The Six Kingdoms of LIFE

Name the six kingdoms…

Presenting for your Scientific Enjoyment….

Domains

• The broadest scientific classification is the Domain

• 3 Domains– Bacteria (prokaryotic)– Archaea (prokaryotic)– Eukarya (eukaryotic)

The Six Kingdom SystemThe six kingdom classificaton system is the The six kingdom classificaton system is the

latest hypothesis on how major groups latest hypothesis on how major groups of organisms are classified. As you of organisms are classified. As you know organisms with similar traits and/or know organisms with similar traits and/or ancestors are grouped together.ancestors are grouped together.

• EubacteriaEubacteria

•Common bacteriaCommon bacteria

•UnicellularUnicellular

•prokaryoticprokaryotic

•ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

•Extreme bacteriaExtreme bacteria

•UnicellualUnicellual

•prokaryoticprokaryotic

•ProtistaProtista

•Unicellular or Unicellular or musticellularmusticellular

•eukaryoticeukaryotic

•FungiFungi

•Unicellular or Unicellular or MulticellularMulticellular

•eukaryoticeukaryotic

•PlantaePlantae

•MulticellularMulticellular

•EukaryoticEukaryotic

•AnimaleaAnimalea

•MulticellularMulticellular

•EukaryoticEukaryotic

Kingdom Eubacteria• Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that inhabit nearly Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that inhabit nearly

every space on our planetevery space on our planet

• In 1ml of lake water there are 1 million, a pinch or soil, 1 In 1ml of lake water there are 1 million, a pinch or soil, 1 billion, and our mouths contain more bacteria than all billion, and our mouths contain more bacteria than all human beings that have every lived!human beings that have every lived!

• Bacteria are a very diverse kingdom, members posses Bacteria are a very diverse kingdom, members posses the following traitsthe following traits– Autotroph or heterotroph - harmful or helpfulAutotroph or heterotroph - harmful or helpful– Motile or non-motile - areobic or anaerobicMotile or non-motile - areobic or anaerobic– Nitrogen fixing or non - different shapes, sizesNitrogen fixing or non - different shapes, sizes

• Harmful bacteria can cause food poisoning, lyme disease, Harmful bacteria can cause food poisoning, lyme disease, tetanus, gangrene, strep throat and other diseasestetanus, gangrene, strep throat and other diseases

• Helpful bacteria help you obtain vitamins from your food, Helpful bacteria help you obtain vitamins from your food, decompose organic matter, introduce nutrients into soil and decompose organic matter, introduce nutrients into soil and help to clean up oil spills.help to clean up oil spills.

BacteriaThe Kingdom of bacteria is diverse, here we will discuss how bacteria are classified The Kingdom of bacteria is diverse, here we will discuss how bacteria are classified

based on based on shapeshape, , cell wall structurecell wall structure, , MotilityMotility

Cell ShapeCell Shape

• Spherical (cocci/us)Spherical (cocci/us)

•Can form chains (Strepto) or Can form chains (Strepto) or clusters (Staphlo)clusters (Staphlo)

• Rod shape (bacillus)Rod shape (bacillus)

• eg. eg. E. coliE. coli

• Spiral shaped (Spirochetes)Spiral shaped (Spirochetes)

• SyphilisSyphilis

Cell Wall StructureCell Wall Structure

• Two typesTwo types

• PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan

• Double walledDouble walled

MovementMovement

• Only half can moveOnly half can move

• FlagellaFlagella

• Mucous secretionMucous secretion

• spiral movementspiral movement

The Prokaryotes

Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Archaea means ancient in Greek. These microorganisms are found in the Archaea means ancient in Greek. These microorganisms are found in the most extreme environments on Earth, environments that may be similar to most extreme environments on Earth, environments that may be similar to early earth…. Leading scientists to believe that they are ancientearly earth…. Leading scientists to believe that they are ancient

• The Kingdom Archaebacteria is relatively newThe Kingdom Archaebacteria is relatively new– 1977 Carl Woese discovered bacteria that behaved like eukaryotic cells, slowly he found 1977 Carl Woese discovered bacteria that behaved like eukaryotic cells, slowly he found

more and restructured the tree of life to include the Domain Archaea and the Kingdom more and restructured the tree of life to include the Domain Archaea and the Kingdom Archaebacteria.Archaebacteria.

Archaebacteria

• Some of the extremes that archaebacteria go to…Some of the extremes that archaebacteria go to…– Extreme thermophilesExtreme thermophiles

• Live in hot springs, geysers and black smokersLive in hot springs, geysers and black smokers

– Extreme barophilesExtreme barophiles• Live at the absolute bottom of the ocean where the pressure was thought to be too Live at the absolute bottom of the ocean where the pressure was thought to be too

great to support lifegreat to support life

– Extreme halophilesExtreme halophiles• Live in very salty conditions, such are the dead seaLive in very salty conditions, such are the dead sea

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Portista

Kingdom Protista

• The most diverse group of eukaryotes!The most diverse group of eukaryotes!• This is the miscellaneous category, any organism that doesn’t fit into This is the miscellaneous category, any organism that doesn’t fit into

Kingdom Plantae, Fungi or Animalia but is eukaryotic ends up hereKingdom Plantae, Fungi or Animalia but is eukaryotic ends up here

• Protists have a very wide variety of structure and function and may be found Protists have a very wide variety of structure and function and may be found in many habitats: oceans, icebergs, soil, forests, swamps etc.in many habitats: oceans, icebergs, soil, forests, swamps etc.

• Most are unicellular, some live in colonies and a few are multicellularMost are unicellular, some live in colonies and a few are multicellular

Many scientists believe Many scientists believe that Protists were the first that Protists were the first eukaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and therefore the common therefore the common ancestor that links Fungi, ancestor that links Fungi, Plantae and Animalia!Plantae and Animalia!

Have you heard of a protist?Have you heard of a protist?

AmoebaAmoeba

ParameciumParamecium

ZooflagelateZooflagelate

CryptospiridiumCryptospiridium

Plant or Protist?

Plant Like Protists

Why do some scientists believe that Protists were the original Why do some scientists believe that Protists were the original eukaryotic cell that all other cells arose from??eukaryotic cell that all other cells arose from??

• Protists behaving like plantsProtists behaving like plants

• Some protists have chloroplasts Some protists have chloroplasts and therefore undergo and therefore undergo photosythesisphotosythesis

•These protists are known as These protists are known as ALGAE and KELP!! Bet you thought ALGAE and KELP!! Bet you thought they were plants!they were plants!

• Algae can bloom in some waters Algae can bloom in some waters given the right condition, producing given the right condition, producing in some cases a ‘red tide’in some cases a ‘red tide’

Animal Like Protists

What do animals do that plants don’t?What do animals do that plants don’t?

• Some protists have been found to Some protists have been found to capture and ingest food!capture and ingest food!

• process of engulfment includes process of engulfment includes the use of a psuedopodium (hand the use of a psuedopodium (hand like structure)like structure)

• Once captured the food is stored Once captured the food is stored and digested in a food vacuoleand digested in a food vacuole

• At the end of digestion the At the end of digestion the vacuole moves to the anal pore vacuole moves to the anal pore and releases wasteand releases waste

Fungi or Protista?

Fungi Like Protists

• Behave like a Fungi in terms of energy sourceBehave like a Fungi in terms of energy source– Heterotrophic, consuming dead and decaying organic matterHeterotrophic, consuming dead and decaying organic matter

BUTBUT

• UnicellularUnicellular

• Branching body is a plasmodium, with one consistent cytoplasm!!!Branching body is a plasmodium, with one consistent cytoplasm!!!

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi

Fungi

Is Fungi more like a plant or an animal?Is Fungi more like a plant or an animal?• Fungi are heterotrophic, meaning Fungi are heterotrophic, meaning that they consume organic matter to that they consume organic matter to obtain energyobtain energy

• Some fungi are beneficial; they Some fungi are beneficial; they decompose dead organic matter and decompose dead organic matter and recycle nutrients in the environmentrecycle nutrients in the environment

• Food sources include fallen Food sources include fallen logs, bodies of dead animals, logs, bodies of dead animals, waste of living organismswaste of living organisms

• Other fungi are harmful; they act as Other fungi are harmful; they act as parasites and take over otherwise parasites and take over otherwise healthy organismshealthy organisms

•Corn smut and rusts, blight, Corn smut and rusts, blight, ringworm and athletes footringworm and athletes foot

Kingdom FungiThe Fungi Kingdom includes many organisms that are commonly found in The Fungi Kingdom includes many organisms that are commonly found in nature, lets see if you know any of them…nature, lets see if you know any of them…

• mushroomsmushrooms - mould- mould - mildew - mildew

• yeastyeast - truffles - rusts- truffles - rusts

There are more than 100 000 known species of fungi, the kingdom shows There are more than 100 000 known species of fungi, the kingdom shows a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and colour.a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and colour.

Structure of Fungi

• The fungal body is very unique and unlike any other type of organismThe fungal body is very unique and unlike any other type of organism

• The main body is called hyphaeThe main body is called hyphae– Tiny threads of cytoplasm that can stretch for many meters and km underground!Tiny threads of cytoplasm that can stretch for many meters and km underground!– the hyphae form a large interwoven mat called a mycelium, this acts as the the hyphae form a large interwoven mat called a mycelium, this acts as the

feeding body of the fungusfeeding body of the fungus– Fungi can not move, BUT the mycelium can grow up to one kilometer each day, Fungi can not move, BUT the mycelium can grow up to one kilometer each day,

searching out and growing through dead organic matter.searching out and growing through dead organic matter.

• The “mushroom” that we commonly see popping out of the ground is called The “mushroom” that we commonly see popping out of the ground is called the fruiting body and is responsible for reproductionthe fruiting body and is responsible for reproduction