o.t th! !!.e and ha+e ne+er

!een one' ho"e+er' the$ do occa!onall$ a))ear at a.cton% Another A!an ea()le o&

the .!e o& )o!ta*e !ta()! on #ank note! can #e &o.nd n Chna% There ! a )r+ate !!.e

o& Ta/n n the )ro+nce o& Honan' dated 010 n the a(o.nt o& 0 $.an' onto "hch


24/27

Korean )o!tal !ta() !!.e o& 010>%

Th! Chne!e )r+ate !!.e note o& 0 $.an date! &ro( 010% It "a! !!.ed n Honan )ro+nce and #ear!t"o 0 &en )o!ta*e !ta()! on t! o#+er!e% The ).r)o!e &or th! ! not kno"n%


25/27

ha+e #een !t.ck t"o 0 &en )o!ta*e !ta()! o& the Chne!e ?e).#lc de)ctn* a !ecton o&

the Great 6all o& Chna "th the &la* o& the earl$ re).#lc &l$n* o+er t% The te(

ll.!trated ! n the Berln M.n7ka#net% I ha+e n ($ o"n collecton a d&&erent )r+ate

!!.e "th the !a(e !ta()! a&&ed "hch lead! (e to #ele+e that' at !o(e )ont' the

re).#lc or )ro+ncal *o+ern(ent' !o.*ht to ra!e (one$ #$ re5.rn* the addton o&

ta !ta()! to local c.rrenc$%

Al!o' n h! d!c.!!on o& the !ta()8note! )rod.ced #$ I()eral ?.!!a and tho!e

localte! that &ollo"ed !.t d.rn* the re+ol.ton that &ollo"ed' Dr% Keller (ake! no

(enton o& the A7er#ad/an ct$ o& Bak.% In 010 the Bak. Ct$ Mana*e(ent !!.ed a

!ere! o& 2' 02 and 23 ko)ek !ta()8note! de)ctn* the Bak. ar(! con!!tn* o& three

&la(e!% The 23 ko)ek note "a! !!.ed n #oth )er&orated and ()er&orate &or(% The!e

!(all note! "ere acce)ted thro.*ho.t A7er#ad/an%

The &nal .!e o& !ta()8note! not re)orted #$ Dr% Keller n h! "onder&.ll$ detaledartcle )ertan to the Phl))ne *.errlla !!.e! o& 6orld 6ar II% Shortl$ a&ter the

Ja)ane!e n+a!on o& the Phl))ne!' a crtcal !horta*e o& con! and #ank note!

de+elo)ed% ?eco*n7n* th! need' Pre!dent R.e7on created )ro+ncal C.rrenc$

Co((ttee! "hch "ere a.thor7ed to !!.e E(er*enc$ C.rrenc$% Th! ne" e(er*enc$

(one$ had le*al tender !tat.! thro.*ho.t the entre Phl))ne!% In realt$ t"o !e)arate

area! e!ted n the !land! 8 tho!e controlled #$ the Ja)ane!e and the .nocc.)ed or

,&ree- #ack co.ntr$% Onl$ Ja)ane!e occ.)aton note! and the old Phl))ne c.rrenc$

crc.lated n the Ja)ane!e held area!% In the ,&ree- area! onl$ Phl))ne note! @re*.lar

and e(er*enc$ "ere )er(tted% A! re!o.rce! re5.red to )rod.ce #ank note! "ere non8

e!tent n the &ree 7one!' e+er$ conce+a#le (ethod "a! .!ed to create the needed(one$% 6hate+er "a! at hand that co.ld !er+e to )rod.ce and ,a.thentcate- the!e

cr.de )ece! "a! .!ed% Th.! "e !ee the eten!+e .!e o& ((eo*ra)h (achne!' +aro.!

)a)er!' r.##er hand(ade !ta()!' lnole.( #lock !eal! and cr.de ant8co.nter&etn*

de+ce! #en* e()lo$ed to create the!e note!%

In the )ro+nce o& Ca*a$an' the R.e7on a.thor7ed C.rrenc$ Board &r!t !!.ed a


26/27

!ere! o& e(er*enc$ note! #earn* Phl))ne Internal ?e+en.e !ta()! &or

a.thentcaton% The note! the(!el+e! "ere cr.del$ (ade o& one !heet o& )a)er "hch

"a! ((eo*ra)hed' then &olded and )a!ted to*ether% A re+en.e !ta() "a! attached to

the o#+er!e o& the note "hch #ore the !a(e deno(naton a! the note t!el&' th.!

a.thentcatn* t% The!e )e!o note! "ere all dated 0 Jan.ar$' 01;' altho.*h !!.ed later%

The deno(naton! !!.ed "ere &or 03' 3 and 23 centa+o!' 0' ' ' ;' 2' 03' 3' 23and 33 )e!o!% Each re+en.e !ta() "a! o& a d&&erent color and "a! a&&ed to a "de

ran*e o& colored )a)er!% 6hen the !.))l$ o& the!e re+en.e !ta()! ran o.t' Ca*a$an

)ro+nce re!orted to other !!.e! "tho.t !ta()!% Fnall$' d.e to ncrea!ed Ja)ane!e

(ltar$ act+t$' the )ro+ncal *o+ern(ent &led alto*ether% All !ta()8note! o& th!

!!.e are etre(el$ !carce%

In 01; the Phl))ne )ro+nce o& Ca*a$an !!.ed t! o"n ,E(er*enc$ Trea!.r$ Cert&cate!- "hchen/o$ed le*al tender !tat.!% Th! other"!e dra# e(er*enc$ c.rrenc$ !ere! "a! a.thentcated #$ the

addton o& Phl))ne I!land Internal ?e+en.e !ta()! to ther o#+er!e the onl$ ,o&&cal- de+ce

con+enentl$ at hand% The!e note! crc.lated #ehnd Ja)ane!e lne!' n ,&ree- Ca*a$an .ntl the area"a! o+err.n #$ the Ja)ane!e%

I !ho.ld al!o lke to )ont o.t that' "hen d!c.!!n* the Chne!e !ta()! &o.nd on

the note! o& the ?ed Ar($ n Manch.ra' Dr% Keller (entoned that the !ta()! "ere

attached to ?ed Ar($ occ.)aton note! n order to a.thentcate the( &or crc.laton%The!e !a(e !ta()!' n addton' "ere al!o attached to the then !tll crc.latn* note! o&

Manch.k.o' and "ere )laced there &or the !a(e ).r)o!e%

Another detal "orth$ o& note concern! the !ta() d!k! o& the S)an!h C+l 6ar%

It !ho.ld #e noted that' n addton to the ?e).#lc' S)an!h )o!!e!!on! al!o &ollo"ed

the )ractce o& )lacn* )o!ta*e !ta()! on the d!k! )ro+ded' a! I ha+e !een ea()le! o&

the!e !!.ed #$ S)an!h Morocco' Tan*er and the S)an!h Sahara% So(e o& the!e


27/27

ea()le! can #e !een n the ll.!traton! acco()an$n* th! artcle%

The Daren control !ta()' "hch Dr% Keller (entoned a! a))earn* on the ?.!!an ?ed Ar($ !!.e'"a! al!o a&&ed to Manch.k.o #ank note! !tll +ald and n crc.laton at the t(e o& the ?.!!an

occ.)aton o& Manch.ra%

Th! /.!t a#o.t co+er! the !.#/ect o& the !*n&cance o& !ta()! .!ed on #ank

note!% A! "e ha+e !een' there "ere (an$ rea!on! &or th! (o!tl$ #ro.*ht a#o.t #$

e(er*ence! d.e to a chan*e o& *o+ern(ent or to rea!on! o& econo(c nece!!t$% So(ea))lcaton! "ere !o.nd and !o(e o&&8the8"all% There (a$ #e le!!on! learned d.e to

)a!t e)er(entaton "th the a))lcaton o& !ta()! on (one$ "hch (a$ !er+e .! "ell

n the &.t.re% 6e (a$ ha+e (!!ed !o(e ea()le! n o.r re!earch' #.t one thn* ! &or

!.re: the "orld ha! not !een the la!t o& the!e ntere!tn* #t! o& n.(!(atc h!tor$%

the significance of stamps used on bank notes

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