the situation in the occupied territories of azerbaijan

8/14/2019 The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan

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SOFIMUN 2013

1st Committee of the General Assembly DISEC

Topic B: The situation in the occupied territories of

Azerbaijan


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Table of Contents

1. Introduction 32. Historical Background 4

3. Nagorno-Karabakh 8i. Outcome of the Warii. International Reactioniii. The next decadeiv. Azerbaijani and Armenian position on the issue

4. Conclusion 135. Questions to be thought about 146. Maps 15

7. Bibliography 178. Further Reading 18


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1. Introduction

Azerbaijan is a country in the Middle East facing the Caspian Sea. On the East it facesthe Caspian Sea while on the West it has borders with Armenia, on the North withRussia and Georgia and its South borders are with Iran.

Its population according to the CIA World Fact Book is estimated to reach about 9.5million by July 2013, huge majority of which are Azeri (90%) while there are alsothree main ethnic minorities: Dagestani (2.2%), Russian (1.8%) and Armenian(1.5%),which explains why the majority of the population is Shia Muslim and Turkic butthere is also a small proportion of Christian Orthodox population. 1

It should also be underlined that Azerbaijan was independent after the collapse of theRussian Empire but it became a member of the Soviet Union for seventy years. At thismoment Azerbaijan has yet to find a feasible solution regarding its dispute with

Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.

On the other hand, Armenia is also a Caspian, Middle Eastern country, whichhowever prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity during 4 th Century. Armenias population is roughly expected to reach 3 million by this July,with much lesser ethnic differences since almost 98% are Armenian and only a small

percentage of 1.3 are Kurds and 0.5 are Russians. As far as religion is concerned, atthis moment the majority of Armenians are Armenian Apostolic but there is also a 4%

proportion of Christians and a 1.3% of Yedizi. 2

Armenias borders include Turkey in the West, Georgia in the North, Iran in the Southand Azerbaijan in the East. Armenia is also another state that was rarely independentas it has become part of various empires, from Romans and Persians to Arabs andOttomans. During First World War Ottoman Turkeys decision to implement forcedresettlement in the Western part of Armenia resulted in the death of approximately 1million Armenians, while the Eastern part was ceded to Russia and then becameindependent in 1918, only to be conquered by Soviet Union two years later. Thisresulted in the region of Nagorno- Karabakh to be assigned to Soviet Azerbaijanalthough it was primarily an Armenian populated region.

According to the CIA World Fact Book the fights over the region started in 1988 andthe collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in an escalation of the dispute as bothcountries attained their independence and wanted the control of the area (1991). Asthe years passed Armenians managed to gain control over the area and by 1994 theethnic Armenian forced held the region and a significant proportion of Azerbaijan.Then a cease- fire was secured as both countries had suffered great socio-economiclosses and they had failed in reaching a sustainable peaceful solution to the issue.

1 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html

2 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html


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International interest in this area has been kept alive with Turkey, France, UnitedStates of America and Russia holding an active role. The conflicts over thislandlocked, mountainous and forested land of Southern Caucasus, lead to the closureof the borders of Armenia and Turkey in 1993, since Turkey decided to support

Azerbaijan, and although Armenians have tried to approach Turkey the situation stillremains the same. Moreover, various reports have been produced by the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations, the General Assembly and the Security Council haveshown their keen interest over the topic and reached resolutions such as Resolution60/285 and A/63/804 of the General Assembly and 822,853,874 and 884 of theSecurity Council.

2. Historical Background

Both Armenia and Azerbaijan are countries which have been conquered in the pastand have been parts of other bigger and very important empires throughout history.This combined with the different ethnical and religious backgrounds of the habitantsof the regions lead us to the conclusion that the region suffered from conflicts in the

past. Therefore, the reader should not be surprised to know that the roots of theconflict date more than a hundred years back and to the fights between ChristianArmenians and Muslim Turkic and Persians.

Various ethnicities have passed by Nagorno- Karabakh through the centuries, fromCaucasian Albanians and Christians during 1 st -6 th Century AD and Arabs, who werethe first Muslims to enter the region in the 8 th century AD, to Seljuk Turks, whoinvaded the region in the middle of the 11th century, Mongols (1230- when its namechanged from Artsahk to Karabakh), Iranians and Turks, who continuously fought inthe region, and Russians, who gain control over the region in 1805 although formallyit was with the Treaty of Gulistan that Persians ceded Karabakh to the Tsar in 1813,which was the culmination of the Russian-Iranian War (1804-1813). 3AlthoughRussians showed some tolerance to the Muslims of the region soon a militaryadministration was formed and the main population of the area consisted of soldiers,administrators and traders.

It was in 1828, with the end of the Russian Iranian War of 1826-1828 and the Treatyof Turkmenchai, that the Armenians started immigrating in the region. It is estimatedthat approximately 57000 Armenians migrated to the region and Yerevan, as a resultof the Persian hostilities, and around 35000 Muslims, including Azeris, Kurds andLezgins, out of an entire population of 117000. 4 These migration waves continuedduring the Russian-Turkish Wars and the nineteenth century, with Armenians

3

http://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=false 4 ibid
http://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=false


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occupying the places that were previously habited by Turks who now fled to theRussian Empires grounds.

The Karabakh region belonged to the Elizavetpol Province (Gandzak) since 1867 butin 1917 after the October Revolution it became part of the Independent Republic ofAzerbaijan. It has to be underlined that although the Republic was independent thecontrol over the Karabakh region was still a much debated issue between not onlyArmenians and Azerbaijanis but also between the Ottoman and British forces, thelatter reaffirming the jurisdiction of the Azerbaijanis by appointing a Muslim as agovernor in Susha. For the reader to be able to understand the importance of such amove it has to be underlined that by that time Susha was a region which was regarded

by the Armenians as an Armenian cultural centre and we should also keep in mind thereligious difference between the two parts.

It was only in the 1920 that the elders of Susha recognized the authority ofAzerbaijanis since they had no option but to act so. During the same year, in March,Susha was transformed in an Azeri city because of an Armenian mass exodus toKhankende. 5 Furthermore, the Armenians of the Karabakh region accepted to beincorporated in Azerbaijan providing that the Paris Peace conference of 1919 sresolution would ensure the autonomy of the region.

With the Red Army in Baku and Azerbaijan being a stronghold in the region, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was established in 1920 by the Soviet Union.This meant that an Armenian majority was autonomous within the Soviet Socialist

Republic of Azerbaijan as result of the Soviet acts, with many blaming the SovietUnion leaders for their lack of respect towards regional ethnicities, their insensitivityand their will to implement a divide and rule policy.

After many meetings, approvals and disapprovals of decisions that lead tocontradicting statements, a one month war between Azerbaijan and Armenia andinstability, it was in 1923 that an agreement was finally made. In 1920, a statementwas made by the Soviet Azerbaijan was made public by Stalin, that all three regions,Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhchivan, should be under Armenian control. Thistransfer was however later rejected by Azerbaijan leader, Narimanov.

Later on and due to the interest Bolshevik Russia had in Turkey, a second approachwas introduced. The new proposal, the Treaty of Brotherhood and Friendship orTreaty of Moscow, which was a treaty whose aim was to establish good relations

between the two parties, suggested that the Nakchivan and Karabakh would be putunder Azerbaijans control while the rest of the region would remain in Armenia. Ithas been assumed that although this was a result of the intention to ensure Turkeysinterests in the area, Russia would have acted the same way so as to ensure thedivision in both nations.

5 ibid


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On 4th of July of the same year a new meeting was held, the Kavburo meeting, whereKarabakh was voted to pertinent to Armenia, a decision which was strongly opposed

by Narimanov who suggested that it should be reconsidered by the Central Committeeof the Russian Communist Party, in which he succeeded. Thus, the following day it

was decided that the Karabakh region would belong to Azerbaijan. It should beunderlined that the decision also stated that the region should be granted substantialautonomy. 6

More meetings were held during the following year and it was on July of 1923 thatthe Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was established. 7 The decree thatconfirmed this was form Baku and it was signed on 24 July 1923. It has been notedthat according to the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia the region touched the borders ofArmenia but at some point the Nagorno-Karabakh region was completely cut fromArmenia because of the border changes that were made, something at which

Armenians were opposed to but only came on light after Gorbachev introduced it bygiving a new meaning to freedom with his policys of perestroika . By 1930 the mapshad been completely adjusted and the Lachin corridor was left under the control ofAzerbaijan. 8

Moving our interest back to the Nakhchivan region it should be said that in 1924 it became autonomous as well, the Autonomous Nackhchivan SSR within Azerbaijanwas a fact.

Despite the disappointment from the Armenian sides, since they were promised they

would hold the region, and under the control of the Soviet Union the region was peaceful for the next seventy years, although some demonstrations were held inArmenia by people demanding the region to either become Autonomous or return

back to Armenia or Russia. On April of 1965 the famous Letter of Thirteen wassent to Russian Officials. The letter was the first official intention to address the issue.

With open discussions about the issue, the continuous efforts of Armenian officials toconvince Russia to hand them the region and demonstrations being held during the1960s it was only in the end of 1980s that the Soviet Union started to loosen itscontrol over the region, mostly because of the issues it faced itself as it could be

assumed. With the introduction of the Glasnost, which called for transparency, and

6 http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local" 7 According to the Free dictionary Online (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/oblast ) an oblast is anadministrative and territorial division in some republics of the former Soviet Union . Anotherdefinition can also be found at the Merriam Webster Dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oblast ) which defines the oblast as : a political subdivision of Imperial Russiaor a republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or of the Russian Federation 8 Mutafian, Karabagh in the Twentieth Century, op. cit. [12], p. 134 : as noted in

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Perestroika more letters were signed and sent to Moscow as the Union was now moreOpen and Freedom had a new meaning.

The situation drastically changed in 1987 and onwards and after the collapse of theSoviet Union the region became host of fights and conflicts. An example of the letterssent to Moscow was the Petition of August 1987 which was prepared by theArmenian Academy of Sciences. The petition was signed by thousands of people andasked for the control of the entire region of Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhchivan.Moreover, during this period it was common for demonstrations about environment to

be transformed into political, religious, ethnical demonstration about the Nagorno-Karabakh region. These were empowered by the lack of any response from Moscowand many were convinced that a possible transfer of control could happen. 9

An important statement was that of Gor bachev: There was a time when this proposalwas on the point of being implemented. However, it was just at this moment that theSupreme Soviet in Yerevan passed a resolution to incorporate Nagorno-Karabakh as

part of Armenia and so everything fell apart. It fell apart because of internalantagonism, because the battle for power, for replacement of the ruling elite, wasalready in full swing there. If fell apart because the Armenian national movement,which was formed on the basis of the Karabakh committee, was in a hurry to seize

power .10 This statement is related to the possible solution of handing to the Nagorno-Karabakh region the status of an Autonomous SSR and it was made in 1989. 11

On 1988, with the decision of the Supreme Soviet in Yerevan, which was to give the

Nagorno-Karabakh region to Armenia, the situation deteriorated even more.According to Gorbachevs memoirs the reason for this was internal antagonism,because the battle for power, for replacement of the ruling elite, was already in full

swing there. If fell apart because the Armenian national movement, which was formed on the basis of the Karabakh committee, was in a hurry to seize power .12 Another solution that was also considered, during the Politburo meeting, was to

preserve that status quo in favour of Azeraijan. 13

9 http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-

halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local" 10

For Gorbachevs account of the eruption of the conflict, see Mikhail Gorbachev, The KarabakhExplosion,in Memoirs, New York & London: Doubleday, 1996, pp. 333-340 : As cited inhttp://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local" 11

He proposed the creation of a Republic. Gorbachev believed that the only possible solution would befor the two parts to come together and peacefully resolve the issue through discussions. However, thecondition was continuously deteriorating in the region. Moreover, with corrupted officials fearing theywould lose their privileges because of Perestroika and taking advantage of peoples feelings on theissue, they decided to make the situation publicly known, take the decision to the USSR SupremeSoviet and publish the reports on the region. The decision was taken to the Supreme Soviet but withtension keep rising he proposed the creation of a new republic. It seems that although this solution

could have worked earlier at that point it could not provide any solution. 12 http://www.cilicia.com/armo19g.html 13

ibid
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The most important time for the region was right after the collapse of the SovietUnion when control over the region was lost and both Armenia and Azerbaijan wereready to fight for it. By the end of 1991 a full scale war between the two states wasdeclared, also because of the fact that Karabakh declared itself an independent stateright after the initiation of the SSR of Azerbaijan to become and independent republic.

On October of 1991 Azerbaijan confirmed its independence and on November the parliament abolished the autonomous status of Nagorno-Karabakh. 14 With themajority of the population being in favour of the independence and the Declaration ofthe Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh the creation of the Republic was a fact in 1992 thestate petitioned to become a member of the United Nations and the Commonwealth ofIndependent States. Moreover, it started petitioning to various countries in order to berecognised. To this date the state remains a de facto independent unrecognisedrepublic.

The war between Armenia and Azerbaijan lasted till 1994 when a ceasefire wassigned but the efforts to find a solution have been ongoing since February of 1992.During the Helsinki meeting of Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe(CSCE) it was decided to convene a conference on the issue in Minsk so that a

peaceful solution could be achieved. The conference was held with the chairing ofItaly and the participation of Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Germany, Russia, UnitedStates of America, France, Turkey, Belarus, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Despite theireffort the meeting held during 1992 were unsuccessful which led to a Russianinitiative in September of 1992. This initiative was Sochi Agreement according towhich Russian observers were to be sent to Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh regions. While there were discussions being held the war was ongoing andresulted in the formation of two land corridors. The first was made in May of 1992

between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia, Lachin, and the second was formed inMarch of 1993 when Armenia took over the Kelbajar in North Western Azerbaijan.This resulted in the Resolution of the United Nations Security Council 822 andEuropes statement of April 1993. During 1993, Turkey decided to close its borderswith Armenia in support to Azerbaijan, thus hampering Armenian economic growth, adecision which remains such till this day despite the efforts of Armenian leaders.

3. Nagorno-Karabakh

i. Outcome of the War

The Nagorno-Karabakh war resulted in serious socio-economic distraction of bothcountries and had huge impacts on the entire region. Economic set back and damagewas unavoidable, approximately a million people were internally displaced whilethere were a huge number of people who died. Thousands of refugees, provocation ofmutual intolerance and hatred and polarization of the two sides, rise of thenationalistic sentiments and forced movement of population were also some of itsresults. Human beings and human dignity were no longer significant as both sidescommitted atrocities towards each other and their main goal was to take control overthe area.

14

Nagorno-Karabakh held a referendum regarding its independence where the massive majority of the population (99%) voted in favour of the independence from Azerbaijan. However, it should be notedthat the Azeri population boycotted the referendum.


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Moving to the issue of the control over the area, it was not stable during the war asregion were conquered and then liberated. In 1993, Armenians were in control of thewhole Karabakh; Agdam, Fizuli, Kelbajar, Kubatly and Zangelan. Azerbaijanmanaged to take under its control Shahumyan, Martakert and Matuni while theneighbouring districts remained under Nagorno-Karabakh control. As it was stated

above two land corridors were made in 1993, one was passing through Lachin and thesecond through Kelbajar. By 1994, Armenia had managed to have under its controlthe Karabakh region and part of Azerbaijani territories around it.

ii. International Reaction

All these, especially the fight against Kelbajar, resulted in the beginning of theinternational communitys response to the ongoing war in the region. In 1993, theUnited Nations Security Council passed the 822 Resolution. This first Resolution onthe issue was adopted on 30 th April of 1993 and it demanded the immediatecessation of all hostilities and hostile acts with a view to establishing a durable cease-

fire, as well as immediate withdrawal of all occupying forces from the Kebladjardistrict and other recently occupied areas of Azerbaijan . Furthermore it urged for theimmediate resumption of the negotiations and it called for unimpeded access forinternational humanitarian relief efforts in the region while it also reaffirmed thatall parties are bound to comply with the principles and rules of internationalhumanitarian law. 15

This United Nations resolution was preceded by European Political Cooperation sstatement on Nagorno-Karabakh of 7 th April of 1993. The statement stated that : TheCommunity and its member States are seriously concerned about the latestdegradation of the relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of

Azerbaijan on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The Community and its member Statesregret the enlargement of the combat zone to Kelbajar and the Fizuli area. The

Armenian government is strongly urged to use its influence on the Nagorno-Karabakh forces for an immediate withdrawal from the Azeri territory and to stop the fighting inthe area. All parties are requested not to withdraw from the ongoing negotiations inthe Minsk group of the CSCE due to recent events. 16

With the conflict in the region ongoing on 29 and 30 April of the same year a meetingwas held between representatives of United States of America, Russia and Turkey inMoscow on the initiative that was introduced on 8 April by the President of the

Russian Federation. The Urgent Measures Schedule called for the cessation ofmilitary operations for sixty days. In May consultation between Armenia and Nagorno- Karabakh region, with Russia as a mediator and in June the UrgentMeasures Schedule is suggested to the parties. During the same month a cessation ofartillery bombardments is achieved between Azerbaijan and Nagorno-KarabakhRegion. 17

15 Security Council, Resolution 822, Full text available at : http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/247/71/IMG/N9324771.pdf?OpenElement 16

EU Document, Press Release, P.34/93, as cited in :http://www.xankendi.az/europe_article,383/lang,en/ 17

http://www.nkrusa.org/nk_conflict/chronology.shtml#year1993
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On 29 th July of 1993 the United Nations Security Council passed the Resolution 853on NK. The Security Council reaffirmed its first Resolution and expressing it concernat the deterioration of relations between the Republic of Armenia and the AzerbaijaniRepublic and reaffirming the territorial integrity of the states of the regions itcondemned all hostile actions in the region and demanded the immediate cessation

of all hostilities and the immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of theoccupying forces involved from the district of Agdam and all other recently occupiedareas of the Azerbaijan Republic .18

The 853 Resolution was followed by Resolution 874 19 and 884 20, both in the sameyear the first on 14 th of October and the second on 11 th of November. At theResolution 874 SC expressed its hope that the high-level meetings which took placein Moscow on 8 October 1993... will contribute to the improvement of the situationand the peaceful settlement of the conflict . It once again called for the immediateimplementation of a permanent cease- fire; it reiterated its full suport

for the peace process being pursued within the framework of the CSCE, and for thetireless efforts of the CSCE Minsk Group and it called on all parties to refrain fromall violations of international humanitarian law and renews its call in resolutions 822(1993) and 853 (1993) for unimpeded access for international humanitarian reliefefforts in all areas affected by the conflict . All these were further expressed in the884 Resolution which reaffirming the inviolability of international borders and theinadmissibility of the use of force for the acquisition of territory called upon theGovernment of Armenia to use its influence to achieve compliance by the Armeniansof the Nagorny Karabakh region of the Azerbaijani Republic with resolutions 822(1993) , 853 (1993) and 874 (1993) ,to ensure that the forces involved are not

provided with the means to extend their military campaign further anddemanded from the parties concerned the immediate cessation of armed hostilitiesand hostile acts, the unilateral withdrawal of occupying forces from the Zangelandistrict and the city of Goradiz, and the withdrawal of occupying forces from otherrecently occupied areas of the Azerbaijani Republic in accordance with the Adjustedtimetable of urgent steps to implement Security Council resolutions 822 (1993) and853 (1993) (S/26522, appendix), as amended by the CSCE Minsk Group meeting inVienna of 2 to 8 November 1993.

iii. The next decade (2000s)

Despite the cease-fire that was achieved there are still accusations from both partsabout violations and of disrespect towards the decisions made by internationalorganizations.

Despite the continuous efforts the issue remains unresolved after more than a decade.The negotiations are held within the OSCE Minsk Group on the basis of the Madrid

18 United Nations SC, Resolution 853 on NK: Full text available at : http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/428/34/IMG/N9342834.pdf?OpenElement 19UNSC, Resolution 874: http://daccess-dds-

ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElement 20 UNSC, Resolution 884: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElement
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/428/34/IMG/N9342834.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/428/34/IMG/N9342834.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/428/34/IMG/N9342834.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/428/34/IMG/N9342834.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/428/34/IMG/N9342834.pdf?OpenElementhttp://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/428/34/IMG/N9342834.pdf?OpenElement


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proposals 21 represented by co-chairs in November, 2007, but remained unsuccessful.In 2006 a referendum that approved a new constitution in the area was declaredillegitimate by Azerbaijan but the meetings between Armenia and Azerbaijan had notstopped and in 2010 various violations of the cease-fire were reported. 22

The United Nations have adopted more resolutions on the issue and the SecretaryGeneral prepared a report on the situation in the area in 2009 23. More specifically theResolutions adopted are General Assemblys Resolution 59/236 24, which asked forthe inclusion of the topic in the agenda of the 60th meeting, 60/285 25, 62/243 26, whichreaffirmed continued respect and support for the sovereignty and territorial integrityof the Republic of Azerbaijan within its internationally recognized borders ,demanded the immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of all Armenian

forces from all the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan and e xpressedits support to the international mediation efforts, in particular those of the Co-Chairmen of the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in

Europe .

Council of Europe has been also interested in the evolvement of the negotiation and ithas issued various recommendations on the issue. These are Recommendation1059(1995),1263(1995) 27, 1305(1996) 28, 1570(2002) 29 and Resolution 1416 of 201530. All the documents expressed the concern of Europe about the situation in theregion and the status of the displaced people and the refugees. Moreover, at theResolution 1416 recall the UNSC Resolutions on the issue and urged all parties tocomply with them. It furth er recalled that both Armenia and Azerbaijan committedthemselves upon their accession to the Council of Europe in January 2001 to use only

peaceful means for settling the conflict, by refraining from any threat of using forceagainst their neighbours , it recalled that Armenia and Azerbaijan are signatory

parties to the Charter of the United Nations and, in accordance with Article 93, paragraph 1 of the Charter, ipso facto parties to the statute of the International Courtof Justice. Therefore, the Assembly suggests that if the negotiations under theauspices of the co-chairs of the Minsk Group fail, Armenia and Azerbaijan shouldconsider using the International Court of Justice in accordance with Article 36,

paragraph 1 of its statute: and it called on Armenia and Azerbaijan to foster political reconciliation among themselves by stepping up bilateral inter- 21 http://mfa.am/u_files/file/statementseng.pdf 22 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325 23 http://www.refworld.org/cgi-

bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49f ab4242&skip=0 24 http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/59/236&Lang=E 25 GA Resolution 60/285, full text :http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/60/285&Lang=E 26 http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/62/243&Lang=E 27

http://www.assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA95/EREC1263.htm 28

http://www.assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA96/EREC1305.htm (the recommendation is regarding the refugees and although it is about Georgiait refers to Armenian and Azerbaijan topic as well) 29

http://www.assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA02/EREC1570.htm 30

http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1
http://mfa.am/u_files/file/statementseng.pdfhttp://mfa.am/u_files/file/statementseng.pdfhttp://mfa.am/u_files/file/statementseng.pdfhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/59/236&Lang=Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/59/236&Lang=Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/59/236&Lang=Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/60/285&Lang=Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/60/285&Lang=Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/62/243&Lang=Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/62/243&Lang=Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/62/243&Lang=Ehttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA95/EREC1263.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA95/EREC1263.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA95/EREC1263.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA95/EREC1263.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA96/EREC1305.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA96/EREC1305.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA96/EREC1305.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA96/EREC1305.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA02/EREC1570.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA02/EREC1570.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA02/EREC1570.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA02/EREC1570.htmhttp://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA02/EREC1570.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA02/EREC1570.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA96/EREC1305.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA96/EREC1305.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA95/EREC1263.htmhttp://www.assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=http://www.assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA95/EREC1263.htmhttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/62/243&Lang=Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/60/285&Lang=Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/59/236&Lang=Ehttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325http://mfa.am/u_files/file/statementseng.pdf


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parliamentary co-operation within the Assembly as well as in other forums such asthe meetings of the speakers of the parliaments of the Caucasian Four. It recommendsthat both delegations should meet during each part-session of the Assembly to review

progress on such reconciliation.

Last but not least another international organization has shown a keen interest in thearea. The Organisation of the Islamic Conference and more specifically its Council ofMinister of Foreign Affairs passed two resolutions in 2008 and 2010, resolution No10/11 31 and 10/37 32 respectively. According to the Administrative Department of theRepublic of Azerbaijan 33, the Organization of Islamic Conference was the first thatacknowledged the fact of aggression by Armenia against Azerbaijan, which can also

be shown in the Resolution 9/39 on the Aggression of the Republic of ArmeniaAgainst the Republic of Azerbaijan . At the Resolution the Organization stronglycondemns the aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of

Azerbaijan, it considers the actions perpetrated against civilian Azerbaijani population in the occupied Azerbaijani territories as crimes against humanity, it strongly condemns any looting and destruction of the archaeological, cultural andreligious monuments in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan and it strongly demandsthe strict implementation of the United Nations Security Council resolutions 822, 853,874 and 884, and the immediate, unconditional and complete withdrawal of Armenian

forces from all occupied Azerbaijani territories including the Nagorno-Karabakhregion and strongly urges Armenia to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrityof the Republic of Azerbaijan .34

v. Azerbaijani and Armenian position on the issue

Azerbaijan: According to Azerbaijan the Nagorno-Karabakh region was anautonomous oblast within the Azerbaijan SSR, following both the USSR Constitutionand that of Azerbaijani SSR. Therefore the legal status of the region was governed bythe Supreme Sovie t of the Azerbaijan SSRs Law On the NKAO. Azerbaijanconsiders the creation of the republic of NK illegal and contradicting to theConstitution of USSR. Furthermore, it is underlined that the internationallyacknowledged borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan are the former administrative

borders of ASSR, borders which are respected and protected by the international lawand do include the NK region. 35

Armenia: Armenia on the other hand supports that a feasible solution can be reachedonly through the recognition of the Nagorno- Karabakh peoples right to selfdetermination, the uninterrupted land communication between the region andArmenia and the internationally guaranteed security of the Nagorno-Karabakh region.Furthermore, it shall be noted that it underlined the importance of the full

participation of the Nagorno-Karabakh as a conflict party in the negotiations. It also believes in the importance of OSCE Minsk Group in the negotiations process and it

31 http://www.oic-oci.org/is11/english/res/11-SUM-POL-RES-FINAL.pdf

32 http://www.oic-oci.org/37cfm/en/documents/res/37-CFM-POL-RES-ENGLISH-FINAL.pdf 33

http://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdf 34 http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdf 35 http://www.azembassy.be/EMBASSY/41.html
http://www.oic-oci.org/is11/english/res/11-SUM-POL-RES-FINAL.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/is11/english/res/11-SUM-POL-RES-FINAL.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/is11/english/res/11-SUM-POL-RES-FINAL.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/37cfm/en/documents/res/37-CFM-POL-RES-ENGLISH-FINAL.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/37cfm/en/documents/res/37-CFM-POL-RES-ENGLISH-FINAL.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/37cfm/en/documents/res/37-CFM-POL-RES-ENGLISH-FINAL.pdfhttp://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://www.azembassy.be/EMBASSY/41.htmlhttp://www.azembassy.be/EMBASSY/41.htmlhttp://www.azembassy.be/EMBASSY/41.htmlhttp://www.azembassy.be/EMBASSY/41.htmlhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/37cfm/en/documents/res/37-CFM-POL-RES-ENGLISH-FINAL.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/is11/english/res/11-SUM-POL-RES-FINAL.pdf


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underlines that Armenia seeks a peaceful solution. Armenia cannot see NK as a partof Azerbaijan and it argues that Azerbaijan has no moral or legal grounds to claimover the region. 36

4. Conclusion

Nagorno-Karabakh is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, in south-westernAzerbaijan, and is mostly mountainous. The conflict for the control over the Nagorno-Karabakh region was and is to this day one of the most serious issues the region has toface, an issue that risks the security and peace in the area. Relations betweenAzerbaijan deteriorated after the collapse of the Soviet Union which led to thecreation of an independent state, the occupation by Armenian forces of the region andthe fact the Azerbaijan was also interested in the region as it was in its territories.

By 1991 the conflicts have reached the level of a full scale war.The Nagorno-Karabakh war had tremendous impacts on Armenia, Azerbaijan, NK region and thecountries of the area. Thousands were killed, even more became refugees, weredisplaced and forced to move. Economic impact was also enormous withinfrastructure being destroyed while the consequences on cultural heritage shall not beundermined.

Both sides do not lack of arguments. Armenia, focusing on the fact that most of the population of the area are Armenians, supports the right of the people of NK region toself determination and independence. Azerbaijan on the other hand strongly opposesto that as the area is within its borders and it underlines that the region cannot beautonomous basing its arguments on international law.

All these mentioned above, resulted in the will of the international community to become involved and find a solution to the problem. Although Nagorno-Karabakhdeclared its de facto independence and has applied to the United Nations andindividual countries to recognise to this day there is no international organization thathas recognised and is a de jure part of Azerbaijan. According to United Nationsresolutions the territory belongs to Azerbaijan and is occupied by Armenian forces.European Union, following United Nations, also supports this idea and both UNOrganization and the Union underline that a peaceful solution within the OSCE MinskGroup framework shall be achieved, only through negotiations. Organization ofIslamic Conference is a step forward towards Azerbaijan as it has also acknowledged

that there has been aggressive behaviour from Armenia to Azerbaijan.

Despite all these ongoing efforts there are still complaints of violation of the cease-fire in the region and the need for a sustainable, permanent solution to the issue isnow visible more than ever before.

36 http://www.mfa.am/en/artsakh/#a5
http://www.mfa.am/en/artsakh/#a5http://www.mfa.am/en/artsakh/#a5http://www.mfa.am/en/artsakh/#a5http://www.mfa.am/en/artsakh/#a5


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5. Questions to be thought about

The issue of the Nagorno-Karabakh region is one the greatest challenges that the areahas faced and it remains to this day a topic of great concern for both Azerbaijan andArmenia and the countries of the region. When tackling this problem the delegates ofthis committee should try to answer the following questions:

Is the conflict territorial, religious and national or both? How could the issue be resolved today? Should the Nagorno-Karabakh region belong to a state or become an

autonomous and recognised state? How could the issue of refugees be tackled? Has the world done enough during all these years? What are the measures that have not yet be taken, which have been taken and

is it possible to use them today? Would they be helpful? On which topic? What are the challenges of keeping peace in the region? How can they befaced?

What was the impact on the relations of the countries neighbouring to the keyactors of the region? Could they help to the solution of the issue? Do theymake things worse? What should the stance of the international community beon this topic?


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6. Maps1. Azerbaijan

Source: CIA World Fact Book:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html

2. Armenia

Source: CIA World Factbook (2001) as cited in :http://www.ou.edu/mideast/country/armenia.htm

3. Nagorno-Karabakh
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.htmlhttp://www.ou.edu/mideast/country/armenia.htmhttp://www.ou.edu/mideast/country/armenia.htmhttp://www.ou.edu/mideast/country/armenia.htmhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html


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Source :http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.html : The cross-hatched area of the map shows the Azerbaijani territory currently being occupied byArmenia

Source: Economist: The Nagorno-Karabakhconflict: Still just about frozen, [ Online],Available at :

http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflict

4.

Susha and Lachin

Source:

http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.html
http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.htmlhttp://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai101_folder/101_articles/101_goltz_speech.html


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7. Bibliography http://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_A

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karabakh_conflict http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagor no-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local"

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http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109408435961?journalCode=uter20#preview

http://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdf http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-

FINAL_rev2.pdf http://usa.mfa.am/en/karabagh/ http://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdf http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-

armenias-victory-or-nightmare-2/ http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/ga10693.doc.htm
http://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_AZERBAIJANS_POSITION_OVER_NAGORNO-KARABAKH_AND_PEACE_EFFORTShttp://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_AZERBAIJANS_POSITION_OVER_NAGORNO-KARABAKH_AND_PEACE_EFFORTShttp://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_AZERBAIJANS_POSITION_OVER_NAGORNO-KARABAKH_AND_PEACE_EFFORTShttp://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_AZERBAIJANS_POSITION_OVER_NAGORNO-KARABAKH_AND_PEACE_EFFORTShttp://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_AZERBAIJANS_POSITION_OVER_NAGORNO-KARABAKH_AND_PEACE_EFFORTShttp://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_AZERBAIJANS_POSITION_OVER_NAGORNO-KARABAKH_AND_PEACE_EFFORTShttp://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA05/ERES1416.htmhttp://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA05/ERES1416.htmhttp://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://www.azembassy.gr/?page_id=976&lang=elhttp://www.azembassy.gr/?page_id=976&lang=elhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/610150/Treaty-of-Turkmenchayhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/610150/Treaty-of-Turkmenchayhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393465/Treaty-of-Moscowhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393465/Treaty-of-Moscowhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325http://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=cELfINDAH0oC&pg=PA8&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=cELfINDAH0oC&pg=PA8&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=cELfINDAH0oC&pg=PA8&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=cELfINDAH0oC&pg=PA8&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=cELfINDAH0oC&pg=PA8&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=cELfINDAH0oC&pg=PA8&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://caucasusedition.net/analysis/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-war-humanitarian-challenge-and-peacekeeping/http://caucasusedition.net/analysis/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-war-humanitarian-challenge-and-peacekeeping/http://caucasusedition.net/analysis/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-war-humanitarian-challenge-and-peacekeeping/http://caucasusedition.net/analysis/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-war-humanitarian-challenge-and-peacekeeping/http://caucasusedition.net/analysis/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-war-humanitarian-challenge-and-peacekeeping/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.htmlhttp://www.cilicia.com/armo19g.htmlhttp://www.cilicia.com/armo19g.htmlhttp://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local%22http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local%22http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local%22http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local%22http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local%22http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local%22http://www.azembassy.be/EMBASSY/41.htmlhttp://www.azembassy.be/EMBASSY/41.htmlhttp://www.xankendi.az/europe_article,383/lang,en/http://www.xankendi.az/europe_article,383/lang,en/http://www.mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&id=729http://www.mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&id=729http://www.nkrusa.org/nk_conflict/chronology.shtml#year1993http://www.nkrusa.org/nk_conflict/chronology.shtml#year1993http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109408435961?journalCode=uter20#previewhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109408435961?journalCode=uter20#previewhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109408435961?journalCode=uter20#previewhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109408435961?journalCode=uter20#previewhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109408435961?journalCode=uter20#previewhttp://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://usa.mfa.am/en/karabagh/http://usa.mfa.am/en/karabagh/http://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-armenias-victory-or-nightmare-2/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-armenias-victory-or-nightmare-2/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-armenias-victory-or-nightmare-2/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-armenias-victory-or-nightmare-2/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-armenias-victory-or-nightmare-2/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/ga10693.doc.htmhttp://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/ga10693.doc.htmhttp://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/ga10693.doc.htmhttp://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-armenias-victory-or-nightmare-2/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-armenias-victory-or-nightmare-2/http://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://usa.mfa.am/en/karabagh/http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/39/POL-RES-39%20-FINAL_rev2.pdfhttp://files.preslib.az/projects/azerbaijan/eng/gl7.pdfhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109408435961?journalCode=uter20#previewhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109408435961?journalCode=uter20#previewhttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNGA&type=&coi=aze&rid=&docid=49fab4242&skip=0http://www.nkrusa.org/nk_conflict/chronology.shtml#year1993http://www.mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&id=729http://www.xankendi.az/europe_article,383/lang,en/http://www.azembassy.be/EMBASSY/41.htmlhttp://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local%22http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local%22http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local%22http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/03/nagorno-karabakh_conflicthttp://www.cilicia.com/armo19g.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.htmlhttp://caucasusedition.net/analysis/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-war-humanitarian-challenge-and-peacekeeping/http://caucasusedition.net/analysis/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-war-humanitarian-challenge-and-peacekeeping/http://books.google.gr/books?id=cELfINDAH0oC&pg=PA8&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=cELfINDAH0oC&pg=PA8&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=cELfINDAH0oC&pg=PA8&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://books.google.gr/books?id=JL9N4F1SgyYC&pg=PA1&dq=treaty+of+Gulistan+Karabakh&hl=nl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20Gulistan%20Karabakh&f=falsehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18270325http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/393465/Treaty-of-Moscowhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/610150/Treaty-of-Turkmenchayhttp://www.azembassy.gr/?page_id=976&lang=elhttp://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta05/ERES1416.htm#_ftn1http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/TA05/ERES1416.htmhttp://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_AZERBAIJANS_POSITION_OVER_NAGORNO-KARABAKH_AND_PEACE_EFFORTShttp://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_AZERBAIJANS_POSITION_OVER_NAGORNO-KARABAKH_AND_PEACE_EFFORTShttp://academia.edu/524700/WHAT_ARE_ARMENIANS_CLAIMS_AND_AZERBAIJANS_POSITION_OVER_NAGORNO-KARABAKH_AND_PEACE_EFFORTS


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http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/428/34/IMG/N9342834.pdf?OpenElement

http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElement

http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElement

8. Further Reading http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Oblasts http://files.preslib.az/site/soyqirim/31mart_en.pdf http://www.mfa.gov.az/?language=en http://www.mfa.gov.az/?options=content&id=544&language=en http://www.mfa.am/en/ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263209808701209?journalCo

de=fmes20#preview http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/59/49%20(VOL.%20II

I)%20(SUPP)&Lang=E http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/russ.2012.71.issue-3/issuetoc http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/49/13&Lang=E http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/48/114&Lang=E

&Area=RESOLUTION http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=W3J289X428966.288762

&profile=bibga&menu=search&submenu=alpha&ts=1372899430303 Russian text of the Treaty of Turkmechai:

http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/FOREIGN/turkman.htm Russian text of the Treaty of Brotherhood:

http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/moskovi.html In Russian : Great Soviet Encyclopedia :

http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/

In Russian: The Great Russian Encyclopedia :

http://www.greatbook.ru/index.php
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